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The Regulation of Alginate Biosynthesis via Cyclic di-GMP Signaling

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Microbial Cyclic Di-Nucleotide Signaling

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Abstract

Bacterial alginates are anionic exopolysaccharides, which are produced by Pseudomonas and Azotobacter species. Bacterial cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substances such as alginates have a survival advantage as they are protected against various physical and chemical stresses as well as the immune system. In the model organism P. aeruginosa, alginate is polymerized and secreted by a multiprotein complex spanning the entire bacterial envelope. The ubiquitous second messenger cyclic di-GMP is required for activation of alginate production. In this chapter, after a brief overview on alginates, their general properties, biological functions and applications, we will discuss the importance of alginate production and its regulation via cyclic di-GMP signaling during bacterial pathogenesis, which implies biofilm formation coinciding with chronic infection. We will review the current understanding of the molecular pathways controlling the cyclic di-GMP-dependent regulation of alginate production including (1) diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, which control cellular levels of cyclic di-GMP, (2) the cyclic di-GMP receptor/effector protein Alg44 that senses cyclic di-GMP, while it interacts with other protein subunits to constitute the alginate biosynthesis/modification/secretion multiprotein complex at the bacterial envelope, (3) insights into structural elucidation of PilZ domain-containing Alg44 including mechanistic insights into cyclic di-GMP binding and activation of alginate polymerization, and (4) other regulator proteins whose functions are controlled by cyclic di-GMP levels and impact on alginate production.

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Acknowledgment

This research was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany) and Massey University (New Zealand). The authors are grateful to the current and former members of the Rehm research group for their invaluable contributions providing insight into alginate biosynthesis by bacteria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    M. Fata Moradali

  2. Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

    Bernd H. A. Rehm

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  1. M. Fata Moradali
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  2. Bernd H. A. Rehm
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Correspondence to Bernd H. A. Rehm .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biochemistry and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Shan-Ho Chou

  2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Nicolas Guiliani

  3. Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    Vincent T. Lee

  4. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Ute Römling

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Moradali, M.F., Rehm, B.H.A. (2020). The Regulation of Alginate Biosynthesis via Cyclic di-GMP Signaling. In: Chou, SH., Guiliani, N., Lee, V., Römling, U. (eds) Microbial Cyclic Di-Nucleotide Signaling. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33308-9_14

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