Untitled - Dutch Birding

Introduction 

I have endeavoured to keep typos, errors, omissions etc in this list to a minimum, however when 

you find more I would be grateful if you could mail the details during 2012 to: josephobbs@gmail.com. 

Grateful thanks to Andy Paterson (http://www.birding-the-costa.blogspot.com/) and Dermot Breen for 

the cover images. All images © the photographers. 

Joe Hobbs 

Index 

The general order of species follows the International Ornithologists' Union World Bird List (Gill, F. & 

Donsker, D. (eds.) 2011. IOC World Bird Names. Available from: http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ 

[version 3.0d_ssp accessed December 2011]). 

Version 

Version 1.1 (1 March 2012). 

Cover 

Main image: Common Tern. Porto Moniz, Madeira. 15 May 2010. Andy Paterson. 

Vignette: Royal Tern. Tanji Beach, The Gambia. 14 January 2011. Dermot Breen. 

Species 

Page No. 

African Skimmer [Rynchops flavirostris] 10 

Aleutian Tern [Onychoprion aleuticus] 25 

Antarctic Tern [Sterna vittata] 37 

Arctic Tern [Sterna paradisaea] 35 

Black-bellied Tern [Sterna acuticauda] 39 

Black-fronted Tern [Sterna albostriata] 39 

Black-naped Tern [Sterna sumatrana] 31 

Black Noddy [Anous minutus] 7 

Black Skimmer [Rynchops niger] 9 

Black Tern [Chlidonias niger] 42 

Blue Noddy [Procelsterna cerulea] 8 

Bridled Tern [Onychoprion anaethetus] 26 

Brown Noddy [Anous stolidus] 6 

Cabot's Tern [Thalasseus acuflavidus] 19 

Caspian Tern [Hydroprogne caspia] 12 

Chinese Crested Tern [Thalasseus bernsteini] 17 

Common Tern [Sterna hirundo] 32 

Crested Tern [Thalasseus bergii] 14 

Damara Tern [Sternula balaenarum] 24 

Elegant Tern [Thalasseus elegans] 15 

Fairy Tern [Sternula nereis] 24 

Forster's Tern [Sterna forsteri] 38 

Grey-backed Tern [Onychoprion lunata] 25 

Grey Noddy [Procelsterna albivitta] 8 

Gull-billed Tern [Gelochelidon nilotica] 10 

Inca Tern [Larosterna inca] 43 

1

Indian Skimmer [Rynchops albicollis] 10 

Kerguelen Tern [Sterna virgata] 38 

Large-billed Tern [Phaetusa simplex] 43 

Least Tern [Sternula antillarum] 22 

Lesser Crested Tern [Thalasseus bengalensis] 16 

Lesser Noddy [Anous tenuirostris] 7 

Little Tern [Sternula albifrons] 20 

Peruvian Tern [Sternula lorata] 23 

River Tern [Sterna aurantia] 28 

Roseate Tern [Sterna dougallii] 28 

Royal Tern [Thalasseus maximus] 13 

Sandwich Tern [Thalasseus sandvicensis] 18 

Saunders's Tern [Sternula saundersi] 22 

Sooty Tern [Onychoprion fuscatus] 27 

South American Tern [Sterna hirundinacea] 32 

Trudeau’s Tern [Sterna trudeaui] 39 

Whiskered Tern [Chlidonias hybrida] 39 

White-cheeked Tern [Sterna repressa] 35 

White-fronted Tern [Sterna striata] 31 

White Tern [Gygis alba] 9 

White-winged Black Tern [Chlidonias leucopterus] 41 

Yellow-billed Tern [Sternula superciliaris] 23 

2

Relevant Publications 

Ashmole, N.P. & Ashmole, M.J. 1967. Comparative Feeding Ecology of Sea Birds of a Tropical 

Oceanic Island. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 

Baker, K. 1993. Identification Guide to European Non-Passerines. BTO Guide 24. BTO, Tring. 

Blomdahl, A. et al 2003 & 2007. Flight Identification of European Seabirds. Christopher Helm, A & C 

Black, London. 

Burger, J. & Gochfield, M. 1992. The Common Tern: Its Breeding Biology and Social Behaviour. 

Columbia University Press. 

Cramp, S. (ed.) 1985. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, The Birds 

of the Western Palearctic, Volume 4 - Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford University Press. 

Cramp, S. et al 1974. The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland. Collins, London. 

del Hoyo, J. et al (eds.) 1996. Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 3, Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx 

Edicions, Barcelona. 

Enticott, J. & Tipling, D. 1997. Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World. New Holland. 

Haley, D. 1984. Seabirds of eastern North Pacific and Arctic waters. Pacific Search Press. 

Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds: an identification guide. Croom Helm. 

Harrison, P. 1985. Seabirds: an identification guide revised edition. Croom Helm. 

Harrison, P. 1987. Seabirds of the World A Photographic Guide. Christopher Helm, London. 

Higgins, P.J. & Davies, S.J.J.F. (eds.) 1996. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic 

birds. Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. 

Hume, R. & Pearson, B. 1993. Seabirds. Hamlyn Bird Behaviour Guides. Hamlyn, London. 

Hume, R. 1993. The Common Tern. Hamlyn Species Guides. 

Kaufman, K. 1990 & 2011. A Field Guide to Advanced Birding. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 

King, W.B. (ed.) 1974. Pelagic Studies of Seabirds in the Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean. 

Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 

Lloyd, C. et al 1991. The Status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 

Mitchell, I.P. et al 2004. Seabird Populations of Britain & Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser / A. & C. Black. 

Olsen, K.M. & Larsson, H. 1995. Terns of Europe and North America. Christopher Helm, A & C 

Black, London. 

Parkin, D.T. & Knox, A.G. 2010. The Status of Birds in Britain & Ireland. Christopher Helm, London. 

Paterson, A.M. 1997. Las aves marinas de España y Portugal [Seabirds of Spain and Portugal with 

English summaries]. Lynx Edicons, Barcelona. 

Pratt, H.D. et al 1987. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press. 

Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. 2002. Biology of Marine Birds. CRC Press. 

Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. 2002. A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife, The Birds and Marine 

Mammals of the Antarctic Continent and Southern Ocean. Alula Press Oy, Finland. 

Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. 2007. A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife Birds and Marine Mammals of 

the Antarctic Continent and Southern Ocean, 2nd edition. A & C Black, London. 

Shirihai, H. et al 1996. The Macmillan Birder’s Guide to European and Middle Eastern Birds. 

Macmillan Press, London and Basingstoke. 

Snow, D.W. & Perrins, C.M. (eds.). 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition 

Volume 1, Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. 

Tuck, G.S. & Heinzel, H. 1978. A Field Guide to the Seabirds of Britain and the World. Collins. 

van Duivendijk, N. 2010 & 2011. Advanced Bird ID Guide, The Western Palearctic. New Holland. 

Vinicombe, K. et al. 1989. The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification. Macmillan Press, London 

and Basingstoke. 

Book Reviews 

Archer, P. 1986. Reviews (Seabirds: an identification guide. By Peter Harrison. Revised edition, 

1985). British Birds 79(5): 268. 

Axell, H.E. 1993. Reviews (The Common Tern. By Rob Hume, 1993). British Birds 86(11): 575. 

Bruun, J. 2003. Reviews (Hadoram Shirihai and Brett Jarrett 2002: A Complete Guide to Antarctic 

Wildlife). Alula 9(2): 75-76. 

Brazier, H. 1993. Reviews (Identification Guide to European non-passerines by Kevin Baker, 1993). 

Irish Birds 5(1): 120. 

Buckley, P.A. 1997. Book and media reviews (Terns of Europe and North America. Klaus Malling 

Olsen and Hans Larsson, 1995). Birding XXIX(4): 343-348. 

Filby, D. 2002. Products and services (A must-have companion way down south. A Complete Guide 

to Antarctic Wildlife by Hadoram Shirihai, illustrated by Brett Jarrett, 2002). Birdwatch 126: 41. 

3

Fisher, D. 1989. Reviews (The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification. By Alan Harris, Laurel 

Tucker and Keith Vinicombe, 1989). British Birds 82(9): 421. 

Garner, M. 2003. Reviews (Flight Identification of European Seabirds by Anders Blomdahl, Bertil 

Breife and Niklas Holmström, 2003). British Birds 96(9): 468. 

Garner, M. 2010. Reviews (Advanced Bird ID Guide by Nils van Duivendijk, 2010). British Birds 

103(11): 680-681. 

Golley, M. 1997. Reviews (Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World by Jim Enticott and 

David Tipling, 1997). Birding World 10(9): 359. 

Kramer, D. 1995. Reviews (Terns of Europe and North America. By Klaus Malling Olsen and Hans 

Larsson, 1995). British Birds 88(7): 324. 

Lansdown, P. 1996. Reviews (The Macmillan Birder’s Guide to European and Middle Eastern Birds. 

By Hadoram Shirihai & David Christie. Illustrated by Alan Harris, 1996). British Birds 89(7): 326-327. 

Madge, S. 1996. Book Reviews (The Macmillan Birder’s Guide to European and Middle Eastern Birds 

by Alan Harris, Hadoram Shirihai and David Christie, 1996). Birdwatch 50: 46. 

Madge, S. 1997. Reviews (Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World. By Jim Enticott and 

David Tipling, 1997). Birdwatch 64: 42. 

Madge, S. 2004. Tried and trusted (Seabird help from the Scandinavians. Flight Identification of 

European Seabirds by Anders Blomdahl, Bertil Breife and Niklas Holmström, 2003). Birdwatch 139: 

41. 

Madge, S.C. 1983. Reviews (Seabirds: an identification guide by Peter Harrison, 1983). British Birds 

76(8): 371-372. 

Madge, S.C. 1988. Reviews (International Bird Identification: Proceedings of the 4th Meeting, Eilat 1- 

8 November 1986. Edited by P.J. Grant, J.T.R. Sharrock, S. Tagger and H. Shirihai, 1987). British 

Birds 81(9): 474. 

Marr, T. 1997. Reviews (Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World. By Jim Enticott and 

David Tipling, 1997). British Birds 90(11): 528-529. 

Marr, T. 2002. Reviews (A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife - The Birds and Marine Mammals of 

the Antarctic Continent and Southern Ocean by Hadoram Shirihai, 2002). Birding World 15(11): 483- 

484. 

Martins, R. 1988. Reviews (The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. By H. Douglas Pratt, Philip 

L. Bruner and Delwyn G. Berrett, 1987). British Birds 81(2): 81-82. 

McAdams, D. 1995. Reviews (Terns of Europe and North America by Klaus Malling Olsen and Hans 

Larsson, 1995). Birding World 8(2): 78. 

McBride, A. 1989. Reviews (Seabirds of the World: a photographic guide. By Peter Harrison. 

Christopher Helm, 1987). British Birds 82(5): 226-227. 

McKenzie, D. 2007. Books (Seabird ID made almost easy. Flight Identification of European Seabirds 

by Anders Blomdahl, Bertil Breife and Niklas Holmström, 2007). Birdwatch 186: 57. 

Merne, O.J. 1991. Reviews (The Status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland, by Clare Lloyd, Mark L. 

Tasker and Ken Partridge, 1991). Irish Birds 4(3): 489-490. 

Mitchell, D. 1995. Reviews (Terns of Europe and North America by Klaus Malling Olsen and Hans 

Larsson). Birdwatch 32: 30. 

Mitchell, D. 2008. Books (Identifying Antarctic wildlife with ease. A Complete Guide to Antarctic 

Wildlife by Hadoram Shirihai 2nd edition, 2007). Birdwatch 189: 49. 

Mitchell, D. 2010. Books (Status isn't everything. The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland by David 

T. Parkin and Alan G. Knox, 2010). Birdwatch 218: 54. 

Newton, S. 1998. Book reviews (Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World. By Jim 

Enticott & David Tipling, 1997). Wings 9: 18. 

Nikander, P.J. 1996. Arvostelua - Reviews (The Macmillan Birder’s Guide to European and Middle 

Eastern Birds. Harris, A., Shirihai, H. & Christie, D. 1996). Alula 2(4): 183-184. 

Petrow, C.G. 1992. Bird Books (The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification. Alan Harris, Laurel 

Tucker, and Keith Vinicombe, 1989. A Field Guide to the Rare Birds of Britain and Europe. Ian 

Lewington, Per Alström, and Peter Colston, 1991). Birding XXIV(5): 323-326. 

Reid, K. 2003. Reviews (A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife, The Birds and Marine Mammals of 

the Antarctic Continent and Southern Ocean by Hadoram Shirihai, 2002). British Birds 96(3): 151-152. 

Richards, B. 2003. Reviews (Flight Identification of European Seabirds by Anders Blomdahl, Bertil 

Breife and Niklas Holmström). Birding World 16(7): 308. 

Riddington, R. 2011. Reviews (Large-format Advanced Bird ID Handbook. By Nils van Duivendijk, 

2011). British Birds 104(12): 753-754. 

Rumsey, S. 1994. Reviews (Identification Guide to European Non-Passerines. BTO Guide 24. By 

Kevin Baker, 1993). British Birds 87(7): 337. 

4

Shepherd, K. 1994. Reviews (Identification guide to European non-passerines by Kevin Baker, 

1993). Birding World 6(12): 497. 

Simmons, K.E.L. 1994. Reviews (Seabirds. By Rob Hume & Bruce Pearson, 1993). British Birds 

87(4): 178. 

Stoddart, A. 1996. Reviews (The Macmillan Birder’s Guide to European and Middle Eastern Birds by 

Alan Harris, Hadoram Shirihai and David Christie, 1996). Birding World 9(5): 202. 

Topp, A. 1999. Reveiws (Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World: Jim Enticott and 

David Tipling, 1997). Alula 5(2): 77-78. 

Topp, A. 2003. Reviews (Flight Identification of European Seabirds. Blomdahl, A., Breife, B. and 

Holmström, N. 2003). Alula 9(3): 116-117. 

Veit, R.R. 1988. Bird Books (Harrison, Peter. A Field Guide to Seabirds of the World, 1987). Birding 

XX(2): 101-103. 

Vinicombe, K. 2010. Books (Onwards and upwards. The Advanced Bird ID Guide by Nils van 

Duivendijk, 2010). Birdwatch 220: 46. 

General Notes 

Ballance, D.K. 2004. Birdwatching from cargo ships. British Birds 97(1): 16-26. 

Bonaccorsi, G. 2009. Les sternidés (Sterna et Onychoprion) les plus rares en Méditerranée 

occidentale: une synthèse bibliographique [The terns (Sterna and Onychoprion) the rarest in the 

Mediterranean, a bibilography]. Alauda 77: 219-228. 

Bridge, E.S. et al 2005. A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA 

sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 

35: 459-469. 

Brown, R.A. & McAvoy, W. 1985. Nesting terns in Strangford Lough, 1969-1984 – a review. Irish 

Birds 3(1): 33-47. 

Carey, G.J. & Leader, P.J. 1994. Juvenile terns in Hong Kong: a summary of identification. Hong 

Kong Bird Report pp. 184-189. 

Carr, P. 2011. Important Bird Areas: The British Indian Ocean Territory. British Birds 104(11): 642- 

659. 

Colabuono, F.I. et al 2006. A Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris consumes a Tern 

Sterna sp. Marine Ornithology 34: 167-168. 

Collinson, M. 2006. Splitting headaches Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and 

Western Palearctic lists. British Birds 99(6): 306-323 (311). 

Cooper, J. Potential impacts of marine fisheries on migratory waterbirds of the Afrotropical Region: a 

study in progress, pp. 760-764. Found in: Boere, G.C. et al (eds.) 2006. Waterbirds Around the 

World. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. 

Craik, J.C.A. 1995. Effects of North American mink on the breeding success of terns and smaller 

gulls in west Scotland. Seabird 17: 3-11. 

Fraser, M. 2006. ListCheck (All change for the British List: Taxonomic changes). Birdwatch 163: 53. 

Gantlett, S. 1998. Bird forms in Britain. Birding World 11(6): 232-239. 

Gantlett, S. 2006. The orange-billed terns at Banc d’Arguin, Gironde, France, in 2006. Birding World 

19(8): 326-330. 

Green, R.E. et al 1990. Can ringing recoveries help to explain the population dynamics of British 

terns. The Ring 13: 133-137. 

Hulsman, K. 1976. Robbing behaviour of terns and gulls. Emu 76: 143-149. 

Jolliffe, R. 1990. Seabirds off the Salvage Islands. Dutch Birding 3(1): 34-37. 

Klassen, M. et al 1992. Growth rate associated changes in the energy requirements of tern chicks. 

Ardea 80: 19-28. 

Langham, N.P. 1983. Growth strategies in marine terns. Studies in Avian Biology 8: 73-83. 

Lloyd, C.S. et al 1975. Breeding terns in Britain and Ireland in 1969-74. British Birds 68: 507-513. 

Marr, T. & Porter, R. 1992. Spring seabird passage off Senegal. Birding World 5(10): 391-394. 

Merne, O.J. 2010. Terns roosting in Dublin Bay, autumn 2010. Irish Birds 9(1): 126-128. 

Merne, O.J. et al 2008. Autumn roosting by terns in south Dublin Bay. Irish Birds 8(3): 335-340. 

Millington, R. & Gantlett, S. 2002. The orange-billed tern in Norfolk. Birding World 15(6): 244-246. 

Millington, R. 2002. The orange-billed terns in summer 2002. Birding World 15(7): 287-290. 

Millington, R. 2006. The yellow-billed tern on Anglesey. Birding World 19(6): 237-239. 

Mitchell, D. 2011. Birds of Britain: subspecies checklist v1.1. [online PDF]. Available from: 

http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/categories/articleitem.aspcate=22&topic=155&item=800 [Accessed July 

2011]. 

5

Monteiro, L.R. et al 1996. Movements, morphology, breeding, molt, diet and feeding of seabirds in 

the Azores. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 82-97. 

O'Sullivan, O. 2003. Discover birds (Terns in Ireland - Our five breeding species of tern). Wings 29: 

24-26. 

Paton, T.A. et al 2003. RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within Charadriiform 

birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 268-278. 

Pettitt, R.G. 1973. Movements of terns observed in August 1972. Dublin and Wicklow Bird Report 

1972 pp. 27-34. 

Pollock, C.M. 1994. Observations on the distribution of seabirds off south-west Ireland. Irish Birds 

5(2): 173-182. 

Reynolds, J.V. 1990. The breeding gulls and terns of the islands of Lough Derg. Irish Birds 4(2): 217- 

226. 

Sangster, G. et al 1999. Dutch avifaunal list: species concepts, taxonomic instability, and taxonomic 

changes in 1977-1998. Ardea 87(1): 139-166. 

Sangster, G. et al 2005. Taxonomic recommendations for British Birds: third report. Ibis 147: 821- 

826. 

Schmidt, C. 1991. Die Bestimmung der Sumpfseeschwalben Chlidonias [Identification of the marsh 

terns Chlidonias]. Limicola 5(3): 93-124. 

Strauch, J.R. 1978. The phylogeny of the Charadriiformes (Aves): a new estimate using the method 

of character compatibility analysis. Transactions of The Zoological Society of London 34: 263-345. 

Symens, P. & Evans, M.I. 1993. Impact of Gulf War oil spills on Saudi Arabian breeding populations 

of terns Sterna in the Arabian Gulf, 1991. Sandgrouse 15: 18-36. 

Valeiras, J. 2003. Attendance of scavenging seabirds at trawler discards off Galicia, Spain. Scientia 

Marina 67(Supplement 2): 77-82. 

van den Berg, A.B. 2012. Dutch Birding-vogelnamen [Dutch Birding bird names] [online PDF]. 

Available from: http://www.dutchbirding.nl/page.phppage_id=228 [Accessed January 2012]. 

Voelker, G. 1996. An hypothesis for seasonal color change in the genus Sterna. Journal of Avian 

Biology 27: 257-259. 

Ward, M. 1999. Pelagics (On the crest of a wave). Birdwatch 86: 28-30. 

Whilde, A. 1985. The 1984 All Ireland Tern Survey. Irish Birds 3(1): 1-32. 

Wynn, R.B. & Knefelkamp, B. 2004. Seabird distribution and oceanic upwelling off northwest Africa. 

British Birds 97(7): 323-335. 

Brown Noddy 

Anous stolidus [Linnaeus 1758, Jamaica, West Indies]. 

[A.s. stolidus] Bahamas, Florida & Dry Tortugas (USA) and West Indies W to islands off Yucatan (E 

Mexico) and S & E to Alacran Reef & Isla San Andres (Belize), Octavia Rocks & Gorgona Island 

(Colombia), Las Aves to Margarita (Venezuela), Trinidad & Tobago, Guiana & NE Bahia (Brazil) and 

Trindade, Ascension Island, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible Island & Gough Islands (S 

Atlantic) and the Gulf of Guinea from Guinea E to Cameroon. 

[A.s.pileatus] S Red Sea & the Gulf of Aden S to islands off Sudan, Somalia & Kenya and 

Madagascar, Comores, Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Aldabra Atoll, Laccadive Islands (Indian 

Ocean) and Nias & Belitung (off Sumatra) to Ryukyu Islands & Bonin Islands (Japan region) and 

Houtman Abrolhos Group, Bedout & Lacepede Island (Western Australia), Ashmore Reefs (Timor 

Sea), Bramble Cay (Torres Strait) S to offshore cays off Cairns (Queensland), Lady Elliot Island, 

Musgrave Island & Michaelmas Cay (Great Barrier Reef islands), islands in the Coral Sea and Lord 

Howe Island & Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea) and Fiji, Eua & Kalau Island (Tonga) and S Polynesia E 

to Sala-y-Gomez (Easter Island region) & Easter Island and Kure E to Moku Manu and Manana 

(Hawaii). It is also possible this is the form occurring on the Desventurada Islands (E Pacific off Chile). 

[A.s.galapagensis] Galapágos Islands. 

[A.s.ridgwayi] Revillagigedo Archipelago, Socorro Island, Tres Marias Island & Isabella Island (all off 

W Mexico) S to Costa Rica & Cocos Island. 

Non-breeding: Not fully established; disperses to sea. 

Other names: Common Noddy, Noddy Tern. 

1st WP Record: Early October 1912. Wadden Sea, (near) Husum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. 

Killed (BWP 4). 

Beaman, M. 1990. Identification of Black Noddy and validity of December 1984 record in Mauritania. 

Dutch Birding 12(5): 245-248. 

Bourne, W.R.P. 1992. Debatable British and Irish seabirds. Birding World 5(10): 382-390 (389). 

6

Brooke, M. 2010. Important Bird Areas, Henderson Island. British Birds 103(8): 428-444. 

Buden, D.W. 2008. The birds of Nauru. Notornis 55(1): 8-19. 

Burger, J. 1981. Metals in feathers of brown noddy (Anous stolidus): Evidence for bioaccumulation or 

exposure levels Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 24(2): 181-187. 

Burger, J. et al 2001. Metals in Feathers of Sooty Tern, White Tern, Gray-Backed Tern, and Brown 

Noddy from Islands in the North Pacific. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 71(1): 71-89. 

Chardine, J.W. & Morris, R.D. 1987. Trapping and Color Banding Brown Noddy and Bridled Tern 

Adults at the Breeding Colony. Colonial Waterbirds 10(1): 100-102. 

Chardine, J.W. & Morris, R.D. 1989. Sexual Size Dimorphism and Assortative Mating in the Brown 

Noddy. The Condor 91(4): 868-874. 

Dorward, D.F. & Ashmole, N.P. 1963. Notes on the biology of the Brown Noddy Anous stolidus on 

Ascension Island. Ibis 103b(3): 447-457. 

Gill, B.J. & Driessen, J. 1993. Common Noddy Anous stolidus at Muriwai Beach. Notornis 40(1): 43- 

44. 

Gill, B.J. 1995. Notes on the birds of Wallis and Futuna, South-west Pacific. Notornis 42(1): 17-22. 

Gill, B.J. 1996. Notes on certain Cook Islands birds. Notornis 43(3): 154-158. 

Olsen, K.M. 1989. Head pattern of Brown Noddy. Dutch Birding 11(3): 126-127. 

Pettit, T.N. & Whittow, G.C. 1983. Embryonic Respiration and Growth in Two Species of Noddy 

Terns. Physiological Zoology 56(3): 455-464. 

Ryan, P. 2008. Important Bird Areas: Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. British Birds 101(11): 586- 

606. 

Tazawa, H. et al 1991. Noninvasive Determination of Embryonic Heart Rate during Hatching in the 

Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus). The Auk 108(3): 594-601. 

VanderWerf, E.A. 2006. Observations on the birds of Kwajalein Atoll, including six new species 

records for the Marshall Islands. Micronesica 38(2): 221-237. 

Wilson, J.W. et al 2010. Breeding biology of Brown Noddies Anous stolidus at their southern-most 

breeding site, Gough Island, in comparison to other sites. Ardea 98(2): 242-246. 

Lesser Noddy 

Anous tenuirostris [Temminck 1823, Senegal; error = Seychelles]. 

[A.t. tenuirostris] Seychelles & Mascarene Islands. Probably the Maldives and possibly Somalia. Nonbreeding: 

N to Arabia and S off E Africa to Madagascar. 

[A.t. melanops] Pelsart Island & Wooded Island (Houtman Abrohos Group, W Australia). Nonbreeding: 

Largely sedentary although storm driven as far S as Freemantle on occasion. 

Other name: Sooty Noddy. 

Anderson, R.C. & Baldock, M. 2001. New records of birds from the Maldives, with notes on other 

species. Forktail 17: 67-73. 

Fouquet, M. et al 1997. New for the UAE: River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis, Kittlitz's Plover 

Charadrius pecuarius and Lesser Noddy Anous tenuirostris. Emirates Bird Report 19: 120-122. 


Black Noddy 

Anous minutus [Boie 1844, Raine Island, Australia]. 

[A.m. minutes] New Guinea and Capricorn & Bunker group of islands (S Great Barrier Reef) and 

probably Quoin Island (Great Barrier Reef), Darnley Island (E Torres Strait), islands in the Coral Sea, 

Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea), Fiji & Kalau (Tonga) to the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). 

[A.m. worcesteri] Cavilli Island & Tubbataha Reef (Sulu Sea, SW Philippines), Belitung (off Sumatra) 

& Borneo. 

[A.m. marcusi] Philippines, Palau and Marcus Island & Wake Island (NW Pacific) thru Micronesia to 

the Caroline Islands (W Pacific). 

[A.m. melanogenys] Hawaiian Islands. 

[A.m. diamesus] Clipperton Island & Cocos Island (Costa Rica region, E Pacific). 

[A.m. americanus] The coasts of the Caribbean including islands off Central America & Venezuela. 

More recently discovered in the Lesser Antilles. 

[A.m. atlanticus] St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks, Fernando de Naronha, Ascension Island, St. Helena 

(S Atlantic) and Gulf of Guinea. Formally Inaccessible Island. 

Non-breeding: Not fully established; some forms larely sedentary while others disperse pelagically. 

Other name: White-capped Noddy. 

7

Barnes, A. & Hill, G.J.E. 1989. Census and Distribution of Black Noddy Anous minutus Nests on 

Heron Island, November 1985. Emu 89(3): 129-134. 

Beaman, M. 1990. Identification of Black Noddy and validity of December 1984 record in Mauritania. 




Congdon, B.C. 1990. Brood Enlargement and Post-Natal Development in the Black Noddy Anous 

minutus. Emu 90(4): 241-247. 

Girão, W. et al 2008. Registros documentados de cinco novos trinta-réis (Charadriiformes: Sternidae) 

no estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil [Documented records of five terns (Charadriiformes: 

Sternidae) new for the State of Ceará, north-east Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 16(3): 252- 

255. 

Hazevoet, C.J. 1985. Black Noddy in Mauritania in December 1984. Dutch Birding 7(1): 25-26. 

Hill, G. & Rosier, J. 1989. Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, White-capped Noddies and tourist 

development on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Environmental 

Management 29: 107-114. 

Morin, M. 1985. First Record of Black Noddy Nesting at Kure Atoll. Journal of Field Ornithology 56(1): 

66-68. 

Ogden, J. 1979. Estimates of the population sizes of the Black Noddy and Wedge-tailed Shearwater 

at Heron Island in 1978. Sunbird 10: 33-39. 

Oreel, G.J. 1980. On field identification of White-capped Noddy. Dutch Birding 2(4): 140. 

Pettit, T.N. & Whittow, G.C. 1983. Embryonic Respiration and Growth in Two Species of Noddy 

Terns. Physiological Zoology 56(3): 455-464. 



Wiles, G.J. et al 1993. Recent bird records for the southern Mariana Islands, with notes on a colony 

of Black Noddies on Cocos Island, Guam. Micronesica 26: 199-215. 

Blue Noddy 

Procelsterna cerulea [F.D. Bennett 1840, Christmas Island (Kiritimati), Pacific Ocean]. 

[P.c. cerulean] Kiritimati (North Line Islands, Kiribati, C Pacific) & Marquesas Islands (N French 

Polynesia, C Pacific). 

[P.c. saxatili] Marcus Island (NW Pacific), Taongi & Bikar (Marshall Islands, NC Pacific) E to Gardner 

Pinnacles, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa, Kaula Rock (off Niihua) & Kaula (all NW Hawaiian 

Islands). 

[P.c. nebouxi] Tuvalu (SW Pacific) E to Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) and S to Fiji & Western Samoa. 

[P.c. teretirostris] Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) and probably the Cook Islands, Austral 

Islands & Society Islands (French Polynesia, SC Pacific). 

[P.c. murphyi] Gambier Islands (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). 

Non-breeding: Largely sedentary with some dispersing to E Australia. 

Other name: Blue Ternlet, Blue-grey Ternlet, Blue-grey Noddy. 

Brooke, M. 2010. Important Bird Areas, Henderson Island. British Birds 103(8): 428-444 (438, plate 

251). 

Rauzon, M.J. et al 1984. Breeding Biology of the Blue-gray Noddy. Journal of Field Ornithology. 

55(3): 309-321. 

Grey Noddy 

Procelsterna albivitta [Bonaparte 1856, Lord Howe Island]. 

[P.a. albivitta] Lord Howe Island & Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea, Australia region), Kermadec Islands 

(SW Pacific) & Tonga. 

[P.a. skottsbergii] Henderson Island (Pitcairn group, C Pacific) and Sala-y-Gomez (Easter Island 

region) & Easter Island. 

[P.a. imitatrix] San Ambrosio & San Félix (Desventurada Islands, Chile). 

Non-breeding: Largely sedentary, occasionally reaching New Zealand. 

Other name: Grey Ternlet. 

Latham, P.C.M. 2003. An update on the grey ternlet (Procelsterna cerulea albivitta) in the Bay of 

Plenty. Notornis 50(2): 118-121. 

8

White Tern 

Gygis alba [Sparrman 1786, Ascension Island]. 

[G.a.alba] Fernando de Noronha, Trindade, Martin Vas Rocks, Ascension Island & St. Helena (S. 

Atlantic) and Clipperton Islands (off W Mexico) & Cocos Island (off Costa Rica) and Galapágos 

Islands S to Malpelo Island (off Colombia), Sala-y-Gomez (Easter Island region) & Easter Island and 

Ne Bahia (E Brazil) and Laysan Island & Kure E to Kaula (W. Hawaiian Islands) and Honolulu and 

Paracel Islands (South China Sea) E to Wuvulu, Ninigo & Tench Island (Bismarck Archipelago) and 

Line Islands & Phoenix Islands (C Pacific), Caroline Islands (W Pacific), Kermadec Islands (SW 

Pacific), Marshall Islands (NC Pacific) & Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea, Australia region). 

[G.a. candida] Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Comoros Islands, Seychelles & Chagos Islands 

(Indian Ocean) E to Tonga, Western Samoa & Society Islands (SC Pacific). It is also possible this is 

the form occurring on Hatutu (Marquesas Islands, N French Polynesia, C Pacific). 

[G.a. microrhyncha] Eiao to Fatu Hiva Island (Marquesas Islands). It is also possible this is the form 

occurring on Hatutu (Marquesas Islands). 

[G.a. leucopes] Pitcairn & Henderson Island (Pitcairn group, C Pacific). 

Non-breeding: Not fully established; sedentary at some locations and disperses pelagically from 

others. 

Other names: Fairy Tern, Little White Tern (microrhyncha). 

Bengtsson, D. 2009. The Atlantic Odyssey - from penguins to tropicbirds. Birding World 22(4): 167- 

176 (175, plate 16). 





Coster, B. 2003. World of birds (Gooney island). Birdwatch 129: 34-37. 

Gibson, J.D.1977. An overlooked specimen of the White Tern in NSW. Australian Bird Watcher 7: 63. 


Malan, G. et al 2009. Nesting success of White Terns and White-tailed Tropicbirds on Cousine Island, 

Seychelles. Ostrich 80(2): 81-84. 

Roberson, D. 1988.The 10 most likely additions to the ABA checklist. Birding XX(6): 353-363 (361). 

VanderWerf, E.A. 2003. Distribution, abundance, and breeding biology of White Terns on Oahu, 

Hawaii. The Wilson Bulletin 115: 258-262. 



Black Skimmer 

Rynchops niger [Linnaeus 1758, America = coast of South Carolina]. 

[R.n. niger] Coasts of S California and coasts from Massachusetts S to Texas and Sonora to Nayarit 

(W Mexico) and Tamaulipas to Yucatán Peninsula (E Mexico). Non-breeding: California & North 

Carolina S thru C America to both coasts of Panama. 

[R.n. cinerascens] Coasts of Colombia S to the mouth of the Amazon and Gulf of Guayaquil (W 

Ecuador) and large river systems (especially the Orinoco and Amazon) S to Bolivia & NW Argentina. 

Non-breeding: On the coast from Ecuador to S Chile and Panama to Trinidad & NC Brazil. 

[G.n. intercedens] The large rivers of E Brazil, E Paraguay, Uruguay & NE Argentina S to Bahía 

Blanca. Non-breeding: Disperses to the coast. 

Blake, R.W. 1985. A model of foraging efficiency and daily energy budget in the Black Skimmer 

(Rynchops nigra). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(1): 42-48. 

Burger, J. 1981. Sexual differences in parental activities of breeding Black Skimmers. American 

Naturalist 117: 975-984. 

Burger, J. 1982. The Role of Reproductive Success in Colony-Site Selection and Abandonment in 

Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger). The Auk 99(1): 109-115. 

Erwin, R.M. 1977. Black Skimmer Breeding Ecology and Behavior. The Auk 94(4): 709-717. 

Erwin, R.M. 1977. Foraging and breeding adaptations to different food regimes in three seabirds: the 

Common Tern, Sterna hirundo, Royal Tern, Sterna maxima, and Black Skimmer, Rynchops niger. 

Ecology 58: 389-397. 

Grant, G.S. et al 1984. Microclimate of gull-billed tern and black skimmer nests. The Condor 86(3): 

337-338. 

9

Krannitz, P.G. 1989. Nesting Biology of Black Skimmers, Large-Billed Terns, and Yellow-Billed Terns 

in Amazonian Brazil. Journal of Field Ornithology 60(2): 216-223. 

Mellick, E. et al 2007. Colonies of Four Species of Terns and the Black Skimmer in Western Mexico. 

Waterbirds 30(3): 358-366. 

Palacios, E. & Alfaro, L. 1992. Occurrence of Black Skimmers in Baja California. Western Birds 23: 

173-176. 

Pius, S.M. & Leberg, P.L. 1998. The Protector Species Hypothesis: Do Black Skimmers Find Refuge 

from Predators in Gull-billed Tern Colonies Ethology 104(4): 273-284. 

Safina, C. & Burger, J. 1983. Effects of Human Disturbance on Reproductive Success in Black 

Skimmer. The Condor 85: 164-171. 

Schew, W.A. & Collins, C.T. 1991. Annual and within-year variability in growth patterns of Black 

Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chicks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Marine Biology 8: 

87-94. 

Withers, P.C. & Timko, P.L. 1977. The Significance of Ground Effect to the Aerodynamic Cost of 

Flight and Energetics of Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger). Journal of Experimental Biology 70: 13-26. 

African Skimmer 

Rynchops flavirostris [Vieillot 1816, Australasie; error = Senegal]. 

Major rivers and lakes of Africa S of the Sahara from Senegal E to Sudan & SW Ethiopia and S to 

extreme N Namibia, N Botswana, basin of R Zambezi & S Mozambique. Non-breeding: Area around 

the basin of the R Gambia and Egyptian stretches of the Nile. 

Attwell, R.I.G. 1959. The African Skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris: population counts and breeding in 

the Nsefu Game Reserve. Ostrich 30(2): 69-72. 

Coppinger, M.P. et al 1988. Distribution and breeding biology of the African Skimmer on the Upper 

and Middle Zambezi River. Ostrich 59(3): 85-96. 

Modha, M.L. & Coe, M.J. 1969. Notes on the breeding of the African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris 

on Central Island, Lake Rudolf. Ibis 111(4): 593-598. 

Tyler, S.J. 2004. The breeding and population status of the African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris in 

Botswana. Ostrich 75(4): 329-332. 

van Meurs, R.A. 1989. Possible breeding of African Skimmer in Egypt in June 1987. Dutch Birding 

11(2): 77-78. 

Indian Skimmer 

Rynchops albicollis [Swainson 1838, India]. 

R Indus (Pakistan) thru N & EC India to Assam, Bangladesh & R Irrawaddy (Myanmar) and R Mekong 

(Cambodia) and possibly Nepal & S Laos. Non-breeding: Some seasonal movement along rivers and 

possibly a winter visitor to Bangladesh only. 

Gopi Sundar, K.S. 2004. Observations on breeding Indian Skimmers Rynchops albicollis in the 

National Chambal Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Forktail 20: 89-90. 

Gottschling, M. 2011. Home and away (The Chambal River Safari, India). Birding World 24(2): 78- 

80. 

Islam, M.S. & Khan, M.A. 2005. Conservation values of the south-central coast of Ganges delta - 

record flock of Indian Skimmers. The Stilt 47: 2-3. 

Madhav, N.V. & Nagarajan, D. 2010. Caught on camera in the field. BirdingASIA 13: 98. 

Gull-billed Tern 

Gelochelidon nilotica [Gmelin 1789, Egypt]. 

[G.n. nilotica] Europe S to Mauritania & Tunisia and E thru the Middle East, Kazakhstan & Indian 

Subcontinent to NW China. Non-breeding: NW & E Africa thru Persian Gulf to India. 

[G.n. affinis] Transbaikalia, Manchuria and Fuzhou & Hainan (E China). Non-breeding: Mainly SE 

Asia with some to N Australia. 

[G.n. macrotarsa] Sparsely throughout Australia & its offshore islands. Non-breeding: Highly nomadic. 

[G.n. aranea] New Jersey S to Florida and W along the Gulf coast to Texas and Great Inagua & 

Harbour Island (Bahamas), Cuba, Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands. Non-breeding: Coasts of C America S 

to Peru & Brazil. 

[G.n. vanrossemi] Salton Sea (California) S thru W Mexico along the coasts of Sonora & Sinaloa and 

probably islands in the Gulf of California. Non-breeding: S to Ecuador. 

10

[G.n. gronvoldi] Coast and river valleys of Cayenne (French Guiana), Bahia & Mexiana Islands in the 

mouth of the Amazon (E & SE Brazil) S to Uruguay & NE Argentina S to Buenos Aires. 

Birds breeding along the coasts of Ecuador and N Peru may be vanrossemi or gronvoldi or an, as yet, 

undescribed race. Note: G.n.affinis is a synonym of G.n. addenda. 

Other name: Van Rossem’s Gull-Billed Tern (vanrossemi). 

Adriaan Joseph van Rossem (1892-1949), American ornithologist. 



Barthel, P.H. 1995. Rätselvogel 47: Lachseeschwalbe Gelochelidon nilotica [Mystery Bird 47: Gullbilled 

Tern Gelochelidon nilotica]. Limicola 9(3): 165-166. 

Bogliani, G. et al 1990. Food and foraging rhythm of a specialized Gull-billed Tern population 

Gelochelidon nilotica. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 2(2): 175-181. 

British Ornithologists’ Union 1997. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: Twenty-third 

Report (July 1996). Ibis 139: 197-201. 

Chokri, M.A. et al 2010. Nidification des Sternes naine Sterna albifrons, pierregarin Sterna hirundo et 

hansel Sterna nilotica dans le salin de Sfax, Tunisie: chronologie, effectifs et succès reproducteur 

[Breeding of Little Tern, Common Tern and Gull-billed Tern at Sfax, Tunisia: timing, size and 

reproductive success]. Alauda 78: 51-60. 

Coburn, L.M. 1996. Gull-billed Tern nesting on a roof in northwest Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 24: 

76-77. 

Cocker, M. 2007. Notes (Gull-billed Tern catching and presumably eating Sand Martin). British Birds 

100(8): 507. 

Eds. 1995. Three-in-a-row Quizbird No. 3/3 solution (adult summer Gull-billed Tern). Birding World 

8(10): 395. 

Erwin, R.M. et al 1998. Modeling colony-site dynamics: a case study of Gull-billed terns (Sterna 

nilotica) in coastal Virginia. The Auk 115: 970-978. 

Eyler, T.B. 1999. Aspects of Hatching Success and Chick Survival in Gull-billed Terns in Coastal 

Virginia. Waterbirds 22(1): 54-59. 

Goutner, V. 1997. Use of the Drana Lagoon (Evros Delta, Greece) by threatened colonially nesting 

waterbirds and its possible restoration. Biological Conservation 81: 113-120. 

Grant, G.S. et al 1984. Microclimate of gull-billed tern and black skimmer nests. The Condor 86(3): 

337-338. 

Hirschfeld, E. 1991. Notes (Winter plumage of Gull-billed Tern). British Birds 84(3): 108. 

Hume, R.A. & Sharrock, J.T.R. 1996. The Carl Zeiss Award (2nd summer Gull-billed Tern, Seaforth, 

Merseyside, 30th-31st July 1995). British Birds 89(10): 468-469. 

Laird, W. 1983. Gull-billed Tern in Co. Londonderry. Irish Birds 2(3): 359-360. 

Molina, K.C. & Erwin, R.M. 2006. The Distribution and Conservation Status of the Gull-billed Tern 

(Gelochelidon nilotica) in North America. Waterbirds 29(3): 271-295. 

Møller, A.P. 1982. Coloniality and colony structure in Gull-billed Terns Gelochelidon nilotica. Journal 

of Ornithology 123(1): 41-53. 

Palacios, E. & Mellink, E. 2007. The Colonies of VanRossem’s Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon 

nilotica vanrossemi) in México. Waterbirds 30(2): 214-220. 

Pius, S.M. & Leberg, P.L. 1998. The Protector Species Hypothesis: Do Black Skimmers Find Refuge 

from Predators in Gull-billed Tern Colonies Ethology 104(4): 273-284. 

Radi, M. et al 2004. Nidification de la Mouette rieuse Larus ridibundus et de la Sterne hansel Sterna 

nilotica dans le lac de barrage d’Al Massira (Maroc central) [Nesting Black-headed Gull and Gull-billed 

Tern at the lake at d’Al Massira (central Morocco)]. Alauda 72: 53-58. 

Radi, M. et al 2004. Reproduction de la Sterne hansel Sterna nilotica à la Sebkha Zima (Région de 

Marrakech - Maroc) [Breeding of Gull-billed Tern at Sebkha Zima (Marakesh - Marocco)]. Alauda 72: 

201-209. 

Roche, P. et al 2003. Nidification exceptionnelle de la Sterne hansel (Sterna nilotica) en vallée de la 

Garonne [Breeding of Gull-billed Terns in the Garonne valley]. Ornithos 10(2): 84-87. 

Rogers, D.I. et al 2005. Gull-billed Terns in north-western Australia: subspecies identification, moults 

and behavioural notes. Emu 105(2) 145-158. 

Sánchez, J.M. et al 2004. Colony-site Tenacity and Egg Color Crypsis in the Gull-billed Tern. 

Waterbirds 27(1): 21-30. 

Sears, H.F. 1978. Nesting behavior of the Gull-billed Tern. Bird-Banding 49(1): 1-16. 

Sprandel, G.L. et al 1998. Gull-billed Tern fledged on a roof in northwest Florida. Florida Field 

Naturalist 26(3): 94-96. 

11

Stienen, E.W.M. et al 2008. Why do Gull-billed Terns Gelochelidon nilotica feed on fiddler crabs Uca 

tangeri in Guinea-Bissau Ardea 96(2): 243-250. 

Vinicombe, K. & Harris, A. 1989. Field identification of Gull-billed Tern. British Birds 82(1): 3-13. 

Vinicombe, K. 1998. Identification (Tern keys). Birdwatch 71: 40-43. 

Wiles, G.J. et al 2000. Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, with a Summary of Raptor Sightings 

in the Mariana Islands, 1988-1999. Micronesica 32(2): 257-284 (275). 

Caspian Tern 

Hydroprogne caspia [Pallas 1770, Caspian Sea]. 

Locally from Washington (USA), NE Alberta, S Mackenzie & C Saskatchewan E to Newfoundland 

(Canada) and S to Baja California & Sinaloa (W Mexico), also the Great Lakes region, NE New York 

and S along the Atlantic coast to Florida & Gulf coast to Texas. Also locally in S Scandinavia, Baltic 

Sea & Estonia and the Black Sea & Turkey to NW Iran, S Russia and the Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, 

Kirghiz steppes to N Mongolia & S Siberia to coastal Liaoning to Kwantung (E China), Taiwan, 

Hainan, Mekong Delta (Vietnam). Also Tunisia, Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, 

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, N Zimbabwe, 

Botswana, Namibia, Angola & South Africa, Madagascar, Comores, Aldabra Atoll & Seychelles and 

Red Sea coasts & Persian Gulf E to Sind (Pakistan) and Sri Lanka. Also Australia, Tasmania & New 

Zealand. Non-breeding: Disperses widely. 

Barlow, M. 1995. Habitats and factors affecting breeding success at eleven Caspian Tern (Sterna 

caspia) colonies in New Zealand. Notornis 42(2): 

Barlow, M. 1998. Movements of Caspian Terns (Sterna caspia) from a colony near Invercargill, New 

Zealand, and some notes on their behaviour. Notornis 45(3): 193-219. 

Barlow, M.L. & Dowding, J.E. 2002. Breeding biology of Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) at a colony 

near Invercargill, New Zealand. Notornis 49(2): 76-90. 

Beck, G.G. 1995. Summer occurrences of Caspian Tern on the west coast of Vancouver Island, 

British Columbia. Birders Journal 4(2): 89-90. 

Bell, M. & Bell, B.D. 2008. Population numbers of the Caspian tern (Sterna caspia) in New Zealand. 

Notornis 55(2): 84-88. 

Bijlsma, R.G. 1985. Notes (Foraging and hunting efficiency of Caspian Tern). British Birds 78(3): 

146-147. 

Clement, P. & Batten, L. 1989. Letters (The identification of large terns). British Birds 82(9): 411-412. 

Cooper, J. et al 1992. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Caspian Tern Sterna 

caspia in southern Africa. Ostrich 63(2-3): 58-67. 

Crochet, P-A. 2007. Western Palearctic birding in Mauritania. Birding World 20(9): 383-394 (393). 

Cuthbert, F.J. 1985. Mate retention in Caspian tern. The Condor 87: 74-78. 

Diagana, C.H. et al 2007. Nouvelles données sur la nidification de la Sterne caspienne Sterna caspia 

au Parc National du Diawling, Mauritanie [New data on the breeding of Caspian Tern at Parc National 

du Diawling, Mauritania]. Bulletin of the African Bird Club 14: 189-192. 

Emblen, P.L. 1954. Caspian Tern nesting at San Diego Bay. The Condor 56: 109-110. 

Evans, L.G.R. 1988. Caspian Terns in Britain in 1988. Birding World 1(9): 316-317. 

Gantlett, S.J.M. & Harris, A. 1987. Identification of large terns. British Birds 80(6): 257-276. 

Gantlett, S.J.M. & Harris, A. 1988. Identification of large terns – Part 2. Photographs. British Birds 

81(5): 211-222. 

Gill, R.E. & Mewaldt, L.R. 1983. Pacific Coast Caspian Terns: dynamics of an expanding population. 

The Auk 100: 369-381. 

Hoffman, D.J. et al 2011. Oxidative stress response of Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) and Caspian 

terns (Hydroprogne caspia) to mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in liver, kidney, and brain. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30(4): 920-929. 

King, B. 1981. Notes (Caspian Terns dropping and retrieving objects). British Birds 74(5): 228. 

King, B. 1981. Notes (Caspian Terns sun-bathing with Ring-billed Gulls). British Birds 74(4): 181. 

Koppejan, T. 1990. Reuzenstern met rode poten [Caspian Tern with red legs]. Dutch Birding 12(5): 

241. 

Leonard, P. 1990. A Purple Patch at Ballycotton, August 1988. Cork Bird Report 1989 pp. 79-84. 

Lyons, D.E. et al 2005. Foraging ecology of Caspian Terns in the Columbia river estuary, USA. 

Waterbirds 28: 280-291. 

Mauer, K.A. 1984. Verenkleed van juveniele Reuzenstern [Plumage of juvenile Caspian Tern]. Dutch 

Birding 6(3): 100-101. 

12


Waterbirds 30(3): 358-366. 

Portier, B. 1999. Autumn seawatching in northern France in the 1990s. Birding World 12(8): 334-338 

(337). 

Powlesland, R.G. & Powlesland, M.H. 1994. Seabirds found dead on New Zealand beaches in 

1993, with a review of Sterna albostriata, S. caspia and S. striata recoveries, 1943 – 1992. Notornis 

41(4): 257-286. 

Sibson, R.B. 1992. Some thoughts on Caspian Terns in New Zealand. Notornis 39(2): 87-93. 

Strong, C.M. et al 2004. Forster's Tern, Caspian Tern, and California Gull Colonies in San Francisco 

Bay: Habitat Use, Numbers and Trends, 1982-2003. Waterbirds 27(4): 411-423. 

van Aalst, G.W.M. 1989. Caspian Tern with bright red legs. Dutch Birding 11(1): 27. 

Young, H.G. & Duffy, K. 1998. Notes (Aggressive behaviour of Caspian Terns towards herons). 

British Birds 91(7): 285. 

Zvonov, B.M. 2004. Principles of Acoustic Communication between Man and Birds. Biology Bulletin 

31(2): 151-158. 

Royal Tern 

Thalasseus maximus [Boddaert 1783, Cayenne]. 

[T.m. maximus] S California & Maryland S to Texas. West Indies to Guinas. Non-breeding: S to Peru, 

Uruguay & Argentina. 

[T.m. albididorsalis] Mauritania to Guinea. Non-breeding: S to Namibia. 

1st WP Record (T.m. maximus): [immature] 24 November 1979. Kenfig Pool, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. 

S.J. Moon (Moon 1983). 

Andrews, I.J. 1999. Royal Tern in Lothian - a first for Scotland. Birding Scotland 2: 165-167. 

Andrews, I.J. 2000. Royal Tern at Thorntonloch and Musselburgh, August 1999. Lothian Bird Report 

1999 pp. 127-129. 

Bradshaw, C. 2003. Note (A ‘post-Irish’ review of ‘firsts’ for Britain). British Birds 96(8): 402-405 

(403). 

Brenninkmeijer, A. et al 2002. Feeding ecology of wintering terns in Guinea-Bissau. Ibis 144: 602- 

613. 

British Ornithologists’ Union 2008. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 36th Report 

(November 2007). Ibis 150: 218-220. 

Brouwer, R.E. 1990. Royal Terns in Spain in September 1989. Dutch Birding 12(4): 186. 

Bugoni, L. & Vooren, C.M. 2005. Distribution and abundance of six tern species in southern Brazil. 



Cox, S. 1992. Mystery photographs (nominate Royal Tern). British Birds 85(11): 593-594. 

Crochet, P-A. 2007. Western Palearctic birding in Mauritania. Birding World 20(9): 383-394 (393). 

Davenport, M. & Hollyer, J.N. 1968. Royal Tern in Kent. British Birds 61: 559-561. 

Davies, A. 2009. Reports (Good day at Black Rock. Royal Tern: Gwynedd and Conwy, Wales, 15 

and 20 June 2009). Birdwatch 206: 60. 

de Campos, F.R. et al 2007. Trinta-réis (Sternidae) do Parque Estadual Marinho da Laje de Santos, 

São Paulo, e notas sobre suas aves [Terns (Sternidae) of the State Marine Park of Laje de Santos, 

São Paulo State, Brazil, with notes on its birds]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 15(3): 386-394. 

de Juana, E. & Comité de Rarezas de la Sociedad Española de Ornitología 2003. Observaciones 

de aves raras en España, 2001 [Rare birds in Spain, 2001] Ardeola 50: 123-149. Includes 2 records 

of Royal Tern. 

Dennis, J.V. 1994. Transatlantic migration by ringed birds from North America. Dutch Birding 16(3): 

235-237. 

Doherty, P. 1989. Quizbird Solution No. 16 (Royal Tern). Birding World 2(6): 224-225. 

Dubois, P.J. 1991. Identification forum: Royal, Lesser Crested and Elegant Terns. Birding World 4(4): 

120-123. 

Eds. 1995. Three-in-a-row Quizbird No. 3/2 solution (Royal Tern). Birding World 8(9): 347. 

Eds. 1999. Bird news (The Royal Tern in Lothian). Birdwatch 88: 60. 



Ecology 58: 389-397. 


13


81(5): 211-222. 

Gernigon, J. 2008. Première mention francaise de la Sterne royale (Sterna maxima), au banc 

d'Arguin (Gironde) [First French record of Royal Tern at banc d'Arguin (Gironde)]. Ornithos 15(3): 

224-225. 

Kennedy, P.G. Royal Tern in Co. Dublin, pp. 41-45. Found in: Sharrock, J.T.R. & Grant, P.J. 1982. 

Birds new to Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser. 

McGinnis, T.W. & Emslie, S.D. 2001. The foraging ecology of Royal and Sandwich Terns in North 

Carolina, USA. Waterbirds 24: 361-370. 


Waterbirds 30(3): 358-366. 

Millington, R. & Reid, M. 1995. Photo forum: red-billed Royal Terns. Birding World 8(3): 98-99. 

Moon, S.J. 1983. The eventual identification of a Royal Tern in Mid Glamorgan. British Birds 76(8): 

335-339. 

Reimann, M. 2009. The Royal Tern in Co. Cork and North Wales. Birding World 22(6): 237-240. 

Schaffner, F.C. 1985. Royal Tern nesting attempts in California: isolated or significant incidents 

Western Birds 16: 71-80. 

Thompson, P. 1985. Notes (Identification of large terns). British Birds 78(5): 236-237. 

Vangeluwe, D. & Bulteu, V. 2003. Focus on the African Royal Tern. Alula 9(3): 106-112. 

Wheeler, P.E. 1989. Geographical variation in Royal Terns. Birding World 2(9): 326-327. 

Crested Tern 

Thalasseus bergii [Lichtenstein 1823, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa]. 

[T.b. bergii] Namibia to South Africa. Non-breeding: Some movement to S Mozambique. 

[T.b. enigma] Zambezi Delta (Mozambique). 

[T.b. thalassinus] Tanzania, Seychelles, Aldabra Atoll & Rodrigues Island (Mascarene Islands). It is 

also possible this is the form in NW Madagascar. Non-breeding: Some movement to S Somalia. 

[T.b. velox] Red Sea & NW Somalia E to Myanmar, Maldives & Sri Lanka. Non-breeding: S to Kenya. 

[T.b. cristatus] SE China and Malaysia to the Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Bonin Islands, Taiwan and 

E & S Australia & Tasmania and islands in SW Pacific to Micronesia, Kiribati (C Pacific) & Society 

Islands (French Polynesia) and S to Polynesia and E to Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). 

Other names: Swift Tern, Great Crested Tern. 

Carl Heinrich Bergius (c.1790-1818), German pharmacist and naturalist who collected in South Africa. 

Bourne, W.R.P. 1992. Debatable British and Irish seabirds. Birding World 5(10): 382-390. 


Castell, P. 1998. The first breeding record of Swift Tern Sterna bergii in Egypt. Sandgrouse 20(1): 49- 

51. 

Colenutt, S.R. 1992. Mystery photographs (adult Crested Tern). British Birds 85(3): 112-113. 

Cooper, J, & Pringle, J.S. 1977. Swift Terns and Hartlaub’s Gulls breeding at Strandfontein Sewage 

Works. Cormorant 2: 23. 

Cooper, J. & Sinclair, J.C. 1977. Hartlaub’s Gull and Swift Tern breeding at Wadrifsoutpan. 

Cormorant 2: 22. 

Cooper, J. 1977. Swift Terns and Hartlaub’s Gulls breeding at the Berg River estuary. Cormorant 2: 

24. 

Cooper, J. et al 1977. Hartlaub’s Gull and Swift Tern breeding in South West Africa. Cormorant 3: 10- 

12. 

Cooper, J. et al 1990. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Swift Tern Sterna bergii in 

southern Africa. Ostrich 61(1-2): 56-65. 

Cooper, J. Potential impacts of marine fisheries on migratory waterbirds of the Afrotropical Region: a 

study in progress, pp. 760-764. Found in: Boere, G.C. et al (eds.) 2006. Waterbirds Around the 

World. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. 

Davies, S.J.J.F. & Carrick, R. 1962. On the ability of crested terns, Sterna bergii, to recongnize their 

own chicks. Australian Journal of Zoology 10(2): 171-177. 

Feare, C.J. 1975. Post-fledgling care in Crested and Sooty terns. The Condor 77: 368-370. 



81(5): 211-222. 

Gibson, J.D. 1956. Display flights of the Crested Tern. Emu 56: 131-132. 

Heard, C.D.R. 1989. Letters (The identification of large terns). British Birds 82(9): 413-414. 

14

Langham, N.P.E. & Hulsman, K. 1986. The breeding biology of the Crested Tern Sterna bergii. Emu 

86(1): 23-32. 

Parsons, N.J. et al 2006. The rehabilitation of Swift Terns Sterna bergii incapacitated by marine foam 

on Robben Island, South Africa. Ostrich 77(1-2): 95-98. 

Richardson, C. 1998. Birding in the Emirates. Alula 4(4): 136-141 (138). 

Sehhatisabet, M.E. et al 2006. Further significant extensions of migrant distribution and breeding and 

wintering ranges in Iran for over sixty species. Sandgrouse 28(2): 146-155. 

van Bemmelen, R.S.A. et al 2007. Masters of Mystery – Solutions of sixth round 2007 (Royal Tern). 


van den Berg, A.B. 1991. Arabian Gulf. Dutch Birding 13(4): 150-151 (plate 148). 

Walter, C.B. et al 1987. Diet of Swift Tern chicks in the Saldanha Bay region, South Africa. Ostrich 

58(2): 49-53. 



Elegant Tern 

Thalasseus elegans [Gambel 1849, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico]. 

San Diego Bay (S California), Scammon Lagoon & Isla San Roques (C Baja California), Raza Island, 

Trinidad Island & George Island (Gulf of California) and S along W coast of Mexico to Nayarit. Nonbreeding: 

California thru Guatemala S to Mejillones Bay (Chile). 

1st WP Record: 1 June 1974. Banc d'Arguin, Gironde, France. One or sometimes two in a colony of 

Sandwich Terns (Dubois & CHN 1994). 

Blokpoel, H. et al 1989. Field Observations of the Biology of Common Terns and Elegant Terns 

Wintering in Peru. Colonial Waterbirds 12(1): 90-97. 

Boesman, P. 1992. Sierlijke Stern te Zeebrugge in juni-juli 1988 [Elegant Tern at Zeebrugge in June- 

July 1988]. Dutch Birding 14(5): 161-169. 

Chappell, L. 2005. Reports (Dorset's five-star tern. Elegant Tern: Christchurch Harbour, Dorset, 10 

May 2005). Birdwatch 156: 62-63. 

Chappell, L. 2005. The Elegant Tern in Dorset. Birding World 18(5): 211-213. 

Collins, C.T. 1997. Hybridization of a Sandwich and Elegant Tern in California. Western Birds 28: 

169-173. 

Collins, C.T. et al 1991. EleganTerns breeding in Orange County, California. American Birds 45: 393- 

395. 

Dahdul, W.M. & Horn, M.H. 2003. Energy allocation and postnatal growth in captive Elegant Tern 

(Sterna elegans) chicks: response to high- versus low-energy diets. The Auk 120: 1069-1081. 

Dempsey, E. 2005. Reports (Mega's flying visit. Elegant Tern: Co. Meath, 19 July 2005). Birdwatch 

159: 62-63. 

Dubois, P.J. & CHN 1994. La Sterne élégante (Sterna elegans) en France [Elegant Tern (Sterna 

elegans) in France]. Ornithos 1-2: 74-79. 

Dubois, P.J. & Duquet, M. 1991. Letters (Elegant Tern in France). Birding World 4(4): 125-126. 


120-123. 

Fraser, M. 2006. ListCheck (National lists: South Africa). Birdwatch 166: 55. 

Gantlett, S. 1997. Lesser Crested and Elegant Terns. Birding World 10(8): 298-301. 

Gantlett, S. 2001. A Checklist of the Bird Forms of Britain and Ireland. Birding World 14(1): 19-20. 

Gantlett, S. 2003. Photo-forum - identification of orange-billed terns. Birding World 16(7): 285-304. 



81(5): 211-222. 

Gonin, J. et al 2003. Another Elegant Tern sighting in France. Birding World 16(9): 386-387. 

Gutiérrez, R. 1998. Elegant Tern in Llobregat delta, Spain, in April 1993. Dutch Birding 20(1): 1-5. 

Hudon, J. & Brush, A.H. 1990. Carotenoids produce flush in the Elegant Tern plumage. The Condor 

92: 798-801. 

Marshall, P. 2002. The Elegant Tern in Devon - a new British bird. Birding World 15(5): 209-211. 

McGill, M. 2002. Reports (Britain's first Elegant Tern makes a flying visit). Birdwatch 121: 48-49. 


Waterbirds 30(3): 358-366. 

Millington, R. 2002. The orange-billed terns in summer 2002. Birding World 15(7): 287-290. 

15

Monroe Jr., B.L. 1956. Observations of Elegant Terns at San Diego, California. The Wilson Bulletin 

68(3): 239-244. 

Mullarney, K. 1999. The Elegant Tern in County Wexford. Birding World 12(7): 275-280. 

Schaffner, F.C. 1986. Trends in Elegant Tern and Northern Anchovy Populations in California. The 

Condor 88(3): 347-354. 

Schaffner, F.C. 1990. Egg Recognition by Elegant Terns (Sterna elegans). Colonial Waterbirds 

13(1): 25-30. 

Verroken, L. 1991. Letters (Presumed hybrid Sandwich x Lesser Crested Tern). Birding World 3(12): 

418-419. 

Vinicombe, K. 2002. Reports (Unidentified tern poses questions. 'Orange-billed' tern: Norfolk, 20 

June 2002). Birdwatch 122: 50. 

Lesser Crested Tern 

Thalasseus bengalensis [Lesson 1831, coasts of India]. 

[T.b. bengalensis] Red Sea S along the coasts of Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti & Somalia. Non-breeding: 

Along the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Natal (South Africa) and Madagascar, Comoros, 

Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles & Sri Lanka. 

[T.b. emigratus] Libya. Non-breeding: Off the coast of W Africa. 

[T.b. torresii] Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean coast of Pakistan, Maldives & Laccadive Islands E to the 

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java & Sulawesi to New Guinea, Aru Islands (E Indonesia) and Bedout & 

Adele Island (W Australia) to Capricorn & Bunker group of islands (S Great Barrier Reef). Nonbreeding: 

N Indian Ocean & SW Pacific. 

Andrews, I.J. & Leven, M.R. 1988. Lesser Crested Tern at Musselburgh. Lothian Bird Report 1987 p. 

79. 

Aspinall, S. & Hellyer, P. 2006. Important Bird Areas of the United Arab Emirates. British Birds 

99(11): 546-561 (554, plates 303 & 304). 

Barthel, P.H. 2000. Rätselvogel 77: Rüppellseeschwalbe Sterna bengalensis [Mystery Bird 77: 

Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis]. Limicola 14(3): 139-142. 

Baxter, A. 1996. Letters (Elsie’s hybrid young). Birding World 9(11): 448. 

Brichetti, P. & Foschi, U.F. 1987. The Lesser Crested Tern in the Eestern Mediterranean and 

Europe. British Birds 80(6): 276-280. 

Bundy, G. 1987. Letters (Mediterranean terns). British Birds 80(6): 287. 


Combridge, P. & Combridge, S. 2009. Notes (Lesser Crested Tern feeding at night). British Birds 

102(1): 37. 

Davies, T. 2009. Reports (A tern made of Sterna stuff. Lesser Crested Tern: Cley, Norfolk, 12 July 

2009). Birdwatch 207: 53. 

Dies, J.I. 2001. Notes (Bare-part colours of juvenile hybrid Lesser Crested x Sandwich Tern). British 

Birds 94(1): 42. 

Doherty, P. 1989. Solution to the Quizbird (Lesser Crested Tern). Birding World 2(3): 106-107. 


120-123. 

Eds. 1993. Lesser Crested Terns. Birding World 6(7): 267-268. 

Gantlett, S. 1997. Lesser Crested and Elegant Terns. Birding World 10(8): 298-301. 



19(8): 326-330. 



81(5): 211-222. 

Gantlett, S.J.M. 1988. Notes (Lesser Crested Tern in Norfolk). British Birds 81(6): 282-283. 

Gill, F.B. 1969. Additions to the birds known from the west Sumatran Islands. Ardea 57: 89-91. 

Gillon, K. & Stringer, G. 1994. Elsie II – the next generation of hybrid Lesser Ctested x Sandwich 

Terns. Birding World 7(8): 312-315. 

Grant, P.J. 1984. Letters (Orange-billed large terns). British Birds 77(8): 372-377. 

Hamza, A. et al 2008. Report on census and ringing of Lesser Crested Tern in Libya (2-10 Aug. 

2007), with a preliminary inventory of Libyan islands. UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA and EGA. Technical 

Report. 

Hurford, C. 1989. Lesser Crested Tern: new to Britain and Ireland. British Birds 82(9): 396-398. 

16

Jiguet, F. 1997. Appearance of a first-autumn hybrid Lesser Crested x Sandwich Tern. Birding World 

10(11): 427-428. 

McGuigan, C. & Steele, J. 1991. Letters (Hybridization in terns). Birding World 4(4): 125. 

Meininger, P.L. et al 1994. Rediscovery of Lesser Crested Terns breeding in Libya. British Birds 

87(4): 160-170. 

Muddeman, J. 2003. Letters (Lesser Crested Terns in Spain). Birding World 16(9): 392. 

Scarton, F. et al 2000. Notes (New breeding site of Lesser Crested Tern in Italy). British Birds 93(9): 

448-450. 



Sibley, F. et al 1999. Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Bridled Tern, and Lesser Crested Tern at Wu Yu (Black 

Rock), Nan Ao County, Guangdong, China. Waterbirds 22(1): 142-144. 

Smart, M. 1984. Letters (Identification of Lesser Crested Tern and its status in the western 

Mediterranean). British Birds 77(8): 371-372. 

Steele, J. & McGuigan, C. 1989. Plumage features of a hybrid juvenile Lesser Crested x Sandwich 

Tern. Birding World 2(11): 391-392. 

Thompson, P. 1985. Notes (Identification of large terns). British Birds 78(5): 236-237. 

van Bemmelen, R.S.A. et al 2008. Masters of Mystery – Solutions of fifth round 2008 (Lesser 

Crested Tern). Dutch Birding 30(6): 413-414. 

van den Berg, A.B. 1991. Arabian Gulf. Dutch Birding 13(4): 150-151 (plates 145 & 147). 


418-419. 

Vinicombe, K. 2002. Reports (Unidentified tern poses questions. 'Orange-billed' tern: Norfolk, 20 

June 2002). Birdwatch 122: 50. 

Votier, R. 2005. Reports (The tern that toured East Anglia. Lesser Crested Tern: Norfolk and Suffolk, 

16-22 July 2005). Birdwatch 159: 63. 

Wolstencroft, J. 2004. Letters (Lesser Crested Terns in Spain). Birding World 17(3): 128-129. 

Chinese Crested Tern 

Thalasseus bernsteini [Schlegel 1863, China]. 

Matsu Islands (Taiwan Strait) 7’ off the coast of Fukien Province (E China, although administered by 

Taiwan) and Jiushan Islands (off E China in the entrance to Hangzhou Harbour, Zhejiang Province). 

During breeding season also recorded Fukien N to Shandong Province near Tsingtao & Mukuan Tao 

on the coast of E China. Non-breeding: S to the Philippines, peninsular Thailand, Borneo & the 

Moluccas. 

Presumed to be extinct until four adults and four chicks were found among a tern colony on Matsu 

Island in 2000 by Liang Chieh-teh. 

Adams, M.P. et al 2003. Extinct and endangered (‘E&E’) birds:a proposed list for collection 

catalogues. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 123: 338-354. 

Candido, E.P.M. 2006. Chinese Crested Tern: observations on juveniles in the Matsu Archipelago of 

Taiwan. BirdingASIA 6: 34-35. 

Chen, S. et al 2009. A small population and severe threats: status of the Critically Endangered 

Chinese crested tern Sterna bernsteini. Oryx 43(2): 209-212. 

Chen, S. et al 2010. A new breeding site of the Critically Endangered Chinese Crested Tern Sterna 

bernsteini in the Wuzhishan Archipelago, eastern China. Forktail 26: 132-133. 

Chen, S.H. et al 2011. The breeding biology of Chinese Crested Terns in mixed species colonies in 

eastern China. Bird Conservation International 21(3): 266-273. 

Collar, N.J. 2003. A third Philippine specimen of Chinese Crested-Tern Sterna bernsteini. Forktail 19: 

151. 

Dickinson, E.C. & Eck, S. 1984. Notes on Philippine birds, 2. A second Philippine record of Sterna 

bernsteini. Bulletin of the British Ornithologist' Club 104: 72. 

Eds. 2001. World News. Birding World 13(12): 496. 

Liang, C.T. et al 2000. Little known Oriental bird: Discovery of a breeding colony of Chinese Crested 

Tern. Oriental Bird Club Bulletin 32: 18-19. 

Liu, Y. et al 2009. Regional Extirpation of the Critically Endangered Chinese Crested Tern 

(Thalasseus bernsteini) from the Shandong Coast, China Waterbirds 32(4): 597-599. 

Mees, G.F. 1975. Identiteit en status van Sterna bernsteini Schlegel [Identity and status of Sterna 

bernsteini Schlegel]. Ardea 63: 78-86. 

Pitches, A. 2010. News and comment (Chinese Tern turns up in Indonesia). British Birds 104(1): 107. 

17

Voous, K.H. 1973. List of recent holarctic bird species: non-passerines. Ibis 115(4): 612-638. 

Zhang, K.J. et al 2004. Chinese Crested Tern at Chongming Dao, Shanghai, China. BirdingASIA 2: 

66. 

Sandwich Tern 

Thalasseus sandvicensis [Latham 1787, Sandwich, Kent, England]. 

Ireland, Britain & S Scandinavia S to the Mediterranean and E to the Black Sea & Caspian Sea. Nonbreeding: 

Caspian Sea, Black Sea & Mediterranean S to coasts of W & S Africa and S Red Sea to 

NW India & Sri Lanka. 

Baxter, A. 1996. Letters (Elsie’s hybrid young). Birding World 9(11): 448. 


613. 

Brewer, D. 2003. Notes (Unusual food item of nestling Sandwich Tern). British Birds 96(5): 255. 

Camphuysen, C.J. 2005. Seabirds at sea in summer in the northwest North Sea. British Birds 98(1): 

2-19 (9). 

Clarke, T. 1999. Autumn 1998 on the Azores. Birding World 12(5): 205-212 (211). 

Dies, J.I. & Dies, B. 1998. Hybridisation between Lesser Crested and Sandwich Terns in Valencia, 

Spain, and plumage of offspring. British Birds 91(5): 165-170. 

Dies, J.I. & Dies, B. 2004. Breeding biology and colony size of Sandwich Tern at L'Albufera de 

Valencia (Western Mediterranean). Ardeola 51(2): 431-435. 

Dies, J.I. & Dies, B. 2005. Kleptoparasitism and Host Responses in a Sandwich Tern Colony of 

Eastern Spain. Waterbirds 28(2): 167-171. 

Dies, J.I. 2001. Notes (Bare-part colours of juvenile hybrid Lesser Crested x Sandwich Tern). British 

Birds 94(1): 42. 

Dolphin, A.K. 1986. Notes (Apparent feeding association between Manx Shearwaters and Sandwich 

Terns). British Birds 79(8): 397. 

Dunn, E.K. 1972. Effect of age on the fishing ability of Sandwich Terns Sterna sandvicensis. Ibis 

114(3): 360-366. 

Efe, M.A. et al 2009. Multigene phylogeny and DNA barcoding indicate that the Sandwich Tern 

complex (Thalasseus sandvicensis, Laridae, Sternini) comprises two species. Molecular 

Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(1): 263-267. 



19(8): 326-330. 



81(5): 211-222. 

Garner, M. et al 2007. Identification of American Sandwich Tern. Dutch Birding 29(5): 273-287. 

Gillon, K. & Stringer, G. 1994. Elsie II – the next generation of hybrid Lesser Ctested x Sandwich 

Terns. Birding World 7(8): 312-315. 


Greenwood, J. 1986. Notes (Sandwich Terns feeding over fresh water). British Birds 79(1): 43. 

Greenwood, J.G. 1989. Notes (Sandwich Terns apparently using roads as navigational cues). British 

Birds 82(3): 117. 

Hallet, T. 1984. Notes (Sandwich Terns feeding behind plough). British Birds 77(6): 260. 

Heaney, V. et al 2008. Important Bird Areas: Breeding seabirds on the Isles of Scilly. British Birds 

101(8): 418-438. 

Jiguet, F. 1997. Appearance of a first-autumn hybrid Lesser Crested x Sandwich Tern. Birding World 

10(11): 427-428. 

Kehoe, C. 2006. Racial identification and assessment in Britain: a report from the RIACT 

subcommittee. British Birds 99(12): 619-645 (630). 

Langham, N.P.E. 1974. Comparative breeding biology of the Sandwich Tern. The Auk 91: 255-277. 

McGuigan, C. & Steele, J. 1991. Letters (Hybridization in terns). Birding World 4(4): 125. 

Meissner, W. & Krupa, R. 2007. Biometrics and Primary Molt of Common Tern and Sandwich Tern in 

Autumn in Puck Bay, Southern Baltic. Waterbirds 30(1): 158-163. 

Mitchell, D. 1989. Letters (Sandwich Tern with all-yellow bill). British Birds 82(9): 414. 

Nightingale, B. & Sharrock, J.T.R. 1982. Seabirds inland in Britain in late April 1981. British Birds 

75(12): 558-566 (563). 

18

O’Clery, M. 2007. Breeding seabirds of the Magharees and related islands, County Kerry, 2006/2007. 

Irish Birds 8(2): 179-188. 

Ouweneel, G.L. 1989. Wintering of Sandwich Tern in the Netherlands. Dutch Birding 11(4): 172-174. 

Sangster, G. et al 2011. Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: seventh report. Ibis 153: 883- 

892. 

Smith, A.J.M. 1975. Studies of breeding Sandwich Terns. British Birds 68: 142-156. 

Steel, D. 2005. Record seabird numbers on the Farne Islands, Northumberland. Birding World 18(7): 

304. 

Steele, J. & McGuigan, C. 1989. Plumage features of a hybrid juvenile Lesser Crested x Sandwich 

Tern. Birding World 2(11): 391-392. 

Stienen, E.W.M. & Brenninkmeijer, A. 1999. Keep the chicks moving: how Sandwich Terns can 

minimize kleptoparasitism by Black-headed Gulls. Animal Behaviour 57: 1135-1144. 

Stienen, E.W.M. & Brenninkmeijer, A. 2002. Foraging decisions of Sandwich Terns Sterna 

sandvicensis in the presence of kleptoparasitising gulls. The Auk 119: 473-486. 

Stienen, E.W.M. & Brenninkmeijer, A. 2002. Variation in growth in Sandwich Tern chicks Sterna 

sandvicensis and the consequences for pre- and post-fledging mortality. Ibis 144: 567-576. 

Stienen, E.W.M. et al 2000. Reflections of a specialist: patterns in food provisioning and foraging 

conditions in Sandwich Terns Sterna sandvicensis. Ardea 88: 33-49. 

Stienen, E.W.M. et al 2001. Living with gulls: the consequences for Sandwich Terns of breeding in 

association with Black-headed Gulls. Waterbirds 24: 68-82. 

van Gool, G. 1990. Wintering of Sandwich Tern in the Netherlands. Dutch Birding 12(2): 82. 

Veen, J. 1977. Functional and Causal Aspects of Nest Distribution in Colonies of the Sandwich Tern 

(Sterna S. Sandvicencis Lath.). Behaviour Supplement 20: 1-193. 


418-419. 

Wakeling, J.M. & Hodgson, J. 1992. Optimisation of the flight speed of the Little, Common and 

Sandwich Tern. Journal of Experimental Biology 169: 261-266. 

Cabot's Tern 

Thalasseus acuflavidus [Cabot 1848]. 

[T.a. acuflavidus] Virginia (E USA) locally to Campeche Bank (Gulf of Mexico) & Belize and thru the 

Antilles to S Caribbean. Non-breeding: Caribbean S to S Peru & Uruguay. 

[T.a. eurygnatha] Locally in Caribbean, off Venezuela & Cayenne (French Guiana) and E Brazil to 

Buenos Aires (S Argentina) and Patagonian coast of Chubut and Santa Cruz. 

Other name: Cayenne Tern (eurygnatha). 

Samuel Cabot (1815-1885), American medical doctor and one time currator of ornithology at the 

Boston Society of Natural History. 

Beylevelt, K. 1995. Netherlands Antilles & Aruba. Dutch Birding 17(6): 251-255 (plate 237). 

Buckley, P.A. & Buckley, F.G. 1984. Cayenne Tern new to North America, with comments on its 

relationship to Sandwich Tern. The Auk 101: 396-398. 



Collins, C.T. 1997. Hybridization of a Sandwich and Elegant Tern in California. Western Birds 28: 

169-173. 




Efe, M.A. et al 2009. Multigene phylogeny and DNA barcoding indicate that the Sandwich Tern 

complex (Thalasseus sandvicensis, Laridae, Sternini) comprises two species. Molecular 

Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(1): 263-267. 

Escalante, R. 1973. The Cayenne Tern in Brazil. The Condor 75: 470-472. 



81(5): 211-222. 

Garner, M. et al 2007. Identification of American Sandwich Tern. Dutch Birding 29(5): 273-287. 




255. 

19


Hayes, F.E. 2004. Variability and interbreeding of Sandwich Terns and Cayenne Terns in the Virgin 

Islands, with comments on their systematic relationship. North American Birds 57: 566-572. 

Hughes, M. 2006. Reports (Cemlyn's odd tern. Possible Cayenne Tern: Cemlyn, Anglessey, 31 May- 

July 2006). Birdwatch 170: 67. 

Junge, G.C.A. & Voous, K.H. 1955. The distribution and relationship of Sterna eurygnatha 

Saunders. Ardea 43: 226-247. 



Kwater, E. 1997. Answers to the October Photo Quiz (acuflavidus Sandwich Tern). Birding XXIX(6): 

497-498. 

Langham, N.P.E. 1974. Comparative breeding biology of the Sandwich Tern. The Auk 91: 255-277. 

McGinnis, T.W. & Emslie, S.D. 2001. The foraging ecology of Royal and Sandwich Terns in North 

Carolina, USA. Waterbirds 24: 361-370. 

Norton, R.L. 1984. Cayenne x Sandwich terns nesting in Virgin Islands, Greater Antilles. Journal of 

Field Ornithology 55: 243-246. 

Ouweneel, G.L. 1989. Wintering of Sandwich Tern in the Netherlands. Dutch Birding 11(4): 172-174. 

Sangster, G. et al 2011. Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: seventh report. Ibis 153: 883- 

892. 

Scharringa, J. 1979. American Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis acuflavidus in the Netherlands. 

Dutch Birding 1(2-3): 60. 

Little Tern 

Sternula albifrons [Pallas 1764, Netherlands]. 

[S.a. albifrons] Ireland, Britain & S Scandinavia across C & SE Russia, W Siberia & W Mongolia and 

S to the Mediterranean basin and coast of N Africa & the Persian Gulf and Turkey E to NE India, 

Nepal, Myanmar & islands off Sumatra & Java. It is also possible this is the form at Lake Turkana, 

Kenya and the Seychelles, Comoro Islands & Sri Lanka. Non-breeding: Coasts of N & W Africa E to 

NW India. 

[S.a. guineae] Ghana, Nigeria and Chad to Gabon. It is also possible this is the form in Mauritania & 

Senegambia. 

[S.a. sinensis] SE Russia, China, Japan, SE Asia, Philippines & New Guinea. It is also possible this is 

the form in Saipan (Micronesia) E to Hawaii and New Britain & surrounding waters, N & E Australia & 

E Tasmania. Non-breeding: N populations mostly move S to Malaysia. 

The proposed forms S.a. innominata & S.a. pusilla are included with S.a. albifrons. 

The proposed form S.a. placens is included with S.a. sinensis. 

Bell, M. & Bell, D. 2002. Two unusual tern records from the Chatham Islands. Notornis 49(1): 49-50. 

Bertolero, A. et al 2005. Selection of foraging habitats by Little Tern Sterna albifrons at the Ebro 

Delta (NE Spain). Revista Catalana d'Ornitologia 21: 37-42. 

Breen, D. et al 2004. The Little Tern Protection scheme at Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow 2001. Irish East 

Coast Bird Report 2001 p. 112. 


613. 

Brockless, A. 2011. Memories of a species protection warden. Birdwatch 230: 45-48. 

Catry, T. et al 2006. Inter-colony and annual differences in the diet and feeding ecology of Little Tern 

adults and chicks in Portugal. The Condor 108: 366-376. 

Chafer, C.J. & Brandis, C.C.P. 1991. Seasonal fluctuations of Little Tern Sterna albifrons at Windang 

NSW during the 1989-90 austral summer. Australian Birds 25: 11-18. 

Chandler, R. & Wilds, C. 1994. Little, Least and Saunder’s Terns. British Birds 87(2): 60-66. 





Clancey, P.A. 1982. The Little Tern in Southern Africa. Ostrich 53(2): 102-106. 

Cooney, T. 1987. Little Terns on the east coast 1984-87. Irish East Coast Bird Report 1986 pp. 43- 

45. 

Corso, A. 2003. Notes (Stone-curlew taking Little Tern chicks). British Birds 96(12): 655-656. 

Cox, J.B. & Close, D.H. 1977. Interbreeding of little tern and fairy tern. Emu 77(1): 28-32. 

Davies, S. 1981. Development and behaviour of Little Tern chicks. British Birds 74(7): 291-298. 

20

Egan, K. & Webb, G. 1999. Silver Gulls attacking fledged Little Tern. Australian Birds 31: 148. 

Egan, K. 1990. Predation of eggs of the Little Tern by Silver Gulls and other feeding bahaviour. 

Australian Birds 24: 41. 

Farrelly, P. 1992. Little Terns incubating a stone. Irish Birds 4(4): 561-562. 

Farrelly, P. 1993. Irish east coast Little Tern survey 1992 and 1993. Irish East Coast Bird Report 

1992 pp. 60-64. 



Hanane, S. et al 2005. Statut et biologie de reproduction de la Sterne naine Sterna albifrons sur une 

portion rocheuse du littoral nord-atlantique du Maroc [Status and breeding biology of Little Tern on the 

North Atlantic coast of Morocco]. Alauda 73: 9-20. 

Hansbro, P. & Sargeant, D. 1999. The first Little Tern Sterna albifrons in Yemen. Sandgrouse 21(2): 

180. 

Hannon, C. et al 1998. The status and distribution of breeding Sandwich Sterna sandvicensis, 

Roseate S. dougallii, Common S. hirundo, Arctic S. paradisaea and Little Terns S. albifrons in Ireland 

in 1995. Irish Birds 6(1): 1-22. 

Hitchcock, W.B. 1967. Bird in the hand - little tern and fairy tern. Australian Bird Bander 5: 14. 

Hume, R.A. 1982. Mystery photographs (first-winter Little Tern). British Birds 75(5): 224. 

Ingram, R. 1985. Notes (Little Terns harassing tired Cuckoo, which landed on sea). British Birds 

78(12): 662. 



Kerr, J. et al 2006. The Little Tern Protection scheme at Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow 2002. Irish East Coast 

Bird Report 2002 p. 130. 

Lambert, K. 2001. Sightings of new and rarely reported seabirds in southern African waters. Marine 

Ornithology 29: 115-118. 

Maljkovic, A. & Boland, H. 2004. Predation of Little Tern Sterna albifrons eggs by the Lesser Blackbacked 

Gull Larus fuscus at Kilcoole, County Wicklow. Irish Birds 7(3): 440-441. 

Maljkovic, A. et al 2009. The Little Tern Protection scheme at Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow 2003. Irish East 

Coast Bird Report 2003 p. 113. 

Massey, B.W. 1976. Vocal differences between American Least Terns and European Little Tern. The 

Auk 93: 760-773. 

Moore, C.C. 1990. Notes (First-winter Little Tern showing features of juvenile plumage). British Birds 

83(11): 504. 

Morris, A.K. 1979. The declining status of Little Tern in NSW. Corella 3: 105-109. 

Murray, A. 1994. Little Tern. Australian Natural History 24(10): 22-23. 

Ó’Briain, M. & Farrelly, P. 1990. Breeding biology of Little Terns at Newcastle, Co. Wicklow and the 

impact of conservation action. Irish Birds 4(2): 149-168. 


Irish Birds 8(2): 179-188. 

Oro, D. et al 2004. The Biology of the Little Tern in the Ebro Delta (Northwestern Mediterranean). 

Waterbirds 27(4): 434-440. 

Paiva, V.H. et al 2006. Influence of environmental factors and energetic value of food on Little Tern 

Sterna albifrons chick growth and food delivery. Bird Study 53(1): 1-11. 

Pyle, P. et al 2005. Little and Least Terns breeding on Midway Atoll: identification, range extensions, 

and assortative breeding behaviour. North American Birds 55: 3-6. 

Robson, C. & Davidson, P. 1995. Some recent records of Philippine birds. Forktail 11: 162-167 

(162). 

Rooke, S. 2001. Monthly marathon solution (juvenile Little Tern). British Birds 94(5): 256-257. 

Rose, A.B. 1994. Predation of Little Terns by Whimbrels. Australian Birds 28(1): 1-4. 

Rose, A.B. 2001. Predators of nesting little terns Sterna albifrons at Forster, New South Wales. 

Australian Bird Watcher 19(3): 79-87. 

Rounsevell, D.E. 1983. Breeding of little and fairy terns in Tasmania. Tasmanian Bird Report 12: 9- 

16. 

Secomb, D. 1994. Silver Gull robbing Little Terns’ egg. Australian Birds 28(2): 56. 

Smale, C. 1992. Against all odds. Birdwatch 1(4): 28-29. 

Smiddy, P. 2005. A previously undocumented breeding site for the Little Tern Sterna albifrons in 

County Waterford. Irish Birds 7(4): 599. 

21

Uhlig, R. et al 1998. Die Bestandssituation der Zwergseeschwalbe Sterna albifrons an der Unteren 

Oder [The present situation of Little Tern Sterna albifrons on the Lower Oder river]. Limicola 12(3): 

136-142. 

Vincent, J. 1983. The breeding status of little tern Sterna albifrons East Gippsland, Victoria 1977- 

1980. Australian Bird Watcher 10(2): 35-60. 



Whilde, A. 1993. Threatened Mammals, Birds, Amphibians and Fish in Ireland. Irish Red Data Book 

2: Vertebrates. HMSO, Belfast. 



Wiles, G.J. et al 2004. New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003. Micronesica 

37(1): 69-96. 

Wilson, F. et al 2003. Little Tern Report 2000. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2000 p. 112. 

Yésou, P. et al 2002. Biologie de reproduction de la Sterne naine Sterna albifrons sur la façade 

atlantique française (île de Béniguet, Finistère) [Breeding biology of the Little Tern on the French 

Atlantic coast (Béniguet Island, Finistère, West Brittany]. Alauda 70(2): 285-292. 

Saunders's Tern 

Sternula saundersi [Hume 1877, Karachi]. 

Fragmented and local throughout Red Sea S along the coast to Djibouti & Somalia and Persian Gulf, 

Iran, Pakistan, NW India and Addu Atoll (Maldives) & Amirante Islands (Seychelles). Non-breeding: 

Red Sea S to Tanzania & Madagascar and E to India & the Malay peninsula. 

Other name: Black-shafted Tern. 

Howard Saunders (1835-1907), British ornithologist and Secretary of the BOU from 1901 to 1907. He 

was co-editor of the fifth and seventh volumes of 'Ibis'. 


99(11): 546-561 (556, plate 306). 

Bundy, G. 1984. Notes (Whiskered Terns robbing Saunder’s Terns). British Birds 77(9): 422. 


Harrison, C.J.O. 1983. The occurrence of Saunder’s Little Tern in the upper Arabian Gulf. 

Sandgrouse 5: 100-101. 

Richardson, C. 1996. The United Arab Emirates. British Birds 89(5): 219-231 (224, plate 96). 

Wallace, D.I.M. 2003. Letters (Saunders’ Tern: differentin jizz & call). Birding World 16(9): 391. 

Least Tern 

Sternula antillarum [Lesson 1847, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles]. 

[S.a.antillarum] Bermuda and Maine S to Texas, Honduras and S thru Caribbean to N Venezuela. 

Non-breeding: S to Bahia (N Brazil). 

[S.a. athalassos] Inland rivers of the N Great Plains in E Montana, SC North Dakota, W Iowa, SW 

Missouri, NW Indiana, C Kentucky, NW Ohio S to C New Mexico, SE Colorado, W Kansas, C 

Oklahoma, NE Texas, NC Louisiana & W Tennessee. Non-breeding: S to Bahia (N Brazil). 

[S.a. browni] San Francisco Bay S to Baja and Sonora & Sinaloa (W Mexico). Non-breeding: Central 

America. 

Treated as monotypic by Draheim et al 2010. 

1st WP Record: [adult] 8 June 1983. Rye Harbour Nature Reserve, East Sussex, England (Yates & 

Taffs 1990, Yates 2010). Nicknamed 'Squeaker', returned annually until 1992. 

Archer, J. 1992. Letters (More on Least Tern taxonomy). Birding World 5(8): 303. 

Avery, M.L. 1995. Aversive Conditioning to Reduce Raven Predation on California Least Tern Eggs. 

Colonial Waterbirds 18(2): 131-138. 

British Ornithologists’ Union 1998. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: Twenty-fourth 

Report (October 1997). Ibis 140: 182-184. 


(October 1998). Ibis 141: 175-180. 


(October 2003). Ibis 146: 192-195. 

British Ornithologists’ Union 2006. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 32nd Report 

(October 2005). Ibis 148: 198-201. 

22

British Ornithologists’ Union 2006. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 33rd Report 

(April 2006). Ibis 148: 594. 

Brunton, D.H. 1997. Impacts of predators: center nests are less successful than edge nests in a 

large nesting colony of least terns. The Condor 99: 372-380. 


Cimbaro, J.S. 1993. Hatching, fledging success and thermoregulatory behaviors of roofnesting 

Least Terns (Sterna antillarum). M.S. thesis. Florida Atlantic Univercity, Boca Raton. 

DeBenedictus, P. 1977. Gleening from the technical literature: Least Tern. Birding IX: 161. 

Draheim, H.M. et al 2010. Subspecific status and population genetic structure of Least Terns 

(Sternula antillarum) inferred by mitochondrial DNA control-region sequences and microsatellite DNA. 

The Auk 127(4): 807-819. 

Eds. 2006. Least Tern makes British list. Birdwatch 164: 26. 

Fancher, J.M. 1992. Population status and trends of the California least tern. Transactions of the 

Western Section of the Wildlife Society 28: 59-66. 

Gauntlett, F.M. 2010. Letters (The taxonomic status of Least Tern). British Birds 103(12): 728-730. 




255. 



Massey, B.W. 1976. Vocal differences between American Least Terns and European Little Tern. The 

Auk 93: 760-773. 

Massey, B.W. 1998. Species and subspecies limits in Least Tern. The Condor 100: 180-182. 

Miles, J. 1996. Least Tern in Ontario, November 1995. Birders Journal 5(1): 50-51. 

Millington, R. 1992. Letters (In praise of Least Tern). Birding World 5(6): 235. 

Pyle, P. et al 2005. Little and Least Terns breeding on Midway Atoll: identification, range extensions, 

and assortative breeding behaviour. North American Birds 55: 3-6. 

Rodrigues, A.A.F. et al 2010. Reprodução de Sternula antillarum (Charadriiformes: Sternidae) na 

costa amazônica do Brasil [Breeding of Least Tern Sternula antillarum (Charadriiformes: Sternidae) 

on the coast of Brazilian Amazonia]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18(3): 216-221. 

Wormington, A. 1996. Least Tern: second record for Ontario. Birders Journal 5(1): 48-49. 

Yates, B. & Taffs, H. 1990, Least Tern in East Sussex – A new Western Palearctic bird. Birding 

World 3(6): 197-199. 

Yates, B. 2010. Least Tern in East Sussex: new to Britain and the Western Palearctic. British Birds 

103(6): 339-347. 

Yellow-billed Tern 

Sternula superciliaris [Vieillot 1819, Paraguay]. 

Colombia & Venezuela E to Guyana, Surinam & Guiana and thru the Amazon Basin of Bahia (N 

Brazil) to N & E Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay & NE Argentina and S to the Rio de la Plata & NE 

Buenos Aires. Non-breeing: Not fully established, probably following river courses to the coasts of 

South America. 

Other name: Amazon Tern. 





Peruvian Tern 

Sternula lorata [Philippi and Landbeck 1861, Arica, Chile]. 

Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador) S to Peru & N Chile in the Humboldt Current. Non-breeding: Not fully 

established. 

Devillers, P. & Terschuren, J.A. 1976. Observations de la Sterne péruvienne (Sterna lorata) au 

Chili et illustration de son plumage juvenile [Observations of the Peruvian Tern in Chile and 

description of its juvenile plumage]. Le Gerfaut 66: 261-265. 

Vilina, Y.A. 1998. Breeding observations of the Peruvian Tern in Chile. Colonial Waterbirds 21: 101- 

103. 

23

Zavalaga, C.B. et al 2008. Nesting habitat and numbers of Peruvian Terns at five breeding sites in 

the central-southern coast of Peru. Ornitologia Neotropical 19: 587-594. 

Zavalaga, C.B. et al 2008. The Breeding Biology of the Peruvian Tern (Sternula lorata) in Peru. 

Waterbirds 31(4): 550-560. 

Zavalaga, C.B. et al 2009. Current status of Peruvian Terns Sternula lorata in Perú: threats, 

conservation and research priorities. Bird Conservation International 19: 175-186. 

Fairy Tern 

Sternula nereis [Gould 1843, Bass Strait]. 

[S.n. nereis] Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria & Tasmania. 

[S.n. davisae] North Island, New Zealand. 

[S.n. exsul] New Caledonia (SW Pacific). 

Non-breeding: Some of populations in Tasmania & W Australia move N. 

The proposed form S.n. horni is included with S.n. nereis. 

Baling, M. et al 2009. A survey of fairy tern (Sterna nereis) breeding colonies in the Southern Lagoon, 

New Caledonia. Emu 109: 57-61. 

Bransbury, J. 1992. Fairy Tern records from south-eastern South Australia. South Australian 

Ornithologist 31(4): 97. 

Carter, M. & Mustoe, S. 2007. Another form of fairy tern Sterna nereis breeding in Australian 

Territory. Australian Field Ornithology 24: 167-179. 

Chambers, G.K. & Coddington, S.J. 1998. Molecular systematics of New Zealand fairy tern (Sterna 

nereis davisae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 

New Zealand. 

Cox, J.B. & Close, D.H. 1977. Interbreeding of little tern and fairy tern. Emu 77(1): 28-32. 

Ferreira, S.M. et al 2005. Conservation of the endangered New Zealand fairy tern. Biological 

Conservation 125(3): 345-354. 

Hansen, K. 2006. New Zealand fairy tern (Sterna nereis davisae) recovery plan, 2005–15. 

Threatened Species Recovery Plan 57. Science & Technical Publishing, Wellington. 

Hitchcock, W.B. 1967. Bird in the hand - little tern and fairy tern. Australian Bird Bander 5: 14. 

Jeffries, D.S. & Brunton, D.H. 2001. Attracting endangered species to 'safe' habitats: responses of 

fairy terns (Sterna nereis davisae) to decoys. Notornis 48(3): 184. 

Lane, S.G. 1984. Nesting of the fairy tern along the south coast of Western Australia. Australian Bird 

Watcher 10(7): 231-232. 

Napier, J.R. 1972. Fairy and little terns breeding on Tasmania’s east coast. Australian Bird Watcher 

4(4): 103-108. 

Parrish, G.R. & Pulham, G.A. 1995. Observations on the breeding of the New Zealand fairy tern. 

Tane 35: 161-173. 

Parrish, G.R. & Pulham, G.A. 1995. Population size, productivity and post breeding movements of 

the New Zealand fairy tern. Tane 35: 175-181. 

Preddey, J.M. 2008. Post-fledging parental care of a juvenile New Zealand fairy tern (Sterna nereis 

davisae). Notornis. 55(3): 159-161. 

Rounsevell, D.E. 1983. Breeding of little and fairy terns in Tasmania. Tasmanian Bird Report 12: 9- 

16. 

Damara Tern 

Sternula balaenarum [Strickland 1852, Damaraland]. 

Cabinda, N Angola, Namibia and SW & S South Africa. Non-breeding: Disperses N as far as Nigeria. 

Braby, J. et al 2009. Protecting Damara Terns Sterna balaenarum from recreational disturbance in 

the Namib Desert increases breeding density and overall success. Ostrich 80(2): 71-75. 

Braby, R.J. et al 2001. Successful conservation measures and new breeding records for Damara 

Terns Sterna balaenarum in Namibia. Marine Ornithology 29: 81-84. 

de Villiers, D. & Simmons, R.E. 1997. The incidence and origin of two-egg clutches in a Damara 

Tern colony in southwestern Namibia. Madoqua 19: 111-113. 

Frost, P.G.H. & Shaughnessy, G. 1976. Breeding adaptations of the Damara Tern (Sterna 

balaenarum). Madoquia 8: 33-39. 

Simmons, R. & Braine, S. 1994. Breeding, foraging, trapping and sexing of Damara Terns in the 

Skeleton Coast Park, Namibia. Ostrich 65(3-4): 264-273. 

24

Simmons, R. 1993. A census of the desert-breeding Damara Tern (Sterna balaenarum) in Namibia. 

Proceedings VIII Panamerican-African Ornithological Congress pp. 395-398. 

Simmons, R. 1993. Catching and counting the elusive Damara Tern. African Wildlife 47: 150-152. 

Simmons, R.E. 2010. First breeding records for Damara Terns and density of other shorebirds along 

Angola's Namib Desert coast. Ostrich 81(1): 19-23. 

Simmons, R.E. et al 1998. Latitudinal trends, population size and habitat preferences of the Damara 

Tern Sterna balaenarum on Namibia’s desert coast. Ibis 140: 439-445. 

Aleutian Tern 

Onychoprion aleuticus [Baird 1869, Kodiak Island, Alaska]. 

Hokkaido (Japan) and Sakhalin Island N thru the Sea of Okhotsk & Kamchatka to the Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea and Cape Krusenstern & Kotzebue Sound (N Alaska) S to Aleutian Islands as far W as 

Attu and E to Copper River Delta, Dry Bay & Kodiak Island (Alaska). Non-breeding: Not fully 

established but some to vicinity of South China Sea. 

1st WP Record: [adult] 28 May 1979. Farne Islands, Northumberland, England. R. Heywood. 

Remained until the following day (Dixey et al 1981). 

Buckley, F.G. & Buckley, P.A. 1979. Do Aleutian Terns exhibit extra-ordinary anti-predator 

adaptations Proceedings of the Colonial Waterbird Group 3: 99-107. 

Dixey, A.E. et al 1981. Aleutian Tern: new to the western Palearctic. British Birds 74(10): 411-416. 

Dixey, A.E. et al. Aleutian Tern on the Farn Islands, pp. 246-248. Found in: Sharrock, J.T.R. & 

Grant, P.J. 1982. Birds new to Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser. 

Duffy, D.C. 1995. Apparent river otter predation at an Aleutian tern colony. Colonial Waterbirds 18(1): 

91-92. 

Eds. 2008. Frontispage (Aleutian Tern, Alaska, June 2005 - picture by Vaughan Ashby). Birding 

World 21(5): 177. 

Haney, J.C. et al 1991. A Closer Look: Aleutian Tern. Birding XXIII(6): 346-351. 

Hersey, F.S. 1920. The Probable Breeding of the Aleutian Tern in Southeastern Alaska - a Query. 

The Condor 22: 203-204. 

Hill, N.P. & Bishop, K.D. 1999. Possible Winter Quarters of the Aleutian Tern. Wilson Bulletin 111(4): 

559-560. 

Kennerley, P. & Ollington, R. 1998. Aleutian Terns in South-East Asia. Oriental Bird Club Bulletin 

27: 34-42. 

Kennerley, P.R. et al 1993. Aleutian Tern: the first records for Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Report 

1992 pp. 107-113. 

Kheng, S.L. & Mizutani, A. 2005. First record of Aleutian Tern for Borneo. BirdingASIA 4: 61-62. 

Leader, P. 2000. Aleutian Tern. Birding World 13(4): 147-150. 

Lee, D.S. 1992. Specimen records of Aleutian Terns from the Philippines. The Condor 94(1): 276- 

279. 

Sangster, G. et al 2007. Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: Fourth report. Ibis 149: 853- 

857. 

Walker, E.P. 1923. Definite Breeding Record for the Aleutian Tern in Southern Alaska. The Condor 

25(4): 113-117. 

Weber, W.M. 1956. Occurrence of the Aleutian Tern and Rustic Bunting in the Aleutian Islands. The 

Condor 58: 235. 

Weir, D. 1983. Letters (The Northumberland Tern). British Birds 76(10): 459-460. 

Grey-backed Tern 

Onychoprion lunata [Peale 1848, Tuamotu Islands]. 

Guguan & Anatahan (North Mariana Islands, W Pacific) E to Wake Island (NW Pacific), N Marshall 

Islands (NC Pacific) & Johnston Atoll (N Pacific) and Kure E to Kaula & Moku Manu (Hawaiian 

Islands) and S thru the Line Islands & Phoenix Islands (Kiribati, C Pacific) to Fiji and E to Austral 

Islands & Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). Possibly Samoa & Society Islands (SC Pacific). 

Non-breeding: Disperses W to N Moluccas. 

Other name: Spectacled Tern. 



Clapp, R.B. & Hatch, J.J. 1986. Range extension for the Gray-backed Tern in the western Pacific 

Ocean. Colonial Waterbirds 9(1): 110-112. 

25

Kessler, C.C. 1999. New Cuckoo Record and Vagrant Bird Sightings for the Mariana Islands (1995- 

1998). Micronesica 31(2): 283-287 (285). 

Kessler, C.C. 2003. Gray-backed Tern Sterna lunata breeding on Anatahan, Commonwealth of the 

Northern Mariana Islands. Marine Ornithology 31: 89-90. 



Whittow, G.C. et al 1985. Egg Water Loss, Shell Water-Vapor Conductance, and the Incubation 

Period of the Gray-Backed Tern (Sterna lunata). The Condor 87(2): 269-272. 

Bridled Tern 

Onychoprion anaethetus [Scopoli 1786, Panay, Philippines]. 

[O.a. anaethetus] S Ryukyu Island (Japan region) & Taiwan S thru the Philippines & Indonesia to 

Australia and Lord Howe Island & Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea, Australia region). 

[O.a. melanopterus] West Indies, Belize & islands off N Venezuela and W Africa. 

[O.a. fuligula] Red Sea & E Africa thru Persian Gulf & Arabian Sea to W India. 

[O.a. antarcticus] Madagascar, Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles & Mascarene Islands thru the Maldives to 

Andaman Islands (Bay of Bengal). 

[O.a. nelsoni] W coast of Mexico & Central America. 

Non-breeding: Not fully established, presumed disperses to sea. 

The proposed form O.a. recognita is included with O.a. fuligula. 

Other name: Brown-winged Tern. 

Brandis, C.C.P. 1996. First NSW record of a Bridled Tern at sea. Australian Birds 30: 23-24. 

Bretagnolle, V. & Benoit, M.P. 1997. Distribution, Status and Notes on the Breeding Biology of the 

Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus in New Caledonia. Emu 97(4): 310-315. 

Brinkley, E.S. & Patteson, J.B. 1998. Seabirds of the southern Gulf Stream. Birding World 11(11): 

421-429. 

Buckell, S. 2007. Birding the Qu’lan Islands, Red Sea, Egypt. Birding World 20(6): 256-260 (258). 

Chardine, J.W. & Morris, R.D. 1987. Trapping and Color Banding Brown Noddy and Bridled Tern 

Adults at the Breeding Colony. Colonial Waterbirds 10(1): 100-102. 

Christie, M. 2003. Bridled tern in the south east of South Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 

34(2-3): 79-80. 

Croft, K. 1988. Bridled Tern on Anglesey. Birding World 1(7): 230-231. 

DeBenedictis, P.A. et al 1994. ABA Checklist Report 1992, Change in Status. Birding XXVI(2): 92- 

102 (99). 

Diamond, A.W. 1976. Subannual breeding and moult cycles in the Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus in 

the Seychelles. Ibis 118(3): 414-419. 

Dunlop, J.N. & Jenkins, J. 1992. Known-age birds at a subtropical breeding colony of the Bridled 

Tern Sterna anaethetus: a comparison with the Sooty Tern. Colonial Waterbirds 15(1): 75-82. 

Dunlop, J.N. & Pedelty, P. 2007. Selected longevity records for Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus 

breeding on Penguin Island, Western Australia. Corella 31: 76-78. 

Fågel, P. 2007. Kuwait - A Birding Destination at the Southeastern Corner of the Western Palearctic. 

Alula 13(4): 166-174 (173, photo 19). 

Feare, C.J. 2009. Diversionary behaviour of Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus. Marine Ornithology 37: 

181-182. 

Fisher, D. 2001. Monthly Marathon Solution (Bridled Tern). British Birds 94(10): 509. 

Holman, D.J. 1982. Mystery photographs (Bridled Tern). British Birds 75(9): 422-423. 

Hulsman, K. & Langham, N.P.E. 1985. Breeding Biology of the Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus. 

Emu 85(4): 240-249. 

Komar, O. & Rodríguez, W. 1996. A Major Bridled Tern (Sterna anaethetus) Colony in the Gulf of 

Fonseca, Nicaragua. Colonial Waterbirds 19(2): 264-267. 

Lithner, S. 1983. Notes (Identification of Sooty and Bridled Terns). British Birds 76(8): 348-349. 

O'Brien, M. 1994. Answers to the August Photo Quiz (Bridled Tern). Birding XXVI(5): 344-345. 

Ottens, G. 2009. Territorial Bridled Terns off Mediterranean coast of Israel in summer 2008. Dutch 

Birding 31(3): 174-176. 

Patteson, B. & Sutherland, K. 2009. Gadfly petrels and other seabirds in the Gulf Stream off Cape 

Hatteras. Birding World 22(4): 151-161. 

Schekkerman, H. & Meininger, P.L. 1990. Brilsterns in Nederland en België in juli-augustus 1989 

[Bridled Terns in Netherlands and Belgium in July-August 1989]. Dutch Birding 12(5): 233-238. 

26

Sibley, F. et al 1999. Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Bridled Tern, and Lesser Crested Tern at Wu Yu (Black 

Rock), Nan Ao County, Guangdong, China. Waterbirds 22(1): 142-144. 

Tunnicliffe, G.A. & Landlands, P.A. 1990. First record of the Bridled (Brown-Winged) Tern (Sterna 

anaethetus) in New Zealand. Notornis 37(2): 131-139. 

van den Berg, A.B. et al 1982. Mass movement of Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus and Wilson’s 

Petrels Oceanites oceanicus off Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ardea 70: 81-82. 

Wright, A. 2006. Reports (Tropical rarity eludes the masses. Bridled Tern: Dovercourt, Essex, 25 

August 2006). Birdwatch 172: 58. 

Young, M. 2010. Reports (The 10-minute tern. Bridled Tern: East Chevington NR, Northumberland, 

21 June 2010). Birdwatch 218: 62. 

Sooty Tern 

Onychoprion fuscatus [Linnaeus 1766, Santo Domingo]. 

[O.f. fuscatus] Islands off the coast of E USA from North Carolina S to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico 

W to Texas & E Mexico off the Yucatan peninsula and Belize to islands off N South America and S to 

NE Bahia (N Brazil) also islands off W Africa from Senegambia to the Gulf of Guinea including 

Príncipe and Ascension Island & St. Helena (S Atlantic). 

[O.f.nubilosus] S Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean E to Ryukyu Islands (Japan region) and 

Greater Sundas & Philippines. 

[O.f. serratus] New Guinea, W & N Australia & New Caledonia (SW Pacific) E thru S Pacific to Easter 

Island. 

[O.f. kermadeci] Kermadec Islands (SW Pacific). 

[O.f. oahuensis] Bonin Island, Marcus Atoll & Wake Island (NW Pacific) and Kure E to Moku Manu & 

anana (Hawaiian Islands) S thru C Pacific to Kiritimati (Line Islands). 

[O.f. crissalis] Islands off W Mexico & Central America S to Galapágos Islands. 

[O.f. luctuosus] Juan Fernández Islands (SE Pacific). 

Non-breeding: Disperses to sea. 

Other name: Wideawake Tern. 

Ash, J.S. & Karani, A.A. 1981. Roseate and Sooty Terns Sterna dougallii and fuscata breeding on 

islets in southern Somalia. Scopus 5: 22-27. 

Ashmole, N.P. 1963. The biology of the Wideawake or Sooty Tern on Ascension Island. Ibis 103: 

297-364. 




Cossee, R.O. 1995. New Zealand-banded Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) breeds in the Seychelles. 

Notornis 42(4): 280. 

Crossin, R.S. & Huber, L.N. 1970. Sooty Tern egg predation by Ruddy Turnstones. The Condor 72: 

372-373. 

Curry, B. 1996. Hurricane Fran: September 1996. Birders Journal 5(6): 283-297 (291). 

Davies, A. 2005. The Sooty Tern on Anglesey. Birding World 18(7): 282-288. 

Dunlop, J.N. & Jenkins, J. 1992. Known-age birds at a subtropical breeding colony of the Bridled 

Tern Sterna anaethetus: a comparison with the Sooty Tern. Colonial Waterbirds 15(1): 75-82. 

Eds. 2005. Pigeonhole (Sooty Terns breeding in the Western Palearctic). Birding World 18(8): 352. 

Feare, C. 2011. Home and away (Bird Island, Seychelles: seabirds and migrants). Birding World 

24(2): 81-83. 

Feare, C.J. & Doherty Jr., P.F. 2004. Survival estimates of adult sooty terns Sterna fuscata from Bird 

Island, Seychelles. Ibis 146: 475-480. 

Feare, C.J. 1975. Post-fledgling care in Crested and Sooty terns. The Condor 77: 368-370. 

Feare, C.J. 1976. The exploitation of sooty tern eggs in the Seychelles. Biological Conservation 10: 

169-181. 

Gibson, J.D. & Sefton, A.R. 1958. The Sooty Tern - NSW records. Emu 58: 63-64. 

Harrison, C.S. 1988. Hawaii’s Outer Limits – Seabirds of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Birder’s 

World 2(4): 17-21. 

Hughes, B.J. 1997. Monitoring the sooty tern population on Ascension Island. The Adjutant, Journal 

of the Army Ornithological Society 26: 10-11. 

Hughes, B.J. et al 2010. Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus on Ascension Island in the south Atlantic 

are a reproductively isolated population. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18(3): 194-198. 

Jalava, J. 1996.Sooty Tern on Lake Ontario. Birders Journal 5(5): 234-235. 

27

Jaquemet, S. 2010. Postfledging parental care and unexpected foraging behaviour of juvenile Sooty 

Terns Onychoprion fuscata in the southern Mozambique Channel. Ostrich 81(3): 271-272. 

Jaquemet, S. et al 2007. Ocean control of the breeding regime of the sooty terns in the South-West 

Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research 54: 130-142. 

Lithner, S. 1983. Notes (Identification of Sooty and Bridled Terns). British Birds 76(8): 348-349. 

Papps, S. 2005. Reports (Sooty show on tour. Sooty Tern: Wales and Ireland, July and August 2005). 

Birdwatch 159: 64. 

Peck, D.R. et al 2008. Feral cat diet and impact on sooty terns at Juan de NovaIsland, Mozambique 

Channel. Animal Conservation 11: 65-74. 

Ratcliffe, N. et al 1999. The population status of Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island. 

Atlantic Seabirds 1: 159-168. 

Sangster, G. et al 2007. Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: Fourth report. Ibis 149: 853- 

857. 

Sefton, A.R. 1958. The Sooty Tern - N.S.W. records. Emu 58: 63-64. 

Shaw, D. 2005. Reports (Sooty Tern sweeps into Wales. Sooty Tern: Anglesey, from 5 July 2005). 

Birdwatch 158: 61. 

River Tern 

Sterna aurantia [J.E. Gray 1831, India]. 

E Pakistan, Nepal & India to Myanmar, Yunnan (SW China), Cambodia and the Mekong Delta 

(Vietnam). Non-breeding: Largely sedentary with some birds moving to the coasts of SE Asia. 

Foekens, E. & Schelvis, J. 2006. Two River Terns in Golestan, Iran, in January 2005. Dutch Birding 

28(1): 21-23. 


80. 

Roseate Tern 

Sterna dougallii [Montagu 1813, Firth of Clyde, Scotland]. 

[S.d. dougallii] Nova Scotia to New York & Florida and S thru the Gulf of Honduras & West Indies to 

islands off N Venezuela and the Azores & NW Europe and S Somalia to Tanzania and S Cape 

Province (South Africa). 

[S.d.arideensis] Seychelles S to Madagascar and E to Rodrigues Island (Mascarene Islands). 

[S.d.korustes] Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands & Mergui Archipelago (off SW Myanmar). 

[S.d. bangsi] Arabian Sea, Ryukyu Islands (Japan region), coastal China & Taiwan S to Greater 

Sundas and E to S New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and possibly Fiji. It is also possible 

this is the form on Cocos (Keeling) Islands (SE Indian Ocean). 

[S.d. gracilis] The Moluccas (C Indonesia) and Abrolhos Islands & Carnarvon Harbor (W Australia) 

and Northern Territory (Australia) E & S to Lady Elliot Island (Queensland, Australia). 

Non-breeding: American populations possibly S to the N coast of South America and E Atlantic birds 

S to coasts of tropical W Africa between Guinea & Gabon mainly. Other populations not known. 

Dr. Peter McDougall (1777-1814), Scottish doctor who discovered the tern breeding in the Firth of 

Clyde in 1812. 

Amaral, J. et al 2010. Black rat Rattus rattus eradication by trapping allows recovery of breeding 

roseate tern Sterna dougallii and common tern S. hirundo populations on Feno islet, the Azores, 

Portugal. Conservation Evidence 7: 16-20. 

Ash, J.S. & Karani, A.A. 1981. Roseate and Sooty Terns Sterna dougallii and fuscata breeding on 

islets in southern Somalia. Scopus 5: 22-27. 

Avery, M.I. & del Nevo, A. 1991. Action for Roseate Terns. RSPB Conservation Review 5 pp. 54-59. 

Barthel, P.H. & Mullarney, K. 1991. Die Unterscheidung von Fluß- Sterna hirundo und 

Küstenseeschwalbe S. paradisaea mit Anmerkungen zur Forster- S. forsteri und Rosenseeschwalbe 

S. dougallii [Identification of Common Sterna hirundo and Arctic Tern S. paradisaea with some notes 

on Forster’s S. forsteri and Roseate Tern S. dougallii]. Limicola 5(1): 1-33. 

Bijersbergen, R. 1988. Dougalls Stern hybridiserend met Visdief op Hooge Platen in 1982-85 

[Roseate Tern hybridizing with Common Tern on Hooge Platen in 1982-85]. Dutch Birding 10(3): 121- 

123. 

Cabot, D. 1996. Performance of the Roseate Tern population breeding in North-West Europe - 

Ireland, Britain and France, 1960-1994. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 96: 55-68. 

28

Casey, S. et al 1995. The Roseate tern conservation project on Rockabill, Co. Dublin: a six-year 

review 1989-1994. Irish Birds 5(3): 251-264. 

Clancey, P.A. 1967. The Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii in Natal. Ostrich 38: 288-289. 

Crowe, O. et al 2003. Rockabill Tern Report 2000. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2000 p. 111. 

De Ruwe, F. & De Smet, G. 1997. Hybride Dougalls Stern x Visdief broedend met Visdief te 

Zeebrugge in 1995 [Hybrid Roseate x Common Tern breeding with Common Tern at Zeebrugge in 

1995]. Dutch Birding 19(2): 60-64. 

Dennis, M. & Harrop, A. 1994. The Colwick tern – a presumed hybrid Roseate x Common Tern. 

Birding World 8(8): 310-311. 

Dennis, M. 1993. Letters (A first-summer Roseate Tern). Birding World 6(3): 125. 

Duffy, D.C. 1986. Foraging at patches: interactions between Common and Roseate terns. Ornis 

Scandinavica 17: 47-52. 

Eigenhuis, K.J. 1979. Meer over de Dougalls Stern Sterna dougalii in Het Zwin in 1979 [More about 

the Roseate Tern Sterna dougalii in Het Zwin in 1979]. Dutch Birding 1(2-3): 59-60. 



in 1995. Irish Birds 6(1): 1-22. 

Hays, H. et al 2001. Rockabill Roseate Tern recaptured in Brazil. Irish Birds 6(4): 585-586. 

Hays, H. et al 2002. Banded Roseate Terns from different continents trapped in the Azores. Journal 

of Field Ornithology 73: 180-184. 

Hays, H. et al 2002. Rockabill Roseate Terns Sterna dougalii sighted in west Atlantic colony. Irish 

Birds 7(1): 133-134. 

Hume, R.A. 1993. Common, Arctic and Roseate Terns: an identification review. British Birds 86(5): 

210-217. 

Iles, D. 1994. Roseate Terns Sterna dougalii breeding on Zanzibar. Scopus 18: 48. 

Kemp, J.B. 1982. Notes (Identification of juvenile Common, Arctic and Roseate Terns). British Birds 

75(3): 129. 

Kirkham, I.R. & Nisbet, I.C.T. 1987. Feeding techniques and field identification of Arctic, Common 

and Roseate Terns. British Birds 80(2): 41-47. 

LeCroy, M. & Collins, C.T. 1972. Growth and survival of Roseate and Common Terns chicks. The 

Auk 89: 595-611. 

Lima, P.C. et al 2004. Recuperações de Sterna dougalii (Montagu, 1813) na Bahia, Brasil, entre 1995 

e 2004 [Recoveries of Sterna dougalii (Montagu, 1813) in Bahia, Brazil, between 1995 and 2004]. 

Ararajuba 12(2): 147-149. 

Lorenzo, J.A. & Barone, R. Charrán rosado Sterna dougallii [Roseate Tern], pp. 250-252. Found in: 

Lorenzo, J.A. (ed.) 2007. Atlas de las aves nidificantes en el archipiélago canario (1997-2003). 

Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza – Sociedad Española de Ornitología 

(SEO/BirdLife), Madrid. 

Ludwigs, J-D. & Stöber, N. 2001. Eine Mischbrut zwischen Rosen- Sterna dougallii und 

Flussseeschwalbe S. hirundo in Deutschland [Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii hybridising with 

Common Tern S. hirundo in Germany]. Limicola 15(5): 249-258. 

Martín, A. et al 1989. Premières données sur la nidification du Puffin des Anglais (Puffinus puffinus), 

du Pétrel-frégate (Pelegodoma marina) et de la Sterne de Dougall (Sterna dougalli) aux iles Canaries 

[Preliminary data on nesting of Manx Shearwater, White-faced Frigate Petrel and Roseate Tern in the 

Canary Archpelago]. L'Oiseau et la Revue Francaise D'Ornithologie 59(1): 73-83. 

Martins, I. et al 2004. Modelling the effects of different quality prey fish species and of food supply 

reduction on growth performance of Roseate Tern chicks. Ecological Modelling 177: 95-106. 

Milton, D.A. et al 1996. Variable success in breeding of the Roseate Tern Sterna dougalii on the 

northern Great Barrier Reef. Emu 96: 123-131. 

Morris, A. 1992. One good tern – Helen Hays and the Great Gull Island project. Birder’s World 6(3): 

22-26. 

Mullarney, K. Identification of Roseate Tern in juvenile plumage, pp. 44-46. Found in: Grant, P.J. et 

al (eds.) 1987. International Bird Identification (Proceedings of the 4th Meeting, Eilat 1-8 November 

1986). International Birdwatching Center, Eilat and British Birds Ltd., Biggleswade. 

Mullarney, K. 1988. Identification of a Roseate x Common Tern hybrid. Dutch Birding 10(3): 133-135. 

Mullarney, K. 1988. Identification of adult Roseate Tern. Dutch Birding 10(3): 136-137. 

Mullarney, K. 1988. Identification of Roseate Tern in juvenile plumage. Dutch Birding 10(3): 109-120. 

Neves, V.C. 2006. Towards a conservation strategy of roseate tern Sterna dougallii in the Azores. 

PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow. 

29

Neves, V.C. et al 2006. A control taste aversion experiment on predators of roseate tern (Sterna 

dougallii) eggs. European Journal of Wildlife Research 52: 259-264. 

Neves, V.C. et al 2011. Predation on roseate tern eggs by European starlings in the Azores 

Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 28: 15-23. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. & Cabot, D. 1995. Transatlantic recovery of a ringed Roseate Tern Sterna dougalii. 

Ringing & Migration 16: 14-15. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1978. The dependence of fledging success on egg size, parental performance and egg 

composition in Common and Roseate Terns, Sterna hirundo and S. dougalli. Ibis 120: 207-215. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1992. A Closer Look: Roseate Tern. Birding XXIV(5): 304-308. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1992. Predation by a peregrine falcon on common and roseate terns on bird island. 

Bird Observer 20(3): 137-139. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. et al 1995. Variations in Growth of Roseate Tern Chicks. The Condor 97(2): 355-344. 


Irish Birds 8(2): 179-188. 

Olsen, K.M. & Larssen, H. 1995. Identification (Commic relief). Birdwatch 34: 40-44. 

Olsen, K.M. & Larssen, H. 1995. Identification (One good tern). Birdwatch 35: 26-31. 

Patrick, D. et al 2006. Rockabill Tern Report 2002. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2002 pp. 131-132. 

Patrick, D. et al 2009. Rockabill Tern Report 2003. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2003 pp. 114. 

Ramos, J.A. & del Nevo, A.J. 1995. Nest-site selection by roseate terns and common terns in the 

Azores. Auk 112: 580-589. 

Ramos, J.A. 2000. Characteristics of foraging habitats and chick food provisioning by tropical 

Roseate Terns. The Condor 102: 795-803. 

Ramos, J.A. 2002. Roseate terns on Aride Island: the contribution of 19 years of monitoring to the 

conservation of an endangered species. Phelsuma 10: 17-27. 

Ramos, J.A. et al 2002. Influence of local and large-scale weather events and timing of breeding on 

tropical Roseate Tern reproductive parameters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243: 271-279. 

Randall, R.M. & Randall, B.M. 1978. The Roseate Tern - South Africa's rarest breeding seabird. 

Quagga 14: 22-24. 

Randall, R.M. & Randall, B.M. 1980. Status and distribution of the Roseate Tern in South Africa. 

Ostrich 51(1): 14-20. 

Randall, R.M. & Randall, B.M. 1981. Roseate Tern breeding biology and factors responsible for low 

chick production in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Ostrich 52(1): 17-24. 

Randall, R.M. et al 1991. Roseate Terns in South Africa: population size, revision of previous 

estimates and conservation. Bontebok 7: 1-6. 

Richards, D.K. 1979. Sterna dougalii: small breeding colony on Mafia island, August 1978. East 

Africa Bird Report. Scopus 2: 273. 

Robson, C. & Davidson, P. 1995. Some recent records of Philippine birds. Forktail 11: 162-167 

(162). 

Shealer, D.A. & Burger, J. 1992. Differential responses of tropical Roseate Terns to aerial intruders 

throughout the nesting cycle. The Condor 94: 712-719. 

Simms, E. 1994. Far from rosy. Birdwatch 23: 26-29. 

Spendelow, J.A. 1982. An analysis of temporal variation in, and the effects of habitat modification on, 

the reproductive success of roseate terns. Colonial Waterbirds 5: 19-31. 


304. 

Stewart, B. 1984. Notes (Roseate Tern in first-summer plumage). British Birds 77(8): 359-360. 

Thomas, D.K. & Elliott, H.F.I. 1973. Nesting of Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalii) near Dar es Salaam. 

Bulletin of the British Ornithologist' Club 93: 21-23. 

Tree, A.J. & Klages, N.T.W. 2003. Status, biometrics, moult and possible relationships of the South 

African population of Roseate Tern. Ostrich 74(1-2): 74-80. 

Tree, A.J. 2003. An example of the Indian Ocean race of Roseate Tern at Port Alfred. Bee-eater 54: 

12-13. 

Tree, A.J. 2003. The 2002 Roseate Tern breeding season on Bird Island. Bee-eater 54: 12. 

Tree, A.J. 2005. The known history and movements of the Roseate Tern Sterna dougalii in South 

Africa and the western Indian Ocean. Marine Ornithology 33: 41-47. 

van den Berg, A. 1979. Dougalls Stern Sterna dougalii broedend een kilometer buiten Nederland 

[Roseate Tern Sterna dougalii breeding one kilometre outside the Netherlands]. Dutch Birding 1(1): 

21. 

van den Berg, A.B. & de Roever, J.W. 1982. Dougalls Stern te IJmuiden in juli 1982 [Roseate Tern 

at IJmuiden in July 1982]. Dutch Birding 4(3): 93-95. 

30

van den Berg, A.B. & de Roever, J.W. 1983. Dougalls Stern te IJmuiden in juli 1982 [Roseate Tern 

at IJmuiden in July 1982]. Dutch Birding 5(4): 103-104. 

Vinicombe, K. 2006. ID at a glance (Roseate Tern). Birdwatch 168: 26-27. 

Walhout, J. 1988. Dougalls Stern met hybride juveniel te Vlissingen in september-oktober 1984 

[Roseate Tern with hybrid juvenile at Vlissingen in September-October 1984]. Dutch Birding 10(3): 

124-127. 

Watts, C. et al 2004. Rockabill Tern Report 2001. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2001 pp. 113-114. 

Whilde, A. 1993. Threatened Mammals, Birds, Amphibians and Fish in Ireland. Irish Red Data Book 

2: Vertebrates. HMSO, Belfast. 

Whittam, R.M. & Leonard, M.L. 1999. Predation and breeding success in roseate terns Sterna 

dougallii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 851-856. 

White-fronted Tern 

Sterna striata [Gmelin 1789, New Zealand]. 

[S.s. striata] North Island, South Island & Stewart Island (New Zealand). Non-breeding: Some 

movement to the N. 

[S.s. aucklandorna] Auckland Island, Chatham Islands and possibly Snares Island (New Zealand 

region). 

[S.s. incerta] Flinders Island & Cape Barren Island (off NE Tasmania) Non-breeding: Disperses along 

coast of SE & E Australia. 

Validity of aucklandorna & incerta is questionable. 

Buurmann, D. & Shirihai, H. 2003. Kaikoura, New Zealand: the World’s No.1 site for seabirds and 

marine mammals. Birding World 16(4): 161-172 (164). 

McKean, J.L. 1960. White-fronted Terns in south-eastern Australia in 1959. Emu 60: 262-264. 



41(4): 257-286. 

Schuckard, R. 2005. Marlborough Sounds, an important nesting and wintering area for white-fronted 

terns (Sterna striata). Notornis 52(3): 165-167. 

Smith, L.E. 1989. A Tasman Link – Plovers and Terns routinely cross the Tasman Sea. Birds 

International 1(3): 61-66. 

Black-naped Tern 

Sterna sumatrana [Raffles 1822, Sumatra]. 

[S.s. sumatrana] Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Bay of Bengal) E to S Japan & China and S thru 

Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia & New Guinea to NE & E Australia and Yap Islands & Pohnpei 

(Caroline Islands, W Pacific) & Marshall Islands (NC Pacific) also possibly and historically Bengal, 

Bangladesh & S Myanmar. Non-breeding: Populations from Japan and China move S. 

[S.s. mathewsi] Aldabra Atoll, Amirante Islands, Chagos Archipelago & the Maldives (W Indian 

Ocean). 




Hulsman, K. & Smith, G.C. 1988. Biology and growth of the Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana: an 

hypothesis to explain relative growth rates of inshore, offshore and pelagic feeders. Emu 88(4): 234- 

242. 

Kolby, J.E. et al 2009. Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana nesting on Ile Pa Wéré, New Caledonia. 

Marine Ornithology 37: 285-286. 



Wallace, R.A. 1966. Nesting and defensive behavior of the Black-naped Tern in the Maldive Islands. 

The Auk 83: 138. 

Wanless, R.M. & White, R.W. 2001. Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana breeding on Cosmoledo 

Atoll, Seychelles. Marine Ornithology 29: 113-114. 




37(1): 69-96. 

31

South American Tern 

Sterna hirundinacea [Lesson 1831, Santa Catarina, Brazil]. 

Coasts of S Peru & Espírito Santo (CE Brazil) S to Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands. Nonbreeding: 

N to Ecuador & Bahia (Brazil). 



Clark, G.S. et al 1992. Notes on the seabirds of the Cape Horn islands. Notornis 39(2): 133-144. 




Hogan, R.I. et al 2010. Breeding biology of South American Tern Sterna hirundinacea 

(Charadriiformes: Sternidae) on Deserta Island, southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 

18(3): 207-215. 

Pop, R. & Ebels, E.B. 2001. Falkland Islands. Dutch Birding 23(1): 12-24 (21, plate 28). 

Schiavini, A. & Yorio, P. 1995. Distribution and abundance of seabird colonies in the Argentine 

sector of the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Marine Ornithology 23: 39-46. 

Common Tern 

Sterna hirundo [Linnaeus 1758, Sweden]. 

[S.h. hirundo] North America & West Indies S to N Brazil and the Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira 

and Ireland & Britain E thru N Russia to NW Siberia and S to the Medterranean basin, Tunisia & Libya 

and E thru Turkey, Near East, Iraq & Iran and possibly to Pakistan also Mauritania, Senegambia, 

Guinea-Bissau & Gabon. Non-breeding: South America and W Africa S of Tropic of Cancer. 

[S.h. tibetana] W Mongolia S to Kashmir, Tibet & Sichuan at high altitudes. Non-breeding: E Indian 

Ocean. 

[S.h. minussensis] Transbaikalia E to N Mongolia & S Tibet. Non-breeding: N Indian Ocean. 

[S.h. longipennis] NE Siberia S to C Heilongjiang (NE China) and SW to Inner Mongolia & Shanxi (NC 

China). Non-breeding: SE Asia to Australia. 

Amaral, J. et al 2010. Black rat Rattus rattus eradication by trapping allows recovery of breeding 

roseate tern Sterna dougallii and common tern S. hirundo populations on Feno islet, the Azores, 

Portugal. Conservation Evidence 7: 16-20. 





Blokpoel, H. 1984. Field investigations of the biology of Common Terns wintering in Trinidad. Journal 

of Field Ornithology 55: 424-434. 

Blokpoel, H. et al 1989. Field Observations of the Biology of Common Terns and Elegant Terns 

Wintering in Peru. Colonial Waterbirds 12(1): 90-97. 


Waterbirds 28: 110–119. 

Burness, G.P. et al 1994. Seasonal and annual variation in brood attendance, prey type delivered to 

chicks, and foraging patterns of male Common Terns (Sterna hirundo). Canadian Journal of Zoology 

72: 1243-1251. 

Chivers, L.S. 2007. Courtship feeding and food provisioning of chicks by Common Terns Sterna 

hirundo at Belfast Harbour Lagoon. Irish Birds 8(2): 215-222. 





Christie, D.A. 1982. Notes (Common Tern feeding by wading). British Birds 75(3): 129. 

Cooper, A.A. 1984. Notes (Common Tern repeatedly dropping fish in flight). British Birds 77(6): 261. 

Cooper, K.V. 1983. Notes (Several adult Common Terns attempting to feed juvenile). British Birds 

76(8): 348. 

Cordeiro, P.H.C. et al 1996. Análise das recuperações de Sterna hirundo no Brasil entre 1980 e 

1994 [Analysis of recoveries of Sterna hirundo in Brazil between 1980 and 1994]. Ararajuba 4(1): 3-7. 

Crowe, O. & Maljkovic, A. 2002. Interspecific aggression by Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis towards 

Common Tern Sterna hirundo. Irish Birds 7(1): 128. 

32


Darby, C. 2012. Eastern Common Terns in Suffolk and Belgium. Birding World 24(12): 511-512. 

Dennis, M. & Harrop, A. 1994. The Colwick tern – a presumed hybrid Roseate x Common Tern. 

Birding World 8(8): 310-311. 

De Ruwe, F. & De Smet, G. 1997. Hybride Dougalls Stern x Visdief broedend met Visdief te 

Zeebrugge in 1995 [Hybrid Roseate x Common Tern breeding with Common Tern at Zeebrugge in 

1995]. Dutch Birding 19(2): 60-64. 

Duffy, D.C. 1986. Foraging at patches: interactions between Common and Roseate terns. Ornis 

Scandinavica 17: 47-52. 

Earl, T. 2008. Notes (Hobby taking fish from Common Tern). British Birds 101(9): 496. 

Ebels. E.B. 2002. Transatlantic vagrancy of Palearctic species to the Caribbean region. Dutch Birding 

24(4): 202-209 (207). 



Ecology 58: 389-397. 

Ezard, T.H.G. et al 2006. The contributions of age and sex to variation in common tern population 

growth rate. Journal of Animal Ecology 75: 1379-1386. 

Farraway, A. et al 1986. Common tern predation by ruddy turnstones. The Condor 88: 521-522. 




Granadeiro, J.P. et al 2002. Diet of Common Terns in the Azores, Northeast Atlantic. Waterbirds 25: 

149-155. 

Guillemette, M. & Brousseau, P. 2001. Does culling predatory gulls enhance the productivity of 

breeding common terns Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 1-8. 



in 1995. Irish Birds 6(1): 1-22. 

Heaney, V. et al 2008. Important Bird Areas: Breeding seabirds on the Isles of Scilly. British Birds 

101(8): 418-438. 

Hearn, P. 2006. Notes (Common Tern apparently feeding on oilseed rape). British Birds 99(7): 369. 

Hitchcock, W.B. 1965. Geography and seasonal movement of the Common Tern in Australia. Emu 

64: 157-171. 


210-217. 

Jukema, J. 1984. Visdieven in eerste wisselkleed te Harlingen [Common Terns in first alternate 

plumage at Harlingen]. Dutch Birding 6(4): 132-133. 

Jukema, J. 1984. Visdief met geheel rode snavel in mei [Common Tern with completely red bill in 

May]. Dutch Birding 6(4): 133-134. 

LeCroy, M. & Collins, C.T. 1972. Growth and survival of Roseate and Common Terns chicks. The 

Auk 89: 595-611. 

Lidster, J. 2009. Mongolia - vagrants and speciality birds. Birding World 22(8): 336-350 (340, plates 

13 & 14). 

Lorenzo, J.A. & Barone, R. Charrán común Sterna hirundo [Common Tern], pp. 253-257. Found in: 

Lorenzo, J.A. (ed.) 2007. Atlas de las aves nidificantes en el archipiélago canario (1997-2003). 

Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza – Sociedad Española de Ornitología 

(SEO/BirdLife), Madrid. 

Ludwigs, J-D. 2006. Notes (Common Tern incubating an empty nest). British Birds 99(3): 155-157. 


75(3): 129. 

Kennerley, P.R. 1997. Dark Common Terns. Dutch Birding 19(6): 283-284. 

Key, R. 1984. Notes (Aggression of Common Tern away from breeding grounds). British Birds 77(9): 

422. 



Kok, D. & van Duivendijk, N. 2001. Masters of Mystery – Solutions of fifth and sixth round 2000 

(Common Tern). Dutch Birding 23(1): 26. 

Kramer, D. 1993. Notes (Common Terns feeding on fishermen’s bait). British Birds 86(12): 628. 

Kratzer, D. 2000. Abweichend gefärbte Flussseeschwalbe Sterna hirundo bei Helgoland [Aberrant 

Common Tern Sterna hirundo near Helgoland]. Limicola 14(1): 36-38. 

33

Lawicki, L. & Grabowski, T. 2009. Leucistic Common Tern at Swinoujscie, Poland, in August 2008. 


Lima, P.C. et al 2005. Recuperações de Sterna hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) na Bahia, Brasil, entre 

1995 e 2004 [Recoveries of Sterna hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Bahia, Brazil, between 1995 and 

2004]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 13(2): 177-179. 

Ludwigs, J-D. & Stöber, N. 2001. Eine Mischbrut zwischen Rosen- Sterna dougallii und 

Flussseeschwalbe S. hirundo in Deutschland [Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii hybridising with 

Common Tern S. hirundo in Germany]. Limicola 15(5): 249-258. 

Ludwigs, J-D. 2001. Silbermöwe Larus argentatus erbeutet adulte Flussseeschwalbe Sterna hirundo 

und Sturmmöwe Larus canus [Herring Gulls Larus argentatus preying upon Common Tern Sterna 

hirundo and Common Gull L. canus] Limicola 15(3): 162-165. 

Maassen, E.J. & van der Meulen, H. 1983. Visdief te IJmuiden in februari 1983 [Common Tern at 

IJmuiden in February 1983]. Dutch Birding 5(2-3): 74. 

Massias, A. & Becker, P.H. 1990. Nutritive value of food and growth in Common Tern Sterna hirundo 

chicks. Ornis Scandinavica 21: 187-194. 

Meehan, T.D. & Nisbet, I.C.T. 2002. Nest attentiveness in common terns threatened by a model 

predator: Waterbirds 25: 278-284. 

Meissner, W. & Krupa, R. 2007. Biometrics and Primary Molt of Common Tern and Sandwich Tern in 

Autumn in Puck Bay, Southern Baltic. Waterbirds 30(1): 158-163. 

Merne, O.J. 1994. Unusual nests of Common and Arctic Terns. Irish East Coast Bird Report 1993 p. 

73. 

Merne, O.J. 2004. Common Sterna hirundo and Arctic Terns S. paradisaea breeding in Dublin port. 

Irish Birds 7(3): 369-374. 

Morris, A. 1992. One good tern – Helen Hays and the Great Gull Island project. Birder’s World 6(3): 

22-26. 

Morris, P.I. 1996. Notes (Unusual bathing behaviour of Common Tern). British Birds 89(3): 142. 

Morris, R.D. et al 1992. Management efforts for the conservation of common tern Sterna hirundo 

colonies in the Great Lakes – 2 case histories. Biological Conservation 60: 7-14. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1978. The dependence of fledging success on egg size, parental performance and egg 

composition in Common and Roseate Terns, Sterna hirundo and S. dougalli. Ibis 120: 207-215. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1983. Territorial feeding by Common Terns. Colonial Waterbirds 6: 64-70. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. 1992. Predation by a peregrine falcon on common and roseate terns on bird island. 

Bird Observer 20(3): 137-139. 

Nixon, S. 2011. The Eastern Common Tern in Suffolk. Birding World 24(5): 211-215. 

Nocera, J.J. & Kress, S.W. 1996. Nocturnal predation on common terns by great black-backed gulls. 

Colonial Waterbirds 19(2): 277-279. 


Irish Birds 8(2): 179-188. 


Olsen, K.M. 1997. Identification of Common and Arctic Tern. Alula 3(2): 68-82. 

Olsen, K.M. 1997. Mystery photographs (Common Tern). Dutch Birding 19(1): 20. 

Olsen, K.M. 1998. Common Tern variation and pale bill tips: a comment. Dutch Birding 20(5): 239- 

240. 

Oreel, G.J. 1981. On field identification of Common and Arctic Tern. Dutch Birding 3(1): 18. 

Parkes, K.C. 1985. Notes (Several ‘adult’ Common Terns attempting to feed juvenile). British Birds 

78(3): 146-147. 


Patrick, D. et al 2009. Rockabill Tern Report 2003. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2003 pp. 114. 

Perry, K. 1989. An aberrant clutch of Common Tern in Co. Donegal. Irish Birds 4(1): 75-78. 

Ramos, J.A. & del Nevo, A.J. 1995. Nest-site selection by roseate terns and common terns in the 

Azores. Auk 112: 580-589. 

Roques, H. 2006. Une Échasse blanche (Himantopus himantopus) pond dans un nid de Sterne 

pierregarin (Sterna hirundo) sur l’île de Ré, Charente-Maritime [Black-winged Stilt laying an egg in a 

Common Tern nest on l’île de Ré, Charente-Maritime]. Ornithos 13(4): 271. 

Rosenberg, G.H. 1997. Answers to the April Photo Quiz (adult longipennis Common Tern). Birding 

XXIX(3): 229-230. 

Schenk, C. & Ebels, E.B. 2004. Birds of Chukotka and Yakutia. Dutch Birding 26(4): 241-257 (246, 

plate 353). 

Skinner, N. 1998. Notes (Common Terns nesting on roofs in Suffolk). British Birds 91(4): 140-141. 

34


304. 

Ullman, M. 1989. Letters (Wing patterns of Common and Arctic Terns). British Birds 82(9): 414-416. 

Vinicombe, K. & Hathway, R. 2006. ID at a glance (Juvenile Common and Arctic Tern). Birdwatch 

169: 24-25. 

Vinicombe, K. 2005. ID at a glance (Common and Arctic Terns). Birdwatch 155: 28-29. 




Ward, R.M. 2002. Notes (Ageing and moult in Common Terns). British Birds 95(6): 314-316. 


White, S.J. & Kehoe, C.V. 2001. Difficulties in determining the age of Common Terns in the field. 


Wiggs, D.A. & Morris, R.D. 1987. Parental care of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo. Ibis 129: 533- 

540. 

Wilds, C. 1993. The Identification and Aging of Forster’s and Common Terns. Birding XXV(2): 94- 

108. 

Wilson, J. et al 2001. Common Terns Sterna hirundo nesting in Cork Harbour. Irish Birds 6(4): 597- 

599. 

Winkel, E. 2004. Melanistische Visdief bij Deventer in april 2001 [Melanistic Common Tern near 

Deventer in April 2001]. Dutch Birding 26(4): 240-241. 

Young, S. 1999. View through the lens (Return of the native). Birdwatch 87: 19. 

White-cheeked Tern 

Sterna repressa [Hartert 1916, Al Faw, S Iraq, Persian Gulf]. 

Red Sea S to Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia & Kenya and E thru the Persian Gulf & NW Indian Ocean to W 

coast of India. Non-breeding: Coasts of NE Africa & Arabian Sea to SW India & Laccadive Islands 

(Indian Ocean). 


99(11): 546-561 (548, plate 296). 

Britton, P.L. 1982. Identification of White-cheeked Tern. Dutch Birding 4(2): 55-57. 

Buckell, S. 2007. Birding the Qu’lan Islands, Red Sea, Egypt. Birding World 20(6): 256-260 (258). 

Bundy, G. 1986. Notes (Immature White-cheeked Tern helping to defend chick). British Birds 79(6): 

295-296. 

Hirschfeld, E. 1990. White-cheeked Tern Identification. Birding World 3(7): 234-236. 

Javed, S. & Khan, S. 2005. An unusually-coloured White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa and its 

offspring: a case of colour inversion Sandgrouse 27(2): 149-150. 

Madge, S.C. 1982. April records of White-cheeked Tern in Sinai. Dutch Birding 4(3): 104-105. 

Madge, S.C. 1990. Mystery photographs (White-cheeked Tern). British Birds 83(11): 496-498. 

Olsen, K.M. & Shirihai, H. 1997. Field identification of White-cheeked Tern. Alula 3(4): 150-159. 

Richardson, C. 1998. Birding in the Emirates. Alula 4(4): 136-141 (138). 

van Bemmelen, R.S.A. et al 2008. Masters of Mystery – Solutions of fourth round 2008 (Whitecheeked 

Tern). Dutch Birding 30(5): 342. 

van den Berg, A.B. 1991. Arabian Gulf. Dutch Birding 13(4): 150-151 (plate 146). 

Walker, D. & Turley, R. 1989. White-cheeked Tern in Kent – A New British Bird. Birding World 2(5): 

173-174. 

Wassink, A. 1982. April records of White-cheeked Tern in Israel. Dutch Birding 4(2): 62. 

Arctic Tern 

Sterna paradisaea [Pontoppidan, 1763, Christiansø Islands, Denmark]. 

Iceland, Faroe Islands, Ireland, Britain & W France thru Scandinavia E across Asia mostly N of the 

Arctic Circle to the Bering Strait and Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands & N Alaska to NW & NE 

Greenland and S to British Columbia & New York and NW Washington state. Non-breeding: At sea off 

Australia and Antarctic seas including areas of pack ice. 

Abraham, D.M. & Davison Ankney, C. 1984. Partitioning of foraging habitat by breeding Sabine’s 

Gulls and Arctic Terns. Wilson Bulletin 96: 161-172. 

al-Sirhan, A. 2008 The first records of Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea and Black Tern Chlidonias niger 

in Kuwait. Sandgrouse 30(2): 144-145. 

35

Archaux, F. 2004. Nidification de la Sterne arctique (Sterna paradisaea) en Loire-Atlantique 

[Breeding attempt of a pair of Arctic Terns in Loire-Atlantique]. Ornithos 11(6): 323. 

Ash, A. 1984. Notes (Arctic Terns feeding earthworms to young). British Birds 77(8): 360. 

Avery, M. 1991. A re-examination of the Operation Seafarer estimates of Arctic Tern populations for 

Orkney and Shetland. Scottish Birds 16: 113-117. 

Avery, M.I. et al 1993. The status of incubating Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea in Orkney and 

Shetland in 1989. Seabird 15: 17-23. 





Bisschop, J. 2002. Arctic Tern in Kenya in July 2002. Dutch Birding 24(6): 358-359. 

Brockless, A. 2011. Memories of a species protection warden. Birdwatch 230: 45-48. 

Camphuysen, C.J. 2005. Seabirds at sea in summer in the northwest North Sea. British Birds 98(1): 

2-19 (9). 

Cobley, N. 1987. Notes (Arctic Tern parasitised by duck leech). British Birds 80(11): 577. 


Ewins, P.J. 1987. Notes (Eider with Arctic Tern chick in bill). British Birds 80(7): 330-331. 

Gill, M.F. 1968. Some aspects of the breeding ecology of Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea). Journal of 

Durham University Biological Society 14: 22-29. 




255. 

Gordan, P.R. et al 1986. Notes (Arctic Tern with head-pattern resembling that of Forster’s Tern). 

British Birds 79(10): 504-506. 



in 1995. Irish Birds 6(1): 1-22. 

Hume, R.A. 1981. Mystery photographs (juvenile Arctic Tern). British Birds 74(9): 394-395. 


210-217. 

Jukema, J. 1987. Noordse Stern in onvolwassen kleed te Harlingen [Arctic Tern in immature plumage 

at Harlingen]. Dutch Birding 9(3): 122-123. 

Kaufman, K. 1992. Answers to December Photo Quiz (Arctic Tern). Birding XXIV(1): 58-59. 


75(3): 129. 

Kemp, J.B. 1984. Notes (Arctic Tern eating earthworms). British Birds 77(6): 261. 



Kramer, D. 1995. Inland spring passage of Arctic Terns in southern Britain. British Birds 88(5): 211- 

217. 

Mallory, M.L. & Gilchrist, H.G. 2003. Marine birds breeding in Penny Strait and Queen’s Channel, 

Nunavut, Canada. Polar Research 22(2): 399-403. 

Merne, O.J. 1994. Unusual nests of Common and Arctic Terns. Irish East Coast Bird Report 1993 p. 

73. 

Monaghan, P. et al 1989. The relationship between food supply, reproductive effort and breeding 

success in Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea. Journal of Animal Ecology 58: 261-274. 

Monaghan, P.J. et al 1992. Effect of changes in food availability on reproductive effort in Artic Terns 

Sterna paradisaea. Ardea 80: 71-81. 

Mullarney, K. 2003. Monthly Marathon Solution (juvenile Arctic Tern). British Birds 96(7): 354-355. 

Nightingale, B. & Sharrock, J.T.R. 1982. Seabirds inland in Britain in late April 1981. British Birds 

75(12): 558-566 (563). 


Irish Birds 8(2): 179-188. 

Oliver, P. & Kusche, H. 2011. Association between Red Phalarope and Arctic Tern. Dutch Birding 

33(2): 122-124. 

Olsen, K.M. & Danielsen, R. 1989. Juvenile Arctic Tern with aberrantly coloured bare parts and 

abnormally patterned primaries. Dutch Birding 11(3): 123. 


36

Olsen, K.M. 1997. Identification of Common and Arctic Tern. Alula 3(2): 68-82. 

Oreel, G.J. 1981. On field identification of Common and Arctic Tern. Dutch Birding 3(1): 18. 

Palmer, P. 2007. Notes (Arctic Terns feeding on the ground). British Birds 100(12): 755. 


Patrick, D. et al 2009. Rockabill Tern Report 2003. Irish East Coast Bird Report 2003 p. 114. 

Pitches, A. 2010. News and comment (30-year-old Arctic Tern wins the Sterna prize). British Birds 

103(11): 690. 

Radford, D.J. 1985. Notes (Arctic Terns incubating Ringed Plover eggs to hatching). British Birds 

78(9): 454-455. 

Schmidt, C. 1988. Rätselvogel 8: Küstenseeschwalbe Sterna paradisaea [Mystery Bird 8: Arctic Tern 

Sterna paradisaea]. Limicola 2(6): 222-224. 

Sharpe, C. 2002. Notes (Arctic Tern chicks being fed by several adults). British Birds 95(2): 87. 


304. 

Ullman, M. 1989. Letters (Wing patterns of Common and Arctic Terns). British Birds 82(9): 414-416. 

Vaslin, M. 2007. Nouveaux records méridionaux de nidification de la Sterne arctique (Sterna 

paradisaea) [New southern records of Arctic Tern breeding]. Ornithos 14(1): 64-65. 

Vinicombe, K. 2005. ID at a glance (Common and Arctic Terns). Birdwatch 155: 28-29. 



Wilds, C. 1993. The Identification and Aging of Forster’s and Common Terns. Birding XXV(2): 94- 

108. 

Yésou, P. & Levesque, A. 2002. Notes (Difficulties in determining the age of Arctic Terns in the field. 


Zvonov, B.M. 2004. Principles of Acoustic Communication between Man and Birds. Biology Bulletin 

31(2): 151-158. 

Antarctic Tern 

Sterna vittata [Gmelin 1789, Kerguelen Island]. 

[S.v. vittata] Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, Crozet Islands, Bouvet Island, Kerguelen Island 

(Indian Ocean). It is also possible this is the form on Heard Island (S Indian Ocean). 

[S.v. tristanensis] Tristan da Cunha & Gough Island (S Atlantic) and possibly Amsterdam Island & St 

Paul Island (S Indian Ocean). 

[S.v. georgiae] South Gerogia Island (S Atlantic). It is also possible this is the form on South Orkney 

Island (Southern Ocean) and South Sandwich Islands & Bouvet Island (S Atlantic). 

[S.v. gaini] South Shetland Islands (Southern Ocean) and presumed this form S to Marguerite Bay 

(Antarctic peninsula). 

[S.v. bethunei] Stewart Island, Snares Island, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Antipodes Islands & 

Campbell Islands (all New Zealand region) and Macquarie Island (Australia region). 

Non-breeding: Some populations remain in the vicinity of breeding grounds while others undertake 

lengthy movements N to coasts of South America & South Africa. 

The proposed form S.v. macquariensis is included with S.v. bethunei. 

Bell, M. & Bell, D. 2002. Two unusual tern records from the Chatham Islands. Notornis 49(1): 49-50. 

Brooke, R.K. et al 1988. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Antarctic Tern Sterna 

vittata in southern Africa. Cormorant 16: 107-113. 

Clarke, R.H. & Schulz, M. 2005. Land-based observations of seabirds off sub-Antarctic Macquarie 

Island during 2002 and 2003. Marine Ornithology 33: 7-17 (15). 

Prince, P.A. & Payne, M.R. 1979. Current status of birds at South Georgia. British Antarctic Survey 

Bulletin 48: 103-118. 

Ryan, P. 2008. Important Bird Areas: Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. British Birds 101(11): 586- 

606 (593, plate 313). 

Sagar, P.M. 1991. Aspects of the breeding and feeding of Kerguelen and Antarctic terns at the 

Kerguelen Islands. Notornis 38(3): 191-198. 

Sagar, P.M. et al 2003. Population size, breeding, and annual cycle of the New Zealand Antarctic tern 

(Sterna vittata bethunei) at the Snares Islands. Notornis 50(1): 36-42. 

Sagar, P.M. et al 2007. Survival estimates of Antarctic terns (Sterna vittata bethunei) on the Snares 

Islands, New Zealand. Notornis 54(4): 214-219. 

Schulz, M. & Gales, R. 2004. Breeding of the Antarcic Tern (Sterna vittata bethunei) on Macquarie 

Island. Notornis 51(2): 114-116. 

37

Kerguelen Tern 

Sterna virgata [Cabanis 1875, Kerguelen Island]. 

[S.v. virgata] Prince Edward Island, Marion Islands & Crozet Islands (S Indian Ocean). 

[S.v. mercuri] Kerguelen & Heard Island (S Indian Ocean). 

Non-breeding: Sedentary. 

Duriez, O. et al 2005. Birds and wildlife of the French sub-antarctic islands: Crozet, Kerguelen and 

Amsterdam & St Paul. Dutch Birding 27(2): 87-115 (104, plate 134). 

Sagar, P.M. 1991. Aspects of the breeding and feeding of Kerguelen and Antarctic terns at the 

Kerguelen Islands. Notornis 38(3): 191-198. 

Forster's Tern 

Sterna forsteri [Nuttall 1834, Saskatchewan River]. 

British Columbia S to C Californian coast and E to S Ontario, Great Lakes & N Indiana and Long 

Island S to North Carolina and coast of Gulf of Mexico from Alabama to Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). 

Non-breeding: S California S to Panama and North Carolina S to Gulf of Honduras. 

Johann Reinhold Forster (1729-1798), a clergyman from Danzig who accompanied Cook as naturalist 

on his second world voyage during 1772 and 1773. 

1st WP Record: [♂] 22 October 1959. Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands), Iceland. 

Sigurður V. Jónatansson. Taken (BWP 4). 

Alfrey, P. 2005. American vagrants on the Island of Corvo, Azores, in October 2005. Birding World 

18(11): 465-474 (472). 





Bluso-Demers, J.D. et al 2010. Colony attendance patterns by mated Forster’s Terns Sterna forsteri 

using an automated data-logging receiver system. Ardea 98(1): 59-65. 

Cave, B. 1982. Forster’s Tern: new to Britain and Ireland. British Birds 75(2): 55-61. 

Cave, B. Forster’s Tern in Cornwall, pp. 248-251. Found in: Sharrock, J.T.R. & Grant, P.J. 1982. 

Birds new to Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser. 

Cuthbert, F.J. 1993. The Forster's Tern in Minnesota: status, distribution, and reproductive success. 

Wilson Bulletin 105(1): 184-187. 

Doherty, P. 1989. Solution to the Quizbird (Forster’s Tern). Birding World 2(4): 149-150. 

Gordan, P.R. et al 1986. Notes (Arctic Tern with head-pattern resembling that of Forster’s Tern). 

British Birds 79(10): 504-506. 

Hall, J.A. 1989. Aspects of Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri) Reproduction on Cobblestone Islands in 

Southcentral Washington. Northwest Science 63(3): 90-95. 

Hoffman, D.J. et al 2011. Oxidative stress response of Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) and Caspian 

terns (Hydroprogne caspia) to mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in liver, kidney, and brain. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30(4): 920-929. 

Hough, J. 1992. 3rd Six-in-a-row Quizbird No. 5 solution (Forster’s Tern). Birding World 5(6): 238- 

239. 

Jackson, B. 2003. Reports (Terns on west coast tour). Birdwatch 129: 51. 

Kaufman, K. 1983. Letters (Tail moult of Forster’s Tern). British Birds 76(8): 357. 

Madge, S.C. & Madge, P.S. 1983. Notes (Forster’s Tern in Cornwall). British Birds 76(12): 576-578. 


Waterbirds 30(3): 358-366. 

Ovaa, A.H. 1987. Forsters Stern bij Ritthem in november 1986 [Forster’s Tern at Ritthem in 

November 1986]. Dutch Birding 9(4): 158-161. 

Papps, S. 2001. Reports (Another Welsh tern-up, Forster's Tern in North Wales). Birdwatch 104: 50. 

Strong, C.M. et al 2004. Forster's Tern, Caspian Tern, and California Gull Colonies in San Francisco 

Bay: Habitat Use, Numbers and Trends, 1982-2003. Waterbirds 27(4): 411-423. 

van Meerkerk, P. 1998. Forsters Stern te Kinderdijk in januari 1995 [Forster’s Tern at Kinderdijk in 

January 1995]. Dutch Birding 20(6): 285-286. 

van Winden, E. & Ebels, E.B. 2002. Forsters Stern op Terschelling in november 1999 [Forster’s Tern 

on Terschelling in November 1999]. Dutch Birding 24(4): 218-220. 

Vinicombe, K. 2001. Identification matters (Behind the mask). Birdwatch 105: 24-27. 

Wraithmell, A. 2005. Autumn migration at Cape May. Alula 11(4): 172-179 (177). 

38

Trudeau’s Tern 

Sterna trudeaui [Audubon 1838, Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey = probably an error]. 

Coast and interior of South America from SE Brazil & Uruguay S to Patagonia and Aconcagua to the 

Rio Cruces Sanctuary in Llanquihue Province (Chile). Non-breeding: Disperses to the coasts of South 

America as far N as S Peru and Rio de Janeiro. 

Other name: Snowy-crowned Tern. 

James de Berty Trrudeau (1817-1887), physician, collector and one time Confederate Army general. 



Guicking, D. et al 2001. Nest site selection by Brown-hooded Gull (Larus maculipennis), Trudeau’s 

Tern (Sterna trudeaui) and White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) in a south Chilean tule marsh. Ornitologia 

Neotropical 12(4): 285-296. 

Black-bellied Tern 

Sterna acuticauda [J.E. Gray 1832, Kanpur, India]. 

R Indus (Pakistan), Nepal & most of India E to W Yunnan (SW China) and S thru Myanmar, N 

Thailand, Laos, Cambodia & S Vietnam. Non-breeding: Sedentary. 


80. 

Jansen, J.J.F.J. 2005. Black-bellied Tern at Krabi, Thailand, in April 2003. Dutch Birding 27(3): 202- 

203. 

Muhammad, A.K. et al 2010. Distribution of the Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda Gray in Kerala, 

South India. Podoces 5(1): 69-70. 

Sykes, B. 2010. River terns: is the Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda heading to oblivion 

BirdingASIA 13: 73. 

Black-fronted Tern 

Sterna albostriata [G.R. Gray 1845, New Zealand]. 

Interior parts of South Island, New Zealand. Non-breeding: Disperses to coasts of South Island & S 

North Island (New Zealand). 

Treated as Chlidonias albostriatus by some. 

Buurmann, D. & Shirihai, H. 2003. Kaikoura, New Zealand: the World’s No.1 site for seabirds and 

marine mammals. Birding World 16(4): 161-172 (164). 

Keedwell, R. 2001. Post-fledging mortality in black- fronted terns (Sterna albostriata): does fledging 

equal success Notornis 48(3): 182-183. 

McAllan, I.A.W. 2000. A possible record of black-fronted tern Sterna albostriata from Norfolk Island. 

Notornis 47(1): 63. 

O’Donnell, C.F.J. & Hoare, J.M. 2009. Predation of lizards by black-fronted terns (Sterna 

albostriata). Notornis 56(3): 167-168. 



41(4): 257-286. 

Whiskered Tern 

Chlidonias hybrida [Pallas 1811, S Volga, Russia]. 

[C.h. hybrida] C France, Biebrza Marsh (Poland), Senne (W Slovakia), Hortobagy National Park 

(Hungary), Ukraine, Volga-Ural steppes, Kazakhstan, Aral Sea, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes to S 

Siberia, C & S China & Taiwan and E thru Turkey to Iraq & E Iran to N & C India & Indochina and S to 

Mediterranean and Morocco to Tunisia and Mali. Non-breeding: E & W Africa and Malaysia to 

Indonesia. 

[C.h. delalandii] Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia & SW Cape 

Province (South Africa) and Madagascar. 

[C.h. javanicus] Java, Togian Islands (Sulawesi), Moluccas & New Guinea and Australia & Tasmania. 

Treated by del Hoyo et al 1996 to consist of 6 races: hybridus, swinhoei, indicus, javanicus, sclateri & 

fluviatlis. 

Other name: Marsh Tern. 

39

Allen, D.G. 1988. Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybrida breeding in the southeastern Transvaal 

Highveld, South Africa. Marine Ornithology 16(1): 3-6. 

Alström, P. 1989. Identification of marsh terns in juvenile and winter plumages. British Birds 82(7): 

296-319. 



Bakaria, F. 2002. Breeding Ecology of Whiskered Terns in Algeria, North Africa. Waterbirds 25(1): 

56-62. 

Barthel, P.H. 1989. Mystery photographs (winter plumage Whiskered Tern). Dutch Birding 11(4): 

168-169. 

Bhushan, B. 1985. Indian Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybridus mobbing a female Blackbuck 

Antilope cervicapra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 82(2): 409-410. 

Bundy, G. 1984. Notes (Whiskered Terns robbing Saunder’s Terns). British Birds 77(9): 422. 

Clapp, R.B. & Laybourne, R.C. 1983. First record of the Whiskered Tern from the tropical Pacific. 

’Elepaio 43: 69-70. 

Collinson, M. 2006. Splitting headaches Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and 

Western Palearctic lists. British Birds 99(6): 306-323 (320). 

DeBenedictis, P. 1994. ABA Checklist Report 1993, New Species Accepted. Birding XXVI(5): 320- 

326 (323). 

Dittberner, W. 1996. Erste Bruten von Zwergmöwe Larus minutus, Weißflügel-Seeschwalbe 

Chlidonias leucopterus und Weißbart-Seeschwalbe C. hybridus in Brandenburg [First breeding 

records of Little Gull Larus minutus, White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus and Whiskered 

Tern C. hybridus in Brandenburg, Germany]. Limicola 10(5): 258-266. 

Doherty, P. 1992. Marvels of the marsh. Birds Illustrated 1(2): 33-38. 

Dostine, P.L. & Morton, S.R. 1989. Feeding ecology of the Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida in the 

Alligator Region, Northern Territory. Australian Wildlife Research 16: 549-562. 

Dubois, P.J. 1993. Whiskered Tern wintering in France. Dutch Birding 15(4): 176. 


24(4): 202-209 (207). 

Eds. 1993. Whiskered Tern at Abberton Reservoir. Birding World 6(7): 267. 

Eds. 1996. Quizbird No. 69 solution (juvenile Whiskered Tern). Birding World 9(10): 409. 

Golley, M. & Quinn, D. 1994. Masterguide (Taking Terns). Birdwatch 22: 40-44. 

Gorman, G. 2000. The Birds of the Danube Delta. Alula 6(4): 154-159 (158). 

Hodgson, I. et al 1983. Notes (Dark breast-side marks on adult Whiskered Terns). British Birds 

76(10): 454. 

Hume, R.A. & Porter, R.F. 1981. Notes (Identification of a Whiskered Tern in first-winter plumage. 


Jones, A.M. 1993. Notes (Whiskered Terns feeding behind plough). British Birds 86(2): 95. 

Kemp, J. 1988. Whiskered Tern in Norfolk. Birding World 1(11): 398-400. 

Kok, D. & van Duivendijk, N. 2001. Masters of Mystery – Solutions of fifth and sixth round 2000 

(juvenile to first-winter Whiskered Tern). Dutch Birding 23(1): 27. 

Meininger, P.L. & Verkerk, A. 1998. Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus breeding in the Nile Delta, 

Egypt. Sandgrouse 20(1): 52. 

Muzinic, J. & Delic, A. 1997. Nesting biology of Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus in Croatia. 

Avocetta 21(2): 165-168. 

Paillisson, J-M. et al 2008. Assessing growth and age of Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida chicks 

using biometrics. Ardea 96(2): 271-277. 

Sehhatisabet, M.E. & Nezami, B. 2007. Preliminary survey of breeding Whiskered Tern Chlidonias 

hybrida at Selkeh Wildlife Refuge, Anzali wetland, Southwest Caspian Sea. Podoces 2(1): 72-76. 

Sellin, D. & Schirmeister, B. 2005. Die Weißbart-Seeschwalbe Chlidonias hybrida in Vorpommern – 

Brutgast oder dauerhafte Ansiedlung [The Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida in Vorpommern – a 

temporary or regular breeding species]. Limicola 19(5): 265-286. 

Shorten, M. 1985. Whiskered Tern at Ballycotton. Cork Bird Report 1984 pp. 51-52. 

Szekely, T. 1984. The description and analysis of the brooding relief of the Whiskered Tern 

(Chlidonias hybrida). Aquila 91: 157-161. 

van den Berg, A. 1979. Witwangstern Chlidonias hybridus bij Almere [Whiskered Tern Chlidonias 

hybridus near Almere]. Dutch Birding 1(1): 22-23. 

van den Berg, A.B. 1992. Twee Witwangsterns in Flevoland in winter van 1991/92 [Two Whiskered 

Terns in Flevoland in winter of 1991/92]. Dutch Birding 14(6): 214-218. 

Vittery, A. 2009. Notes (Whiskered Tern feeding on the ground). British Birds 102(1): 37. 

40

Voaden, N. 2010. Notebook: Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybridus feeding on floating fish pellets. 

BirdingASIA 14: 83. 

Wiles, G.J. & Worthington, D.J. 1996. Mixed flocks of White-winged Terns and Whiskered Terns in 

the southern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 28: 203-206. 




37(1): 69-96. 

White-winged Black Tern 

Chlidonias leucopterus [Temminck 1815, Mediterranean coasts]. 

NW Italy and C & E Europe E thru Siberia, Transbaikalia & N Mongolia to Amurland also New 

Zealand. Non-breeding: Kenya & N Tanzania S to South Africa and Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka, E 

China, Taiwan & SE Asia to Australia & New Zealand. 

Other name: White-winged Tern. 


296-319. 

Bradshaw, C. & Wright, J. 2002. From the Rarities Committee’s files: A White-winged Black Tern in 

an unusually advanced state of moult. British Birds 95(9): 449-453. 

British Ornithologists’ Union 2005. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 31st Report 

(October 2004). Ibis 147: 246-250. 


Bundy, G. 1982. Notes (Field characters of first-year White-winged Black Terns). British Birds 75(3): 

129- 131. 

Bundy, G. 1984. Notes (Collective mobbing by Black-winged Stilts and terns in winter). British Birds 

77(9): 419-420. 

Byaruhanga, A. et al 2002. Large concentrations of White-winged Black Terns Chlidonias 

leucopterus at Lutembe Bay, Lake Victoria. Bulletin of the African Bird Club 9: 25-26. 

Campbell, O. 2011. Notes (A marsh tern showing mixed characters of Black and White-winged Black 

Terns). British Birds 104(1): 40-41. 

Darling, P. 1985. Notes (Leg-length of Black and White-winged Black Terns). British Birds 78(5): 238. 

Davis, A.H. 1982. Notes (Terns showing mixed characters of Black and White-winged Black Terns). 

British Birds 75(12): 579-580. 

Dittberner, W. 1996. Erste Bruten von Zwergmöwe Larus minutus, Weißflügel-Seeschwalbe 

Chlidonias leucopterus und Weißbart-Seeschwalbe C. hybridus in Brandenburg [First breeding 

records of Little Gull Larus minutus, White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus and Whiskered 

Tern C. hybridus in Brandenburg, Germany]. Limicola 10(5): 258-266. 


Dourin, J-L. et al 2008. Premier cas de nidification de la Guifette leucoptère (Chlidonias leucopterus) 

en France [First breeding record of White-winged Black Tern in France]. Ornithos 15(6): 394-399. 

Doyle, P.J. 2009. White-winged Black Tern at Sandymount Strand, Co. Dublin. Irish East Coast Bird 

Report 2003 pp. 103-106. 


24(4): 202-209 (207). 


Gorman, G. 2000. The Birds of the Danube Delta. Alula 6(4): 154-159 (158). 

Jones, M. 2005. Notes (White-winged Black Tern feeding on butterflies). British Birds 98(1): 47. 

King, B. & Curber, R.M. 1984. Notes (White-winged Black Tern feeding by wading). British Birds 

77(10): 486. 

Ławicki, Ł. 2011. Notes (White-winged Black Terns in Poland in 2010 – a record breeding season). 

British Birds 104(5): 274-276. 

Palmer, P. 2007. Notes (White-winged Black Tern feeding at night). British Birds 100(12): 755. 

Reid, K. 1988. Notes (Early acquisition of first-winter plumage by White-winged Black Tern). British 

Birds 81(8): 398. 

Savard, G. 1997. White-winged Tern breeding in Quebec. Birders Journal 6(2): 96. 



van Diek, H. 2002. Witvleugelstern bij Den Oever in december 2000 gedood door Ekster [Whitewinged 

Tern at Den Oever in December 2000 killed by Common Magpie]. Dutch Birding 24(2): 90-91. 

41

van IJzendoorn, E.J. & de Miranda, J.F. 1979. Onvolledig zomerkleed bij Witvleugelstern Chlidonias 

leucopterus [Incomplete summer plumage in White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus]. Dutch 

Birding 1(4): 108. 

van IJzendoorn, E.J. & de Miranda, J.F. 1980. Over verenkleden van Witvleugelstern in September 

[On plumages of White-winged Black Tern in September]. Dutch Birding 2(2): 62-64. 

van IJzendoorn, E.J. 1980. Broedgeval van Zwarte Chlidonias niger x Witvleugelstern C.leucopterus 

[Breeding record of Black Chlidonias niger x White-winged Black Tern C.leucopterus]. Dutch Birding 

2(1): 17-18. 

Vinicombe, K. 1985. Myster photographs (juvenile Black Tern). British Birds 78(8): 378-380. 

Whitehall, B. 1999. Notes (White-winged Black Tern exploiting feeding behaviour of Great Crested 

Grebes). British Birds 92(7): 369. 

Wiles, G.J. & Worthington, D.J. 1996. Mixed flocks of White-winged Terns and Whiskered Terns in 

the southern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 28: 203-206. 


37(1): 69-96. 

Black Tern 

Chlidonias niger [Linnaeus 1758, near Uppsala, Sweden]. 

[C.n. niger] S Sweden E thru NC Russia to C Siberia and S to the Algarve (Portugal), S Spain, 

Sardinia, N Italy, Greece, Sennes (W Slovakia), W Turkey, Armenia & N Caucasus to Caspian Sea, 

Aral Sea, Turkestan, Lake Balkhash, the Altai & W China. Non-breeding: SC Africa. 

[C.n. surinamensis] SW & EC British Columbia, N Alberta, Great Slave Lake (SW Mackenzie), NW 

Saskatchewan & C Manitoba to Nova Scotia and S locally to SC California, N Nevada, N Utah, 

Colorado & Nebraska E to SC Illinois, Great Lakes, Ohio, NW Pennsylvania & NW New York and 

Kansas, Indiana & N Vermont. Non-breeding: S to Central America & N South America. 

Other name: American Black Tern (surinamensis). 

1st WP Record (C.n. surinamensis): [adult ♂] 10 June 1956. Hafurbjarnarstaðir, Miðnes, Iceland. 

Hákon Vilhjálmsson. Collected (Pétursson & Þráinsson 1999). 

Adriaens, P. 1999. The American Black Tern in Co. Dublin. Birding World 12(9): 378-379. 

al-Sirhan, A. 2008 The first records of Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea and Black Tern Chlidonias niger 

in Kuwait. Sandgrouse 30(2): 144-145. 


296-319. 

Andrews, R. et al 1999. The American Black Tern in Avon. Birding World 12(10): 416-418. 

Andrews, R.M. et al 2006. American Black Tern at Weston-super-Mare: new to Britain. British Birds 

99(9): 450-459. 

Baccetti, N. 1986. Leg colour of Black Tern. Dutch Birding 8(4): 141. 

Beintema, A.J. et al 2010. Black Terns Chlidonias niger and their dietary problems in Dutch 

wetlands. Ardea 98(3): 365-372. 

Betleja, J. & Schneider, G. 2001. Notes (Black Terns feeding on earthworms). British Birds 94(9): 

437. 

Bradshaw, C. 2003. The American Black Tern in County Kerry. Birding World 16(10): 434. 


(October 2001). Ibis 144: 181-184. 

Clarke, T. 1999. Autumn 1998 on the Azores. Birding World 12(5): 205-212 (211). 

Darling, P. 1985. Notes (Leg-length of Black and White-winged Black Terns). British Birds 78(5): 238. 

Davis, A.H. 1982. Notes (Terns showing mixed characters of Black and White-winged Black Terns). 

British Birds 75(12): 579-580. 

Davis, T.A. & Ackerman, R.A. 1985. Adaptations of Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) Eggs for Water 

Loss in a Moist Nest. The Auk 102: 640-643. 

De Silva, R.I. et al 1993. Black Tern, Chlidonias niger: a new species for Sri Lanka. Forktail 9: 153. 

Dierschke, J. 1990. Spätes Prachtkleid einer Trauerseeschwalbe Chlidonias niger [Late breeding 

plumage of Black Tern Chlidonias niger]. Limicola 4(4): 218. 


Eds. 1999. Bird news (A record-breaking Black Tern movement). Birdwatch 89: 62. 

Gantlett, S. 2001. A Checklist of the Bird Forms of Britain and Ireland. Birding World 14(1): 19-20. 



42


255. 


Hallam, N. & Lewington, I. 2009. Identification of American Black Tern. Birding World 22(9): 383- 

388. 

Kaufman, K. 1989. Answers to the August Photo Quiz - Intermediate (adult Black Tern). Birding 

XXI(5): 256-257. 



Lewington, I. 2009. Reports (Three-point terns. American Black Tern: Farmoor, Oxon, 28 August-3 

September 2009). Birdwatch 208: 51. 

McDonald, R. 1991. Black Jewel of the Marsh – the precarious existence of the Black Tern. Birder’s 

World 5(1): 20-23. 

McGeehan, A. 2000. Letters (Identification of American Black Tern). Birding World 13(1): 37. 

Mullarney, K. 2006. Reports (Persistence pays dividends. American Black Tern: Lady's Island lake, 

Co. Wexford, Ireland, July 2006). Birdwatch 171: 56-57. 

Mullarney, K. 2006. The American Black Tern in Co. Wexford. Birding World 19(7): 279-282. 

Pétursson, G. & Þráinsson, G. 1999. Sjaldgaefir Fuglar á Íslandi Fyrir 1981 [Rare Birds in Iceland in 

1981]. Reykjavík. 



Steinhaus, G.H. 1980. Black Tern with bright red legs. Dutch Birding 2(2): 59. 

Tostain, O. & Dujardin, J-C. 1987. Black Tern in French Guiana. Dutch Birding 9(2): 68-69. 

van der Winden, J. & van Horssen, P.W. 2008. A population model for the black tern Chlidonias 

niger in West-Europe. Journal of Ornithology 149(4): 487-494. 

van Turnhout, C.A.M. et al 2010. Long-term population developments in typical marshland birds in 

The Netherlands. Ardea 98(3): 283-299. 

Vinicombe, K. 1985. Myster photographs (juvenile Black Tern). British Birds 78(8); 378-380. 

Large-billed Tern 

Phaetusa simplex [Gmelin 1789, Cayenne]. 

[P.s. simplex] E Colombia E to Trinidad and S thru Amazonia and W Ecuador. Non-breeding: Coasts 

& rivers of E South America. 

[P.s. chloropoda] Basins of R Paraguay & Paraná R SW to NC Argentina. Non-breeding: Coast of 

Uruguay. 

Eds. 2003. World News (Costa Rica). Birding World 16(8): 331. 

Kane, R. et al 1989. Large-billed Tern in New Jersey: North America's first confirmed occurrence. 

American Birds 43(5): 1275-1276. 



McLaughlin, V.P. 1979. Occurrence of Large-billed Tern (Phaetusa simplex) in Ohio. American Birds 

33: 727. 

Inca Tern 

Phaetusa simplex [Lesson 1827, Lima, Peru]. 

Coasts of Peru & Chile S to Aconcagua. Non-breeding: Largely sedentary with some movement N to 

Ecuador. 

Eds. 1994. Inca Tern in France. Birding World 7(7): 258. 

Velando, A. & Márquez, J.C. 2002. Predation risk and nest-site selection in the Inca tern. Canadian 

Journal of Zoology 80(6): 1117-1123. 

Velando, A. et al 2001. The function of female and male ornaments in the Inca Tern, evidence for 

links between ornament expression and both adult condition and reproductive performance. Journal 

of Avian Biology 32: 311-318. 

Walker, B. 1998. Peru – the world’s best birding. Birding World 11(20): 68-77 (71). 

Williams, R. 2008. The fabulous birding of northern Peru opening up. Birding World 21(4): 162-169 

(168). 

43

Untitled - Dutch Birding

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?