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 CONCISE AND COMPREHENSIVE

OF THE

LATIN TONGUE,
WITH AN

APPENDIX,
ILLUSTRATING MANY PECULIARITIES AND DIFFICULTIES,
MET WITH IN THE CLASSICS :

TO WHICH IS ANNEXED A

VOCABULARY
FOR THE EXERCISES, QUOTATIONS, AND MYTHOLOGY.

L372J
B. J. SCHIPPERj
TEACHER OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES.

* * * Noli "jurare in verba magistri;

* * * * * * • * si volet usus,
Quern penes arbitrium est, et jus, et norma loquendi.
Hon.

PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY MIFFLIN & PARRY,
No. 59, Locust Street.

1832.
 <K

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by

B. J. Schipper, in the office of the Clerk of the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.

/W
 PREFACE.

In presenting to the Literary Community this new

Introduction to the Latin Language, whilst innu-
merous works on the same subject are extant, I think it
proper to state a few of many reasons, that induced me
to compose it.
During a period of more than twenty years, which
I have spent in teaching, I was every day more and
more convinced, that by the system, which the Gram-
mars now in use obliged us teachers to pursue, the stu-
dy of the Latin Language was rendered unnecessarily
irksome and disgusting to youth. They were obliged
to spend three, six or more months in committing to
memory declensions and conjugations, rules and excep-
tions, &c. &c. without knowing for what purpose.
Many, anxious very fountain
for Classical instruction, the
of Literature, became disheartened, and gave up the pur-
suit. Others, more resolute, or influenced by parental
authority, continued their course; but, frequent repeti-
tion, memory's principal aid, having been neglected,
when they thought they had reached the end of these
abstruse difficulties, they found they were obliged to
struggle again over the same rugged ground; or to en-
counter still greater obstacles in their endeavour to learn
a language without a knowledge of its elementary prin-
ciples.
To obviate these and other hindrances to the acquisi-
tion of a good fundamental knowledge of Grammar,
and to the subsequent solid structure of Literature, this
Grammar has been composed; how far the author has
succeeded, is to be decided by impartial judges and ex-
perienced teachers.
IV PREFACE.

Knowing the reluctance with which tyros encounter

a formidable array of notes and exceptions, I have laid
before them in the first place, only the simple princi-
ples of the language, and their application to its analy-
sis, reserving peculiarities and exceptions for the Appen-
dix, which, when sufficiently advanced, they will read
with less reluctance, when they see that they are not
required to go back, but only to advance to a more
perfect knowledge of the language.
The Vocabulary will not only prove very convenient,
but it will also save the expense of a dictionary, during
the period in which beginners are most apt to abuse it.
With a view to preserve the established order of the
parts of speech, I have been obliged to make a digres-
sion after the declension of substantives, to page 101,
and again after the declension of pronouns, to page 28;
as it was impossible to give a sufficient praxis of the
pronouns, without the use of a verb.
The classical reader will see, that I have pursued a
path before untrodden, and no doubt will notice many
imperfections, for which his kind indulgence is soli-
cited.
Respectfully requesting those who may
use this pub-
lication, to communicate to me
the errors which they
may observe, as also the deficiency of words that ought
to appear in the Vocabulary, so that a future edition may
be rendered more perfect,
I remain
the Public's humble serv't.
B. J. SCHIPPER.
Philad. July 6 th. 1832.
 A PRACTICAL
L.ATIN GRAMMAR.
Grammar is the art of writing and speaking any lan-
guage with propriety, as the English, Latin, etc.
The Latin Grammar is the art of properly writing and
speaking the Latin tongue.
Grammar treats on Letters, Syllables, Words, and
Sentences, and is divided into four parts, viz. Orthogra-
phy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody.

ORTHOGRAPHY
Treats on the letters, and teaches their true forms,
names, and powers.
There are twentv-five letters in the Latin language, viz.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, X, Y, Z.
Of these, six are called Vowels, viz. a, e, i, o, u, y,
which make perfect sounds of themselves.
The united sound of two vowels is called a Diphthong,
that of three a Triphthong.
The remaining nineteen are called Consonants, (i. e.
sounding with) which make no sound of themselves.
Of the consonants four are called Liquids, viz. L, M,
N, R.
A syllable is a complete single sound, as, O! ah!
strength.

ETYMOLOGY.
Etymology teaches the origin, signification, and varia-
tion of words.
• A word is one or more syllables joined together, and
used to signify something.
The words of the Latin language are divided into eight
I
2 THE NOUN.
sorts, called parts of speech, viz, Noun, Pronoun, Verb,
Participle, which are declinable. Adverb, Preposition,
Conjunction, and Interjection, which are indeclinable,
A declinable part of speech is that upon which some
change can be made, particularly in the last syllable;
which proceeding is called declining, or conjugating
words; hence the terms Declension and Conjugation.

NOUN.
A noun is a declinable part of speech, expressing the
name or quality of a person or thing, as homo, a man; bo-
nus, good.
Nouns are divided into substantives and adjectives.
A noun substantive expresses the name of a person or
thing, as, Virgilius, Virgil; homo, a man ; Roma, Rome ;
urbs, a city.
A noun adjective expresses an accident, or equality of
a person or thing, as bonus, good; altus, high.
Substantives are divided into proper and appellatives.
A proper substantive expresses a particular thing of
a kind, as, Virgilius; Roma.
An appellative, or common substantive, is that which
is common to a whole kind of things, as, homo, a man;
urbs, a city. (See App. § 1.)
Nouns are declined by genders, numbers, and cases.
Gender, in a grammatical sense, is the qualification of
a noun substantive for the various terminations of a noun
adjective.
There are three genders; the masculine, the feminine,
and the neuter.
Some nouns are both of the masculine and feminine
gender, and are called common; as, hie conjux, the hus-
band; hsec conjux, the wife; hie dux, hsec dux, etc. (App.
§2.)
There are two numbers, the singular, and the plural.
There are six cases; the nominative, genitive, dative,
accusative, vocative, and ablative.
There are five declensions, which are distinguished
from one another by the ending of the genitive singular.
 DECLENSIONS.

GENERAL RULES.
1. The vocative is always like the nominative of the
same number; except the nouns in us of the second de-
clension, which have their vocative singular ending in e,
as, dominus, domine.
The dative and ablative plural are always alike.
2.
3. Nouns of the neuter gender always have the nomi-
native, accusative, and vocative alike, and in the plural
these three cases end in a.

THE FIRST DECLENSION.

The first declension is known by the genitive singular
ending in a?, a diphthong, as, fienna, a pen; gen. fiennse.
(App. § 3.)
Singular. Plural.
Nom. penn-a, a pen, Nom. penn-ae, pens,
Gen. penn-ae, of a pen, Gen. penn-arum, of pens,
Dat. penn-ae, to, or for a Dat. penn-is, to or for
pen, pens,
Ace. penn-am, a pen, Ace. penn-as, pens,
Voc. penn-a, O! pen, Voc. penn-ae, O pens,
Abl. penn-a, with, from, Abl. penn-is, with, from,
in, or by a pen, in, or by pens.

SUBSTANTIVES FOR PRACTICE.

Hora, herba, ala, gallina, alauda, placenta, fenestra, sa-
gitta, lacryma, sententia, aranea.
Observation. All nouns of the first declension are of
the feminine gender except those which signify a male,
;

which are of the masculine, as, fioeta, a poet; nauta, a

sailor, etc.

Some nouns of this declension form their dative and ablative plu-
ral sometimes in abus, in order to be distinguished from nouns of the
second declension; thus Jilia, has Jiliabus, anima, animabus, in con-
tradistinction ofjiliis and animis from filius and animus, etc. (App.
§ 4.)
 DECLENSIONS

THE SECOND DECLENSION.

The second declen sion is known by the genitive sing.
ending in i, as, fiuer, fiueri.

Singular.
Norn, puer, cult-er, domin-us,
Gen. puer-i, cult-ri, domin-i,
Dat. puer-o, cult-ro, domin-o,
Ace. puer-um, cult-rum, domin-um,
Voc. puer, cult-er, domin-e,
Abl. puer-o, cult-ro, domin-o,
Plural.
Nom. puer-i, cult-ri, domin-i,
Gen. puer-orurr i, cult-rorum, domin-orum,
Dat. puer-is, cult-ris, domin-is,
Ace. puer-os, cult-ros, domin-os,
Voc. puer-i, cult-ri, domin-i,
Abl. puer-is, cult-ris, domin-is,
The nouns ending in um, are of the neuter gender, and
consequently follow the third general rule.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. templ-um, Nom. templ-a,
*
Gen. templ-i, Gen. templ-orum,
Dat. templ-o, Dat. tempi-is,
Ace. templ-um, Ace. templ-a,
Voc. templ-um, Voc. templ-a,
Abl. templ-o, Abl. tempi-is,

NOUNS FOR PRACTICE.

Gener, adulter, socer, presbyter, ager, liber, magister,
minister, servus, murus, pileus, fluvius, tabellarius, po-
mum, lucrum, negotium, supercilium.
Obs. The nouns of the second declension, ending in
er ir, ur, or ws, are of the masculine gender, except the
y

names of towns, countries, islands and plants, which are

g'enerally of the feminine gender. App. § 5.

Nouns ending in us form their vocative singular in e, as; dominus,

domine-, but proper names
in ius, likewise filius and genius, form it
by rejecting us, as, Caius, Cat; Laelius, Lseli; filius, fili, etc.
Deus makes in the vocative sing. Deus; in the nominative and voc-
ative plur. Dii, and in dative and ablative plur. Diis rather than Dei,
and Deis,
 OP SUBSTANTIVES.

THE THIRD DECLENSION.

The third declension is known by the genitive singular
ending in is, as ; miles, militis, a soldier. App. § 6.

Sing. Plur.
Nom , miles, Nom. milit-es,
Gen. milit-is, Gen. milit-um,
Dat. milit-i, Dat. milit-ibus,
Ace. milit-em, Ace. milit-es,
•
Voc. miles, Voc. milit-es.
Abl. milit-e, Abl. milit-ibus.

Corpus, neut. the body."

Sing-. Plur.
Nom . corpus, Nom. corpor-a,
Gen. corpor-is, Gen. corpor-um,
Dat. corpor-i, Dat. corpor-ibus,
Ace. corpus, Aec. corpor-a,
Voc. corpus, Voc. corpor-a,
Abl. corpor-e. Abl. corpor-ibus.

Nouns for Practice.

Satelles, Frater, Imago, Femur,

Obses, Remex, Mater, Certamen,
Neposj Lex, Cogitatio, Axioma,
Pes, Radix, Bellatrix, Cadaver,
Career, Arbor, Jus, Caput,
Index, Dignitas, Genus, Iter.

Obs. I. The letters, preceding is, in the gen. sing, are

preserved in all the cases, which are not the same as the
nom. singular.
Obs. II. Concerning the gender of the nouns of this
declension, I recommend to the student a frequent use of
the Dictionary.

1*
 DECLENSIONS

Rules concerning the Third Declension.

I. Masculines and ferainines have their accusative singular in em,

as; miles, milit-is, milit-em.

Exceptions.
1. The
following have both em and im:
Aqualis, clavis, cutis, vestris, strigilis, febris, puppis, pestis,
Sementis, amnis, lentis, avis, securis, pelvis, turris, navis.
2. These nouns have im only:
Cannabis, sitis, vis, amussis, cucumis, buris, ravis, tussis.
3. Names of rivers is, and most Greek nouns in is, have their ac-
in
cusative in in, as; Araris, Ararim; Persepolis, Persepolim; sometimes
in in, as; Charybdin, Datin.

II. The ablative singular ends in e, as; miles, milit-is, milit-e.

Exceptions.
1. The nouns, which have em and im in the accusative, have e and
* in the ablative, as; aqualis, ace. aqualem, or aqualim; abl. aquale, or
aquali.
2. Ignis, unguis, rus, and imber have both e and i in the ablative.
3. Nouns which have im only in the accusative, have i only in the
ablative, as, cannabis, cannabim, cannabi.
4. Neuters, ending in e, al, or ar, have i in the ablative, as, calcar,
abl. calcari. But ba.ccar,far, jubar, hepar, nectar, and sal have e.

III. Neuters have their nominative, accusative, and vocative plural

in a, as, corpus, corpor-is, corpora.

Exceptions.
The neuters, that have their ablative in i, make ia in the nom.
ace. and voc. plural, as, calcar, abl. calcari, nom. plur. calcaria.

IV. The genitive plural ends in um, as, miles, milit-is, milit-um.
Exceptions.
1. Nouns of onesyllable in as, is, and the letter s, with a conso-
nant before have their genitive plural in ium, as mas, marium,-
it,

lis, litium; pons, pontium.

2. Nouns in es, and is, not increasing in the genitive sing, make
ium, as, nubes, nubis, nubium; vallis, vallium. But canis, panis,
votes, and volucris have um.
3. Nouns which have i only, or e and i in the ablative singular,
make ium in the genitive plural, as imber, imbri, imbrium; calcar,
calcari, calcarium.
4. Caro, cor, cos, dos, mus, nix, nox, arx, linter, sal, and os (a bone)
have ium, as, nix, nivium.
5. Bos makes in the genitive plur. bourn, in the dat. and abl. bo-
bus, or bubus; sus makes rather subus than suibus.
 OF SUBSTANTIVES.

THE FOURTH DECLENSION.

fourth declension is known by the genitive singu-
The
lar ending
in us, or w, as fructus, gen. fructus, a fruit;
;

cornu, gen. cornu, a horn.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. fruct-us, Nom. fruct-us,
Gen. fruct-us, Gen. fruct-uum,
Dat. fruct-ui, Dat. fruct-ibus,
Ace. fruct-um, Ace. fruct-us,
Voc. fruct-us, Voc. fruct-us,
Abl. fructu. Abl. fruct-ibus.

Sing, Plur.
Nom. cornu, Nom. cornua,
Gen. cornu, Gen. cornuum,
Dat. cornu, Dat. cornibus,
Ace. cornu, Ace. cornua,
Voc. cornu, Voc. cornua,
Abl. cornu, Abl. cornibus.

NOUNS FOR PRACTICE.

Coetus, ritus, currus, gradus, status, senatus, spiritus,
exercitus, genu, tonitru.
Obs. The nouns in us of the fourth declension are ge-
nerally of the masculine gender; and all the nouns in u
are of the neuter gender. App. § 7.

RULE.
The dative and ablative plural end in ibus, as, fructus, fructibus.
Exceptions.
1. Acus, arcus, artus, lacus, specus, tribus, and veru, make ubus,
as, acubus.
2. Portus, quaestus, and genu make both ibus and ubus.
Domus is thus declined.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. domus, Nom. domus,
Gen. domus, or domi, Gen. domuum, or domorum,
Dat. domui, or domo, Dat. domibus,
Ace. domum, Ace. domus, or domos,
Voc. domus, Voc. domus,
Abl. domo, Abl. domibus.

Jesus makes in the ace. Jesum, in the other cases Jesu.

 ;

8 DECLENSIONS

THE FIFTH DECLENSION.

The declension is known by the genitive singular
fifth
ending in ei, and contains nouns only, ending in es, as, res,
rei, a thing.

Sing. Plur . JVouns for Practice.

Nom. res, Nom. res, Dies, spes, species, facies,
Gen. rei, Gen. rerum, acies, superficies.
Dat. rei, Dat. rebus,
Ace. rem, Ace. res,
Voc. res, Voc. res,
Abl. re. Abl. rebus.

Obs. I. All nouns of the fifth declensiou are of the femi-

nine gender; except dies, which is masc. and fern, in the
singular, and masc. in the plural and meridies which is
;

masculine.
Obs. II. But few nouns of this declension are used in
the plural, and then only in the nom. ace. and vocative,
except and sjiecies. A pp. § 8.
res, sfies,

ICJ* student is requested to commit now to me-

The
mory the prepositions together with the rules attached
to them, and to attend to the exercise given thereon.

CONCORD OF SUBSTANTIVES.
RULE I.

Substantives, signifying the same person, or thing, and

depending on the same word, agree in case, as
Nom. Clselia virgo, N. Athense urbs,
Gen. Claeliae virginis, G. Athenarum urbis
Dat. Clseliae virgini, D. Athenis urbi,
Ace. Clseliam virginem, A. Athenas urbem,
Voc. Clselia virgo, V. Athenae urbs,
Abl. Clselia virgine, A. Athenis urbe.
Obs, This concord is called Apposition; and the sub-
stantives should as far as practicable agree in gender, as;
usus, ofitimus magister; or, exercitatio, optima maqistra;
practice, the best master.

EXERCISE.
On this side of Mount Tau- Cis Taurus mons.
rus.
Concerning King Alexan- De Alexander rex.
der.
 ;

OF SUBSTANTIVES.

Beyond the River Rhine. Ultra Rhenus flumen.

With Ennius, the poet. Cum Ennius poeta.
According to Plato, the Secundum Plato philoso-
philosopher. phus.
About the city of Rome. Circa Roma urbs.
At the town Cirta. Ad Cirta oppidum.
Against the city Gabii. Contra urbs Gabii.
Along the River Nile. Secundum Nilus fluvius.
With Marcus Antonius, a Cum Marcus Antonius tri-
triumvir. umvir.
By Marcus Tullius Cicero, A Marcus Tullius Cicero,
the consul. consul.
Amongst the victorious Ro- Inter victor Romanus.
mans.
Towards the Lion, king Erga leo, rex inter fera.
amongst the wild beasts.
To the Eagle, the queen Ad aquila, regina inter ales.
among the birds.
During the triumph over Per triumphus de Syra-
the city of Syracuse. cusae urbs.
Bv Publius Scipio Nasica, A Publius Scipio Nasica,
the censor. censor.

GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES,
rule n.
One substantive governs another signifying a different
person, or thing, in the genitive.*
Obs. The English word, corresponding with the Latin
noun, which is to be put in the genitive, has generally
the particle of prefixed, or an 's annexed, as
By the creator of the world. A creatore mundi.
Through men's wickedness. Per hominum nequitiam.
Without a desire for liberty. Sine libertatis desiderio.

EXERCISE.
Beyond the throw of a dart. Extra jactus telum.
With a multitude of rob- Cum multitudo latro.
bers.
For the son's safety. Ob filius salus.
Beneath the feet of the Infra pes statua.
statue.

* The substantive governing the genitive, is frequently under-

stood, particularly homo, and negotium.
10 DECLENSIONS

Amongst the brother's Inter frater liber.

books.
According to the state of Pro ratio tempus.
the times.
Before the earthquake. Ante motus terra.
Before the calends of Au- Ante calendae Augustus.
gust.
According to the laws of Secundum lex natura.
nature.
Behind the enemy's camp. Pone hostis castra.
Without a desire for his Sine patria desiderium.
country.
Amongst the gifts from Inter munus Deus.
God.
With the confederates in Cum bellum socius.
the war.
Besides the care for the Prseter cura liberi.
children.
Since the father's death. A pater mors.
With Aristobolus, King of Cum Aristobolus, rex Ju-
the Jews. daeus.
Against the tyranny of Lu- Adversus tyrannis Lucius
cius Sylla. Sylla.
On this side of Taurus, a Citra Taurus, mons Asia.
mountain in Asia.
About the walls of the city Circa murus Troja urbs.
Troy.
Without hope of relieving Sine spes liberatio urbs.
the city.
In the power of Publius Penes Publius Scipio Na-
Scipio Nasica, the son of sica, filius patruus Scipio
the uncle of Scipio Afri- Africanus.
canus.
Beneath the sublimity of Infra fastigium magnitudo
the greatness of Alexan- Alexander, rex Macedo.
der, King of the Macedo-
nians.
In the ark of the covenant In area fcedus Deus cum
of God with the Israel- Iraelita.
ites.
After the time of the libera- Post tempus liberatio Ju-
tion of the Jews from the daeus a servitus -&gyp-
slavery of iEgypt. tus.
 ;

OP ADJECTIVES. 11

By Egerius, the King's bro- Ab Egerius rex frater filius.

ther's son,
On account of Sylla's trans- Propter Sylla pecunia trans-
fer of moneys from the latio a dominus ad ami-
owners to his friends. cus.

OF ADJECTIVES.
An adjective, as already observed, is a declinable part
of speech, expressing some quality of a person, or thing,
as ; doctus r learned ; tener, tender.
Adjectives have either one, or two, or three termina-
tions.
All adjectives having three terminations, have their
masculine gender in us, or in er,* the feminine in a, and
the neuter in um.
All adjectives, having three terminations, belong to the
firstand second declension, and are declined like domi-
nus, or fiuer, fienna, and temfilum.

EXAMPLES.
Sing. P lur
Nom. doctus, docta, doctum, Nom. docti, doctae, docta,
Gen. docti, doctae, docti, Gen. doct-orum,-arum,-orum,
Dat. docto, doctae, docto, Dat. doctis, doctis, doctis,
Ace. doctum, doctam, doctum, Ace. doctos, doctas, docta,
Voc. docte, docta, doctum, Voc. docti, doctae, docta,
Abl. docto, docta, docto, Abl. doctis, doctis, doctis.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. tener, tenera, tenerum, Nom. teneri, tenerae, tenera,
Gen. teneri, tenerae, teneri, Gen. tenerorum,-arum,-orum,
Dat. tenero, tenerae, tenero, Dat. teneris, teneris, teneris,
Ace. tenerum, teneran^tenerum, Ace. teneros, teneras, tenera,
Voc. tener, tenera, tenerum, Voc. teneri, tenerae, tenera,
Abl. tenero, tenera, tenero, Abl. teneris, teneris, teneris.
Most adjectives in er drop the e, as

Sing. Plur.
Nom. piger, pigra, pigrum, Nom. pigri, pigrae, pigra,
Gen. pigri, pigrae, pigri, Gen. pigrorum,-arum, -orum,
Dat. pigro, pigrae, pigro, Dat. pigris, pigris, pigris,
Ace. pigrum, pigram, pigrum, Ace. pigros, pigras, pigra,
Voc. piger, pigra, pigrum, Voc. pigri, pigrae, pigra,
Abl. pigro, pigra, pigro. Abl. pigris, pigris, pigris.

* Except Satur, satura, saturum, the only noun in ur, of the se-
cond declension, from the obsolete saturus.
 J . i

12 DECLENSIONS OP

ADJECTIVES FOR PRACTICE.

Bonus, malus, magnus, parvus, perfidus, manifestus,
idoneus, lapideus, negotiosus, ignominiosus, asper, liber,
miser, prosper, cornifer, aeger, creber, niger, sacer, im-
piger.
Exceptions
The following adjectives have the genitive singular in
ius, and the dative in i, in all the genders ;
Masc. Fern. Neut. Gen. Dat.
Alius, alia, aliud; alius, alii,
Alter, altera, alterum; alterius, alteri,
Neuter, neutra, neutrum; neutrius, neutri,
Nullus, nulla, nullum; nullius, nulli,
Solus, sola, solum; solius, soli,
Totus, tota, totum; totius, toti,
Ullus, ulla, ullum; ullius, ulli,
Unus, una, unum; unius, uni,
Uter, utra, utrum; utrius, utri,
Utervis, utravis, utrumvis; utriusvis, utrivis.
So also the other compounds
unds of ul ft* *
uter.'
All adjectives having two terminations, have the mas-
culine and feminine gender in is, and the neuter in c, as
gravis, gravis, grave, heavy, f
All adjectives, ending neither in us or er, nor in is, have
one and the same termination in all the genders, as, au-
dax, audax, audax, bold.
All adjectives having one or two terminations, belong
to the third declension.

EXAMPLES.
Singular.
Masc. Fern. JVeut.
Nom. audax, audax, audax,
Gen. audacis, audacis, audacis,
Dat. audaci, audaci, audaci,
Ace. audacem, audacem, audax,
Voc. audax, audax, audax,
Abl. audace, veli, audace, vel i, audace, vel
* JLlteruter
has in the gen. alterius utrius, and alterutrius.
f Except the comparatives.
* Degener, pauper, puber, uber> vetus, and intercus, are probably
the only adjectives in er or us of one termination.
 :

ADJECTIVES. rs

Plural.
Nom. audaces, audaces, audacia,
Gen. audacium, audacium, audacium,
Dat. audacibus, audacibus, audacibus,
Ace. audaces, audaces, audacia,
Voc. audaces, audaces, audacia,
Abl. audacibus, audacibus, audacibus.
Singular.
Nom. gravis, gravis, grave,
Gen. gravis, gravis, gravis,
Dat. gravi, gravi, gravi,
Ace. gravem, gravem, grave,
Voc. gravis, gravis, grave,
Abl. gravi, gravi, gravi.

Plural.
Nom. graves, graves, gravia,
Gen. gravium, gravium, gravium,
Dat. gravibus, gravibus, gravibus,
Ace. graves, graves, gravia,
Voc. graves, graves, gravia,
Abl. gravibus, gravibus, gravibus.
Adjectives for Practice.
Capax; felix; clemens; negligens;
fallax; simplex; demens; constans;
verax; duplex; vehemens; elegans.

Obs. 1. Eleven adjectives in is, have their nominative

and vocative singular, masculine, in er also, but are other-
wise declined like gravis; they are the following
Acer, alacer, camfiester, celeber, celer, equester, fialuster,
fiedester, saluber, Sylvester, volucer.
Obs. 2. There are no adjectives belonging to the
fourth or fifth declension.
RULES.
1. Adjectives of the third declension have their ablative
singular in e and i, as audax, abl. audace, or audaci; but
2. If the nominative singular neuter, ends in e, the ab-
lative ends in i only, as: gravis, gravis, grave, abl. gravis
acer, or, acris, aens, acre, abl.
3. Adjectives of the third declension (except the com-
paratives,) have their genitive plural in ium, and the
2
 14 DECLENSIONS

nominative, accusative, and vocative plural neuter, in ia ;

as audacia, audacium; gravid, gravium.

EXCEPTIONS.
Cicur, compos, impos, consors, degener, deses, dives, hebes, hospes,
inops, juvenis, pauper, puber, reses, senex, sospes, superstes, supplex,
teres, uber, and vigil, have in the ablative singular e, and in the geni-
tive plural urn, as; vigil, abl. vigile, gen. plur. vigilum.
2. Compounds of ceps, fex, pes, corpor, and color, have e in the
ablative sing, and um in the genitive plural.
3. JVLernor has memori in the abl. and memorum in the gen. plur.
4. Locuples has
e in the abl. ; turn in the gen. plur.
5. The above
are rarely found in the neuter singular, and almost
never in the nom. ace. and voc. plur. neuter.
6. Par has in the abl. pari, nom. plur. neut. paria.
7. Vetus has vetera in the nom., veterum in the gen. plural.
8. Plus wants the masculine and feminine in the sing. ha.splure in
the abl. sing.; plures, plura, or pluria in the nom. plurium in the gen.
plural.
9. Adjectives in is, used as substantives, have frequently e in the
abl. sing, as affinis, triremis; affine, trireme.

OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
There are six kinds of Numeral Adjectives.
Cardinal.
1. These are the roots of the others, and answer to the
question quot, how many ?

I unus. LX sexaginta.
II duo. LXX septuaginta.
III tres. LXXX octoginta.
rv quatuor. XC nonaginta.
V quinque. C centum.
VI sex. CC ducenti, se, a.
VII septem. CCC trecenti, se, a.
VIII octo. CCCC quadringenti.
IX novem. Ioor D quingenti.
X decern. IoC sexcenti.
XI undecim. IoCC septingenti.
XII duodecim. IoCCC octingenti.
XIII tredecim. IoCCCC nongenti.
XIV quatuordecim. do or M mille.
XV quindecim. cloclo bis mille, or duo millia.
XVI sexdecim. loo quinquies mille, or quin-
XVII septendecim. que millia.
XVIII octodecim. ccloo decies mille, or decern
XIX undeviginti. millia.
XX viginti. Iooo quinquagies mille, or
XXI viginti unus. quinquaginta millia.
XXX triginta. CCClOOD centies mille, or centum
XL quadraginta. millia.
L quinquaginta.
 OP ADJECTIVES. 15

2. Ordinal-, which answer to the question quotus, in what order?

The primus, a, um.
first, 60th sexagesimus.
2d secundus, a, um. 70, septuagesimus.
3d tertius, a, etc. 80, octogesimus.
4th quartus. 90, nonagesimus.
5, quintus. 100, centesimus.
6, sextus. 101st centesimus primus.
7, septimus. 200th ducentesimus.
8, octavus. trecentesimus.
300,
9, nonus. quadringentesimus.
400,
10, decimus. 500, quingentesimus.
11, undecimus. 600, sexcentesimus.
2' duodecimus. 700, septingentesimus.
J
13, decimus tertius. 800, octingentesimus.
14, decimus quartus. 900, nongentesimus.
18, duodevicesimus. 1000, millesimus.
19, undevicesimus. 1001, millesimus primus.
20, ricesimus, or vigesimus. 2000, bis millesimus.
21, vicesimus primus. 5000, quinquies millesimus.
30, trigesimus. 10000, decies millesimus.
40, quadragesimus. 50000, quinquagies millesimus
50, quinquagesimus. 100000, centies millesimus.
S. Distributive numbers answer to the question, to what number?
as, singuli, one by onebini, two by two terni, three by three, etc.
5 ;

4. Multiplicative numbers answer to the question, how many fold?

as,simplex, single; duplex, double; triplex, threefold.
Proportional numbers answer to the question, how many times
5.
more? as, duplus, double; triplus, tripled.
6. Temporal numbers express time, and answer to the question,
how old? as, bimus, two years old; trimus, three years old; bimes-
tris, two months old.

DECLENSION OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

Numerals
are declined like other adjectives according
to their terminations.
EXCEPTIONS.
1. Unus is declined, as it was said page 12.
2. Duo, is thus declined :
Norn, duo, duae, duo,
Gen. duorum, duarum, duorum,
Dat. duobus, duabus, duobus,
Ace. duos,vel duo, duas, duo,
Voc. duo, duae, duo,
Abl. duobus, duabus, duobus,
— So also, ambo, ambse, ambo, both.
3. Tres, tres, trio, is declined like graves, graves, gra-
16 DECLENSIONS

4. From quatuor to centum, the cardinal numbers are

indeclinable.
5. From ducenti to mille, they are declined like the
plural of doctus.
6. Mille, a thousand, is an adjective indeclinable; but
millia is a substantive, and governs the subjoined sub-
stantive in the genitive by Rule II, as, duo millia homi-
num, two thousand men.
Millia is thus declined :

Nominative, ace, and voc. millia,

Gen. millium, dat. and abl. millibus.
CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES.
RULE III.

An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender,

number, and case.
Clarus dux, a noble general.
Clara vox, a clear voice.
Clarum sidus, a bright star.
Inter claros duces, among noble generals.
Contra claras voces, against the clear voices.
Infra clara sidera, beneath the bright stars. .

Obs. 1. The
substantive, particularly homo, a person,
or negotium, a thing, is often omitted, as boni {homines)
the good (men); bonum (negotium), a good thing, or a
blessing; omnia (negotia), all things; utile (negotium),
a useful thing ; a dextera (manu), from the right (hand).
Obs. 2. The English is not always the same part of
speech as the Latin corresponding with it, as; Calendds
Sextiles, the Calends of August in summo monte, on the
;

top of the mountain ; fiorcus bimestris, a pig two months

old.
EXERCISES.
Past the first letters. Ultra primus litera.
For a weighty cause. Gravis de causa.
During three years. Per tres annus.
With great pleasure. Magnus cum voluptas.
By the foot troops. A pedester copiae.
For time perpetual. In tempus perpetuus.
Without any doubt. Sineullus dubitatio.
On account of the heavy Ob gravis onus,
burdens.
 OP ADJECTIVES. 17

Against the civil judg- Contra civilis judicium.

ments.
Upon a green bough. Super viridis frons.
Among the royal daugh- Inter regius nurus.
ters in law.
At the Greek calends (i. Ad Calendar Graecus.
e. never).
Through the whole camp. Per totus castra.
Against the left wing of Contra sinister cornu ex-
the army. ercitus.
At the right (hand). Ad dexter (manus.)
From the left. A sinister.
Amongst the wicked Inter impius (homo).
(men).
By mortals. A mortalis.
With the greatest power Cum summus (potestas)
of government. imperium.
After three obstinate bat- Post tres pertinax prae-
tles. lium.
On account of the uncer- Ob incertus rex voluntas.
tain will of the king.
With the rest of the sol- Cum reliquus miles.
diers.
Through the midst of the Per medius acies.
army.
With the remaining le- Cum reliquus legio vete-
gions of the veterans. ranus.
By Marcius Coriolanus, A Marcius Coriolanus,
the enemy of the tribunitian hostis tribunitius potestas.
power.
Before the Calends of Ante Calendae sextilis.
August.
At the Nones of January. Ad Nonae Januarius.
After the Ides of May. Post Idus Maius.
Without any loss of his Sine ullusexistimatio de-
reputation. trimentum.
Besides other heavenly Praeter alius ccelestis pro-
prodigies. digium.
About the castles on the Circum montanus castel-
hills. lum.
Till late in the night. Ad multus nox.
From one to another. 4
Ab alius ad alius.
On the highest part of In summus via.
the way.
2*
18 DECLENSIONS

For twenty silver pieces. Pro viginti argenteus

nummus.
On account of the singu- Ob singularis cura im-
lar -care of the immortal mortalis Deus.
Gods.
For the perpetual remem- In sempiternus memoria
brance of the deliverance of liberatio Israelita a tristis
the Israelites from the sad servitus iEgyptus.
slavery of Egypt.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
The comparison of adjectives is the expression of their
signification in different degrees, as: bold, bolder, boldest.
There are three degrees of comparison, the positive,
com/iarative, and superlative.
The positive gives the adjective in its simple form, as:
doctus, learned ; tener, tender ; audax, bold.
The comparative increases or diminishes the significa-
tion of the positive, as: doctior, mT)re learned ; minus au-
dax, less bold.
The superlative increases or diminishes the significa-
tion of the positive to the highest or lowest degree, as,
doctissimus, the most learned ; minimus, the least; minime
audax, the least audacious.

FORMATION OF THE DEGREES.

The comparative is formed from the first case of the
positive,ending in i, by adding to it the syllable or, for
the masculine and feminine, and us, for the neuter, as:
doctus, docti; doctior, doctior, doctius: fiiger, fiigri; fii-
gri-or, or, us: audax, audaci; audaci-or, or, us.
The superlative is also formed from the first case of
the positive in i, by adding ssimus, as, doctus, docti; doc-
tissimus, doctissima, doctissimum: audax, audaci; audacis-
sim-us, a, um.
But if the positive ends in er, the superlative is form-
ed by adding rimus to the nominative, as tener, tenerri-
:

mus; fiiger, fiigerrimus.

Facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, humilis, and gracilis,
form the superlative by changing is into limus, as: faci-
lis, facillimus. — Fetus makes from the obsolete veter, ve-
ter rimus.
 OP ADJECTIVES. 19

IRREGULAR COMPARISONS.
I. Bonus, melior, optimus; good, better, best.
Malus, pejor, pessimus; bad, worse, worst.
Magnus, major, maximus; great, greater, greatest.
Parvus, minor, minimus; little, less, least.
Multus, plus, neut. plurimus; much, more, most.
Dives, ditior, ditissimus; rich, richer, richest.
Senex, senior, or natu major, natu maximus; old, etc.
Juvenis, junior, or natu minor, natu minimus; young, etc.
II. Inferus, inferior, infimus, or imus; "beneath.
Superus, superior, supremus, or summus; above.
Posterus, posterior, postremus, or postumus; late.
Exteri, exterior, extremus, or extimus; without.
III. Nequam, nequior, nequissimus; worthless.
Citra, citerior, citimus; on this side; hither.
Intra, interior, intimus; within, inner, inmost.
Ultra, ulterior, ultimus; beyond, farther, farthest.
Prope, proprior, proximus; near, nearer, nearest.
Pridem, prior, primus; lately, former, first.
IV. Compounds in dicus, Jicus, loquus, and volus, change us into en-
tior, and entissimus, as:
Maledicus, maledicentior, maledicentissimus; reviling.
Beneficus, beneficentior, beneficentissimus; kind.
Magniloquus, magniloquentior, magniloquentissimus; boasting.
Benevolus, benevolentior, benevolentissimus; well wishing.
V. Those adjectives only admit of comparison whose signification
may be increased or diminished; others want one or the other
degree, as:
Positive. Comparat. Superlative.
Ingens, great; ingentior,
Adolescens, young; adolescentior,
Inclytus, famous; inclytissimus.
Fidus, faithful; fidissimus.
Novus, new, novissimus.
Sacer, sacred; sacerrimus.
ocior, swifter; ocissimus.
deterior, worse; deterrimus.
Mirus, wonderful;
VII. Many adjectives, particularly those which end in us, pure, that
is, preceded by a vowel, form their comparisons by adding
in us
magis, and maxime to the positive, as: idoneus, fit; magis ido-
neus, fitter; maxime idoneus, fittest; so also the diminutive com-
parisons, as: minus doctus, less learned; minime docius, least
learned. (§ 9.)
20 DECLENSIONS

ADJECTIVES TO BE COMPARED.
Altus, densus, aptus, benignus, antiquus, aeger, pulcher,
integer, miser, prosper, celeber, dulcis, utilis, sapiens,
diligens, praestans, elegans, loquax, verax.

DECLENSION.
The comparatives are thus declined

Singular,
Norn . doctior, doctior, doctius,
Gen. doclioris, doctioris, doctioris,
Dat. doctiori, doctiori, doctiori,
Ace. doctiorem, doctiorem, doctius,
Voc. doctior, doctior, doctius,
Abl. doctiore, or doctiori, etc.

Plural.
Norn . doctiores, doctiores, doctiora,
Gen. doctiorum, doctiorum, doctiorum,
Dat. doctioribus, doctioribus, doctioribus,
Ace. doctiores, doctiores, doctiora,
Voc. doctiores, doctiores, doctiora,
Abl. doctioribus, doctioribus, doctioribus.

The superlative, ending in us, has three terminations,

and is declined like doctus.

Exercise on the Comfiarative.

Above the higher trees. Supra altus arbor.
With greater pleasure. Magnus cum voluptas.
Through thicker groves. Per densus nemus.
According to a better con- Secundum bonus conscien-
science. tia.
By the braver soldiers. A fortis miles.
On account of better en- Propter utilis negolium.
gagements.
From a severer sickness. A morbus gravis.
Among the lesser stars. Inter parvus sidus.
With a more obedient ar- Cum parens exercitus.
my.
Against the richer lords. Contra locuples dominus.
Through Italy, a more fer- Per Italia, ferax regio.
tile country.
 OF ADJECTIVES. 21

Against the Carthaginians, Adversus Carthaginiensis,

a more formidable enemy. hostis terribilis.
On account of a more last- Ob diuturnus pax cum Ro-
ing peace with the invin- manus invictus.
cible Romans.
By a conclusion from the Per conclusio a parvus ad
less (thing) to the great- magnus.
er.

Exercise on th e Superlative.
Among the kindest friends. Inter benignus amicus.
With the dearest parents. Cum carus parens.
Towards the most wretched Erga homo miser.
man.
Contrary to the wisest ad- Contra prudens consilium.
vice.
With the worst advisers. Cum malus consultor.
Concerning the best man- De bonus mos.
ners.
Through the Pylse, very nar- Per Pylae, arctus Cilicia
row passes of Cilicia. faux.
By the most ancient kings Ab antiquus rex Macedo.
of the Macedonians.
After the most miserable Post miser mors Suffetius,
death of Suffetius, the dux Albanus.
leader of the Albans.
Against the most august Contra augustus sedes Jupi-
temple of Jupiter Opti- ter Optimus.
mus.
About Darius, the mildest Circa Darius, mitis rex Per-
king of the Persians. sa.
Beyond the highest moun- Ultra altus mons Helvetia.
tains of the Helvetia.
Against the bravest legions Adversus legio fortis intra
within the strongest town. oppidum tutus.
Concerning the best works De bonus opus auctor cele-
of the most celebrated ber.
authors.
On account of the very sea- Propter opportunus adven-
sonable arrival of the tus eques, miles audax
horse (men), the bravest totus exercitus.
soldiers of the whole ar-
my.
22 DECLENSIONS.

From the most dangerous E periculosus dimicatio

contentions with Philo, cum Philo, acer Pom-
the most active defender peius defensor,
of Pompey.

PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is a declinable part of speech, used instead
of a noun.
There are nineteen simple pronouns, viz. ego, tu, sui y
ille, iste, ifise, hie, i«, qui, guis, meus, tuus, suus, noster,
vester, cujus, nostrasyvestras, cujas. § 10.

DECLENSION 3F PRONOUNS. I

Sing. Plur.
Norn. Ego, I, myself, Nom. nos, we, ourselves,
Gen. mei, of me, myself, Gen. nostrum, or nostri, of us,
ourselves,
Dat. mihi, to me, Dat. nobis, to us, ourselves,
Ace. me, me, Ace. nos, us, ourselves,
Voc. , Voc. -,
Abl. me, with, from, by me. Abl. nobis, with, from us.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. tu, thou, you, yourself, Nom. vos, ye, you, yourselves,
Gen. tui, of thee, Gen. vestrum, or vestri, of you,
Dat. tibi, to thee, Dat. vobis, to you, yourselves,
Ace. te, thee, Ace. vos, you, yourselves,
Voc. tu, O, thou, Voc. vos, ye, you,
Abl. te, with thee. Abl. vobis, with, from, by you.

Sing. Plur.
N. , N. ,

G. sui, of himself, herself, itself. G. sui, of themselves,

D. sibi, to himself, herself, etc. D. sibi, to themselves,
A. se, himself, herself, itself, A. se, themselves,
V. , V. ,

A. se, wi th, from, by himself. A. se, with themselves.

Sing. Plur.
N. Ille, ilia, illud, he, she, it, that, N. illi, illae, ilia, they, those,
G. of him, her,
illius, illius, illius, G. illorum, illarum, illorum, of
D. illi, illi, illi, to, or for him, D. illis, illis, illis, to or for
A. ilium, illam, illud, him, A. illos, illas, ilia, them,
V. ille, ilia, illud, O that V. illi, illje, ilia, O those,
A. illo, ilia, illo, with him. A. illis, illis, illis, with them.

So also ist-e, a, ud, and ips-e, a, urn.

 OP PRONOUNS. 23
Sing. Plur.
N. Hie, haec, hoc, he, she it, this, N. hi, hae, haec, they, these,
G. hujus, hujus, hujus, of him, G. horum, harum, horum, of,
D. huic, huic, huic, to him, D. his, his, his, to them,
A. hunc, hanc, hoc, him, her, A. hos, has, haec, them,
V. hie, haec, hoc, O this, V. hi, hae, haec, O these,
A. hoc, hac, hoc, with him. A. his, his, his, with them,,

Sing. Plur.
N. Is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, N. ii, eae, ea, they, these,
G. ejus, ejus, ejus, of him, G. eorum, earum, eorum, of,
D. ei, ei, ei, to, or for him, D. eis, or iis, to them,

v..—
A. eum, earn,

A. eo, ea, eo,

id, him, her, it,

with him, her.

A. eos,
V
A.
-

eis,
eas, ea,
»

or iis,
them,

with them.

Sing. Plur.
N. Qui, quae, quod, who, which, N. qui, quae, quae, who, which,
G. cujus, cujus, cujus, of whom, G. quorum, quarum, quorum, of,
D. cui, cui, cui, to, or for whom, D. quibus, or queis, to or for,
A. quern, quam, quod, whom. A. quos, quas, quae, whom,
V. ,

A. quo, qua, quo, with whom. A. quibus, or queis, with whom.

So also quis, quee, quid, or quod,

Meus, tuus, and suus, are declined like doctus: meus,

however, makes mi in the vocative sing. masc.
JVoster, and -venter, are declined like fiiger.
Nostras, vestras, and cujas, are declined like audax.
Of cujus, to whom belonging, we find the following
cases only nom. sing, cujus, cuja, cujum, ace. sing, cu-
:

jum, cujam, cujum; abl. sing. fern, cuja; nom. plur. fern.
cuja.

COMPOUND PRONOUNS,
I. Of ego,tu, sui; these often have ipse connected with
them, as :

Ego ipse, I myself; gen. mei ipsius ; dat. mihi ipsi, etc.

They have also the inclitics met and tc added to them,

as: egomet, I myself; lute, or tumet, thou thyself; also
egometip.se, meimetifisius, mihimetifisi, etc.

II. Of iste and hie:

Nom. isthic, isthaec, isthoc, or isthuc,
Ace. isthunc, isthanc, isthoc, or isthuc.
Nom. and Ace. plur. neut. isthaec.
24 DECLENSIONS

III. Of is and dem; Idem, the same.

Sing, Plur.
N. Idem, eadem, idem. N. iidem, eaedem, eadem,
G. ejusdem, ejusdem, ejus- G. eorundem,earundem,eo-
dem. rundem,
D. eidem, eidem, eidem, D. eisdem, or iisdem,
A. eundem, eandem, idem, A. eosdem, easdem, eadem,
V. V.
A, eodem, eadem, eodem. A. eisdem, or iisdem.
IV. Of quis with warn, fiiam, quam, que, quis, as:
Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, or quidnam; who.
Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, or quidpiam; any one.
Quisque, quaeque, quodque, or quidque; every one.
Quisquis, —
quidquid, or quicquid; some one,
gen. cujuscujus; dat. cuicui; ace. quidquid, or quicquid;
abl. quoquo, quaqua, quoquo; plural, nom. and ace. neut.
quaequae; dat. and abl. quibusquibus.
The three first are declined like quis.
V. Of dam, cunque, libet, vis, as:
Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, or quiddam; some one,
gen. cujusdam; dat. cuidam, ace. quendam, quandam,
quoddam, or quiddam; abl. quodam, quadam, quodam;
plural nom. quidam, quaedam, quaedam; gen. quorundam,
quarundam, etc.
Quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque; whosoever.
Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, or quidlibet; any one.
Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quidvis; every one.
Quolusquisque, quotaquaeque, quotumquodque, or quo-
tumquidque; what one of many.
Unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquodque, or unum-
quidque, every one; gen. uniuscujusque, dat. unicuique,
ace. unumquemque, etc.
VI. Of ali, ec, si, ne, and num, with quis; these com-
pounds have their nominative sing. fern, and the nomina-
tive plural neuter, in a, as,
Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or aliquid, some one.
Ecquis, ecqua, ecquod, or ecquid, who.
Siquis, siqua, siquod, or siquid, if any one.
Nequis, nequa, nequod, or nequid, lest any one.
Numquis, numqua, numquod or numquid, whether any
one.
 PRONOUNS. 25

Obs. Siquis, nequis, and numquis, are often found sepa-

rated.
Some pronouns are called
I. Personals, pointing out a particular person, as; ego,
tu, sui, hie, ille, is, idem, iste, iftse, and qui.
II. Reciprocals, relating to the subject of the same sen-
tence, as; suus, sui.
III. Possessives, showing whose property something
is, as; mens, tuus, suus, noster, vester, cujus, nostras, ves-
tras, and cujas.
IV. Interrogatives, as; quis, quisnam, ecquis, cujus,
cujas.
V. Indefinites, as; quicunque, quidam, quivis, siquis,
etc.

ICPThe student is requested to proceed now to the

verbs.
Observations, »

I. The compound pronouns, the interrogatives, and

possessives, are always used as adjectives according to
Rule III.
II. The personal pronouns ego, tu, and sui, are substan-
tives, and assume the gender of the nouns, instead of
which they are used.
III. When hie, ille, is, iste, ifise,* and qui, are not used
instead of a noun going before, they are construed as ad-
jectives; but when they stand instead of a preceding noun,
they are called relative pronouns, and are construed as
substantives.
IV. The preceding noun, instead of which a relative is
used, is called the antecedent.
RULE IV.
A pronoun agrees with
relative its antecedent in gen-
der, number, and person.

RULE V.
If no nominative comes between the relative and the
verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb.
But if a nominative comes between the relative and the
* Hie, ille, is, iste, signifying this, or that, these or those, and ipse,
signifying self, or very, are adjectives.
 26 PRONOUNS.

verb, the relative is governed either by a noun, or verb

following, or by a preposition going before.
Or more correctly thus:
The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender, num-
ber, and person; and it must be in that case, in which the
antecedent would be, if it were used instead of the rela-
«
tive, as;
Against me, who am the Contra me, quae sum regi-
queen. na.
By the very soldiers, whose Ab ipsis militibus, quorum
leader he had been. dux fuerat.

EXERCISE.
Next to God we are in Juxta deus sum in tuus
your power. potestas.
My sister will be with Soror meus sum cum pa-
her father. ter suus.
I shall be with you for a Sum tucum* ad brevis
short time. tempus.
Whose cattle is this? It Cujus pecus sum hie?
is Melibaeus's (cattle). Sum Melibaeus (pecus).
Thou wast the seed of Tu sum semen hie luctu-
this most doleful war. osus bellum.
The people will be the Populus sum haeres hie
heir of this royal wealth. regius opes.
Against the forces, in Contra copiae, penes qui
whose power his life had vita suus sum.
been.
Out of the ditches, that Ex fovea, qui sum inter
were between the two roads. duo via.
Along the winding shore, Secundum curvus litus,
which is opposite the isl- quisum contra insula.
and.
For these very causes the Ob hie ipse causa exerci-
armies of the Lacedaemoni- tus Lacedaemonius sum pa-
ans were more obedient. rens.
Your brother will be with Frater tuus sum egocum,
me, who have been the au- qui sum auctor ipse calami-
thor of his calamity. tas.
About all the towns, Circa omnis oppidum,
* The pronouns ego, tu, and sui, have the preposition cum always
annexed; qui has it before or after, as; mecum, nobiscum, quocum, or
cum quo.
 PRONOUNS. 27

which were between the qui sum inter duo flumen.

two rivers.
What countryman are Cujas sum tu?— Sum Nu-
—
you? I am a Numidian. mida.
There* is no mention of Nullus sum mentio is res
that affair amongst the apud vetustus scriptor.
more ancient writers.
Concerning the miseries, De miseria, qui homo
of which men themselves ipse sum auctor.
are the authors.
We ourselves have been Ego ipse sum in idem
in that party, in which your pars, in qui pater tuus sum.
father was.
Before me, who am your Coram ego, qui sum ma-
mother. ter tuus.
Besides the forces, that Praeter copiae, qui sum
were beyond the Rhone in trans Rhodanus in hyberna.
winter-quarters.
Independent of this con- Extra hie contentio, qui
tention, which is betwixt us. sum inter ego.
I have been the accuser Sum accusator Praetor,
of a Praetor, whose Quaestor qui Quaestor sum.
I had been.
For us, who have been Pro ego, qui sum defen-
the defenders of your life. sor vita tuus.
This (end) was the end of Hie sum exitus praestans
the most eminent man, in vir, in qui sum multus no-
whom there were many no- bilis virtus.
ble virtues.
On account of Cornelia, Ob Cornelia, Caesar uxor,
Caesar's wife, whose father qui pater sum Sylla inimi-,
had been Sylla's enemy. cus.
Before the captive wo- Coram captivus mulier,
men, amongst whom was inter quisum Sisygambis
Sisygambis, the mother of mater Darius Persa rex.
Darius, king of the Persians.
Against Cleopatra, queen Adversus Cleopatra, re-
of Egypt, who was the gina iEgyptus, qui sum
handsomest woman of her pulcher mulier suus setas.
age.
* There, when not pointing out a place, is an inclitic, and omitte
in the Latin; so also the pronoun it, when not referring to a pre-
ceding noun.
28 VERBS.

Without doubt this man Sine dubium hie vir sum

willbe the most eminent nobilis inter nostras philos-
amongst our country's phi- ophus.
losophers.
That Mettus is the leader Mettus ille sum ductor
of this march, the same hie iter, idem Mettus ma-
Mettus (is) the contriver of chinator hie bellum, Mettus
this war, Mettus is the sum ruptor Albanus foedus.
breaker of the Albanleague.

OF VERBS.
A Verb is a declinable part of speech expressing af-
firmation, as; sum, I am; amo, I love; doceor, I am
taught.
Verbs are either personal, or impersonal.
A
personal verb is that, which admits of the personal
pronouns ego, I tu, thou ille, etc.
; ;

Personal verbs end either in o, or in or;* those which

end in o, and have a passive in or, are called active or
transitive verbs, as ; amo, I love ; amor, I am loved ;
doceo, I teach ; doceor, I am taught.
Averb, ending in o, and having no passive in or, is
called a neuter, or intransitive verb, as ; noceo, I hurt.
A
verb ending in or, and having no active in o, is call-
ed a deponent verb, as ; sequor, I follow. §11.
A verb is declined or varied by Voices, Moods, Tenses,
Numbers, and Persons.
There are two voices; the Active and the Passive.
There are four Moods the Indicative, the Subjunc-
;

tive, or Potential, the Imperative, and the Infinitive.

The Indicative simply expresses an affirmation, or
asks a question, as he loved ; has he loved?
;

The Subjunctive or Potential connects with the

affirmation a condition, possibility, desire, or some other
circumstance, as ; had he loved ; he might have been
loved ; he would love.
The Imperative connects with the affirmation a re-
quest or command, as ; love ; let him love.
The Infinitive affirms infinitively, that is, without de-
fining any particular person, as ; to love ; to have been
loved.

• Except sum and its compounds,

 VERBS. 29

Tenses express the time, when an event is said to take

place.
Though time, properly speaking, is divided only into
three tenses, the present, past, and future ; yet the Latin
language admits of six tenses ; viz.
The present tense affirms an event, or action, as taking
place at the time, in which it is affirmed, as; amo y I love ;
sum, I am.
The imperfect represents the event, or action, as taking
place, but not finished at some period of time past, as
amabam, I was loving.
The perfect tense represents the event, or action, as
past, and completely finished, as; amavi, I loved; I have
loved.
The pluperfect tense represents the event or action as
some other action or
past, and completely finished, before
point of time specified in the sentence, as; amaveram, I
had loved.
The first future tense represents an event or action
which is yet to take place, as; amabo, I shall love. .

The second future, or future past, represents an event

or action as completely finished at a point of time yet to
come, as; amavero, I shall have loved.
There are two numbers; the Singular, and the Plural.
Each number, except in the imperative, is divided in-
to three persons.
The variation of a verb through its several modes,
tenses, numbers and persons, is called Conjugation.

Conjugation of the Auxiliary verb SUM, lam.

Principal Parts.
Indie, pres. Inf. pres. Perf ind. Participle.
Sum, esse, fui, futurus.

Indicative. Subjunctive.

Present. Present.

Sum, I am, Sim, I may or can be,

es, thou art, sis, thou mayst or canst be,
est, he, she, or it, is, sit, he, etc. may or can be,
3*
30 VERBS.

sumus, we are simus, we may or can be,

estis, ye or you are, sitis,ye or you may or can be,
sunt, they are. sint, they may or can be.

Imfierfect. Imfierfect

eram,
eras,
was,
I
thou wast,
essem,
esses, thou
n might,
f
erat, he was, esset, he ! could,
eramus, we were, essemus we 'should, or
eratis, ye were, essetis, ye | would be.
erant, they were. essent, theyj
Perfect. Perfect.

fui, I have been, fuerim,

fuisti, thou hast been, fueris, thou
•1
fuit, he has been, fuerit, he (may, or can
fuimus, we have been, fuerimus, we [have been,
fuistis, ye have been, fueritis, ye |

fuerunt, they have been, fuerint, theyj

Plufierfect. Plufierfect.

fueram, I had been, fuissem, I"

might,
fueras, thou hadst been, fuisses, thou
could,
fuerat, he had been, fuisset, he
>should,
fueramus, we had been, fuissemus, we
or would,
fueratis, ye had been, fuissetis,
have been
fuerant, they had been. fuissent, theyj '

F irst future. Future fiast*

ero, I shall or will be, fuero, I shall have been,
eris, thou shalt or wilt be, fueris, thou shalt have been,
erit, he shall or will be, fuerit, he shall have been,
erimus, we shall or will be, fuerimus, we shall have been,
eritis, ye shall or will be, fueritis, ye shall have been,
erunt, they shall or will be, fuerint, they shall have been,

* The future past belongs to both the Indicative and Subjunctive.

The first future of the subj. is compounded of the participle future,
and sim, quinfuturus sim, who doubts that I shall be ?
as; quis dubitat,
the participle, being a verbal adjective, agrees with its substantive in
gender, number, and case.
 VERBS. 31

Imperative.

Es, or esto, be thou, este, or estote, be ye,

esto, let him be, sunto, let them be,

Infinitive,

Pres. and imperf. esse, to be.

Perf. and pluperf. fuisse, to have been.. ,

Future, futurus, -a, -urn, esse, or fuisse, to be,

or to have been about to be.
Participle fut. futur-us, -a, -um, about to be; or he,
she, it, that will or shall be.

So are also conjugated all the compounds of sum, as;

adsum, desum, prmsum, intersum, etc. except prosum, and
possum, which see among the irregular verbs.

Observation.

1. Every sentence, however simple, has a subject, and

a PREDICATE.
2. The subject is the person or thing, concerning
which something is affirmed, and it answers to the ques-
tion who? or what? with the verb, as; All things proceed
from God; here all things is the subject.
3. The predicate is the affirmation itself, or what is
said of the subject, as; All things proceed from God; pro-
ceed from God is the predicate.
4. The subject is often after the predicate, as; " The
wages of sin is death;" here death is the subject; is the
wages of sin the predicate.
,

5. The subject may consist of a whole sentence, as;

"That he would act thus,was not to be expected" The
nearest approach to happiness, is to enjoy from heaven,
health, wisdom, and peace of mind." That he would act
thus, and, to enjoy from heaven, health, wisdom, and
peace of mind are the subjects.
6. The subject is sometimes separated from the predi-
cate, or it is itself divided by one or more sentences, as; "The
sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, and
the rest that we enjoy, admonish us of a superior Power."
Here, the sun, the food and the rest, arethe subject to ad-
monish us, etc.
32 VERBS.

7. Every finite verb, that is, every verb in the indicative,

subjunctive, or imperative, requires the subject to be in the
nominative, and agrees with it in number and person.
8. Of all subjects, ego, I, is the only first person singu-
lar, and nos, we, the first person plural; tu, thou, or you,
is the second person sing., vos, ye or you, is the second
person plural; and all other subjects are of the third per-
son.*

RULE VI.

A verb agrees with its subject, or nominative in num-

ber and person.

I was, (ego) eram,

Ye have been., (vos) fuistis,
Let the servant be, servus esto,
The servants would have servi fuissent.
been,

EXERCISE.
I am with friends. (Ego) sum cum amicus.
Thou art in great danger. (Tu) sum in magnus pe-
riculum.
He was in the army. (Ille) sum apud exerci-
tus.
She was among the (Ille) sum inter ancilla.
maids.
We shall be around a (Ego) sum circum fons
spring of cool water. frigidus aqua.
Ye would be under a sha- (Tu) sum sub umbrosus
dy oak. quercus.
They will be near the an- (Ille) sum juxta antiquus
cient temple of Ceres, templum Ceres.
The quickest foot (men) Velox pedes sum cum
will be with the cavalry. equitatus.
The mortal wound was Mortalis vulnus sum in
on the head along the ear. caput secundum auris.
All things are under the Omnis(negotium)sum sub
control of a higher power. imperium superior potestas.
* The pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it, we, ye, and they, are omitted
in the Latin, unless they are used with an emphasis.
 VERBS. 33

The dispute is before the Lis sum sub judex.

judge.
Carthage, a celebrated ci- Carthago, celeber urbs
ty of Africa, is opposite Africa, sum contra Italia.
Italy.
The embassadors were Legatus sum de gravis
for a very weighty reason, causa, cum dux Romanus.
with the general of the Ro-
mans.
Licinius was at the army Licinius sum apud exer-
with Lucius Lucullus, a citus cum Lucius Lucullus,
most renowned commander. clarus imperator.
The two remaining le- Duo reliquus legio sum
gions had been in the great- in magnus castra.
er camp.
The liberty of the repub- Libertas respublica, sum
would have been in the
lic, penes ambitiosus tribunus
hands of an ambitious tri- miles.
bune of the soldiers.
Observations.
The verb Sum, has often a noun after it, agreeing with
the subject according to Rule No. I, or III; hence,

RULE VII.
The verb Sum, has the same case after it that it has
before it, belonging to the same person or thing.
"^ Usus est optimus magister,
OT
Practice is the best master. W, .^
Exercitatio
„..
est
.

optima ma-
\

J gistra.
Great were the losses. Magna erant damna.

EXERCISE.
You have been a rebel- Tu sum seditiosus plebs
lious tribune of the people. tribunus.
We are veterans of the Ego sum veteranus de
tenth legion. decimus legio.
Nothing is harder. Nihil sum dfficilis.
Pride is the source of all Superbia sum scaturigo
evib. omnis malum.
34 VERBS.

No enemy had been more Nullus hostis sum terri-

terrible. bilis.
The acts of Nero were Facinus Nero sum atrox.
most cruel.
Great was the slaughter Magnus sum cladeseques
of the horse (men) within intra munimentum.
the fortifications.
The cause of Csecilius is Causa Caecilius sum ex-
the most expedite. peditus.
Within the walls affairs Intra murus negotium
were more quiet. sum quietus.
No action of a consul has Nullus actio consul sum
been more violent. vehemens.
After Croesus thou wilt Secundum Croesus tu
be the richest man. sum dives.
The prices are various Pretium sum varius e nu-
according to the number of merus mercator.
merchants.
A
loss by neglect is the Jactura per negligentia
most disgraceful. sum turpis.
The arrogance of oratory Arrogantia eloquentia
is the most troublesome. sum molestus.
The books of Xenophon Liber Xenophon sum uti-
are very useful for many lis ad multus res.
things.
Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus Tullus Cicero,
the orator, was a very fa- orator, sum celeber philo-
mous philosopher. sophus.
Impudence is the greatest Impudentia sum magnus
leader to all things base. dux ad quisque turpis.
Temperance is the enemy Temperentiasuminimica
of lusts, lusts are the attend- libido, libido sum consecta-
ants of pleasure. trix voluptas.
Romulus, the grandson of Romulus, nepos Numi-
Numitor, was the founder tor, sum conditor urbs Ro-
of the city of Rome. ma.
The glory of the father's Gloria virtus pater sum
virtue is the son's best in- bonus hsereditas filius.
heritance.

10° The student will please return now to page 25.

 VERBS. 35

CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE VERBS.

There are four conjugations of active verbs, which are
distinguished from one another by the formation of the
present infinitive.
A verb that belongs to the
First Conjugation, changes o, of the present indicative
into are with a long, as : am-o, am-are ; be-o, be-are.
Second Conjugation changes eo into ere with e long, as:
doc-eo, doc-ere.
Third Conjugation changes o, or io into ere with e
short, as: teg-o, teg-ere; cap-io, cap-ere.
Fourth Conjugation changes io into ire with i long, as,
aud-io, aud-Ire.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

ACTIVE VOICE.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine.

amo, amare, amavi, amatum, to love.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
The Pres. Ind. is a principal part, as:
Sing. Amo, I love, or do love,
amas, thou lovest, or dost love,
amat, he loves, or doth love,
Plur. amamus, we love or do love,
amatis, ye love, or do love,
amant, they love, or do love.

IMPERFECT.
The Imperfect Ind. is formed from jthe Pres. Ind. by
changing o into abam in the first conjugation, as: am-o,
Sing, amabam, I loved, or was loving,
amabas, thou lovedst, or wast loving,
amabat, he loved, or was loving.
Plur. amabamus, we loved, or were loving,
amabatis, ye loved, or were loving,
amabant, they loved, or were loving.
 :

36 ACTIVE

PERFECT.
The Perfect Ind. is a principal part, as
Sing, amavi, I loved, or have loved,
amavisti,* thou loved st, or hast loved,
amavit, he loved, or has loved,
Plur. amavimus, we loved, or have loved,
amavistis, ye loved, or have loved,
amav-erunt, or ere, they loved, or have loved.

PLUPERFECT.
The Pluperfect Ind. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by
changing iinto eram in all the conjugations, as : amav-i,
Sing. amaveram,I had loved,
amaveras, thou hadst loved,
amaverat, he had loved,
Plur. amaveramus, we had loved,'
amaveratis, ye had loved,
amaverant, they had loved.

FIRST FUTURE.
The Future Ind. is formed from the Present Ind.
first
by changing o into abo in the first Conj. as: am-o,
Sing, amabo, I shall, or will love,
amabis, thou shalt, or wilt love,
amabit, he shall, or will love,
Plur. amabimus, we shall or will love,
amabitis, ye shall, or will love,
amabunt, they shall, or will love.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
The Pres. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Ind. by
changing o into em in the first conj. as : am-o,
Sing, amem, I may, or can love, also let me love,
ames, thou mayst, or canst love,
amet, he may, or can love.
Plur. amemus, we may, or can love, or let us love,
ametis, ye may, or can love,
ament, they may, or can love.

* V, vi, ve, are often dropped, as: amdsti for amavisti, amdrunt
for amaverunt.
 VERBS. 37

IMPERFECT.
The Imp. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Infinitive by
adding the letter m in. all the conjugations, as:
amare,
Sing, amarem, I might, could, would, or should love,
amares, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst
love,
amaret, he might, could, would, or should love.
Plur. amaremus, we might, could, would, or should love,
amaretis, ye might, could, would, or should love;
amarent, they might, could, would, or should love.

PERFECT.
The Perf. Subj. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by chang-
ing i into erim in all the conjugations, as : amavi,

Sing, amaverim, I may, or can have loved,

amaveris, thou mayst, or canst have loved,
amaverit, he may, or can have loved,
Plur. amaverimus, we may, or can have loved,
amaveritis, ye may, or can have loved,
amaverint, they may, or can have loved.

PLUPERFECT.
The Pluperf. Subj. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by
c ranging i into issem in all the conjugations, as: amav-i,

Sing, amavissem, I might, could, would or should have

loved,
amavisses, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or
shouldst have loved,
amavisset, he might, could, would or should have
loved.
Plur. amavissemus, we might, could, would, or should
have loved,
amavissetis, ye might, could, would, or should
have loved,
amavissent, they might, could, would, or should
have loved.
 ;

38 ACTIVE

future past, belonging to both the Ind. and Subj.

The Future past is formed from the Perf. Ind. by

changing i into ero, in all the conjugations, as; amav-i,

Sing, amavero, I shall have loved.

amaveris, thou shalt have loved.
amaverit, he shall have loved.
Plur. amaverimus, we shall have loved.
amaveritis, ye shall have loved.
amaverint, they shall have loved.

IMPERATIVE MODE.
The Imperative is formed from the Pres. Infinitive, by
casting off re in all the conjugations, as ; ama-re,
Sing, ama, or amato, love, love thou, or do thou love.
amato, let him love.
Plur. amate, or amatote, love, love ye, or do ye love.
amanto, let them love.

INFINITIVE MODE.
The Pres. Inf. is a principal part, as
amare, to love.
The Perf. Inf. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by chang-
ing i into isse in all the conj. as: amav-i,
amavisse, to have loved.
The Fut. Inf. is formed from the Part. Fut. by adding
esse, or fuisse, as,
amatur-us, a, um esse or fuisse, to be, or to have
been about to love.

PARTICIPLES.
The Part. Present is formed from the Pres. Ind. by
changing o into ans in the first conj. as: am-o,
amans, loving, or he who loves.
The Part. Fut. is formed from the supine by changing
m into rusy in all the conj. as: amatum,
amatur-us, a, um, about to love, one who will love.
 :

VERBS. 39

GERUNDS.
The Gerund is formed from the participle pres. by
changing s into dum in all the conj. as: aman-s,
Nom. amandum, loving, or the necessity of loving.
Gen. amandi, of loving.
Dat. amando, to or for loving.
Ace. amandum, loving, or the necessity of loving.
Voc.
Abl. amando, with, from, in, or by loving.

SUPINES.
The first Supine is a principal part, as
amatum, to love.
The second Supine is formed from the first by reject-
ing 7?2, as amatu-m,
:

amatu, to love, or to be loved.

Verbs to be conjugated,^
Laudo, I praise. Concilio, I unite.
Probo, I prove. Veto, I forbid.
Sublevo, I lift. Seco, I cut.
Spolio, I deprive. Juvo, I help.
Beo, I bless. Domo, I conquer.
Calceo, I shoe. Do, I give.

OBSERVATION.
The formation ofthe tenses, that are not directly
all
formed from the Pres. Ind. is the same in all the conjuga-
tions; hence the student should not attempt the second
conjugation, before he is completely master of the first j
and he will save labour and time.
40 ACTIVE

II. CONJUGATION.
ACTIVE VOICE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. ISufiine.

Doceo, docere, docui, doctum, to teach.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Doceo, doces, docet, docemus, docetis, docent.
Imp. Docebam,docebas, doce-bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant.
Perf. Docui, docuisti, docu-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere.
Plup. Docueram, docue-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant.
Fut. Docebo, docebis, doce-bit, -bimus, -bitis,-bunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Doceam, doceas, doce-at, -amus, -atis, -ant.
Imp. Docerem, doceres, doce-ret, -remus, -reds, -rent.
Perf. Docuerim, docueris, docue-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint.
Plup. Docu-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent.
Fut. Past. Docue-ro, -ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint.

IMPERATIVE.
Doce, or doceto, docete, or docetote,
doceto, docento.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. Docere. Perf. Docuisse. Fut. Docturus esse,
or fuisse.

Particifiles. Gerunds. Supines.

Pres. Docens, N. Docendum, 1. Doctum,
Fut. Docturus. G. docendi, 2. Doctu.
D. docendo,
A. docendum,
A. docendo.

Verbs to be conjugated.
Moneo, I warn. Jubeo, I order. Video, I see.
Przebeo, I afford. Moveo, I move. Augeo, I increase.
Terreo, I frighten. Spondeo, I promise. Deleo, I blot out.
Habeo, I have, Mordeo, I bite. Lugeo, I bewail.
 VERES. 41

III. CONJUGATION.
ACTIVE VOICE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Sufiine.
Tego, tegere, texi, tectum, to cover.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. Tego, tegis, tegit, tegimus, tegitis, tegunt.
Imp. Tegebam, tegebas, tege-bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant.
Perf. Texi, texisti, tex-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere.
Plup. Texeram, texeras, texerat, texe-ramus,-ratis,-rant.
Fut. Tegam, teges, teget, tegemus, tegetis, tegent.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Tegam,
tegas, tegal, tegamus, tegatis, tegant.
Imp. Tegerem, tegeres, tege-ret, -remus, -retis, -rent.
Perf. Texerim, texeris, texe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint.
Plup. Texissem, texisses, texis-set, -semus, -setis, -sent.
Fut. past. Texero, texeris, texe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint.

IMPERATIVE.
Tege,* or tegito, tegite, or tegitote,
tegito, tegunto.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. Tegere. Perf. Texisse. Fut. Tecturus esse orfuisse.

Participles. Gerunds. Sufiines.

Pres. Tegens, Nom. Tegendum, 1. Tectum,
Fut. Tecturus. Gen. tegendi, -2. Tectu.
Dat. tegendo,
Ace. tegendum,
Abl. tegendo.

Verbs to be conjugated.
Scindo, I cut. Uro, I burn. Extinguo, I quench.
Csedo, 1 beat. Jungo, I join. Capio, I take.
Tango, I touch. Quaero, I seek. Jacio, I throw.
Cingo, I gird. Arcesso, I send for. Inspicio, I inspect.

* Dico, duco, and facio, make die, or dicito; due, or ducito; fac, or
facito.
4*
42 ACTIVE

IV. CONJUGATION.

ACTIVE VOICE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine.

Audio, audlre, audivi, auditum, to hear.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Audio, audis, audit, audimus, audltis, audiunt.
Imp. Audie-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant.
Perf. Audi-vi, -visti, -vit, -vimus, -vistis, -verunt or -vere.
Plup. Audiveram, audive-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant.
Fut. Audiam, audies, audi-et, -emus, -etis, -ent.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.Audiam, audias, audi-at, -amus, -atis, -ant.
Imp. Audirem, audires, audi-ret, -remus, -retis, -rent.
Perf. Audiverim, audive-ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint.
Plup. Audivis-sem, -ses, -set, -semus, -setis, -sent.
Fut. Past. Audive-ro, -ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint.

IMPERATIVE.
Audi, or audito, audite, or auditote,
audito, audiunto.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Audire, Perf. Audivisse, Fut. Auditurus esse, or
fuisse.

Participles. Gerunds. Sufiines.

Pres. Audiens. N. Audiendum, 1. Auditum.
Fut. Auditurus, G. audiendi, 2. Auditu.
D. audiendo,
A. audiendum,
A. audiendo.
 VERBS. 43

VERBS TO BE CONJUGATED.
Finio, Vincio, I bind. Punio, I punish.
I finish.
Custodio, I guard. Sepelio, I bury. Sancio, I ratify.
Nutrio, I nourish. Sepio, I surround. Fulcio, I prop.
Impedio, I hinder. Haurio, I draw. Invenio, I find.

Formation of all the Tenses in the four Conjugations.

The present ind., the pres. inf., the perf. ind., and the first su-
pine, which must be obtained from the Dictionary, or practice, are
called the Principal Parts, because all the other parts of the verb
are formed from them.

From the Present is formed

Indicative
1. The Imperfect by changing- o into abam, in the first conj.
Ind.
as: am-o, am-abam; in the second we change eo'mtoebam, as: doc-eo,
doc-ebam; in the third and fourth o into ebam, as: teg-o, teg-ebam;
audi-o, audi-ebam.
2. The First Future Ind. by changing o into abo in the first conj.
as: am-o, am-abo; in the second conj. we change eo into ebo, as: doc-
eo, doc-ebo; in the third and fourth o into am, as: teg-o, teg-am,
audi-o, audi-am.
3. The Present Subj. by changing o into em in the first conj. as:
am-o, am-em; in the second, third and fourth we change o into am,
as: doce-o, doce-am; teg-o, teg-am; audi-o, audi-am.
4. The Participle Pres. by changing o into ans in the first conj. as:
am-o, am-ans; in the second conj. we change eo into ens, as: doc-eo,
doc-ens; in the third and fourth o into ens, as: teg-o, tegens; audi-o,
audi-ens.
5. The Gerund by changing s of the participle pres. into dum,
as: aman-s, aman-dum; audi-ens, audien-dum.

Fromthe Present Infinitive is formed

The Imperfect Snbj. by adding the letter m, in all the conjuga-
1.
tions, as: amare, amarem; docere, docerem; esse, essem.
2. The Imperative by rejecting the syllable re, as: ama-re, ama;
doce-re, doce; tege-re, tege; audi-re, audi; the third pers. sing, and
plur. are formed by adding o to the same persons of the pres. ind.
as: amat, amato; audiunt, audiunto; est, esto; sunt, sunto.

From the Perfect Indicative are formed

1. The Pluperfect Ind. by changing i into eram, as; amav-i, amav-
eram; docu-i, docu-eram, etc.
2. The Perfect Subj. by changing/ into erim, as: as amav-i, amav-
erim; docu-i, docu-erim; tex-i, etc.
3. The Pluperfect Subj. by changing i into issem, as: amav-i,
amav-issem; docu docu-issero; tex-i, etc.
i,

4. The Future Pust by changing i into ero, as: amav-i, amav-ero;

docu-i, docu-ero; tex-i, ect.
5. The Perfect Inf. by changing i into isse, as: amav-i, amav-
isse; docu-i, docu-isse; tex-i, etc.
44 ACTIVE

From the First Supine is formed

1. The Second Supine by casting"
off the letter m, as: amatu-m,
amatu; doctu-m, doctu.
2. The Participle Fut. by changing m
into rus, as: amatu-m,
amatu-rus, -ra, -rum; doctu-m, etc.
3. The Future Inf. by adding esse or fuisse to the participle fut.
as: amaturus, amatura, amaturum, etc. esse or fuisse; or by the ac-
cusative, amatu-rum, ram, rum, ros, ras, ra esse or fuisse.

Observations,,

1. A Verb Active, as was said page 28, is a verb ending

in o, having a passive in or; but as to its import, we
may here add, that it has also an active signification.
2. A
verb is said to have an active signification, or to
signify actively, when it affirms an action, or effect, pass-
ing from the subject upon an object.
3. The object of a verb, signifying actively, answers to
the question whom or what with the subject and the verb,
and is always put in the accusative. Hence

RULE VIII.

A verb signifying actively governs the accusative.*

Ama Deum. Love God.
Deus est spiritus, quern God is a spirit whom
nemo vidit. no man has seen.

EXERCISE.
We love virtue; they Amo virtus; qusero laus;
sought praise; despise plea- contemno voluptas; colo
sure ; let us practise chari- caritas.
ty.

* It would perhaps be more proper to say that a verb, which go-

verns the objective or accusative case, signifies actively: for "they
live, they eat, they drink, they die," are verbs of the same kind and
neuter verbs; yet when joined with an accusative, they assume the
nature of active verbs, as: they live a happy life, they eat bread, they
drink water, they die a miserable death. Moreover, Cicero was no
doubt as active in his studies as any English scholar, yet as studeo
does not govern the accusative, we say it does not signify actively
and call it a neuter verb, whilst I study, governing the objective case,
is called an active verb.
 VERBS. 45

We fear God ; let others Timeo Deus alius hono-

;

honour the king. Discord ro rex. Discordia contraho

produces strife; riches had lis ; divitiae pario invidia.
caused envy.
The generals drew out Praefectus deduco copiae
their forces into the plain of suus in campus Marathon.
Marathon.
Jugurtha had betaken Jugurtha recipio sui in
himself into the woody locus saltuosus.
places.
Alexander takes Darius's Alexander capio Darius
wife, he puts him to flight, uxor, fugo ipse, fundo totus
he routes his whole army. is exercitus.
Would you kill the man Occido homo, a qui acci-
from whom you have re- pio magnus beneficium ?

ceived the greatest favours?

They who shall carry on Ille, qui gero hie res, sum
this affair, will be the as- vindex libertas noster.
sertors of our liberty.
The consuls had sold the Consul vendo ingens prae-
great booty on account of da propter inopia aerarium.
the want of the treasury.
The earth is a dark body, Terra sum corpus opacus,
which receives its light from qui lumen suus asolaccipio.
the sun.
That friendship is the Is amicitia sum jucun-
most pleasing, which a si- dus, qui similitudo mos con-
milarity of dispositions has jugo.
connected.
Of this number is that di- Ex hie numerus sum ille
vine man Scipio Africanus, divinus homo Scipio Afri-
whom ourfathers have seen. canus, qui pater noster vi-
deo.
We saw many things in Video multus in castra
Pompey's camp, which be- Pompeius, qui designo ni-
trayed too great confidence mius victoria fiducia.
of victory.
Juba, king of Mauritania, Juba, rex Mauritania,
^sends to the borders of his mitto ad finis regnum suus
kingdom four cohorts of quatuor cohors de is copiae,
those troops which he had qui contra Caesar adduco.
brought out against Caesar.
These studies nourish Hie studium alo adoles-
46 ACTIVE

youth, they delight old age, centia, oblecto senectus, or-

they adorn prosperity, they no secundas res, praebeo
offer a refuge in adversity. perfugium in adverse.
May the name of a poet, Sum nomen poeta, qui
which no barbarous nation nullus barbaries violo, sanc-
violates, be sacred with you, tus apud tu humanus ju-
the most humane judges. dex.
Petreius places in the Petreius loco in frons ve-
front the veteran cohorts, teranus cohors, qui conscri-
which he had enrolled on bo ob tumultus ; post is dis-
account of the tumult; be- tribuo caeter copiae.
hind these he displays the
other forces.
The pleasures of the body Voluptas corpus impedio
impede our judgment, they consilium, perverto ratio,
confound our reason, they praestringo oculus, habeo
dim the eyes, they have no nullus cum virtus commer-
connection with virtue. cium.
The wrath of the king Ira rex praebeo tristis se-
gave a sad example of re- ditio exemplum per ingens
;

bellion along a great extent

; litus spatium suspendo duo
of the coast he hung two mille conjuratus.
thousand of the conspira-
tors.
Masinissa, king of the Masinissa, rex Numida,
Numidians, had performed facio clarus facinus milita-
the most brilliant deeds of ris scientia, ob qui accipio
the military art, for which omnis ille regio, qui capio
he received all that country, ab hostis.
which he had taken from
the enemy.
Caius Fabricius carried Caius Fabricius cum Ru-
on with Rufinus, a noble- finus, vir nobilis, gero si-
man, a private dissention in multas ob mos dissimilitu-
consequenceof the disparity do; hie sum avarus, ille
of their dispositions; the contemptor pecunia.
latter was avaricious, the
former adespiser of money.
Obs. Some active verbs, particularly verbs of naming,
or electing, often have by Rules I. and III. two accusa-
tives, as :

He proves himself brave. Praestat se fortem.

 VERBS. 47

The Albans elect Mettus Albani creant Mettum

dictator. dictatorem.

EXERCISE.
The crier proclaimed Ci- Praeco renuntio Cicero*
cero consul. consul.
The senate has declared Senatus Fabius dictator
Fabius dictator. dico.
The dictator named Ser- Dictator declaro Servi-
master of the horse.
vilius lius magister eques.
Our Ennius calls poets Noster Ennius vocopoeta
sacred. sanctus.
The wolf conducted her- Lupa gero sui* mater
self as a mother towards the erga infans.
infants.
Nature itself makes men Natura ipse fingo homo
imitators. imitator.
The Julian family calls Julius gens nuncupo lulus,
lulus, jEneas's son, the au- tineas filius, auctor suus
thor of their name. nomen.
The vestal virgin calls Vestalis virgo Mars in-
Mars the father of the un- certus stirps pater nuncupo.
certain offspring.
The king discharged all Rex dimitto omnis capti-
the prisoners except the ge- vus praeter duo filius dux,
neral's two sons, whom he qui retineo obses.
retained as hostages.
Afterthis victory theking Post hie victoria rex oc-
occupied with the whole ar- cupo cum totus exercitus
my the country which they regio, qui voco Naura.
call Naura.
Thou art a fortunate Fortunatus sum adoles-
youth, who hast found Ho- cens, qui invenio Homerus
mer the proclaimer of thy praeco virtus tuus.
valour.
Julius Caesar called the Julius Caesar Quintilis
month Quintilis, from his mensis, ex suus nomen, Ju-
own name, July. lius appello.
Q. Catulus, the chief of Q. Catulus, princeps hie

* Esse, or tanquam, which are often expressed, are here, and in

similar phrases, understood.
48 PASSIVE

this order, called me the fa- ordo, ego pater patria no-
ther of his country. mino.
In the first Punic war In primus bellumPunicus
the Romans contrived iron Romanus instituo ferreus
hands, which they called manus, qui voco corvus.
grappling irons.
A shady elm, which vain Opacus ulmus, qui vanus
dreams hold as their seat, somnium teneosedes, pando
expands its aged branches annosus bracchium ante
before the very entrance. ipse vestibulum.
The Sicilians, who had Siculus, qui vocito vivus
called Dion, when alive, a Dion tyrannus, idem post
tyrant, vaunted the same mors praedico liberator pa-
man after his death as the tria.
deliverer of their country.

SECOND PART OF TRANSITIVE VERBS,

PASSIVE VOICE.
FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
The perfect ind. and all the tenses, which in the active voice are
formed from the perfect, are in the passive voice compound tenses,
and are formed from the participle perfect and the auxiliary verb
sum; but the participle, being a verbal adjective, agrees with the
subject in gender, number, and case, by rule III. The other tenses
of the indicative and subjunctive are formed from their correspond-
ing tenses of the active by adding the letter r, if the active ends in
o, and by changing m into r, if the active ends in m, as: amo, amor;
amabam, amabar; docebo, docebor; tegam, tegar; audirem, audirer.
The imperative passive is always the same, as the pres. inf. active,
as:amare, to love; amare, or amator, be thou loved.
The present inf. passive is formed from the present inf. active by
changing e into i in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, as:
amare, amari; docere, doceri; audire, audiri; but in the third conj.
we change ere into i, as: tegere, tegi.
The future inf. is formed from the supine by adding iri, as: ama-
tum iri.
The participle perfect is formed from the Supine by changing m
into 5, as: amatum, amatus.
The participle future pass, is formed from the participle pres. act.
by changing s into dus, as: amans, amandus.
 VERBS. 49

I. CONJUGATION.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind.
Amor, amari, amatus sum or fui.

INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Sing. Amor, I am loved.
•is, )
1
thou art loved.
or amare, 5
amatur, he is loved.
Plur. amamur, we are loved.
amamini, ye, or you are loved,
amantur, they are loved.

IMPERFECT.
Sing. Amabar, I was loved.
amabaris, ?
thou wast loved .
or amabare, 3
amabatur, he was loved.
Plufi. amabamur, we were loved.
,
amabamini, ye, or you were loved,
amabantur, they were loved.

PERFECT.
fsum, or have been loved.
fui, I
Amatus, a, um^ es, or fuisti, thou hast been loved.
Lest, or fuit, he has been loved,
fsumus, or fuimus, we have been loved.
» _
1
.
J estis, or fuistis, ye have been loved.
um
' '

T SS 'or
u

PLUPERFECT.
th£ y have been Ioved -

a - feram, or fueram, I had been loved.

ma t
' < eras, or fueras, thou hadst been loved.
a' u
' Lerat, or fuerat, he had been loved.
. . feramus, or fueramus, we had been loved.
ma ' < eratis, or fueratis, ye had been loved.
^a '
Lerant, or fuerant, they had been loved.
5
50 PASSIVE

FIRST FUTURE.
Amabor, I shall, or will be loved.
,hou shalt or wilt be loved
o?a£&Ure, } '
'

amabitur, he shall or will be loved,

amabimur, we shall, or will be loved,
amabimini, ye shall, or will be loved.
'
amabuntur, they shall, or will be loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
FRESENT.
Amer, I let me be loved,
may, or can be loved,
ameris, or amere, thou mayst, or canst be loved,
ametur, he may, or can be loved,
amemur, we may, or can be loved,
amemini, ye may, or can be loved,
ameutur, they may, or can be loved.

IMPERFECT.
Amarer, might, could, would, or should be loved.
I
amareris, ^ thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst
or amarere, 5 be loved.
amarecur, he might, could, would, or should be loved,
amaremur, we might, could, would, or should be loved,
amaremini, ye might, could, would, or should be loved,
amarentur, they might, could, would, or should be loved.

PERFECT.
'sim, or fuerim, I may, or can have been loved.
Amatus, . sis, or fueris, thou mayst, or canst have been
a, um, loved,
sit,or fuerit, he may, or can have been loved,
simus, or fuerimus, we may, or can have been
Amati, loved,
c£) a, sitis, or fueritis, ye may, or can have been loved,
sint, or fuerint, they may, or can have been loved.
 VERBS. 51

PLUPERFECT.

A fessem, or fuissem, I
Amatus, ,
esses> orfuisses> lhou might, could,
a, um,
j^esset, or fuisset, he would, or
» . fessemus, or fuissemus, we '

should have
<i
essetis, or fuissetis,
ye been loved.
Lessent, or fuissent, they

FUTURE PAST.
fero, or fuero, I shall have been loved.
Amatus,
or fueris, thou shalt have been loved.
a, um ^Lerit,
eris,
> or fuerit, he shall have been loved.
. TerimuSj or fuerimus, we shall have been loved,
ma
.

a
'
^ eritis, or fueritis, ye shall have been loved.
' >
Lerunt, or fuerint, they shall have been loved.

IMPERATIVE.
Amare, or amator, be loved, be thou loved,
amator, let him be loved,
amamini, be loved, be ye loved,
amantur, let them be loved.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Amari, to be loved.
Perf. Amatus, a, um, etc. esse or fuisse, to have been loved.
Fut. Amatum iri, to be about to be loved.

PARTICIPLES.
Perf. um, loved, he who has been loved.
Amatus, a,
Fut. Amandus, a, um, about to be loved, deserving to be
loved.
52 PASSIVE

II. CONJUGATION.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Free. Ind. I Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind.
Doceor, doceri, doctus sum or fui.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Doceor, doce-ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur.
Imp. Doceba-r, -ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur.
Perf. Doctus sum, or fui; doctus es, or fuisti, etc.
Plup. Doctus eram, or fueram ; doctus eras, or fueras, etc.
Fut. Doceb-or, -eris, or -ere, -itur, -imur, -imini, -untur.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Doce-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur.
Imp. Docer-er, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur.
Perf. Doctus sim, or fuerim ; doctus sis, or fueris, etc.
Plup. Doctus essem, or fuissem ; doctus esses, etc.
Fut. Doctus ero, or fuero ; doctus eris, or fueris, etc.

IMPERATIVE.
Docere, or docetor, docemini,
docetor, docentur.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. Doceri. Perf. Doctus esse, or fuisse. Fut. Doctum iri.

PARTICIPLES.
Perf. Doctus, a, um. Fut. Docendus, a, um.

III. CONJUGATION.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf Ind.
Tegor, tegi, tectus sum, or fui.
 VERBS. 53

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Teg-or, -eris, or -ere, -ltur, -ltnur, -imini, -untur.
Imp. Tegeb-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -araur, -amini, -antur.
Perf. Tectus sum, or fui tectus es, or fuisti, etc.
;

Plup. Tectus eram, or fueram ; tectus eras, or fueras, etc.

Fut. Teg-ar, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Teg-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur.
Imp. Teger-er, -eris, or -ere, etur, -emur, -emini, -entur.
Perf. Tectus sim, or fuerim ; tectus sis, or fueris, etc.
Plup. Tectus essem, or fuissem ; tectus esses, etc.
Fut. Tectus ero, or fuero tectus eris, or fueris, etc.
;

IMPERATIVE.
Tegere, cr tegitor, tegimini,
tegitoi*, teguntur.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Tegi. Perf. Tectus esse, or fuisse. Fut. Tectum iri.

PARTICIPLES.
Perf. Tectus, a, um. Fut. Tegendus, a, urn,

IV. CONJUGATION.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind.

Audior, audiri, auditus sum, or fui.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Audior, audl-ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -untur.
Imp. Audieb-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur.
Perf. Auditus sum, or fui; auditus es, or fuisti, etc. ,

Plup. Auditus eram, or fueram ; auditus eras, or fueras,

etc.
Fut. Audi-ar, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur.
 ,

54 PASSIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Audi-ar,-aris, qr-are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur.
Imp. Audlr-er, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur.
Perf. Auditus sim, or fuerim ; auditus sis, or fueris, etc.
Plup. Auditus essem, or fuissem ; auditus esses, or
fuiesses, etc.
Fut. Auditus ero, or fuero ; auditus eris, or fueris, etc.

IMPERATIVE.
Audire, or auditor, audimini,
auditor, audiuntur.

INFINITIVE.

Pres. Audire.
Perf. Auditus esse, or fuisse.
Fut. Auditum iri.

PARTICIPLES.
Perf. Auditus, a, urn.
Fut. Audiendus, a, um.

Observations.

Every sentence with an active verb may be so changed,

that its veiVbecomes passive.
When a sentence is" changed from the active into a
passive signification, the object, or accusative of the
active verb becomes the subject, or nominative of the
passive, and the nominative of the active is put in the
ablative with the preposition a, ab, or abs, when it is the
agent; but when it is the cause, manner, or instrument
rather than the agent, the preposition is suppressed, as :

God governs the world. Deus gubernat mundum.

The world is governed A Deo gubernatur mun-
by God. dus.
The providence of God Providentia Dei gubernat
governs the world. mundum.
 ; ;

VERBS. 55

The world is governed Mundus gubernatur pro-

by the providence of God. videntia Dei.

RULE IX.

Passive verbs take after them an ablative of the agent,

or doer, with the preposition a, ab, or abs; but before
the cause, manner, or instrument the preposition is sup-
pressed. § 12.

The city was taken by Urbs ab Annibale capta

Annibal. est.
The city was taken by the Urbs Annibalis consilio
device of Annibal. capta est.

EXERCISE.
I am accused by enemies. Accuso ab iniraicus.
Thou wilt be forced by Compello necessitas.
necessity.
He would have been Inhibeo a socius.
checked by his companions.
We were hindered by va- Impedio varius difficul-
rious difficulties. tas.
Ye will be instructed by Erudio a peritus doctor.
the most skilful teachers.
They will be defended by Defendo natura locus. .

the nature of the place.

We all are drawn by the Omnis traho studium
desire of praise. laus.
The globe of the earth Orbis terra" divido a tri-
had been divided by the tri- umvir in tres pars.
umviri into three shares.
Many serious diseases are Multus gravis morbus
cured by abstinence. euro abstinentia.
Men are caught by plea- Homo capio voluptas,
sures, fishes by the hook. piscis hamus.
Virtue is praised by all Virtus laudo ab omnis
pleasures are shunned by voluptas vito a pauci.
few.
56 PASSIVE

Men are roused to glori- Homo suscito ad prsecla-

ous actions by the love of rus facinus amor laus.
praise.
Youth will be corrupted Inventus corrumpo oti-
by leisure. um.
Friends are retained by Amicus retineo obsequi-
complaisance. um.
The republic had been Respublica vexo per plus
harrassed during several annus a tribunus miles.
years by the tribunes of the
soldiers.
The greatest affairs are Res magnus ago arbitri-
transacted by the will of an um imperitus multitudo.
inexperienced multitude.
He, who loves God, is Qui amo Deus, amo ab
loved by him. They, who ipse. Qui negligo amicus,
neglect their friends, will •negligo ab ipse.
be neglected by them.
Riches have been sought Divitise expeto a pauci
by few for the necessary ad necessarius usus vita.
wants of life.
The young manis accused Adolescens accuse ab is
by the son of him, whom filius,qui ipse in judicium
he himself has summoned voco.
to a trial.
Let us avoid wanton jest Petulans vito jocus; ho-
men were formed by nature mo genero a natura ad qui-
for some greater pursuits. dam magnus studium.
Paris, Priam's son, by Paris, Priamusfilius, a qui
whom Hellen, the wife of Hellena, Menelaus uxor, ra-
Menelaus, had been carried pio, occido a Pyrrhus.
off, was killed by Pyrrhus.
The fame of the Roman Fama populus romanus
people is celebrated by celebro ab is, qui ingenium
those, by whose talents hie victoria trado.
these victories are reported.
Carthage, a most noble Carthago, nobilisurbs Af-
city of Africa, which Dido, rica, qui Dido Phoenissa
the Phoenician, had built, condo, deleo a celeber dux
was destroyed by the fam- Scipio Africanus.
ous captain-general Scipio
Africanus.
 VERBS. 57

Without doubt the house Sine dubium domus ju-

of a lawyer is the oracle of risconsultus sum oraculum
the whole city. Witness of totus civitas. Testis hicce
this is Q. Mucius's door, sum Q. Mucius janua, qui
which, in the weakest state in is infirmusvaletudo mag-
of his health, is frequented nus civis frequentia celebro.
by the greatest concourse
of citizens.
Observation.
The passives of such active verbs, as by rules I. and
III. have two accusatives, often have by the same rules
two nominatives, as
Cicero was accounted Cicero habebatur diser-
eloquent. tus.
Volumnia was saluted Volumnia salutata est re-
queen. gina.

EXERCISE.
Caesar was declared by Caesar dictator perpetuus
the senate dictator for life. a senatus decerno.
Jupiter, the son of Sa- Supiter, filius Saturnus,
turn, was reckoned a god habeo Deus propter pater-
on account of his fatherly nus in populus charitas.
affection towards his peo-
ple.
Among the Lacedaemo- Apud Lacedaemonius is,
nians, those who conduct qui gero amplus magistra-
the highest office, are called te, nomino senex.
old men.
After the death of King Post mors rex Ochus Co-
Ochus, Codomannus is domannus constituo rex a
made king by the people on populus propter pristinus
account of his former brave- virtus.
ry.
M. Cato of Utica collect- M. Cato Uticensis quaes-
ed as quaestor the money tor colligo pecunia rex Pto-
of King Ptolemy, by whom lemaeus, a qui populus Ro-
the Roman people had been manus instituo haeres.
constituted heir.
Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cicero,
the consul, by whom this consul, a qui is conjuratio
58 NEUTER
conspiracy had been sup- opprimo, appello a senatus
pressed, was called by the pater patria.
senate the father of his
country.
History is commended Bistoria testis tempus,
by the voice of the orator lux Veritas, vita memoria,
as the witness of times, magistra vita, nuntia vetus-
the light of truth, the life of tas vox orator commendo.
memory, the mistress of
life, the reporter of anti-
quity.
Obs. The student should now change all the exercises
given on the active verbs into the passive voice, and vice
versa those of the passive.

NEUTER VERBS.
ANeuter verb is a verb ending in o, like an active,
but not affirming an action, passing from the subject upon
an object, and consequently it does not govern an objec-
tive, or accusative case, as: noceo, I hurt, or do harm.
Hence neuter verbs, used in the passive voice, have no
nominative expressed, and are called impersonal verbs,
as: nocetur, harm is done.
Neuter verbs belong to all the conjugations, and are
conjugated in the same manner as active verbs, as:
INDICATIVE.
Pres. Noceo, I hurt, or do harm.
Imp. Nocebam, I was hurting, or doing harm.
Perf. Nocui, 1 have hurt, or done harm.
Plup. Nocueram, I had hurt, or done harm.
Fut. Nocebo, I shall hurt, or do harm.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Noceam, I may hurt, or do harm, etc.
Obs. 1. Some neuter verbs form the perfect, and the
tenses derived therefrom, like passives, from the partici-
ple perfect, and are consequently called nculro-fiassiva,
as: gaudeo, gavisus sum or fui, gavisus eram, etc.; audeo,
ausussum; soleo, solitus sum; fido, fisus sum; so also
the compounds, as: confido, confisus sum; diffido, etc.
Obs. 2. Some neuter verbs, generally called verbs of
 VERBS. 59

gesture, often have by Rules I. and III. the same case

afterthem that they have before them, as:
She walks as a queen. Incedit regina.
The master stays alone. Herus manet solus.
Obs. 3. Neuter verbs, like other parts of speech, often
have the dative of acquisition, that is, the dative of the
thing, or person, to whose advantage or disadvantage,
convenience or inconvenience, satisfaction or displeasure,
any thing may take place. Hence —
RULE X.
Verbs signifying advantage, or disadvantage, or ex-
pressing a relation to or against, take the dative after
them.
Under this rule fall particularly
1. Verbs signifying to firqfit or hurt, to trust, to favour,
or to helfi.
2. To command, to obey, serve, or resist.
3. To threaten, to be angry with.
4. The compounds of satis, bene, and ?nale*
5. The verb sum, with its compounds, (except possum).
6. Verbs compounded with these nine Prepositions, ad,
and super, as:
ante, con, in, inter, ob, firee, sub,

I benefit myself. Mihi proficio.

Fortune favours the brave. Fortuna favet fortibus.
I was present at the bat- Aderam pugnae.
tie.
Every one has his own Suus cuique mos est.
way.

EXERCISE.
I am warm, thou mayst Ego caleo, tu frigeo.
be cold.
He will be grieved, we Ille doleo, ego gaudeo.
shall be glad.
Be ye awake, let them Vigilo tu, sterto ille.
snore.

* The simple verbs of these compounds are active verbs; but as

the compounds do not govern an accusative, they may be considered
as neuter verbs.
60 NEUTER
The magpies will chatter; Pica garrio ; immundus
may grunt.
the filthy pigs sus grunnio.
The unlucky raven had Infaustus corvus crocito;
crowed; the ass, the carrier asinus vector Silenus rudo.
of Silenus, would have bray-
ed.
The sword is blunt ; the Ferrum hebeo ; dexter
right (hand) is benumbed. torpeo.
The meadows are green, Pratum vireo, arbor flo-
the trees were blooming, reo, gemma turgeo in lgetus
the buds are swelling on the palmes.
verdant twig.
The head of the old man Caput senexcaneo ; ager
was white ; the field is areo iratus mare horreo
; ;

parched the enraged sea

; noster lacryma aresco.
looks horrible ; our tears
will be dried up.
The fleecy sheep did bleat; Villosus ovis balo ; leo,
the lion, the lord of the fo- dominus sylva, rugio du- ;

rest, would roar; the stur- rusbos mugio,omnis nemus

dy oxen may low, the whole remugio.
grove will answer with low-
ing.
Dogs, the most faithful Canis, fidus herus comes,
attendants of their master, latro.
will bark.
The cock, the vigilant Gallus, vigil Aurora prae-
proclaimer of the morning, co, canto de summus arbor.
had crowed from the top of
the tree.
The geese in the Roman Anser in Romanus arx
castle cackled at the ap- crocito ad adventus Senones.
proach of the Senones.
That black cloud will Ater nubes ssevio, fes-
ille
rage, let us hasten to the tino ad proximus littus.
nearest shore.
The boys were playing in Puer colludo in viridis
the green meadow; the girls pratum puella salto sub
;

were dancing under this hie umbrosus quercus.

shady oak.
The,two queens had come Duo regina venio ad col-
to a conference ;
peace has loquium ;
pax ordino inter
been concluded between is.
them.
 VERBS. 61

After the death of Codrus Post mors Codrus Athe-

the government of Athens nae administratio devenio ad
devolved on magistrates, magistratus, qui Archon
who were called Archons. appello.

Exercise of Observation II.

The fortifications of this Munitio hie locus maneo

place remained unimpaired. integer.
The traitors stood at the Sto .proditor ad palus,
stake, trembling for fear. trepidus prae metus.
• Amongst the Romans the Apud Romanus legiona-
legionary soldiers marched rius miles incedo pedes.
on foot.
Our poet slept secure Vates noster dormio tu-
from black vipers in the tus ab ater vipera in sylva
forests of Apulia. Apulia.
The rest of the fleet stood Reliquus classis sto vacu-
abandoned by its defenders us a defensor in medius flu-
in themiddle of the river. men.
The Scythians, who had Scythae, qui victor ex
come off victorious from acer praelium decedo, ebrie-
the severest battles, were tas vinco.
conquered by drunkenness.
Fame, goddess,
a filthy Fama, foedus Dea, qui
who during the day sits as per dies sedeo custos in cul-
a watch on the top of the men summus tectum, con-
highest roof, conceals her do caput inter nubila.
head among the clouds.
Darius Hystapes, whose Darius Hystaspes, qui
horse had neighed first, was equus hinnio primus, saluto
saluted king by the gran- rex a princeps Persa, qui
dees of the Persians, who ante sol ortus ad regia ve-
had come to the palace be- nio.
fore the rising of the sun.

Exercise on Observation III.

I sleep for my own good ;

Dormio ego; Iaboro tu
thou labourest for thy own succenseo ego ; caveo tu.
benefit he will be angry at
;

me; take care of yourselves.

6
 ;

62 NEUTER
Let us assist the misera- Subvenio miser occurro;

ble you would have met

;
concilium inimicus tuus
the designs of your enemy ; adsum tuus difficilis res.
I shall attend to your most
difficult affairs.
The youth that obeys his Adolescens, qui obedio
parents, resists bad exam- parentes, resisto malus ex-
ples, plies his studies, will emplum, vaco studium,
outshine his fellow stu- praeluceo condiscipulus.
dents.
Cicero, the orator, had a Cicero, orator, sum*
ready eloquence. promptus eloquentia.
Some men have a weak- Quidam homo insum im-
ness of judgment, others becilitas judicium, alius de-
want prudence. sum prudentia.
Kings have long hands. Rex sum longus magnus.
Poverty wants many Inopia desum multus,
things, avarice (wants) all avaritia (desum) omnis.
things.
Thebes was for many Thebas per multus annus
years subject to a foreign pareo alienus imperium.
power.
They have, as shades, the Idem cura equus qui ille
same care for horses, which sum vivus, ipse umbra in-
they had when living. sum.
The houses of illustrious Domus homo illustris
men are open for illustrious pateo illustris hospes.
guests.
This most prudent ad- Hie sapiens consilium
vice displeased all except displiceo omnis prseter rex.
the King.
Many good young men Multus bonus adolescens
favoured that villain. studeo ille homo nequam.
In that conspiracy was In is conspiratio sum
Q. Curius, who had an old Q. Curius, qui sum vetus
acquaintance with Fulvia, consuetudo cum Fulvia, no-
a noble lady. bilis mulier.

* When swot, or is used to express / have, and desum for

insum
J have not, or I want;
the nominative of the English verb is put in
the dative, and the English objective case becomes the subject to
the Latin verb, as: I have books, mihi sunt libri. They have not mo-
ney, illis deest pecuuia.
 ;

VERBS. 63

Livius Salinator fled with Livius Salinator confugio

the soldiers, who had escap- cum miles, qui supersum
ed the slaughter, to theTa- caedes, in Tarentinus arx.
rentine cidatel.
I shall provide for the Prospicio salus is, qui in
safety of those, whom I hie periculum deduco; tu
have led into this danger tu consulo.
do you provide for your-
selves.
The parricides raged Paricida saevio in setas,
against the age, which the qui atrox parco hostis.
most cruel enemy would
have spared.
Mazaeus, who command- Mazaeus, qui praesideo
ed the passage, sat idle on iter, sedeo segnis in tumu-
the hill, which he had oc- lus, qui occupo.
cupied.
Clitus was killed by Alex- Clitus occido ab Alexan-
ander, whose safety he had der, qui salus ipse consulo
consulted in the greatest in magnus periculum.
dangers.
There were two factions. Sum duo factio. Ege-
Egesaretus, a man of old saretus, vetus homo po-
power, favoured Pompey's tentia, Pompeianus stu-
affairs Petreius a youth of
; deo res; Petreus, adolescens
the greatest nobility, assist- summus nobilitas, juvo Cae-
ed Caesar. sar.
The rusty boat ap- Ferrugineus cymba ap-
proaches the bank ; the propinquo ripa ; sordidus
shabby ferry-man Charon portitor Charon deturbo ani-
chases off the souls, that sit ma, qui sedeo per longus
alongthelongbenches. Cha- jugum. Charon accipio in-
ron receives the great Mne- gens iE.neas in sutilis cym-
as into his patched-up boat, ba, qui gemo jsub pondus.
which groans under his Vir incolumis expono in in-
weight. The hero is safely formis limus trans fluvius.
landed in the shapeless mire
beyond the river.
64 DEPONENT

DEPONENT VERBS.*
A deponent verb is a verb ending in or, like a passive,
but having either an active, or neuter signification,! as
sequor, I follow ; tumultuor, I am noisy.
05s. Deponent verbs, signifying actively, govern the.
accusative according to Rule VIII.
Deponent verbs belong to all the conjugations, and are
conjugated like passives; but they deviate with respect
to the fut. inf., participles, etc. as will appear from the
following example.

Sequor, I follow.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Ind. Pres, Inf. Per/, Ind.

Sequor, sequi, secutus sum, or fui.

INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
Sequor, I follow, or do follow.
sequeris or
thou followest, or dost follow.
sequere,
sequitur, he follows, or does follow.
sequimur, we follow, or do follow,
sequimini, ye follow, or do follow,
sequuntur, they follow, or do follow.

* Deponent verbs, verba deponentia, are thus called, because they

have and with it their active ter-
laid aside their passive signification,
mination; hence there are some verbs, which are used both as pas-
sive, and deponent verbs, as: punior, I am punished, and I punish;
impertior, I present, and I am presented; for the same reason have
the participles of the perfect frequently, and the participles in dus
always a passive signification, as expertus having tried, and being
tried; emensus, having, or being measured.
f Nascor, I am born, has a passive signification.
 VERBS. 65

IMPERFECT.
Sequebar, I followed, or was following.
sequebaris, or
thou followedst, or wast following.
sequebare,
sequebatur, he followed, or was following.
sequebamur, we followed, or were following,
sequebamini, ye followed, or were following,
sequebantur, they followed, or were following.

PERFECT.
Secutus sum, or fui, I followed, or have followed,
secutus es, or fuisti, thou followedst, or hast followed.
secutus est, or fuit, he followed, or has followed,
secuti sumus, or fuimus, we followed, or have followed,
etc. etc.

PLUPERFECT.
Secutus eram, or fueram, I had followed,
secutus eras, or fueras, thou hadst followed,
etc. etc.

FUTURE.
Sequar, I shall, or will follow.
sequeris, 01
thou shalt, or wilt follow.
sequere,
sequetur, he shall, or will follow.
sequemur, we shall, or will follow.
sequeraini, ye shall, or will follow.
sequentur, they shall, or will follow.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
Sequar, I may, or can follow.
sequaris, or
^ thou mayst, or canst follow.
sequare, 5
sequatur, he may, or can follow.
sequamur, we may or can, or let us follow.
sequamini, ye may, or can follow.
sequantur, they may, or can follow.

6*
66 DEPONENT

IMPERFECT.
Sequerer,
sequereris, or
thou
sequerere, might, could,
sequeretur, he >would, or
sequeremur, we should follow.
sequeremini, ye
sequerentur, theyj

PERFECT.
Secutus sim, or fuerim, I may, or can have followed.
secutus sis, thoumayst, or canst have followed,
etc. etc.

PLUPERFECT.
Secutus essem, or fuissem, I might, could, would,
secutus esses, or fuisses, or should have followed,
etc. etc.

FUTURE PAST.

Secutus ero, or fuero, I shall have followed.

secutis eris, or fueris, thou shalt have followed,
etc. etc.

IMPERATIVE.
Sequere, or
follow, or follow thou.
sequitor,
sequitor, let him follow.
sequimini, follow, or follow ye.
sequuntor, let them follow.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. and Imperf. sequi, to follow.
Perf. and Pluperf. secutus esse, or fuisse, to have fol-
lowed.
Future, secuturus esse, or fuisse, to be about to follow.

PARTICIPLES.
Pres. sequens, following.
Perfect, secutus, a, um, having followed.
 VERBS. 67

Fut. active ; secuturus,* a, um, about to follow, he that

will follow.
Fut. passive; sequendus,t a, um, he who deserves, or
ought to be followed.

GERUNDS.
Nom. sequendum, the necessity of following.
Gen. sequendi, of following.
Dat. sequendo, to, or for following.
Ace. sequendum, following.
Abl. sequendo, with, from, etc. following.

SUPINES.
1st. secutum, to follow.
2d. secutu, to be followed.

EXERCISE.
I. CONJUGATION.
They deign we ; will assist j
Dignor; auxilior ; as-
she would have despised. pernor.
Ye may endeavour; they Conor; causor ; meri-
would allege; he takes a nap. dior.
Let us rejoice; he might Laetor ; glorior ; insi-
glory; they will lay snares. dior.

II. CONJUGATION.
Pity thou ; ye would pro- Misereor ; tueor; polli-
tect ; they promise. ceor.
We have supposed ; he may Reor medeor
; ; fateor.
heal ; I shall confess.
She had feared he ; will Vereor ; liceor ;
profi-
ted ; we would profess. teor.

* Nascor, morior and orier make nasciturus, moriturus and oritu-

rus', orior and its compounds are, in the present ind., particularly in
the third person sing., generally of the third conj., but in the pre-
sent inf. and the imperf. subj. generally of the fourth.
f The participle in dus belongs only to deponent verbs that have
an active signification; yet there are exceptions, potiendus or potiun-
das, fruendus, uUndus often occur;
 ;

68 DEPONENT

III. CONJUGATION.
Awaken ye ; they will be Expergiscor j irascor
angry ; she may have com- queror.
plained.
Thou wouldst enjoy ; die Fruor ; morior ;
profi-
thou ; let us set out. ciscor.
They will remember ;
ye Reminiscor ; loquor ;

were speaking ; use thou ; re- utor : revertor.

turn ye.

IV. CONJUGATION.
Thou they may flat-
liest ; Mentior blandior; ; sor-
ter ; I had obtained by lot. tior.
You would assent they en- ; Assentior ; molior ; ex-
terprise; she has experienced. perior.
They will take thou ; Potior; impertior ; or-
wouldst impart ; he has be- dior ; metior.
gun they had measured.
;

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES.
Industrious boys deserve Diligens puer mereor
praise. laus.
Deceitful servants shall Fallax servus patior
suffer punishment. poena.
Gnawing cares attend the Mordax cura sequor pe-
money of the miser. cunia avarus.
The joyful mother had em- Laetus mater amplexor
braced her son returning. filius redux.
Honours are accompanied Superbia comitor ho-
by pride.* nor.
The woman had been ac- Mulier criminor inimi-
cused by her enemies. cus.
He confesses himself a par- Confiteor sui paricida.
ricide.
The centurions without Centurio sine mora, ex-
delay executed the com- sequor imperium rex.
mands of the king.

* When an English passive verb is to be rendered Latin by a de-

ponent verb, the English must be changed, so that the verb become
active, as; he is followed by his servants; ipsum sequuntur servi, i. e.
his servants follow him.
 VERBS. 69

Fortune has accompanied Fort una comitor conatus

your endeavours. vester.
He finds fault with us, Reprehendo ego, qui ad*
who admire these effusions miror hie effusio pecunia.
of money.
Many cruel wars have Multus atrox bellum ex-
arisen from most trifling orior de levis causa.
causes.
L. Philip obtained with- L. Philippus sine ullus
out any present, all the of- munus, adipiscor omnis offi-
fices which are reckoned the cium, qui habeo amplus.
greatest.
Cethegus, who complain- Cethegus, qui queror de
ed of the inactivity of his ignavia socius, Cicero ipse
companions, would have at- aggredior.
tacked Cicero himself.
No one, who has gained Nemo, qui consequor for-
the fame of fortitude by titudo gloria per insidiae,
snares, has obtained any adipiscor ullus laus.
praise.
The first commendation Primus adolescens com-
of a youth arises from his mendatio proficiscor a mo-
modesty, the second from destia, secundus a pietas in
his affection towards his parens, tertius a benevolen-
parents, the third from his tia in suus. '

kindness towards his own.

The barbarians perceived Barbarus sentio magnitu-
the greatness of Scipio's do Scipio animus, qui as-
mind, who despised the pernor regius nomen, qui
royal name, which other caster mortales admiror.
mortals admire.
Alexander had killed Cal- Alexander occido Callis-
listhenes, by whom he had thenes, a qui ad vita revoco;
been recalled to life; this qui crudelitas serus poeni-
cruelty was followed by too tentia consequor.
late a repentance.
The three legions, which Tres legio, qui egredior
had gone out of the camp e castra cum sol occasus,
with the setting of the sun, opperior in tumulosus locus
awaited in a hilly place the adventus hostis.
arrival of the enemy.
Caesar revenged in the Caesar ulciscor in praeli-
battle on this side of the um citra flumen Araris, om-
70 IRREGULAR

river Araris, all the injuries nis injuria, qui Romanus

which the Roman people populus accipio ab Helve-
had received from the Hel- tii.

vetii.
Alexander changes his Alexander muto vestis in
garments into a foreign peregrinus habitus; sequor
dress; he follows the man- mos gens, qui sperno ante
ners of the nations, which victoria; imitor triumphus
he had despised before the Liber.
victory; he imitates the tri-
umph of Bacchus.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
A
verb, which is not conjugated according to any one
of the four conjugations, is called irregular.
The irregular verbs are, generally speaking, irregular
in the present ind. only, and the tenses formed from it.
Besides sum, and its compounds, already given page
29, the most common irregular verbs are: firosum, fios-
sum, volo, nolo, malo,fero,Jio, eo, veneo, queo, nequeo, and
edo.

I. Prosum, I do good.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Per/. Ind. Part. Fut.

Prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus.

This verb, compounded of firo and sum, is conjugated

like sum; but a d is inserted, wherever the verb sum be-
gins with a vowel, as; prosum, firodes, firodcst, firosumus,
firodestis, firosunt.

Imfierfect, proderam, proderas, proderat; etc.

II. Pcssum, compounded of fiotis and sum.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perf. Ind.
Possum, posse, potui.
 VERBS. 71

Pres. Possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt.

Imp. Poteram, poteras, poterat, poteramus, etc.
Perf. Potui, potuisti, is regular.
Pluperfect is regular.
Fut. Potero, poteris, poterit, poterimus, poteritis, pote-
runt.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Possim, possis, possit, possimus, possitis, possint.

The four remaining tenses are regular. The Impera-

tive is wanting.
Infinitive pres. Posse. Perf. is regular. The rest is
wanting.

III. Volo, I will, I am willing.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perfect.
Volo, velle, volui.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt.
The four remaining tenses are regular, according to
the third conjugation.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velint.
The remaining tenses are regular. The Imperative is
wanting.
Infinitive pres. Velle. Perf. Voluisse.
Participle pres. Volens. The rest is wanting.

IV. Nolo, (compound of non and volo,) I will not, I

am not willing.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perf Ind
Nolo, nolle, nolui.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt.
The rest is regular according to the 3d conjugation.
72 IRREGULAR
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Nolim, nolis, nolit, nolimus, nolitis, nolint. The
rest is regular.
IMPERATIVE.
Noli, or } be thou unwilling, Nolite, or > be ye unwilling,
nolito 3 or d° not ' nolitote, 5 or do not>
Inf. pres. Nolle. Perf. Noluisse.
Participle pres. Nolens.
The rest is wanting.

V. Malo, (compound of ?nagis and voio) i

I will, or
wish rather, I am more willing.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Ind. Pres. Inf. Pres. Perf. Ind.
Malo, malle, malui.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. Malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt.
The rest is regular according to the third conj.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Malim, malis, malit, malimus, malitis, malint.
The rest is regular.

imperative is wanting.
Inf. pres. Malle. Perf. Maluisse.
The rest is wanting.

VIII. Eo, I go, an irregular of the fourth conj.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Ind. Pres. Inf. Pres. Perf Ind. Sufiine.
Eo, ire, ivi, itum.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. Eo, is, it, Imus, itis, eunt.
Imperf. Ibam, ibas, ibat, ibamus, ibatis, ibant.
Perfect. Ivi, ivisti, ivit, etc.
Pluperf. Iveram, iveras, etc.
Future. Ibo, ibis, ibit, ibimus, ibitis, ibunt.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Earn, eas, eat, eamus, eatis, eant.
The rest is regular.
(
 VERBS. 73

IMPERATIVE.
I, or ito, go, go thou ; ite, or itote, go, go ye
ito, let him go. eunto, let them go.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Ire ; Perf. Ivisse ; Fut. Iturum, am, um, esse, or
fuisse.
Particifiles. Gerunds: Supines.
Pres. lens. gen. euntis. Nom. Eundum, I. Itum.
Fut. Iturus, a, um. Gen. eundi, II. Itu.
Dat. eundo,
Ace. eundum,
Abl. eundo.
In like manner are also conjugated the compounds of eo, as:
Abeo, Igo away, exeo, I go out.
adeo, I go to. redeo, I return,
anteeo, I go before, depereo, I perish,
coeo, I unite with, transeo, I pass over, etc.

Of Veneoy I go off, or am sold, (compound of venum and eo, ) we

do not use the imperative, nor the participles, gerunds, or supines.

VII. Queo, I can.

VIII. Nequeo, I cannot.
These two verbs are conjugated like <?o, but they are
not used in the imperative, or the gerunds and the par- ;

ticiples occur but rarely.

IX. Fero, I carry, I bear, I suffer.

This verb is an irregular of the third conjugation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine.
Fero, ferre, tuli, latum.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt.
The rest of the indicative, and the whole subjunctive,
are regular.
IMPERATIVE.
Fer, or ferto, ferte, or fertote,
ferto, ferunto.
The rest is regular.
7
74 IRREGULAR
PASSIVE.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres Inf. Per/. Ind.
Feror, ferri, latus sum, or fui.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Feror, ferris, or ferre, fertur, ferimur, ferimini, fe-
runtur.
The rest of the indie, and the whole subj. is regular.
IMPERATIVE.
Ferre, or fertor, ferimini,
fertor, feruntor.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. Ferri. The rest is regular.

In like manner are also conjugated all the compounds

of fero, as:
affero, aufero, confero, differo, offero, refero.

X. Fio, I am made, I become.

This verb is the passive of Facio.*

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind.
Fio, fieri, factus sum, or fui.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Fio, fis, fit, fimus, fitis, fiunt.
Imperf. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat, fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant.
Perfect. Factus sum, or fui, factus es, or fuisti, etc.
Pluperf. Factus eram, or fueram, factus eras, etc.
Future. Fiam, fies, fiet, fiemus, fietis, fient.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Fiam, fias, fiat, fiamus, fiatis, fiant.
Imperf. Fierem, fieres, fieret, fieremus, fieretis, fierent.
Perfect. Factus sim, or fuerim, factus sis, or fueris, etc.
Pluperf. Factus essem, or fuissem, factus esses, etc.
Future past. Factus ero, or fuero, factus eris, etc.
*AU the compounds of facio, which retain the a, make the passive
in fio, as: madefacio, madefio,- calefacio, colefio; but those compounds,
which change a into i, have the passive regular, as: officio, afficior;
efficio, efficior.
 VERBS. 75

IMPERATIVE.
Fi, or fito, fite, or fitote,
fito, fiuuto.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Fieri. Perf. Factum esse, or fuisse.
Future. Factum iri.

PARTICIPLES.
Perf. Factus, a, urn, Fut. Faciendus, a, um.

XI. Edo, I eat.

This verb together with its compounds is regular ac-

cording to the third conj.; yet it takes also all the per-
sons of sum, that begin with es, as:

Ind. Pres. Edo, I eat; es, thou eatest ; est, he eats; —

estis, ye eat; —
Subj. Imp. Essem, I might eat; esses, esset, essemus,
essetis, essent.
Imperat. Es, esto; este, estote. Inf. Esse, to eat.
So compounds: comedo, comes, comest, com-
also the
estis, comessem, etc.; exedo, exes, exest, exestis, etc.

DEFECTIVE VERBS.
Those verbs which want some of the modes, or tenses,
are called defective. They are
Memini, Forem, Salve,
Coepi, Afforem, Cedo,
Odi, Ausim, Quaeso,
Aio, Faxim, Ovat.
Inquam, Ave,
The three first are called preterit verbs.

I. Memini, I remember, or have remembered, is a re-

gular perfect ; it is used also for the present, and has all
the tenses formed from the perfect.
76 DEFECTIVE

INDICATIVE.
Present.
Memini, -]

Meministi,
Meminit, I
il remember, or
Meminimus, n
I
I have remembered.
Meministis,
Meminerunt, j
PLUPERFECT.
Memineram, I remembered, or had remembered.
memineras,
meminerat, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
PERFECT.

Meminerim, I may remember, or may have remem-

memineris, bered.
meminerit, etc.

PLUPERFECT.

Meminissem, I might remember, or might have re-

merninisses, membered.
meminisset, etc.

FUTURE PAST.

Meminero, I shall remember, or shall have remembered.

memineris,
meminerit, etc.

IMPERATIVE.
Memento, remember thou ; mementote, remember ye.

INFINITIVE.

PERFECT.

Meminisse, to remember, or to have remembered.

 VERBS. 77

II. Coen, I begin, or have begun, is also a regular

perfect; and is conjugated like memini, but has no imper-
ative ; it has however the
Participle fut. ccepturus, a, um, about to begin,
Part. Perf. passive, coeptus, a, um, begun.
Hence the compound tenses of the passive, as ; coeptus
sum, orfui; coeptus eram, coeptus sim, etc.

III. Odi, I hate, or have hated, is conjugated like the

preceding.
Participle fut. osurus, a, um, about to hate.
Part. Perf. active, osus, a, um, hating, or having
hated.

IV. Aio, I say.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Aio, ais, ait, , , aiunt.
Imp. Aiebam, aiebas, aiebat, aie-bamus, -batis, -bant.
Perf. -
— , aistr.

|
SUBJUNCTIVE/
Pres. , aias, aiat, — *
— , aiatis, aiant.

Imperat. ai, say thou. Part. Pres. aiens, saying.

V. Inquam, I say.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. Inquam, inquis, inquit,inquimus, inquitis, inqui-

Imp. — ,
unt.
-linquiebat, , , inquiebant.
Perf. , inquisti, inquit. '

Fut. inquies, inquiet,

, , , inquient.

Imperative, Inque, or inquito, say, say thou.

Part. Pres. Inquiens, saying.

VI. Forem, for essem, I might, could, would, or should

be.
Subjunct. Imperf. Forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis,
forent.
Inf. Fut. Fore.
7*
 78 DEFECTIVE

VII. Afforem, for adessem, I might be present.

Subjunct. Imperf. Afforem, affores, afforet, afforemus,
afforetis, afforent.
Inf. Fut. Affore.

VIII. AusiM, I may dare.

Subj. Pres. Ausim, ausis, ausit, , , ausint.

IX. Faxim, for fecerim, I may have done.

Subj. Perf. Faxim, faxis, faxit, faxitis, , faxint.
Fut. Faxo, faxis, faxit, faxitis, faxint. ,

X. Ave, hail, be thou well, God save you.

Imperat. Ave, or aveto; avete, or avetote.
Infin. Avere.

XI. Salve, hail, be thou well, God save you.

Imperat. Salve, salveto; salvete, or salvetote.
Infinit. Salvere.*

XII. Cedo, tell, give thou; cediterf tell, or give ye.

XIII. Qu^so, pray, I pray, quaesumus, pray, we pray.

XIV. Ovat, he rejoices, tye triumphs in the lesser

triumph.
Subj. Ovet, ovaret.
Part. Pres. ovans. Part. Perf. Pass, ovatus.
Gerund, gen.ovandi.

Observe yet, that of dari, and fori, the first person sing, of the
pres. Ind. and Subj. viz. dor, der; for, fer, and probably the whole
pres. Subj. fer, feris, fetur, etc. are not in use. Of Scio we do not
use sci nor scite, but scito, and scitote.

Obs. I. Some of the defective and irregular verbs, as

ccefii, fiossum, volo, etc. are rarely found without another

verb in the same sentence.

To the defective verbs may be added defit, it is wanting", de/iet, de-
fieri. Infit, he begins,
dpage, or rather apage te, be gone, from
the Greek ecjnsyg, abduc.

* Cic. ad Attic, salvebis a meo Cicerone.

f Cedite is often contracted into cette, as: cette manus vestras.
Enn.
 f

VERBS. 79

Obs, II. A simple sentence can have but one finite verb.
Hence

RULE XI.
One verb governs another in the infinitive.*
Caesar would not engage. Caesar nolebat dimi-
care.
They had not been able to Nequiverant deterrere
deter the enemy. hostem.
A bridge has been begun Pons coeptus est insti-
to be built. tui.
They endeavour to satisfy Conantur nobis satisfa-
us. cere.

Obs. III. After verbs of a sense, or an effect, such as

to hear, to see, to perceive, to think, to hope, to know, to
dream, to wonder, to rejoice, to inform, to be known, to
be evident, in fine after all verbs of giving, or receiving
information, the English language generally has the fol-
lowing verb resolved by that expressed or understood,
as: I believe that he is honest; or I believe, he is honest.
To render such phrases into Latin, we omit the conjunc-
tion that, put the following verb in the infinitive, and its
subject in the accusative. This is sometimes imitated
in the English as: I believe him to be honest, Hence —
RULE XII.
All verbs of information, also jubeo, fiatior, and some
others govern the following verb in the infinitive with its
subject in the accusative.
The enemy thought that Hostis nos decipi posse
we could be deceived. credebat.
* A verb of local motion requires the following- verb to be ex-
pressed by the supine in um, as: he is gone to teach, ivit dodum.
j- 1. To this rule may be referred the verbs of wishing, permit-
ting, forcing, to be just or proper, as: volo, studeo, cupio, cogo,
sequum est, fas est, etc. The verbs of asking, as oro, flagito, rogo,
etc. have the conjunction generally expressed.
2. The tense of the verb in the infinitive depends on its rela-
tion with the preceding verb, namely, whether its affirmation with
regard to the preceding verb is present, past, or yet to come.
3. The accusative, se, eum, eos, etc. and esse, belonging to the
infinitive, are often omitted.
80 VERBS.

I am glad my sister has re- Gaudeo sororem meam

turned. esse reversam.
He expected that the towns- Oppidanus auxilium la-
men would bring assistance. turos sperabat.
He ordered the palace to be Regiam incendi jussit.
fired.

Exercise on Rule XI,

Think (thou) on death. Memini morior.
I remember to have read Memini lego hie liber.
this book.
You had begun to study Coepi studeo philoso-
philosophy. phia.
He cannot be angry at any Nequeo succenseo quis-
one. quam.
They wished to go Britain. Volo proficiscor in Bri-
tannia.
We prefer to stay in Gaul. Malo maneo in Gal-
lia. »
Thou wishest to be rich ; as Tu volo sum dives ; sa-
a wise man, thou wouldst ra- piens valeo malo.
ther wish to be well.
Let us endeavour to be such Conor sum is qui ha-
as we wish to be reckoned. beo volo.
Without virtue true friend- Sine virtus verus ami-
ship cannot exist. citia sum nequeo.
Who would dare to renew Quis audeo renovoprse-
the battle with the few horse- lium cum pauci eques,
men that have followed us? qui ego sequor.
Alexander is said to have Alexander dico subigo
subdued the most warlike na- bellicosus natio.
tions.
The senate had decreed to Senatus decerno mitto
send embassadors to the em- legatus ad imperator.
peror.
The two kings are said to Duo rex fero perficio
have finished the affairs which res, qui coepi ago inter is.
had been begun to be trans-
acted between them.
Comius was said to have Comius dico statuo vi-
resolved to avoid the sight of to conspectus quisquam
every Roman. Romanus.
All the things that I have Omnis, qui dico, sum
 VERBS. 81

mentioned, are important do ; magnus ; nolo contemno

(thou) not despise them. is.
The house of C. Caesar, a Domus C. Caesar, cla-
most eminent man, was re- rus vir, nuntio oppugno
ported to have been besieged per multus nox hora.
for many hours of the night.
These were the leaders of Hie sum Graecia dux,
Greece, except the kings, praeter rex, qui attingo
whom I did not wish to med- nolo.
dle with.
There is no art, in which Nullus sum ars, in qui
all the things, that can be ac- omnis, qui possum effi-
complished by that art, are cio ille ars, trado a doctor.
conveyed by the teacher.
Hast thou been able to de- Possum populor hie
vastate this land, which has terra, qui tu gigno, qui
begotten thee, which feeds thy alo liberi tuus, qui sus-
children, which supports thy tento mater tuus.
mother ?
Thefoundation of perpetual Fundamentum perpe-
commendation is justice, tuus commendatio sum
without which nothing can justitia, sine qui nihil pos-
be praiseworthy. sum sum laudabilis.
Nobody can without elo- Nemo sine eloquentia
quence attain the name of an nomen oratorobtineo pos-
orator, all other arts can do sum, omnis caeter ars sine
their part without it. is suum munus praesto
possum.

Exercise on Rule XII,

, Horatius confesses, that by Horatius fateor suus

his hand his sister had been manus soror interficio.
slain.
Fabius expected, that the Fabius spero, fama no-
fame of his name would sub- men suus paco iEqui.
due the iEqui.
Alexander suffered himself Alexander patior sui
to be called the son of Jupiter appello filius Jupiter
Hammon. Hammon.
He was betrayed by her, Prodo ab ille, qui cre-
whom he had reckoned to be do sum arnica fidelis.
his most faithful friend.
82 VERBS.

The soldiers declared, that Miles nego sui fero ar-

they would not bear arms ma contra civis.
against a fellow citizen.
Scaevola said that the best Scaevola dico bonus
part of the speech had been pars sermo in hie dies
deferred to his day. differo.
Dost thou think that in the Puto in vestatio omnis
devastation of all things, thy res, tuus possessio sum
possessions will be sacred. sacrosanctus.
We
see that the whole lives Video, totus aetas in-
of the brightest men have geniosus homo conteroin
been spent in this study. hie studium.
Fortune herself, that mis- Fortuna ipse, ille res
tress of human affairs, con- humanus domina, totus
fesses, that all this glory is hie gloria sum tuus fa-
your own. teor.
Lucilius, a most learned Lucilius, homo doctus,
man, did not wish to debate nolo disputo de hie stu-
concerning these studies be- dium apud rusticus; malo
fore the illiterate; he rather oratio suus intelligo ab
wished his speech to be un- auditor.
derstood by the hearers.
L. Philip, a most eminent L. Philippus, vir cla-
man, used to boast, that he rus, glorior soleo, sui sine
without a present had obtain- munus adipiscor omnis,
ed all things, which are reck- qui habeo magnus.
oned the greatest.
Do (ye) not suffer the king- Nolo patior regnum
dom of Numidia, which is Numidia, qui sumvester,
yours, to decline by crimes, per scelus, per sanguis
by the blood of our family. familia noster tabesco,
The embassadors, who had
come to Caesar from Thessa- Legatus, qui ex Thes-
ly,promised, that their cities salia ad Caesar venio, poi-
would comply with his com- liceor suus civitas imper-
mands. atum facio.
Scipio Nasica exclaimed: Scipio Nasicaexclamo:
may those who wish the re- qui respublica salvus sum
public to be safe, follow me. volo, ego sequor.
yCaesar had been informed, Caesar facio certior vo*
ina.t the disposition of all the luntas omnis Iguvini,
Iguvians, whom Thermus the qui Thermus praetor prae-
 VERBS. 83

praetor governed, was the best sum, sum bonus erga sui.
towards him.
Do (thou) not think, that Nolo existimo, Pom-
Pompey's army, which
this is peius hie sum exercitus,
conquered Gaul. I attended qui Gallia devinco. Om-
all the battles. A
very small uls intersum praelium.
part of that army is remain- Perexiguus pars ille ex-
ing, the greatest part has pe- ercitus supersum, mag-
rished. nus pars depereo.
Thorius, who had led the Thorius, qui adduco
veteran legions to Corduba, vetus legio ad Corduba,
pretended, that he wished to dictito, sui volo recupero
recover the provinces which provincia, qui deficio a
had revolted from Cn. Pom- Cn. Pompeius.
pey.
The nations of all the east Natio totus orienssedi-
had built magnificent temples fico magnificus templum
in honour of Jason, which, in honor Jason, qui post
after many years, Parmenio, multus annus, Parmenio,
a general of Alexander the dux Alexander Magnus,
Great, ordered to be pulled diruo jubeo.
down.
The king, who had under- Rex, qui cognosco Mi-
stood that Mithridates was oppidum appro-
thridates
approaching the town, sent pinquo, mitto adversus is
against him great forces, by magnus copise, qui credo
which he thought the enemies hostis sine dubium pos-
could be kept back without a sum retineo.
doubt.
Alexander, who desired to Alexander, qui cupio
enter Tyre, a most fortified intro Tyrus, urbs muni-
city, said, that he wished to tus, dico sui volo sacrifico
offer a sacrifice to Hercules; Hercules;Macedo rex cre-
that the kings of the Macedo- do, ipse duco genus ab
nians believed, that they drew ille Deus. Tyrii respon-
their race from that God. deo, sum templum Her-
TheTyrians replied that there cules extra urbs.
was a temple of Hercules
without the city.
The priest of Jupiter Ham- Sacerdos Jupiter Ham-
mon denied, that the father of mon nego, parens Alexan-
Alexander could be injured by der possum violo scelus
the wickedness of any man; he ullus homo; adjicio omnis
84 IMPERSONAL

added that all the murderers interfector Philippus luo

of Philip had suffered their supplicium; Alexanderip-
punishments; that Alexander se forem invictus.
himself would be invincible.

OF IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Impersonal verbs are such as are generally used in the
third person singular only. § 13.
Impersonal verbs rarely have a subject, or nominative
expressed, and then only the pronouns hoc, id, quod, quid;
or they have an infinitive, or a whole sentence for their
nominative, as; tonat, it thunders; id licet, this is allowed;
vivere secundum naturam licet, it is allowed to live accord-
ing to nature.
Impersonal verbs have either an active or a. passive ter-
mination.
Most of those which have an active termination, are
rarely used as personal verbs, as; tonat, it thunders; licet,
it is allowed; filuit, it rains; lucescit, it dawns.
Other verbs are thus sometimes used impersonally, as;
Jit, it happens; necesse est, it is necessary; delectat, it
pleases; etc.
Those, which have a passive termination, come
1. From neuter verbs, which, not governing an ac-
cusative in their active termination, cannot have a sub-
ject, or nominative in their passive termination. Thus
from faveo, I favour, or show a favour, we have favetur,
a favour is shown; from fiugno, I fight, fiugnatur, a battle
is fought, or some persons fight.
2. From
active verbs, particularly those, which do not
admit of an accusative of the person, as; nuntiatur, it is an-
nounced, or the news is brought; traditur, it is delivered;
traditur famd, it is handed down by fame.*

Impersonal verbs are conjugated according to one or

the other of the regular conjugations; they have however
no imperative, instead of which we use the present sub-
junctive.

* These verbs are also used in the passive voice as personal verbs
with the nominative of the thing, as; minx graves nuntiabantur, Sal.
Liter* traduntur, Cic.
 VERBS. 85

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf Ind.
Licet, licere, licuit.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Licet, it is lawful, it is allowed.
Imperf. Licebat, it was lawful, it was allowed.
Perf. Licuit, it has been lawful.
Pluperf. Licuerat, it had been lawful.

Fut. Licebit, it will be lawful.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. Liceat, it may be lawful, let it be lawful.
Imperf. Liceret, it might be lawful.
Perf. Licuerit, it mayhave been lawful.
Pluperf. Licuisset, it might have been lawful.
Fut. past. Licuerit, it shall have been lawful,

INFINITIVE.
Pres. Licere, to be lawful.
Perf. Licuisse, to have been lawful.

With a fiassive termination.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perfect.
Favetur, faveri, fautum est.

INDICATIVE.
Pres. Favetur, a favour is sho wn.
Imperf. Favebatur, a favour was shown.
Perf. Fautum est, or fuit, a favour has been shown.
Pluperf. Fautum erat, or fuerat, a favour had been shown.
Fut. Favebitur, a favour will be shown.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres, Faveatur, a favour may be shown,
a favour let
be shown.
Imperf. Faveretur, a favour might be shown.
Perf. Fautum sit, or fuerit, a favour may have been shown.
Pluperf. Fautum esset, or fuisset, a favour might
have been shown.
Fut. past, Fautum erit or fuerit, a favour shall have
been shown.
86 IMPERSONAL
INFINITIVE.
Pres. Faveri. Perf. Fautum esse, or fuisse.

Obs. I. Impersonal verbs with an active signification,

take the dative of acquisition, as;
INDICATIVE.
It is allowed to me, or
Pres. Licet mihi, £
I am allowed.
licet tibi, thou art allowed.
licet illi, he is allowed,
licet nobis, we are allowed.
licet vobis, ye are allowed.
licet illis, they are allowed.
Imp. Licebat mihi, I was allowed,
licebat tibi, thou wast allowed, etc.
Perf. Licuit mihi, I have been allowed, etc.
Plup. Licuerat mihi, I had been allowed, etc.
Fut. Licebit mihi, I shall be allowed, etc.
Subj. Pres. Liceat mihi, I may be allowed, let me be al-
lowed, etc.

II. Active and neuter verbs, which take the dative of

acquisition, retain the same, when they are used with a
passive termination, whether as personal or as imperson-
al verbs, as:
A favour is shown to me,
Favetur mihi.
or, I am favoured.
It is announced to me, or,
> Nuntiatur mihi.
I am informed,
Hence:
Indie. Present.

Favetur mihi,
favetur tibi,
j
A favour is shown to me, to thee,
to him, to us, etc.
favetur illi,
or
favetur nobis,
I am favoured, thou art favoured,
favetur vobis,
he is favoured, etc.
favetur illis,
Imfierfect.

Favebatur mihi, I was favoured.

Favebatur tibi, etc. Thou wast favoured, etc.
 VERBS. 87

Perfect.
Fautum est mihi, etc. I have been favoured, etc.
fautum est nobis, we have been favoured,
etc. etc.

In like manner:
C It is announced to me,
Pres. Nuntiatur mihi.
\ or, I am informed.
nuntiatur tibi, etc. thou art informed, etc.
nuntiatur nobis, etc. we are informed, etc.
Imp. Nnntiabatur mihi, I was informed.
Perf. Nuntiatum est mihi, I have been informed,
etc. etc. etc.

RULE XIII.
Impersonal verbs take the dative of acquisition, as
I am succeeded. Succeditur mihi.
We are commanded. Imperatur nobis.
They please. Lubet illis.
EXERCISE.
It lightened ; it would have Fulgurat; intonat; gran-
thundered ; it was hailing ; it dinat ; gelascit.
will freeze.
It may snow ; it will rain Ningit; pluit ego om-
for us all ; it grows evening ; nis; vesperascit;post pau-
after a few hours it will dawn. ci hora dilucescit.
It pleases me to die with- Lubet ego morior sine
out disgrace. dedecus.
It contributes to health to Conducit salus vivo e
live according to nature. natura.
It pleases the gods, that Placet Superi nihil ex
nothing be left of so great a tantus urbs relinquo.
city.
The same thing would Idem contingit tu, qui
have happened to you, which evenit ille.
happened to them.
You were allowed to pass Licet tu ago aetas in
your life in exile with the exilium cum summns tur-
greatest infamy. pitudo.
It benefits all good men, Expedit omnis bonus,
that the republic be safe. respublica sum salvus.
88 IMPERSONAL

Other nations thought, that Caeter natio idem licet

the same thing was allowed sui arbitror.
to them.
An agreement has been Convenit inter duo cla-
made between the two great- rus dux suus aetas de con-
est generals of their age con- ditio pax.
cerning the conditions of
peace.
You, who were allowed to Tu, qui licet sum fortu-
be the most fortunate, pursue natus, sector miser praeda.
a miserable prey.
It pleased the other gene- Placet caeter dux, Philo-
rals, that Philotas, the way- tas insidiator bonus rex,
layer of the best king, be obruo^axum.
overwhelmed with stones.
We pardoned ye
will be ;
Ego ignoscitur; tu re-
would be resisted he had ; sistitur ; ille mandatur ;

been commanded; let them be ille indulgetur.

indulged.
They served fame ; virtue is Fama servitur ; virtus
opposed ; vice will be favour- obstatur ; vitium favetur ;
ed; no labour would be spared. nullus labor parcitur.
Weare met by the learned. Occurritur ego a doctus.
There was a doubt concern- Dubitatur de ille salus.
ing his safety.
What is that, concerning Quis sum is, de qui
which the dispute is? disputatur?
They go into an ancient Itur in antiquus sylva,
forest, the high dens of the altus stabulum fera.
wild beasts.
One age is favoured, ano- Alius aetas favetur, alius
ther will be envied. invidetur.
Itwas believed, that Romu- Creditur Romulus abeo
lus had gone to the gods. ad Deus.
The contest will be concern- Decertatur de sui, de
ing themselves, concerning liberi suus, de patria, de
their children, concerning fortuna.
their country, concerning their
fortunes.
Silence will be kept concern- Siletur de magnus ille
ing the greatest injuries of latro injuria.
that robber.
 VERBS. 89

Important are the causes, Magnus sum causa in

in which we contend about the qui certatur de civilis jus.
civil law.
The consul had been in- Nuntiatur consul mag-
formed that very great forces nus Pceni copiae ex Africa
of Carthaginians had set out proficiscor.
from Africa.
This comeliness, which Hie decorum, qui elu-
shines in life, produces the ceo in vita, moveo appro-
approbation of those, with batio is, quicum vivitur.
whom we live.
Concerning this whole kind De hie totus genus im-
of expenses I have argued in pensa disputatur in is li-
those books, which I have ber, qui scribo de respub-
written concerning the re- lica.
public.
After Sylvius the sceptre Post Sylvius regnatur
was swayed in Alba Longaby inAlba Longa a tredecim
thirteen kings during the rex per spatium quadrin-
space of four hundred years. genti annus.
Caesar Augustus professes Caesar Augustus profi-
himself the avenger of Caesar, teor sui ultor Caesar dic-
the dictator a battle is fought
; tator ; pugnatur apud
at Philippi, a town of Thes- Philippi, urbs Thessalia.
saly.
They, who wish no one to Hie, qui nemo a tu ig-
be pardoned by you, oppose noscitur volo, impedo de-
your clemency. mentia tuus.
During three hundred whole Per tercentum totus
years the government will be annus regnatur sub Hec-
under Hector's family. toreus gens.

OF PARTICIPLES.
A participle is an adjective, derived from a verb, and
implying time. § 14.
Obs. I. Participles have always the same government
as the verbs, of which they are parts.
Obs. II. The Participle in dus, or of the future passive,
imports necessity, or obligation rather than futurity, and
instead of the ablative of the agent with the preposition
a or abi it takes the dative, as :
8*
90 PARTICIPLES.

He ought, or he is deserv- Audiendus est mihi.

ing, to be heard by me.
Obs. III. When two or more verbs are connected by
the relative who, which, or that, or by the conjunctions
and, as, when, whilst, after, or although ; these connecting
words may often be omitted, and the former verb or
verbs be elegantly expressed by participles, as :
The man who loves God, Homo, amans Deum,
is happy. est felix.
The happiness of the man, Felicitas hominis, aman-
that loves God^ is certain. tis Deum, certa est.
Catiline is run through, Catilina pugnans con-
whilst he is fighting. foditur.
The traitors after they had Proditores, virgis caesi,
been beaten with rods, were securi percussi sunt,
executed with the axe.
Obs. IV. In order to get a proper participle, we have
often to change the verb from the active into the passive,
and vice versa, as
He tortured and killed him. Excruciatum (eum) ne-
cavit.
The enemies fled, and were Equites nostri hostes
pursued by our horse, who fugientes insecuti, mag-
slew a great number of them, num eorum numerum in-
terfecere.

Obs. V. After making the aforesaid changes, we often

get a substantive with a participle, independent of the
rest of the sentence, which is put in the ablative; hence

RULE XIV.
Asubstantive with a participle, independent of the
rest of the sentence, is put in the ablative, called abso-
lute* as : (§ 15.)

* This ablative generally expresses time, and is governed by the

preposition de, sub, cum, a, or ab, as: cum_Diis volentibus. Cato.
Positis repetistis ab armis. Lucan.
 :

PARTICIPLES. 91

After our general had rout- Noster dux, hostibus

ed the enemies, he returned fusis, rediit in castra.
to the camp. Or, The enemies
being routed, our general re-
turned to the camp.
With the will of God (i. e. Deo volente, hoc opus
God being willing) I shall perficiam.
finish this work.

Obs. Instead of participles we often use substantives,

or adjectives, which may also be explained by existente,
or existentibus understood, as
What I have undertaken by Quod suasore (i. e. sua-
your advice, I shall accom- dente) te suscepi, adjutore
plish with your assistance. te exequar.
He did it without my know- Me inscio (i. e. nesci-
ledge. ente) hoc fecit.

EXERCISE
We all live obedient to Omnis vivo obediens
others. alius.
Sink and overwhelm their Submersus obruo pup-
ships. pis.
Plato died whilst he was Plato scribens morior.
writing.
He chases and puts into Misceo agens omnis tur-
confusion the whole multi- ba.
tude.
The body of Tiberius, Corpus Tiberius mor-
when dead, was thrown into tuus in flumen projicio.
the river.
The path of death must be Via lethum sum calcan-
trod by all. dus omnis.
They carry on wars that Gero prselium conjux
must be spoken of by their loquendus.
wives.
He took the city by a siege, Deleo urbs obsidio cap-
and destroyed it. tus.
Chorcebus, ready to die, Chorcebus injicio sui-
throws himself into the midst sui moriturus in medius
of the enemy. hostis.
92 PARTICIPLES.

The turrets, being built in Turris, in medius ager

the middle of the mount, were erectus, extra telum jac-
beyond the throw of a dart. tus sum.
The enemies proceeded, Hostis progressus, in
and into the snares that
fell insidiae circa iter locatus
had been laid about the road. delabor.
Horrid famine shall force Dirus fames subigo tu
you to consume the gnawed ambesus absumomensa.
trenchers.
Metellus, distrusting the Metellus, diffidens ve-
veteran army, enrolls soldiers. tus exercitus, conscribo
miles.
What care has the boy for Ecquis cura amissus
his lost mother? parens sum puer ?
A traveller ought to avoid Viator nocturnus ad
a nocturnal arrival at the city. urbs adventus vitandus
sum.
The women, that had been Raptus mulier audeo
carried off, dared to place sui inter volans telum in-
themselves between the flying fero.
darts.
May we be allowed to bring Licet ego subduco clas-
up the fleet, shattered by the sis ventus quassatus.
winds.
We saw Ti. Gracchus, when Ti. Gracchus, respub-
he disturbed the republic, for- lica vexans, ab amicus de-
saken by his friends. relictus video.
Antigonus delivered up Antigonus Eumenes
Eumenes, when dead, to be mortuus propinquus is
buried by his relatives. sepeliendus trado.
Heentreats his father by Obtestor genitor per
the smoking ruins of Troy fumans Troja e versus
destroyed. excidium.
The dictator yielded to the Dictator cedo precis
prayers of the brothers in- frater obsecrans is pro
treating him for the safety of salus frater.
their brother.
I have a mind to finish the Ego sum animus per-
solemnities, which I have be- ficio sacra, qui inceptus
gun and prepared. paro.
Conon, having returned to Conon, cum pars navis
 PARTICIPLES. 93

his country with a part of the in'patria reversus, murus

ships, caused the walls of Athenae reficiendus euro.
Athens to be rebuilt.
Aulus Posthumius, having
been made dictator, engaged tator factus, cum hostis
with the enemies at the lake apud Regillus lacus con-
Regillus. fligo.
Will you rush in upon us, Irrumpo in ego pro-
when prostrate at the feet of stratus ad pes victor, fi-
the conqueror, trusting to his dens is humanitas, qui tu
humanity, which you yourself ipse experior ?

have experienced.
Orestes, being fired with Orestes, inflammatus
great love for his ravished magnus amorereptus
spouse, kills Pyrrhus at his conjux, obtrunco Pyrrhus
country's altars. ad patrius ara.
Fabius Quintus, who alone Fabius Quintus, qui
had survived the family, unus extinctus ad Creme-
which was destroyed at the ra gens supersum, creo
Cremera, was made consul consul cum Ti. Aemilius,
with Ti. Aemilius.
As an enemy I wished to Hostis hostis occido
kill an enemy after me there
; volo; longus post ego or-

is a long file of men seeking do sum petens idem de-

the same glory. cus.
Antipater sent to Alexan- Antipater ad Alexan-
der, who had pursued the ene- der, fugiens hostis inse-
mies in their flight, messen- cutus, mitto nuntius de
gers to make him acquainted motus Graecia is certior
with the movement of Greece. facturus.
The king, having attempted Rex hie urbs expugno
to take this city, was repuls- adortus, magnus vis is
ed by the great courage of defendens repello.
those that defended it.
He learned from the spies, Cognosco ab explora-
that all the forces of the Bel- omnis Belga copiae in
tor,
gae had been drawn together unus locus coactus ad sui
into one place and were ad- venio.
vancing towards him.
Catiline was found among Catilina reperio inter
the dead of the enemies, re- hostis cadaver, retinens
taining that fierceness, which ferocia, quihabeo vivus.
he had had when living.
94 PARTICIPLES.

Caius Lutatius, coming in- Cajus Lutatius, adve-

to informed, that
Sicily, is nietis in Sicilia,nuntiatur,
the greatest fleet of the Car- magnus Poeni classis ex
thaginians was coming from Africa venio.
Africa.
Scipio Africanus being or- Scipio Africanus jus-
dered to plead his cause, he, sus causa dico, sine ullus
without any mention of the crimen mentio, magnifi-
charge, delivered a magnifi- cus oratio de res a sui ges-
cent oration concerning the tus habeo.
affairs achieved by him.
The Tyrians, contrary to Tyrii caduceator, con-
the law of nations, killed the tra jus gens occisus, prae-
heralds, and threw them into cipito in altum ; Alexan-
the deep ; Alexander, being der,commotusisindignus
irritated by
their unworthy nex, urbs obsideo statuo.
death, resolves to besiege the
city.
Having gone out of the city Sum tu ex urbs egres-
you have an ancient temple of sus vetustus templum de-
the deserted Venus, near sertus Venus, juxta qui
which there is an old cypress, sum antiquus cupressus,
preserved for many years by religio pater multus ser-
the religion of our fathers. vatus per annus.

Exercise on the Abl. Absolute.

This law being set aside, the Hie lex sublatus, acta
acts of Caesar are annulled. Caesar dissolve
Perdiccas, having led his Perdiccas, perductus in
army into the city, held a urbs exercitus, consilium
council of the chief men. princeps vir habeo.
Ashort interval having in- Brevis spatium inter-
tervened, the enemies ran from jectus, hostis ex omnis
all parts down to the trench. pars ad vallum decurro.
My father, whom I wished Genitor, qui tollo in al-
to take into the high moun- tus mons opto, nego, ex-
tains, refused, since Troy was cisus Troja,produco vita.
destroyed, to prolong his life.
Letters are sent by Cicero Literse ad Caesar a Ci-
to Caesar, which, all the roads cero mitto, qui, omnis via
being blocked up, were inter- obsessus, ab hostis inter-
cepted by the enemy. cipio.
Octavius, having entered Octavius, initus cum
 ;

PARTICIPLES. 95

into friendship with Antonius, Antonius societas, Mar-

prosecuted Marcus Brutus the cus Brutus Caesar inter-
slayer of Caesar. fector persequor.
The most beautiful Dido Pulcher Dido incedo
proceeded to the temple, be- ad templum, magnus ju-
ing accompanied by a great venis stipans caterva.
baud of young men.
You being the accuser, no Tu accusans, hie cri-
mention will be made of this men mentio nullus facio
crime; the most notorious in- siletur de notus injuria.
juries will be passed over in
silence.
The castle being taken, the Arx captus, rex cum
king is killed whilst resisting pauci repugnans occido.
with a few.
Having slain his kin, he Propinquus suus inter-
made his kingdom the prey fectus, regnum is scelus
of his crime. suus praeda facio.
Ancus, having enrolled a Ancus, novusexercitus
new army, set out, and took conscriptus, profectus,
Politorium, a city of the La- Politorium urbs Latini ca-
tins. pio.
His wearing away,
faults Senescens vitium, ma-
whilst his virtue is maturing, turescens virtus, sino tan-
permit so great a man to tus vir senex in civitas
become old in our city. fio.
Annibal, having seen the Annibal, visusfrateroc-
head of his brother, who had cisus caput, dico fero:
been slain, is said to have ex- Agnosco fortuna Cartha-
claimed: I know the fate of go-
Carthage.
Sertorius, having left a Sertorius, levis praesi-
small detachment in Maurita- dium relictus in Mauri-
nia, embraced a dark night, tania, nactus obscurus
and endeavoured to fly. nox, fugio conor.
The enemies, after their ar- Hostis, disp.ipatus ag-
my was routed, fled in disor- men, vagus fugiens, in
der, and fell in with Quintius, Quintius, cum saucius
returning with the wounded consul revertens, incido.
consul.
The bridge being finished, Perfectus pons, magnus
fivegreat states having been quinque civitas ad amici-
joined to our friendship, grain tia adjunctus, expeditus
96 PARTICIPLES.

having been provided, the re- res frumentarius, extinct-

ports concerning the legions, us rumor de legio,qui cum
that were said to come with Pompeius per Mauritania
Pompey through Mauritania, venio dico, multus lon-
havingdied away, many states, ginquus civitas ab Afra-
more distant, go from Afra- nius ad Caesar descisco.
nius over to Caesar.
Exercise on the last Observation.

His armour bearer alone be- Solus armiger comes,

ing his attendant, he entered ingredior castra.
the camp.
Caesar being the guardian Caesar custos res, nul-
of the state, no power will lus vis exigo otium.
drive away our ease.
P. Lentulus, in my consul- P. Lentulus, ego con-
ship, surpassed all former sul, vinco omnis superior
ediles. aedilis.
Under the guidance of the Deus immortalis dux,
immortal gods, I conceived suscipio hie mens.
this thought.
Arcadia being judge, Pan Arcadia judex, Pan di-
shall say, that he has been co sui vinco.
conquered.
May the forests be beaten, Sylva plecto, tu sospes.
thou being safe.
Libo proposing it, they de- Libo auctor, ab arma
parted from arms. disceditur.
Against your will, I will Invitus tu, salvus sum
not be safe. nolo.
Asdrubal, without the know- Asdrubal, inscius uxor,
ledge of his wife, threw him- ad genu Scipio procumbo.
self at the knees of Scipio.
My father, I being a lad, set Pater, ego puerulus,
out as commander for Spain. imperator in Hispania
proficiscor.
Lucius Scipio, brother of Lucius Scipio, frater
Africanus, was against
sent Africanus, mitto contra
Antiochus, his brother being Antiochus, frater legatus.
his lieutenant.
Publius Valerius, by whose Publius Valerius, qui
assistance Junius Brutus had adjutor Junius Brutus
banished the kings, was made rex ejicio, creo consul.
consul.
 ADVERBS. 97

This festival day, at the re- Hie festus dies, rediens

turn of the year, shall remove annus, dimoveo cortex ad-
the cork fastened with pitch strictuspix consul Tullus.
in the consulship of Tullus.
What would he have done Quis ille vivus facio,
whilst living, who, when dead, qui mortuus, unus e suus
fired the senate-house, Sex. satelles Sex. Clodius dux,
Clodius, one of his champions, curia incendo ?
being the manager?

OF ADVERBS.
An Adverb isan indeclinable part of speech joined to a
verb, participle, noun, or another adverb, to express some
circumstance thereof, as:

He spoke well. Bene dixit.

Making various allusions. Alludens varie.
You are too much atrifler. Nimium nugator es.
The fittest. Maxime idoneus.
Less piously. Minus pie.

Adverbs are either primitive, as: sic, itoy or they are

derivative.
The derivative adverbs are formed
1. From verbs, as: statim, on the spot, from sto; con-

junctim, jointly, from conjungo.

2. From substantives, as: -viritim, from virj temfiorius,
from temfius; Pol, from Pollux; Edefiol, from deus and
Pollux.
3. From adjectives and participles, as: certe, turpiter,
ornate, abundanter, etc.
Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the second de-
clension by changing i of the genitive into e, as: doctus,
docti, docte ; teneri, tenere; pigri, pigre. Except bene
from bonus. (§ 16.)
From adjectives of the third declension by changing s
of the genitive into ter; as: felix, felicis, feliciter; celer,
celeris, celeriter; but adjectives in ns, as also solers,
change tis into ter, as: diligens, diligentis, diligenter ; so-
lers, solertis, solerter.
These adverbs generally have also a comparative and
superlative.
The comparative is the same as the neuter of the ad-
9
98 ADVERBS.

jective in the comparative degree, as: docte, doctius ; ce-

leriter, celerius.
The adjective of the superlative belonging to the se-
cond declension, the adverb is formed by changing i into
e, as: as doctissimus, doctissime ; celerrimus, celerrime.

Obs. Adverbs are sometimes rendered Latin by a noun,

and vice versa, as:
Unexpectedly, de improviso. By stealth, furtim.
Purposely, ex industria. With the great- C accura-
est exactness. / tissime.

EXERCISE.
All things were carried on Omnis gero prospere.
most successfully.
They have some apprehen- Divinitus ille sum qui-
sion from God. dam ingenium.
Cato having become Cen- Cato, Censor factus, se-
sor, discharged that office vere is potestas praesum.
with severity.
You will do this at your Periculose hie facio.
peril.
The public faith being Publicus fides datus, lo-
pledged, he spoke with more quor confidenter.
confidence.
A life, passed in the great- Vita integre actus, Sci-
est integrity, commended the pio commendo.
Scipios.
The worst fellow suffers a Malus aspere rector pa-
director with the greatest re- tior.
luctance.
Here the crops succeed Hie seges, illic venio
better, there the grapes. feliciter uva.
The battle was most valiant- Pugnatur utrinque for-
ly maintained on both sides. titer.
Scipio, who never sought Scipio, qui nunquam
the consulship, became twice peto consulatus, bis con-
consul. sul fio.
The most vigorous resist- Acriter resistitur hos-
ance was made to the enemy tisa noster miles.
by our men.
 ADVERBS. 99

The farmers dig up bad Malus herba agricola

herbs by the root. radicitus effodio.
This kind of citizens will Hie genus civis maxime
always be most applauded. semper applauditur.
Agreat number of darts Ex parvus navis mag-
had been thrown at a distance nus vis telum eminus mit-
from the smaller vessels. to.
He has not acted in this af- In hie res non satis
fair with sufficient consisten- constanter facio.
cy.
Having embraced one ano- Sui invicem amplexa-
ther, they conversed in the tus, amice colloquor.
most friendly manner.
He must watch, who wishes Vigilo debeo, qui volo
to do his duties in due time. suus tempori conficio offi-
cium.
Lasting vigour cannot be in Non passum in is sum
that, which has too quickly succus diuturnus, qui ni-
attained maturity. mis celeriter maturitas
assequor.
Cleopatra did not woman- Cleopatra non mulie-
like dread the sword. briter expavesco ensis.
When did you, with my Quando, ego sciens,
knowledge, wish for any thing quisquam frustra opto?
in vain?
Ariovistus most eagerly Ariovistus, Csesar con-
sought, in the consulship of sul, cupide populus Ro-
Caesar, the friendship of the manus amicitia peto.
Roman people.
A haughty answer was giv- Romanus legatus, que-
en by the Latins to the Roman rens de hie injuria, su-
ambassadors, when complain- perbe respondetur a La-
ing of these injuries. tini.
Sulpicius undertook in his Sulpicius in tribunatus
tribuneship to rob those, with instituo spolio hic,quicum
whom he had lived as a pri- privatus conjuncte vivo.
vate man most familiarly.
The few, who resisted, be- Pauci resistens inter-
ing killed, our men pursued fectus, noster reliquus
the remaining multitude with multitudo pertinaciter in-
more eagerness. sequor.
The enemies, raised by this Hostis hie victoria sub-
victory, unexpectedly fly to latus, improviso ad Cicero
100 ADVERBS.

Cicero's winter quarters, be- hyberna advolo, prius-

fore the news of Titurius's quam ad is fama de Titu-
death was brought to him. rius mors perfero.
He ordered the head of As- Caput Astrubal,quiser-
trubal, which he had carefully vatus cum cura affero,
preserved and brought along, projicio ante hostis statio
to be thrown before the sen- jubeo.
tries of the enemy.
The fortune of the city is Iterum muto fortuna
again changed, the command civitas, imperium transla-
being transferred from the tus ab consul ad decemvir,
consuls to decemvirs, as it quemadmodum ante a rex
had come before from the ad consul venio.
kings to the consuls.
He came into Macedonia, In Macedonia ad Cn.
to the camp of Cn. Pompey, Pompeius castra venio, in
to that very party, by which is ipse causa, a qui rejicio
he had been unjustly rejected. cum injuria.
Caesar did not wish these Caesar multus praesens
things to be enlarged upon, in is res jacto nolo ; quare
the presence of many, where- celeriter dimitto consili-
fore he quickly dismisses the um ; Liscus, qui retineo,
assembly; Liscus, whom he nunc dico libere.
had retained, now speaks with
less reserve.
Cataline lived with the pen- Catalina vivo cum tris-
sive seriously, with the jovial tis severe, cum
remissus
merrily, with the old sedately, jucunde,cum senex gravi-
with the young sociably, with ter,cum juventus comiter,
the bold audaciously, with the cum facinorosus audac-
lewd lecherously. ter, cum libidinosus luxu-
riose.
What has been done, es- Qui clementer, mansu-
pecially in passion, with gen- moderate, sapi-
ete, juste,
tleness, with mildness, with enter facio, in iracundia
justice, with moderation, with praesertim, debeo certe
discretion, we certainly ought admiror.
to admire.
At length Octavius, having Tandem Octavius, hos-
vanquished hisenemies, show- clemens suiex-
tis victus,
ed himself mild ; he pardoned hibeo; ignosco multus, a
many, by whom he had been qui saepe graviter laedo.
often grievously offended.
 PREPOSITIONS. 101

Fortune, as it were, pur- Velut de industria inter

posely equalising the contest fortis vir certamen
sequans
between the bravest men, vic- fortuna, victoria diu an-
tory was for a long time ceps sum tandem Laco,
;

doubtful; at length the Spar- vix sustinens arma refero

tans, scarcely supporting their pes caepi urgens hostis.
arms, begin to withdraw, the
enemy pressing on.

OF PREPOSITIONS.
A
preposition is an indeclinable part of speech, set be-
fore another part of speech, to express spme relation.
Preparations are either separable, or inseparable
A
separable preposition is set. before a noun or pronoun,
and requires it to be put in a certain case.
The separable prepositions are divided into three sorts:

I. The following twenty-eight require the accusative.

Ad, to. Intra, within.
Apud, at. Juxta, near, nigh to.
Ante, before. Ob, for.
Adversus, "} Propter, for, hard by,
Adversum, ^against. Penes, in the fiower oj.
Contra, J Per, through.
Circa, } about; Pone, behind.
Circum,^ around. Post, after.
Praeter, except, against.
r*.
'
> on this side.
Citra, S Secundum, according to.
Erga, towards. Secus, along.
Extra, without. Supra, above.
Infra, beneath. Trans, on the farther side.
Inter, between. Ultra, beyond.

II. The following fourteen require the ablative.

A, 1 De, of concerning.
Ab, Wrom, by.
AbsJ l^} of out of.
Absque, without. Prae, before, for.
Clam, without the knowledge of. Pro, for.
Coram, before, in the presence of. Sine, without.
Cum, with, in company of. Tenus, to.

9*
102 PREPOSITIONS.

III. These four have sometimes an accusative, some-

times an ablative:
In, in, into. Super, above.
Sub, under, about. Subter, beneath,

RULE XV.
The prepositions, ad, afiud, ante, etc. govern the accu-
sative, as ;

To the Lord. Ad dominum.

In my power. Penes me.

EXERCISE.
To the stars. Ad stell-a, ae, f.
To a nail. Ad ungu-is, is, m.
To the tops. Ad cacum-en, inis, n.
At hand. Ad man-us, us, f.
At the walls. Ad mur-us, i, m.
At noon. Ad meridi-es, ei, m.
Towards evening. Ad vesper-a, as, f.
At the army. Apud exercit-us, us, m.
At the states. Apud civita-s, tis, f.
At the castle. Apud castell-um, i, n.
Before the judge. Apud jud-ex, icis, m.
Before the people. Apud popul-us, i, m.
Amongst friends. Apud amic-us, i, m.
Before the altars. Ante ar-a, ae, f.
Before the windows. Ante fenestr-a, ae, f.
Before a mirror. Ante specul-um, i, n.
Before the time. Ante temp-us, oris, n.
Before noon. Ante meridi-es, ei, m.
Before the feet. Ante pe-s, dis, m.
Towards men. Adversus hom-o, inis, m.
Towards a brother. Adversum frat-er, ris, m.
Towards the sun. Adversus sol, is, m.
Against wealth. Adversus diviti-ae, arum, f.

Against the laws. Adversum le-x, gis, f.

Against nature. Contra natur-a, ae, f.
Against right. Contra ju-s, ris, n.
Opposite to Italy. Contra Itali-a, ae, f.
On, this side of the Rhine. Citra Rhen-us, i, m.
 PREPOSITIONS. 103

On this side of the Eu- Citra Euphrat-es, is, m.

phrates.
Without controversy. Citra controversi-a, ae, f.

About the cottages. Circa cas-a, ae, f.

About the general. Circa du-x, cis, m.
Around the towns. Circum oppid-um, i, n.
Around the heads. Circum cap-ut, itis, n.
Towards God. Erga De-us, i, m.
Towards parents. Erga parent-es, um, m.
Towards children. Erga liber-i, orum, m.
Without the country. Extra regio, nis, f.

Without guilt. Extra.culp-a, ae, f.

Beyond measure. Extra mod-us, i, m.
Out of order. Extra ord-o, inis, m.
Beneath a man. Infra hom-o, inis, m.
Under the age. Infra aeta-s, tis, f.

Under the milt. Infra splen, is, m.

Among philosophers. Inter philosoph-us, i, m.
Between the twins. Inter gemin-i, orum, m.
Amongst cups. Inter pocul-um, i, n.
During supper. Inter ccen-a, ae, f.
Within the bounds. Intra termin-us, i, m.
Within the inclosures. Intra claustr-um, i, n.
Within a year. Intra ann-us, i, m.
Within an hour. Intra hor-a, ae, f.
Near the pyramids. Juxta pyrami-s, dis, f.

Near the senate-house. Juxta curi-a, ae, f.

Close by the way. Juxta vi-a, ae, f.
On account of the expenses. Ob sumpt-us, us, m.
For the ice. Ob glaci-es, ei, f.

For reasons. Ob caus-a, ae, f.

Before the eyes. Ob ocul-us, i, m.
For laziness. Propter segniti-es, ei, f.
On account of the sighs. Propter gemit-us, us, m.
For fear. Propter met-us, us, m.
Hard by Sicily. Propter Sicili-a, ae, f.
In the power of the magis- Penes magistrat-us, us, m.
trates.
In the power of the accu- Penes accusator, is, m.
sers.
In the power of custom. Penes us-us, us, m.
Through the defiles. Per angusti-ae, arum, f.

Through the hands. Per man-us, us, f.

For years. Per ann-us, i, m.
104 PREPOSITIONS.

By the faith. Per fid-es, ei, f.

By letter. Per liter-ae, arum, f.

Behind the army. Pone aci-es, ei, f.

Behind the cavalry. Pone equitat-us, us, m.

After death. Post mor-s, tis, f.
After winter. Post hiem-s, is, f.
Behind the back. Post terg-um, i,n.
Besides cruelty. Praeter crudelita-s, tis, f.

Beside the bank. Praeter rip-a, ae, f.

Against custom. Praeter mo-s, ris, m.

Against the opinion. Praeter opinio, nis, f.

According to the deeds. Secundum fact-um, i, n.

According to the will. Secundum arbitri-um, i, n
Next to the king.. Secundum re-x, gis, m.
Along the rivers. Secus fluvi-us, i, m.
Along the way. Secus vi-a, ae, f.
Along the lines. Secus line-a, 32, f.
Above the earth. Supra terr-a, ae, f.
Above the general's tent. Supra praetori-um, i, n.
Above the top. Supra ap-ex, icis, m.
On the farther side of the Trans Anien, is, m.
Anio.
Beyond Taurus. Trans Taur-us, i, m.
Beyond the lakes. Trans stagn-um, i, n.
Beyond the rivers. Ultra flum-en, inis, n.
Beyond the villa. Ultra vill-a,ae, f.
Above the number. Ultra numer-us, i, m.

RULE XVI.
The prepositions a, ab, abs, absque, etc. govern the ab-
lative, as :*

From, or by the father. A patre.

EXERCISE.
From dangers. A pericul-um, i, n.
From behind. A terg-um, i, n.
Since the death. A mor-s, tis, f.
From the cradle. Ab incunabul-a, orum, n.
By the senate. A senat-us, us, m.
* Aand e are generally used before a consonant, ab before a
vowel, and abs before t and q.
 PREPOSITIONS. 105

By the oarsmen. A rem-ex, igis, m.

Without prudence. Absque prudenti-a, se, f.
Without the filth. Absque illuvi-es, ei, f.
Without arguments. Absque argument-um, i, n.
Without the knowledge of Clam uxor, is, f.
the wife.
Without the knowledge of Clam amic-us, i, m.
the friends.
Before the people. Coram popul-us, m. i,

Before the parents. Coram parent-es, um, m.

In the presence of the chil- Coram liber-i, orum, m.
dren.
With fear. Cum m.
met-us, us, g
With horsemen. Cum equ-es, m.
itis,
In company of his brother.. Cum frat-er, ris, m.
Concerning the motions. De mot-us, us, m.
From a place. De loc-us, i, m.
About nothing. De nihil-um, i, n.
Of gold. Ex aur-um, i, n.
According to the league. Ex foed-us, eris, n.
Out of necessity. E necessita-s, tis, f.
According to order. Ex ord-o, inis, m.
From the day. Ex di-es, ei, m.
Opposite. E regio, nis, f.
For grief. Prse mceror, is, m.
For joy. Prse gaudi-um, i, n.
For tears. Prse lachrym-a, se, f.

At hand. Prse man-us, us, f. . . t

For a consul. Pro consul-is, m.
For the sins. Pro peccat-um, i, n.
Before the assembly. Pro concio, nis, f.
According to custom. Pro consuetud-o, inis, f.

According to ability. Pro faculta-s, tis, f.

Without doubt. Sine dubi-um, i, n.
Without cork. Sine cort-ex, icis, m.
Without barbarism. Sine barbari-es, ei, f.
To the neck. Coll-um, i, n. terms.*
To the hilt. Capul-us, i, m. tenus.
To the ground. Solum, i, n. tenus.
To the eyes. Ocul-us, i, m. tenus.*
To the legs. Cru-s, ris, n. tenus.

* Tenus is generally put after its case, and governs a plural noun in
the genitive.
 ——

106 PREPOSITIONS.

RULE XVII.
The prepositions m, sub, super, and subter, govern
the accusative, when motion or tendency to an object is
signified; but when rest or motion in a place is signified
in and sub govern the ablative, sufier and subter the
accusative, or ablative.* § 17.

Exercise with an accusative.

Against the enemies. In inimic-us i, m.

To the height. In altitud-o, inis, f.

Towards the country. In patri-a, ae, f.

Until death. In mor-s, tis, f.
From hour to hour. (i. e, In hor-a, ae, f.
into hours.)
After the manner. In mod-us, i, m.
For pay. In stipendi-um, i, n.
For punishment. In pcen-a, ae, f.
About day light. Sub lu-x, cis, f.
Towards evening. Sub vesper-a, ae, f.
Under the yoke. Sub jug-um, i, n.
Under the tables. Sub mens-a, ae, f.
Besides the disease. Super morb-us, i, m.
Besides the honours. Super honor, is, m.
At the wine. Super vin-um, i, n.
Upon a viper. Super aspi-s, dis, f.
Under the moon. Subter lun-a, ae, f.
Under the walls. Subter mceni-a, um, n.

With an ablative.

In the power. In potesta-s, tis, f.

In the bosom. In sin-us, us, m.
On the surface. In superfici-es, ei, f.
On the tombs. In tumul-us, i, m.
Among the Greeks. In Graec-us, i, m.
During supper. In ccen-a, ae, f.
Under the condition. Sub conditio, nis, f.

• In signifying in, on, or among, generally governs the ablative:

otherwise the accusative. Sub signifying at or about a certain time,
governs the accusative; when it signifies nigh to a place, it general-
ly governs the ablative. Super, signifying besides, in addition, go-
verns the accusative; signifying concerning, or on, it generally go-
verns the ablative.— Subter is found with an ablative with poets only.
 PREPOSITIONS. 107

Under the judge, Sub jud-ex, icis, m.

Under pretence. Sub praetext-us, us, m.
Near the castles. Sub castell-um, i, n.
Nigh to the mountain. Sub mon-s, tis, m.
At hand. Sub man-us, us, f.
Upon a leaf. Super fron-s, dis, f.
Concerning the subject. Super r-es, ei, f.
Under a tortoise. Subter testud-o, inis, f,

Under the shore. Subter lit-us, oris, n.

Promiscuous Exercises,

Amongst the conquerors. Inter victor, is, m.

In the battle. In aci-es, ei, f.

Through rage. Per rabi-es, ei, f.

Without success. Sine success-us, us, m.
For gain. Ob quaest-us, us, m.
From the side. A lat-us, eris, n.
In remembrance. Ad memori-a, ae, f.
By snares. Per insidi-ae, arum, f.

With the tribunes. Cum tribun-us, i, m.

To the purpose. E r-es, ei, f.

Among the constellations. Inter sid-us, eris, n.

Without images. Sine imag-o, inis, f.
Without a song. . Sine cant-us, us, m.
Without feats. Sine lud-us, i, m.
Without funeral solem- Sine exsequi-ae, arum, f.

nities.
Without lamentations. Sine lament-um, i, n.
Without eulogies. Sine laudatio, nis, f.
Without a funeral. Sine fun-us, eris, n.
From head to foot. A caput ad calx.
From the Romans to the A Romanus ad Carthagi-
Carthaginians. niensis.
On account of services to Ob meritum in respublica.
the republic.
Against the (dignity of the) Contra respublica e respub-
republic to the good of lica.
the republic.

|C7*The reader is requested to return to page 8, from

whence he digressed.
108 CONJUNCTIONS.

Obs. Prepositions in composition generally retain their original sig-

nification, as; adeo,I go to; alloquor, I speak to; circumveho, I carry
around; yet
In, in composition, often expresses negation, as; illegitimus, irri-
tus; sometimes it increases the original signification, as; infractus,
incanus.
Be, signifies sometimes down, as; delabor, descendo; sometimes
without, as: demens,- sometimes to cease, as; detono, desum,- some-
times much, as; demiror.
Ex, signifies sometimes privation, as; exsanguis.
Ob often signifies against or towards, as; obnuntio, qffero.
Per and prse, often signify much or very, as ; pervelle, prsedives.
- Sub signifies sometimes upon, as; in equum suty'ectus; sometimes
little, as; subrideo.

The inseparable prepositions are found in compounds only. They

are am, or amb, around; com, or con, together; dis or di, asunder;
re, again, back; se, aside, as;

Ambio, I go about. DifFero, I carry about.

Combibo, I drink with. Relego, I read again.
Contraho, I draw together. Revertor, I return.
Cohabito, I dwell with. Redamo, I love in turn.
Disjicio, I scatter. Sepono, I lay aside.
Dijudico, I decide. Socors, without heart.

OF CONJUNCTIONS.
A Conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, used
to connect words, or sentences. § 18.
Conjunctions are either cofiulative or disjunctive.

RULE XVIII.
The conjunctions et, ac, atque, que, nee, neque, aut, vel,
ve, and some others, connect like cases and moods,* as;
(§ 19-)
Honour thy father and mo- Honora palrem et matrem.
ther.
He neither reads,nor writes. Nee legit nee scribit.

* 1. This rule does not take place, when the word coupled has
not the same relation as the word to which it is coupled; this rela-
tion is easily ascertained by filling up the ellipsis, as; honour thy fa-
ther and mother, is the same as honour thy father, and honour thy
mother; by the cruel anger of Juno, and her insaturable breast; i. e.
and by her insaturable breast.
2. Que, ve, and ne, are also called inclitics, and are always annexed
to other words, as; honora patrem matremque.
 CONJUNCTIONS. 109

EXERCISE.
They are ruled by the nod Guberno nutus atque
and humour of a little wo- arbitrium muliercula.
man.
All the spies had reported Omnis explorator unus
one and the same thing. atque idem res renuntio.
Friendship contains the Amicitia contineo mul-
most and greatest advan- tus et magnus commodi-
tages. tas.
In a great state there are In magnus mul-
civitas
many and various disposi- tus et varius ingenium
tions. sum.
I do not wish to be the ac- Nolo sum actor alienus
tor of another's character, but persona, sed auctormeus.
the improver of my own.
Neither had ever the furious Neque hicmos unquam
wolves nor the lions this cus- sum ferus lupus nee leo.
tom.
That age is not only not en- Non modo non invide-
vied, but even favoured. tur ille setas, verum etiam
favetur.
Great is the admiration of Magnus sum admiratio
a man speaking copiously and copiose sapienterque di-
with wisdom. cens.
The counsel of Cn. Pompey, Consilium Cn. Pom-
the most just and wisest man, peius, Justus et sapiens
revives and strengthens me. vir, ego recreo et reficio.
Between the Punic and Ro- Tumulus sum inter Pu-
man camp there was a hillock, nicus et Romanus castra,
which Marcellus wished to qui Marcellus occupo cu-
take. pio.
They fought on both sides Pugnatur utrinque for-
with the greatest courage and titer atque acriter.
valour.
,The morals had been cor- Mos corrumpo depra-
rupted and depraved by the voque admiratio divitiae.
admiration of riches.
Pomponius Atticus pro- Pomponius Atticus pro-
nounced poems both in Greek nuntio poemaet Graeceet
and Latin. Latine.
By the cruel anger of Juno Gravis ira Juno et in-
and her insaturable breast I exorabilis pectus cogo
10
110 CONJUNCTIONS.

am forced to descend to all descendo ad omnis pre-

prayers. cis.
The foundation of perpetual Fundamentum perpe-
commendation and fame is tuus commendatio et fa-
justice, without which nothing ma sum justitia, sine qui
can be praiseworthy. nihil possum sum lauda-
bilis.
They, who think themselves Qui sui locuples, ho-
rich, honoured, and blessed, noratus et beatus puto, is
do not even wish to be obli- ne obligo quidem benefi-
gated by kindness. cium volo.
Some men use to dispute Quidam soleointer qui-
most strenuously amongst any cunque homo de res aut
persons concerning things difficilis, aut non necessa-
either the most difficult, or rius argute disputo.
not necessary.
For neither can abase death Nequeenim turpismors
happen to a brave man, nor a possum accido,
fortis vir
premature death to a consular nequeimmaturusconsula-
man, nor a miserable death to ris, nee miser sapiens.
a wise man.
Neither shall cruel poison, Neque dirus venenum,
nor the hostile sword, nor nee hosticus ensis, nee la-
pain of the sides, or the cough, tus dolor, aut tussis, nee
nor the crippling gout carry tardus podagra auferohic
off this boy. puer.
He, that can both see and Is, qui acute et celeri-
explain a cause in the acutest ter possum video et
et*
and quickest manner, uses to explico ratio, prudens et
be justly reckoned the most sapiens rite habeo soleo.
prudent and wisest.
Some bestow much study, Quidam magnus stu-
and much application on mat- dium, multusque opera
ters obscure and difficult, and confero in res obscurus
the same not being necessary. atque difficilis, idemque
non necessarius.
Of this crime also, you be- Hie quoque crimen, tu
ing the accuser, no mention accusans, mentio nullus
will be made; silence will be facio ; siletur de magnus

* Et signifying both, does not couple? so also nee, and neque, when
signifying neither.
 CONJUNCTIONS. Ill

observed concerning his great- et notus ille furtum et in-

est and most notorious thefts juria.
and injuries.
In death the spirit of the Bonus vir animus in
good man flies with the great- mors facile evolo tanquam
est ease, as it were from the e custodia vinculumque
custody and the chains of the corpus; quis igitur cur-
body; who had then an easier sus ad Deus facilis sum,
course to the gods than Scipio? quam Scipio?
The queen having address- Regina populus ex su-
ed the people from the upper perior pars aedes allocu-
part of the house, says, that tus, aio rex gravis qui-
the king had indeed received dem sed non mortalis vul-
a serious but not a mortal nus accipio.
wound.
Let those, who preside over Ille, qui praesum res-
the republic, keep Plato's pre- publica, teneo Plato prae-
cepts. They who consult the ceptum. Qui consulo pars
advantage of a part of the ci- civis, et pars negligo, in-
tizens, and neglect a part, duco in civitas seditio, res
bring into the state sedition, perniciosus.
the most pernicious thing.
Crassus thus addressed his Crassus ita alloquor ci-
fellow citizens: Rescue us vis: Eripio ego ex hie
from these miseries, rescue us miseria, eripio ego ex
from the jaws of those (men), faux is, qui crudelitas non
whose cruelty cannot be satia- possum expleo: nolo sino
ted: do not suffer us to serve ego quisquam servio, nisi
any one, but you in a body, tu universus, qui et pos-
whom we both can and ought sum et debeo (servio.)
to serve.
M. Caecilius, your most gal- M. Caecilius frater tuus
lantbrother,and amostaccom- lectus, atque ornatus ado-
plished youth, is not only not lescens,non modo non ad-
present, and prosecutes with sum, ncque tucum perse-
you your injuries, but he is quor tuus injuria, sed sum
with Verres, and lives with cum Verres, et cum ille
him on the most intimate and familiariter atque amice
friendly terms. vivo.
Obs. Other parts of speech, and particularly adverbs
of likeness, often connect words, or sentences, as:
Who should be ignorant of Quis genus iEneadum,
112 CONJUNCTIONS.

the Trojan race, or the city quis Trojae nesciat ur-

Troy? bem?
Honour, like the rainbow, Honos, ut iris, fugit se-
flies the pursuer. quentem.
EXERCISE.
Avoid idleness as a plague. Fugio desidia, ceu pes-
tis.
The soldier was not want- Non miles dux,non dux
ing to the commander, nor miles desum.
the commander to the soldier.
The people obey the senate, Plebs obedio senatus,
as the body the mind. sicut corpus animus.
Alexander ordered Hephses- Alexander jubeo He-
tion after his death to be wor- phaestion colo ut Deus
shipped as a god. post mors.
Lycurgus, a famous law- Lycurgus, inclytus le-
giver, abolished the use of gislator, tollo usus aurum
gold and silver, as the cause argentumque velut mate-
of all wickedness. ria omnis scelus.
True glory forms
roots, and Verus gloria radix ago,
is also propagated, but all fic- atque etiam propago, fic-
titious things soon die, like tus omnis celeriter, tan-
little flowers. quam flosculus, decido*
In so great and so corrupt- In tantus tamque cor-
ed a city Catiline could easily ruptus civitas, Catilina
have about himself bands of omnis flagitiosus atque
allvillainous and wicked men facinorosus circum sui,
as body-guards. tanquam stipator, caterva
facile habeo possum.
That Jupiter resisted these IlleJupiter resisto hie
abandoned citizens; he pre- perditus civis ; ille capi-
served the capitol, these tem- tolium, ille hie templum,
ples,, this city, and you all. ille hie urbs, ille tu om-
nis conservo.
Milo is allowed to exclaim Impune Milo clamo li-
with impunity: I have killed cet: Occido, is, qui ex-
him, who banished the citi- termino civis, qui senatus,
zen, whom the senate, whom qui populus, qui omnis
the people, whom all nations gens urbs ac vita civis
reckoned the preserver of the conservator judico.
city and the life of the citi-
zens.
 CONJUNCTIONS. 113

Honest and active accusers Honestus diligensque

are no less concerned about accusator non minus de
their praise, honour, and re- laus, de honor, de fama
putation, than they, who are suus, quam ille, qui ac-
accused, are about their life cuso, de caput ac fortuna
and fortunes. sua pertimesco.
You have been rescued from Eripio ex crudelis ac
the most cruel, and most mi- miser interitus, etereptus
serable destruction, and res- sine ccedes, sine sanguis,
cued without slaughter, with- sine exercitus, sine dimi-
out blood, without an army, catio: togatus ego unus
without a contest: in peace togatus dux et imperator
you have conquered, I being vinco.
the only leader and command-
er clothed in the toga.
As often as you shall think Quoties cogito de ego,
on us, whom you wished to qui in respublica tucum
be together with you safe in simul salvus sum volo, to-
the republic, so often will you ties de magnus tuus bene-
think on your greatest kind- ficium, toties de incredi-
nesses, so often on your in- bilis liberalitas, toties de
credible generosity, so often singularis sapientia tuus
on your singular wisdom. cogito.

RULE XIX.
The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, Miriam, dummodo,
donee, and quin, likewise before an imperfect, or pluper-
fect, the conjunctions cum, quum, si, and nisi, are gene-
rally followed by the subjunctive mood, as (§ 20.) ;

Although he had been three Cum ter fuisset consul,

times consul, yet he died in in tanta tamen decessit
such poverty, that the senate paupertate, ut senatus
buried him at the expense of eum publice sepeliret.
the public.
Re himself hindered me Ipse me impedivit, quo
from doing it. minus facerem.
I do not object to your fol- Non recuso,quin mese-
lowing me. quamini.

Obs. I. The infinitive after verbs of asking, wishing,

hindering and impelling is in the Latin, often resolved by
the conjunctions ut,quo, ne, etc., which, if preceded by a
10*
114 CONJUNCTIONS.

verb in the present, or future tense, have the following

verb in the present^ but if preceded by a preterit tense,
they are generally followed by the imperfect, as ;

I ask, or I shall ask you to Rogo, vel rogabo (te),

come. ut venias.
I was asking, have asked, Rogabam, rogavi, vel
or had asked you to come. rogaveram(te),ut venires.

06s. II. By the future past we can express occurrences

only, that shall take place prior to others, as

When I shall have done my Cum opus perfecero,

task, I shall receive my pay. mercedem recipiam.
To express, therefore, in the future subjunctive an oc-
currence, not thus referring to another futurity, we use
the participle future with the present subjunctive of sum,
as

I do not doubt, but he will Non dubito, quin ven-

come. turus sit.

EXERCISE.
that Clitus had not fore-
! Utinam Clitus non co-
ed me to get into a passion go ego sui irascor.
against him.
Such a number was throw- Tantus multitudo jacio
ing stones and darts, that no- lapis ac telum, ut nemo in
body could stand on the wall, murus consisto possum.
1 omitted nothing to draw Nihil praetermitto, quin
Pompey from his union with Pompeius a Caesar con-
Caesar, junctio avoco.
Antigonus, when he fought Antigonus, quum ad-
against Seleucus and Lysima- versus Seleucus Lysima-
chus, was slain in the battle. chusque dimico, in praeli-
um occido.
I fear, that what I shall say, Vereor, ut* hie, qui di-
cannot be understood by my co, perinde intelligo ab
hearers just so, as I myself auditor possum, ac ego
think. ipse sentio.
* The verbs vereor, timeo, and metuo, signify to expect with some
doubt or fear of the contrary ; hence after these verbs ne is translated
affirmatively, ut, and ne non, negatively.
 CONJUNCTIONS. 115

They feared, lest they Timeo, ne non virtus

should be conquered not by hostis, sed lassitudo suus
the bravery of the enemies, vinco.
but by their own fatigue.
There is no doubt, but men Non dubium sum, quin
most benefit, and injure men. homo plurimum homo et
prosum et obsum.
The Belgae were fearing, Belgae vereor, ne omnis
lest,all Gaul being subdued, pacatus Gallia, ad is ex-
our army would be led to ercitus noster adduce
them.
Although you may think, Licet strenuus metus
that fear is nimble, yet hope puto sum, velox tamen
is quicker. spes sum.
The Senate decreed, that Senatus decerno, ut
the Quaestors should (by con- statua quaestor demolien-
tract) cause the statues to be dus loco.
demolished.
As soon as age shall have Simul ac duro aetas
strengthened your limbs and membrum animusque tu-
mind, you shall swim without us, no sine cortex.
cork.
I provide that the
shall Ne mullitudo hostis tu
number of the enemies may circumvenio queo, ego
not surround you. provideo.
Such an orator I shall ad- Talis orator, ut sui con-
vise to restrain himself, or to tineo, aut ad alius studi-
betake himself to another um transfero, admoneo.
study.
Not one of the enemies was Nemo hostis ex iter ex-
allowed to depart from the cedo licet, quin ab equi-
road, but he was taken up by tatus excipio.
the cavalry.
That circumstance did not Non is res ego deterreo,
deter me from sending a letter quominus literae ad tu
to you. mitto.
I shall come to a conference, Venio ad colloquium,
provided there be a wall be- dummodo murus sum in-
twixt you and me. ter tu et ego.
As often as I came to you, Quotiescunquead tu ve-
I remained standing, until you nio, donee, ut consideo,
beckoned to me to sit down. annuo, resto.
116 CONJUNCTIONS.

Although the strength be Ut desum vires, tamen

wanting, yet the inclination is sum laudandus voluntas.
praiseworthy.
The first duty of justice is, Justitia primus mu-
that we do not injure any one, nus sum, ut nequis* no-
unless forced by injury. ceo,nisi lacessitus injuria.
I would listen to this, if you Is audio, si tu solus vi-
lived for yourself alone, or if vo, aut si tu etiam solus
you were even born for your- nascor.
self alone.
! that Pompey had not Utinam Pompeius cum
joined friendship with Csesar, Caesar societas non con-
or had never dissolved it. jungo, aut nunquam di-
rimo.
You are so far from having Tantum absum aperfec-
finished the greatest works, tio magnus opus, ut funda-
that you have not yet laid the mentum nondum jacio.
foundations.
Great will be your fame, if Egregius tuus fama
you shall subdue the Romans. sum, si Romanus oppri-
mo.
1 do not doubt, but I shall Non dubito, quin pro-
prove my defence. bo sum defensio meus.
When the winds had carri- Cum ego ex Sicilia ad
ed me from Sicily to Leuco- Leucopetra ventus defero,
petra, I crossed from that ab is locus transmitto in
place over to Greece. Grsecia.
Nothing, that is done with- Nihil possum sum diu-
out reason, can be lasting, turnus, qui sine ratio
though fortune may some- ago, licet felicitas quan-
times seem to be favourable. doque adspiro videor.
No one ought to doubt, but Nemo debeo dubito,
that he would raise many from quin multus, si possum,
the dead ; since he saves of excito de inferi , quoniam
the same army those, whom ex idem acies conservo,
he can (save.) qui possum (conservo.)
Othat you had deliberated
1 Utinam in principium
with us at the beginning of hie res egocum delibero,
this affair, we would have ad- suadeo, ut Philotas ignos-
vised you to pardon Philotas. co.

* Jili after si and ne is omitted, as; aliquis, some one, siquis, if

some one; aliquando, ever, nequando, that not, or lest at any time.
 ;

CONJUNCTIONS. 117

Parmenio informs Alexan- Parmenio Alexander

were
der, that, unless early aid mature
certior facio, nisi
sent, the flight of his men subvenitur, non possum
could not be arrested. sisto fuga miles.
The memory of posterity Memoria posteritas ef-
causes, that we are present ficio, ut absens adsum, et
when absent, and live though mortuus vivo.
dead.
Weought to be such, that Talis sum debeo, ut
no oblivion shall ever obscure noster laus nullus oblivio
our praises. unquam obscuro sum.
Ifthey had followed me, Si ago obtemperatur, si
we would have some repub- non optimus, aliquis res-
lic, if not the best. publica habeo.
Some men disregard all Quidam omnis rectus
things, right and honest, pro- ethonestus negligo, dum-
vided they obtain power. modo potentia consequor.
We ought to be concerned Singuli civis consulo
for our fellow citizens
all debeo ; sed ita, ut is res
but so, that this conduct may aut prosum, aut certe ne
either benefit, or certainly not obsum respublica.
injure the community.
If,whilst a part of the ar- Si, pars exercitus ad-
my stood yet in the field of hue in acies stans, insto
battle, he had continued to fugiens persevero ; suus
press those, who
he fled ; culpa vinco.
would have been conquered
by his own fault.
Labienus has been ordered Praecipitur Labienus a
by Caesar not to join battle, Caesar, ne praelium com-
unless his troops had been mitto, nisi ipse copiae
seen near the enemy's camp. prope (ad) hostis castra
video.
Pompey declares, that Cae- Pompeius affirmo,miles
sar's men cannot be persuad- Caesar non possum per-
ed to defend, or follow him. suadetur, ut is defendo,
aut sequor.
Expressions, which come Vox, qui venio ad meus
to my ears, are repeatedly auris, jacto ab is, qui ve-
made by those, who fear, that reor, ut habeo praesidium
I have not a guard sufficient- satis firmus.
ly strong.
118 CONJUNCTIONS.

Ido not object to your im- Non recuso, quo minus

itating me, whether I shall imitor ego, sive fortitudo
have been an example of bra- exemplum, sive ignavia
very, or of cowardice. sum.
He says, (that) I feign Ego fuga simulo dico :

flight: would to God I could utinam qui impius

ille,
see him, by whose wicked facinus in hie miseria
deed I have been cast into projicio, idem hie simu-
these miseries, feigning these lans video.
same things !

He said, that the Aedui iEdui dico non recuso,

would not refuse be for
to quo minus sub Sequani
ever under the controul and ditio atque imperium
power of the Sequani. sum.
O ! that you had such a Utinam vir fortis atque
number of valiant and honest innocens copia tantus ha-
men, that this consultation of beo, ut hie deliberatio
your's would be the most dif- vester difficilis sum.
ficult.
Nobody ought to doubt, Nemo dubito debeo,
but that the Romans, if they quin Romanus, si Helve-
shall vanquish the Helvetii, tii supero, una cum reli-
will reduce the Aedui toge- quus Gallia iEdui in suus
ther with the rest of Gaul un- poteslas redigo.
der their power.
Therefore, if I had not Ergo nisi pario, Roma
given life, Rome would not non oppugno ; nisi filius
be besieged if I had not a
; habeo, liber in liber pa-
son, I would have died as a triamorior.
free woman in a free country.
The foundations of justice Fundamentum justitia
are, first, that no one be injur- sum, primum, ut nequis
ed ; secondly, that the public nocetur deinde, ut com-
;

good be promoted. munis utilitas servitur.

The townsmen suffered Oppidanus Pompeius
Pompey to advance, heuntil patior accedo, donee ad
approached to the very gates ipse porta ac murus ap-
and the wall then having
; propinquo ; turn subito
suddenly made a sally, they eruptio factus, prostratus
routed the Pompeians and Pompeianus in mare pas-
drove them in every direction sim navisque compello.
to the sea and their ships.
 CONJUNCTIONS. 119

I came into Asia, not that Venio in Asiam,non ut

I might utterly overthrow funditus everto gens, nee
nations, nor that I might ut dimidius pars terra so-
make the half of the earth a litudo facio ; sed ut ille,
desert but that they, who,
; qui superbe habitus re-
having been insolently treat- bello, liber sum.
ed, had revolted, might be
free.
Take care, I pray, lest your Video, quseso, ne tuus
divine virtue shall have divinus virtus habeomag-
greater admiration, than glo- nus admiratio, quam glo-
ry if indeed glory is the il-
; ria; siquidem gloria sum
lustrious and well spread illustris ac pervagatus fa-
fame of many and great merits ma multus et magnus vel
either towards one's own, or in suus, vel in patria, vel
towards one's country, or to- in omnis genus homo me-
wards the whole human race. ritum.
If you, as Verres's enemy, Si tu, Verres inimicus,
shall deny that act, which he, nego ille factum/qui ipse,
to whom this affair is most qui hie res maxime
obsto,
prejudicial, dares not deny ; nego non audeo video,
;

take care, lest you may seem ne nimium familiariter

to vent your enmities with too inimicitia exerceo videor.
much friendship.
This kind of speaking Hie ratio oratio mens
moves and forces the minds judex permoveo, impello-
of the judges either to hate que, ut aut odi, aut dili-
or to love, to grudge or to go, aut invideo aut reus
wish the accused to be safe, salvus (sum) volo, aut
to fear or to hope, to desire metuo aut spero, aut cu-
or to disdain, to rejoice or to pio aut abhorreo, aut lae-
mourn, to pity or to wish to tor aut rncereo, aut mise-
punish. reor, aut punio volo.
This orator has a ready and Hie orator sum promp-
fluent eloquence, whether he tus ac profluens eloquen-
speaks of the nature of hea- tia, sive de coelum natura
ven, or that of the earth; whe- loquor, sive de (natura)
ther of the divine or human terra; sive de divinus vis,
power; whether from a lower, sive de humanus; sive ex
a level, or a higher place; inferior locus, sive ex
whether to impel men, or to sequus, sive ex superior;
teach them; whether to deter, sive ut impello homo, si-
to incite, or to turn them; ve ut doceo; sive ut deter-
120 CONJUNCTIONS.

whether to incense, or to ap- reo, sive ut concito, sive

pease them; whether to few ut reflecto; sive ut incen-
persons, or to many; whether do, sive ut lenio; sive ad
amongst strangers, or with pauci, sive ad multus; si-
his own, or by himself. ve inter alienus, sive cum
suus, sive suicum.

Obs. Interrogatives, not used interrogatively, and pre-

ceded by a verb of information, or sense, generally gov-
ern the subjunctive mood, as;

Tell what you want, whence Die, quod velis, unde

you come, when you will re- venias, quando rediturus
turn. sis.

EXERCISE.
Consider who you are, and Quis sum, non unde na-
not whence you are sprung. tus sum, reputo.
I know not, whether we Nescio, an video sum
shall see those things, which is, qui peto.
we aim at.
Do you see, how according Videone, ut apud Ho-
to Homer, Nestor very often merus ssepe Nestor de
speaks of his virtues ? virtus suus prsedico ?
I know how unpleasant this Ego scio, quam asper
undertaking will be in the be- hie res inprincipium sum
ginning. sum.
You all understand in what In quis locus res nos-
state our affairs are. ter sum, omnis intelligo.
do not know whether Mi-
I Haud scio,* an Milo
lo ought not rather to be as- sum tu adjuvandus ma-
sisted by you. gis.
Do I say firmness ? I know Constantia dico ? Nes-
not whether I should not ra- cio, an melius patientia
ther say patience. possum dico.
I wish to know, whether I Scio volo, ad hostis, an
have come to an enemy or to ad filius venio: captiva,

* In this, and the like phrases, haud scio, or nescio, is a modest

affirmation, the negative not is therefore omitted in the Latin; and
when the following sentence is affirmative, it will be negative in the
Latin, as; omnium ineptiarum, haud scio, an nulla sit major quam,
etc.;of all absurdities, I know not whether any is greater than, etc.
Cic. de Or.
 CONJUNCTIONS. 121

a son: whether I am in your materne in castra tuus

camp a captive, or your mo- sum.
ther ?
Do you see what a guard CernO, custodia qualis
sits at the entrance ? what in vestibulum sedeo ? fa-
face keeps the thresholds ? cies quis limen servo?
There was such cunning in Tantus in Jugurtha do-
Jugurtha, that they did not lus sum, ut nescio, absens
know, whether he was more an prsesens, pax an bel-
dangerous when absent, or lum gerens, perniciosus
present; when keeping up sum.
peace, or war.
Know ye Trojans, both Cognosco Teucri, et
what strength I had in my ego quis sum juvenilis in
youthful body, and from what corpus vires, et quis servo
death you remand and pre- revocatus a mors Dares.
serve Dares.
The subject itself, seems to Res ipse ego hortor vi-
exhort us to discuss the insti- deor dissero institutum
tutions of our forefathers, how majores, quomodo res-
they kept the republic, and publica habeo, quantus-
how great they left it; and que relinquo, et ut paula-
how it was by degrees im- tim imminutus, ex pul-
paired, and became, from the cher, malus ac flagitiosus
most beautiful, the worst, and fio.
most vicious.
Serve then those judges al- Servio igitur is etiam
so, who after many
ages shall judex, qui post multus
judge concerning you, and saeculum de lu judico, et
indeed I know not, whether quidem haud scio an in-
not more impartially than corrupte quam ego; nam
we; for they will judge with- et sine amor, et sine cu-
out love, without desire, and piditas, et rursus sine
again without hatred, with- odium, et sine invidia ju-
out envy. dico.
In the mean time Metellus Interim Metellus conor
endeavoured to find out exploro per transfuga, et
through the deserters, and alius opportunus, ubi Ju-
other fit persons, where Ju- gurtha sum, aut quis agi-
gurtha was, or what he was to, cum paucine sum, an
doing; whether he was with exercitus habeo, uti sui
few, or whether he had an victus habeo.
army, and how he conducted
himself after his defeat. l
122 INTERJECTIONS.

OF INTERJECTIONS.
An Interjection is a word, and sometimes only a
sound uttered between the parts of a sentence, to express
the passion or feeling of the speaker.
The different passions are expressed by different words;
thus we express
Joy by euax 1 io 1 ho 1
Wonder, O i vah I hui 1 hem 1 hm 1 fiafix 1
Grief, ah ! hei / heu I eheu ! hoi ! ohe !
Praise, euge ! eia !
Aversion, vah ! ehem firoh ! '

Imprecation, Ttf/
Laughter, ha ! he !
Calling, 1 heus 1

Other parts of speech are sometimes used as interjec-

tions, as; malum 1 the mischief horrendum 1 horrid
! i

quaeao, pray; sodes, if you dare, if you please; etc.

 SYNTAX. 123

SYNTAX
Syntax, the third part of Grammar, teaches the pro-
per arrangement of the words in a sentence, according to
the relation which they have to one another.
A Sentence is a collection of words forming a com-
plete sense.
A collection of words not making a complete sense is
called a Phrase.
Syntax consists of two parts, Concord and Govern-
ment.
Concord is the agreement of one word with another in
gender, or number, etc.
Government is the influence, under which words must
be put in a particular case or mood, etc.

GENERAL RULES.
I. Every sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
II. Every adjective, and consequently every adjective
pronoun, and participle agrees with a substantive, express-
ed or understood, in gender, number, and case.
III. Every finite verb has a subject or nominative,
which answers to the question who or what with the verb.
IV. Every finite verb agrees with its subject, expressed
or understood, in number and person.
V. Every genitive is governed by a substantive, ex-
pressed or understood.
VI. Every dative, or giving case, expresses a thing or
person, to or for whom, to whose advantage or disadvan-
tage, satisfaction or dissatisfaction, convenience or incon-
venience something does exist, or is done.
VII. Every accusative is either governed by a verb, or a
preposition, expressed or understood ; or it is the subject
to an infinitive.
VIII. The vocative, or calling case, is absolute, and ex-
presses the person, or thing, that is addressed, as:
124 SYNTAX.

By my assistance, Q. Fa- Mea opera, Quinte Fabi,

bius, you retook Tarentum. Tarentum recepisti.
These, my son, are a most Hsec, mi fili, amantissimi
affectionate father's pre- patris sunt praecepta.
cepts.
Ye, eternal fires! ~ye al- Vos, aeterni ignes! vos
tars, and horrid swords I arae,ensesque nefandi! tes-
I call to witness. tor.

IX. Every ablative is governed by a preposition, ex-

pressed or understood.
X'. Every phrase or sentence, likewise every part of
speech, when taken in an abstract sense, that is, without
regard to its signification, as also the names* of the let-
ters, are considered as substantives of the singular num-
ber and neuter gender, as:

To die for one's country is Dulce et decorum est

sweet and glorious. pro patria mod.
To desire the same things, Eademcupere, eadem
to hate the same things, to odisse, eadem metuere,
fear the same things, brought coegit hos omnes in unum.
all these into one (body).
Every onehas hisown wish. Velle suum cuiqueest.
Homines is trisyllabical. Homines est trisylla-
bum.
A final is long. A finale est longum.

OF CONCORD, OR AGREEMENT.
There are in grammar four Concords:
I. The Concord of an adjective with its substantive.
II. The Concord of a verb with its subject or nomina-
tive.
III.The Concord of a relative with its antecedent.
IV. The Concord of a substantive with a substantive.

' * The names of letters are sometimes used in the feminine gender,
litera being understood, as: a est vocalis (litera).
 SYNTAX. 125

RULE I.

An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender,

number, and case, as: (§ 21, 22.)

A true friend is tried in a Amicus certus in rein-

doubtful affair. certa cernitur.
Old age is itself a sickness. Senectus ipsa est mor-
bus.
A word uttered cannot re- Nescit vox missa re-
turn, verti.

RULE II.

A verb agrees with its subject or nominative in num-

ber and person, as: (§ 22.)

I read, thou teachest. (Ego) lego, (tu) doces.

The swift horse conquers. Celer equus vincit.
The slow horses are over- Tardi equi vincuntur.
come.
To err is human. Errare humanum est.

RULE III.

A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gen-

der, number, and person. (§ 22.)
Obs. 1. If no nominative comes between the relative and
the verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb.
Obs. 2. If a nominative comes between the relative and
the verb, the relative is governed either by a verb or noun
following, or a preposition going before, as:

God, who governs the world, Deus, qui gubernat

and by whom all things were mundum, et a quo omnia
created, is a spirit, whom no creabantur, est spiritus,
man has seen, or can see. quern nemo vidit, aut vi-
dere potest.
11*
126 SYNTAX.

RULE IV.

Two or more substantives, connected together by a

copulative conjunction, (el, ac, atque, etc.) have a verb,
adjective, and relative plural, as: (§ 28.)

The night, love and wine Nox et amorvinumque

advise nothing moderate. nihilmoderabile suadent.
Cyrus and Alexander, who Cyrus et Alexander, qui
subdued Asia, are renowned domuerunt Asiam, sunt
among all nations. inclytiapudomnesgentes.
Obs.1. If the substantives, thus connected, are the sub-

ject,or nominative to a verb, and of different persons, the

plural verb will agree with the first person rather than
the second, and with the second rather than the third, as:
($ 29.)
If you and Tullia are. well, Si tu et Tullia valetis,
I and our sweetest Cicero are ego et suavissimus Cice-
well. ro volemus.

Obs. 2. If the substantives are of different genders, and

signify persons, the adjective, or relative plural will take
the more worthy gender; that is, the masculine rather
than the feminine or neuter, as:
Juventas and Terminus did Juventas Terminusque
not suffer themselves to be moveri se non passi sunt,
moved.
The man and the woman, Vir et fcemina, quos vi-
whom we saw yesterday, are dimus heri, hodie sunt
dead to-day. mortui.
Obs. If all, or any of the substantives, signify things
3.
inanimate, the adjective or relative plural is generally put
in the neuter gender, as:

The ships and prisoners, Naves et captivos, quae

that had been taken at Chios, ad Chium capta erant.
The night and the booty of Nox atque praeda cas-
the camp retarded the ene- trorum hostes remorata
mies. sunt.

Obs. 4. When two or more substantives are connected

by a disjunctive conjunction (aut, vel, nee, neque), or by
 :

SYNTAX. 127

et, et; turn, turn; segue, ac; non tantum, sed etiam, their
verb and adjective agree with the nearest substantive, as
He who supposes, that there Qui nullam vim esse
is no divine power, or in- ducit, numenve divinum.
fluence.
Both I and my Cicero beg- Et ego et meus Cicero
ged. flagitabat.

The same often happens, when the substantives are

coupled together by a copulative conjunction,* as:
His features and his words Haerent infixi pectore
remain fixed in her breast. vultus verbaque.
I see, conscript fathers, that Video, P. C. in me ora-
the countenances and eyes of nium vestrum ora atque
you all are turned on me. oculos esse conversos.
Why are Lysias and Hype- Cur Lysias et Hyperi-
rides loved? des amatur?
Orgetorix's daughter and Orgetorigis filia atque
one of his sons were taken. unus e filiis captus est.

RULE V.
Substantives signifying the same person or thing, and
depending on the same word, agree in case, as ; (§ 30.)
Witha victorious army. Cum victore exercitu.
Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Marcus Tullius Cicero,
orator, was a very great phi- orator, erat maximus
losopher. philosophus.

OF GOVERNMENT.
The government is three-fold :

I. That of nouns.

II. The Government of verbs.

III. The Government of words indeclinable.

* If the verb or adjective cannot be used with the substantives taken

separately, we must use the plural, as: Grammatice quondam et mu-
sice juncta fuere, Quint.
 ;

128 SYNTAX.

RULE VI.
When two substantives, depending on one another and
signifying different things, come together, one of them
governs the other in the genitive, as : (§ 36.)
A boy of the best talents. Puer optimse indolis.
An exile of ten years. Exilium decern anno-
rum.
The hatred against the Odium potentise nobi-
power of the nobles. lium.
Obs. I. When the latter substantive expresses the
quality, form, or age of the former, it is often put in the
ablative, and in this case it generally has an adjective or
pronoun agreeing with it, as ;*
A woman of a noble form Mulier egregia forma
and of full age. atque aetate integra.
A youth of the greatest vir- Adolescens summa vir-
tue and gentleness. tute et humanitate.

Obs. II. Substantives signifying love or hatred, desire

or fear, remembrance or care, and the like, may have a
genitive both under an active and passive idea, as
The general's desire for a Ducis cupiditas trium-
triumph. phi.
Man's hope of safety. Hominis spes salutis.

But if the sense is not evident from the context, we

must use a preposition instead of the passive genitive, as ;

God's love of men. Amor Dei erga homines.

The genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri and vestri, (from ego
and tu) always have a passive signification, as (§ 32.) ;

The hatred against me. Odium mei.

The desire for thee. Desiderium tui.
You have power over me. Habes potestatem mei.
Obs. III. Adjectives of the neuter gender without a
substantive, as also adverbs of time, place, and quantity,
assume sometimes the nature of substantives, and go-
vern a genitive, as :,f (§ 33.)

* This ablative is governed by the preposition e, ex cum, or in, un-

7

derstood.
f The adjectives and adverbs, belonging to this observation, are
 SYNTAX. 129

Much, or a great sum of Multum pecuniae.

money.
What kind of a man are Quid tu hominis es?
you?
Enough of loquacity, little Satis loquentiae, parum
wisdom. sapientiae.
Every where in the world. Ubique terrarum.
The day before that day. Pridie ejus diei.

Thus a neuter adjective may govern another in the

genitive, as ;

If any thing good, bad, or Siquid boni, mali, aut

unfortunate happens. adversi accidit.
However we cannot say siquid tristis, horribilis, or talis,
but, siquid triste, horribile or tale accidit.

Obs. IV. The substantive, governing the genitive, is

often suppressed, particularly homo, negotium, officium,
causa, and others evident from the context, as ;

Cato made his first cam- Cato primum stipendi-

paign as a youth of seventeen um fecit (homo) anno-
years. rum decern septemque.
Deiphobe, the daughter Deiphobe (filia) Glauci.
of Glaucus; or, Glaucus's
(daughter) Deiphobe.
The wisest of men. Sapientissimus (vir, e
numero, vel e genere) ho-
minum.
They fluttered about with Cum facibus ad Cas-
torches at Castor's (temple). toris (aedem) volitarunt.
Caesar Augustus dwelt in a Caesar Augustus habi-
house, that had belonged to tabat in domo, quae fue-
Calvus the orator. rat Calvioratoris(domus).
They were wholly advocates Hominum non causa-
of men, and not of measures. rum toti erant.

multum, plus, plurimum, aliquantum, tantum, quantum, minus, mi-

nimum, hoc, id, quid with its compounds, interea, inde, postea,
tunc, ubi and quo, with their compounds, eo, hue, huccine, unde, us-
quam, nusquam, longe, ibidem,, abuude, affatim, largiter, nimis, quoaa\
satis, parum, minime, pridie and postridie,- the two last have some-
times an accusative governed by ad, ante, or post, understood.
 ,

130 SYNTAX. -

He had collected ships of Naves onerarias, qua-

burden, none of which was rum minor nulla erat
less than of two thousand (quam navis)duum milli-
rundlets' burden. um amphorarum.
It is the duty of a youth to Est (officium) adoles-
respect his elders. centis majores natureve-
reri.
To shear the sheep, not to Tondere pecus, non de-
flay them, is the business of a glubere est (negotium)
good shepherd. boni pastoris.
Hence ;

It is my business to direct, Est meum (negotium)

and it your duty to obey. regere, et vestrum (offici-
um) est parere.
This book belongs to me ; Hie liber est meus (li-
thispen belongs to you. ber) ; haec penna est tua
(-penna).

V. Names of towns of the first, or second declen-

Obs.
sion, and singular number, answering to the question
where, or in what place, are put in the genitive, governed
by in urbe, or loco understood, as ;

He lived at Rome. Vixit Romse.

He died at London. Mortuus est Londini.
In like manner are domus and humus, and often bellum
and militia put in the genitive, as ; *

He not at home.
is Non est domi.
We were together in the Una militiae domique
field and at home. fuimus.

RULE VII.

Partitives, comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives

and numerals govern a genitive plural, as :

None of the wild beasts. Nulla belluarum.

The elder of the two bro- Major fratrum.
thers.

* Domusadmits also of the possessive pronouns, meus, tuus, etc.

and sometimes of a genitive, as Quid tibi negotii est domi meae?
;

Plaut. Clodius deprehensus est domi C«esaris, Cie.

 :

SYNTAX. 131

The moon, the lowest of Luna, planetarum infi-

the planets. mus.
Who of us ? Quis nostrum?
One of the muses. Una musarum.*

Observations.

Obs. l. A
partitive denotes a part of several persons,
or things.
Obs. 2. A
partitive agrees in gender with the genitive,
which it governs. § 37.
Obs. 3. A
partitive, governing a genitive singular of
a collective noun, agrees in gender with the individuals
implied by that noun, as :
Plato the most learned of Plato doctissimus toti-
allGreece. us Grseciae, i. e. doctissi-
mus omnium Graecorum.
Obs. 4. Instead of the genitive, the partitive may have
an ablative with the preposition de, e, or ex, or the accu-
sative with inter or ante, as :

A
few of ours fall. Paucidenostriscadunt.
The elder of the two sons. Ex duobus filiis major.
An herb amongst, or of a Herba inter paucas uti-
few, the most useful. lissima.
The handsomest of all. Ante alios pulcherri-
mus omnes.
Obs. 5. The comparative is used, when but two per-
sons, or things are spoken of, as :

Of the hands the right is Manuum agilior est

the most active. dextra.

Obs. 6. To the partitives may be reckoned adverbs of

the superlative, as
He
stood most beautifully In senatu pulcherrime
of the senate.
all in omnium stetit.
The Helvetii are the most PlurimumtotiusGallise
powerful of all Gaul. possunt Helvetii.*
* This genitive is governed by a substantive, understood, or im-
plied by the partitive, as: quis nostrum is the same as quis homo nos-
trum hominum\ plurimum (inter gentes) totius Gallia possunt Hel-
vetii.
1 32 SYNTAX.

RULE VIII.

Verbal adjectives and those that siguify an affection of

the mind govern the genitive, as :
A lover of wine. Amans vini.
Able to bear labour. Patiens raboris.
Time destroying all things. Tempus edax rerum.
A rival in my studies. iEmulus studiorum.
Unacquainted with the RuclisGrsecarum lite-
Greek language. rarum.
Accused of another's fault. Aliens culpse reus.*
Obs. To this rule chiefly belong
1. The verbal adjectives, that is, adjectives derived
from verbs, yet not referring to time, but implying a habit,
or a natural disposition :
2. Adjectives of desire, or disdain.
3. Of knowledge or ignorance.
4. Of guilt or innocence.

RULE IX.

Adjectives of plenty, want, or privation, govern a ge-

nitive, or ablative, as :

Full of wine. Plenusvini.

A life fall of pleasures. Vita plena voluptati-
bus.
Rich in cattle. Dives pecoris.
Mantua, rich in grandsires. Mantua, dives avis.
Fertile in grain. Ferax Cereris.
An age fertile in useful arts. Saeculum ferax bonis
artibus.

Obs. These commonly take the genitive, benignus,

exors, imfios, imfiotens, irritus, liberalis, munificus, fircdlar-
gus.

* Some Grammarians supposethis genitive to be governed by

in or causa understood; but it is more probable, that it
re, negotio,
depends on the substantive implied by the adjective; for, amans vini
is the same as amator vini; aemulus studiorum the same as simulator
studiorum. Hence even adjectives, which generally have a dative,
sometimes govern the genitive, as; similis tuiy the like of you; so
also nati natorum, the sons of sons.
 SYNTAX. 133

These generally take the ablative, beatua, differ tus, fru-

gifer, mutilus, tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus.*

RULE X.
Misereor, miseresco, satago, interest, and refert take the
genitive, as

Take pity on your sister. Miserere sororis.

Pity the Arcadian King. Arcadii miserescite re-
gis.
He is busy with his own af- Satagit rerum suarum.
fairs.
It concerns the father. Interest patris.
It concerns them. Refert illorum.
Obs. The pronouns mea, tua, sua, nostra, and vestra
used with interest and refert, are excepted, as :
It concerns me. Interest mea.
It is your interest. Refert tua.f
Obs. 2. Becordor, memini, reminiscor, and obliviscor,
govern the genitive, or accusative, as;

I remember this favour. Recordor hujus meriti4

Let us remember the indus- Recordemurdiligentiam ma-
try of our forefathers. jorum.
* The genitive is to be accounted for in the same manner as in
the preceding Rule, and the ablative by a preposition understood;
hence, Cicero says: inops amicorum, inops verbis, inops ab amicis.
Nudus arboris Othrys erat. Ovid. Urbs nuda prsesidio. Cicero. Res-
publico, nuda a magistratibus. Ibid.
•j-1. The genitive of misereor and miseresco is governed by raise-
ria implied. Satago being a compound of satis and ago, the geni-
tive is governed by satis. The elliptical construction of interest and
refert may be thus supplied: interest patris, i. e. est inter negotia
patris. Interest mea, i. e. est inter mea negotia. Refert illorum,
i. e. fert cum re illorum. Refert tua, i. e. fert cum re tua; for re
being long, it must be considered to be the ablative of res.
2. Interest and refert take the adverbs maxime, minime, multum,
quantum, and the like; but they take also the genitives tanti, quanti,
magni, parvi, pluris to express how much it concerns.
t This genitive is probably governed by memoria implied; for Ci-
cero says Pueritise memoriam recordari uliimam.
:

12
134 SYNTAX.

RULE XI.
Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, admonishing,
and valuing, also the impersonal verbs, fKsnitet, fiudec,
taedef, fiiget, and miseret, take the genitive and accusative,
as; (§ 42, 43.)
He accused me of theft. Accusavit me furti.
I condemn myself of sloth- Meipsum inertiae con-
fulness, demno.
The judge acquitted him of Judex absolvit eum in-
the injuries. juriarum.
He admonished the one of Admonebataliumeges-
his poverty, the other of his tatis, alium cupiditatis
desires. suae.
I value you much. jEstimo te magni.
You little regard me. Parvi me pendis.
I am ashamed of my bro- Fratris me pudet.
ther.
Nobody pities me. Neminem mei mise-
ret *

Obs. 1. To must be referred the genitives

this rule also
tanti, quanti, filuris,and minoris, when relating to the
cost, or price of a thing; likewise when used with esse, to
be worth, as;
I sell my grain for no more Vendo meum frumen-
than others; perhaps even for turn non pluris quam cse-
less. teri,fortasse etiam mino-
ris.

* 1. This genitive depends on a substantive understood, such as

crimine, nomine, miseria, negotium, causa, or the like; hence
Jlbsens invidiam crimine accusaretur. Nep.
Nomine sceleris conjurationisque damnati. Cic.
Misevatio eos infantis tenebat. Just.
The genitives tanli, quanti, etc. agree with pretii understood; we
find it expressed in Terent. Hec. V. 3. 1. Nee esse meam herus ope-
ram deputat parvi pretii.
2. The verbs of accusing, condemning, and admonishing, take also
the ablative with the preposition de, as; absolvi de praevaricatione.
Cic. Condemnari de alea. Ibid.
De moribus civitatis tempus nos admonuit. Sail.
The verbs of admonishing take sometimes two accusatives, but
rarely any other accusative of the thing than id, quid, quod, hoc, as;
id ipsum, quod me admones. Cic.
 SYNTAX. 135

An eye-witness is worth Pluris est oculatus tes-

more than ten, depending on tis, quam decern auriti.
their ears.

Obs. 2. The verbs of filling, as; imfileo, comfileo, exfileo;

likewise the verbs of want, as; egeo, indigeo^ and fiQtior,
take often the genitive, though more generally the abla-
tive, as;

They fill themselves with Implentur veteris Bac-

old wine. chi.
They need not so much art, Non tarn artis indigent,
as industry. quam laboris.
If a foreigner should make Si alienigena summi
himself master of the supreme imperii potiretur.
power.
Obs. 3. As (see page 54,) the nominative and accusative
only are affected by changing an active verb into a pas-
sive, it follows that the active verbs, which besides the
accusative, admit also of another case, must retain the
latter in the passive, as;

Gold is valued more. Aurum sestimatur pluris.

The leaders were con- Duces capitis damnati
demned to die. sunt.

RULE XII.
All nouns, verbs, and adverbs, expressing advantage
or disadvantage, convenience or inconvenience, pleasure or
displeasure, similarity or dissimilarity; also the interjec-
tions hei I and vx J take the dative of acquisition,* as;
(§44,45.)
* This dative often presents itself to the beginner as a great diffi-
culty, which, however, may generally be easily overcome by trans-
lating it by the possessive case, as;
Utrisque ad animum occurrit. Caes.
It occured to the mind of both.
Huic cervixque comzeque trahuntur per terram. Virg.
His neck and hair are dragged along the ground.
Neve tibi ad solem vergant vineta cadentem. Ibid.
Nor let your vineyards incline towards the setting sun.
Quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ? Ibid.
Whither has your care for us retired ?
At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem irrigat. Ibid.
But Venus diffuses a placid sleep through the limbs of Jlscanius.
Districtus ensis cui super impia cervice pendet. Hor.
136 SYNTAX.

O noble protection of dis- Insigne moestis praesi-

tressed defendants. dium reis.
He set out for Spain as Profectus est in His-
lieutenant to his brother. paniam legatus fratri.
Accompanying him, do not Illi comes exterior ne
refuse to walk on the outside, ire recuses.
Be thou kind to all, fawn- Cunctis esto benignus,
ing to none, familiar with few, nemini blandus, paucis fa-
just to all. miliaris, omnibus sequus.
Death is terrible to the Mors est terribilis ma-
wicked, lis.
It is better for us to be si- Praestat nobis tacere.
lent.
Harm is done to me. Nocetur mihi.
The death of Cyrus was Mors Cyri nuntiabatur
announced to him. ei.
He threatened him with Minabatur illi mortem,
death.
He applies remedies to the Medetur reipublicss af-
diseased state. flictae.

He, over whose impious head a sword hangs drawn.

Hinc animus crevit obsessis. Curt.
Hence the courage of the besieged increased.
Hsec libera Hermolai vox regi feroci animum movit. Ibid.
This unreserved language moved the passion of the cruel king.
Ad haec mala hoc malum mihi accedit etiam. Ter.
This evil also comes to these evils of mine.
When the dative has a participle agreeing with it, we may trans-
late it by the nominative absolute, as?
Ciceroni cervicem prsebenti caput abscissum est a Popilio.
Cicero offering his neck, his head was cut off by Popilius.
Talia jactanti procella velum ferit. Virg.
He saying these things, the storm strikes his sail.
Sometimes however it almost impossible to reach this dative by
the English language, as; quo tantum mihi (i. e. to my disadvantage,
or vexation,) dexter abis ? Virg. —
Tongillum mihi eduxit; that is, he
has done me
the favour of taking out Tongillus. Cic. An ille mihi —
liber, cui mulier imperat. Ibid. —
At iibi repente paucis post diebus
venit ad me Caninius mane. Ibid. —
Ad ilia mihi pro se quisque acri-
ter intendat animum. Liv.
We often meet with this dative in the Greek language also, as;
A7re<PgccTTe pot rev £ av. Lucian. 'Ovra^ eya <rot, sty*), a /mreg,
rxye ^tKUtcc 7rccvTec7rocriv ci^ee, ctitgtfiaq. Xen. 'XwegetyofietTo, fw
01 o iretirTCos otToB-etvot. Ibid.
This dative is likewise very frequent in the German language, and
always implies a certain authority, or affection.
 !

SYNTAX. 137

Trust, but see whom you Fide, sed cui (fidas)

trust. vide.
He was not only concerned Non modo rei interfuit,
in the affair, but even man- sed etiam praefuit.
aged it.

Do you not know that kings An nescis, longas regi-

have long hands ? bus esse manus ?
He became again consul; Factus est iterum con-
for his own glory in due time, sul; sibi (in) suo tempore,
good of the republic
for the al- reipublicae pene sero.
most too late.
If you wish to subject to Si vis tibi omnia subji-
yourself all, subject yourself cere, subjice te rationi.
to reason.
He stations his whole army Exercitum omnem cir-
about the town. cumdat hostium castris.
Virgil is compared to Ho- Virgilius comparatur
mer. Homero.
They keep the cattle nearer Tenent armenta pro-
to the stables. pius stabulis.
He entrenches his camp as Quam proxime potest
near as possible to the ene- hostium castris castra
mies' camp. communit.
The whole senate came to Omnis senatus consuli
meet the consul. obviam venit.
Woe to you Ah I wretch!
! ! Vae vobis ! Hei mihi
misero
To this rule belong particularly
1. All adjectives signifying firq/it or disfirq/ie, love or
hatred^ Jltness or unfitness, equality or inequality; all ad-
jectives of fiersfiicuity or nearness, and the verbals in bilis
and dus*

* 1. Many adjectives, belonging to this rule, take often by Rule

1

VIII. the genitive instead of t\e dative, as aemulus, sequalis, affinis,

:

communis, similis, par, proprius, etc.

2. Adjectives expressing an affection, such as love or hatred for or
against a person, take frequendy the accusative with the preposition
in or erga, as: benevolus, benignus, liberalis, seevus, crudelis, ini-
quus, etc.
3. Adjectives of usefulness and fitness take often the accusative
with ad, as: utilis, inutilis, idoneus, ineptus, commodus, aphis, etc.
12*
138 SYNTAX.

2. All verbs, whether neuter, active, or deponent, sig-

nifying to favour or to hurt, to command, obey, serve, or
',

resist, to trust, to be angry with, the verbs of comparing

and declaring, of giving and taking away,*
3. The verb smtw, taken for habeo, together with its
compounds, also the compounds of satis, bene, and wa/f.
4. Most verbs compounded with these ten prepositions:
ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob,firae f sub, and sufier.

RULE! XIII.

The verb sum, taken for affero (I bring), also forem,

do, duco, habeo, mitto, relinquo, venio,verto, etc. take often
two datives, as:

The sea brings ruin on the Exitio est avidis mare

greedy mariners. nautis.
Pausanias came to the as- Pausanias venit Atticis
sistance of the Athenians. auxilio.
What you charge to others Quod aliis vitio vertis,
as a vice, do not reckon that id tibi laudi ne duxeris.
a glory to yourself.
Modesty is reckoned acorn- Modestia laudi ducitur
mendation to young men. adolescentibus.

* 1. Verbs, compounded with a preposition, take often the case

of the preposition, as: inire consilium, to enter into a design; ejicere
urbe, to cast out of the city. See prepositions in composition, etc.
Rule XX.
2. Verbs of local motion, or expressing a tendency towards an ob-
ject, likewise the verbs of exhorting, inviting, and exciting to a
thing, instead of the dative take the accusative with the preposition
ad or in, as: amnes in cequora currant, the rivers run into the sea. Se-
duni ad summas Alpes pertinent, the Seduni extend to the tops of the
Alps. Provocabant nos ad pugnam, they challenged us for battle.
3. Comparo, confero, compono, instead of the dative take often the
ablative with cum, as: conferte hanc pacem cum illo bello, compare
this peace with that war.
4. The verbs of taking away, instead of the dative, have frequently
the ablative with a, db, de, e, or ex, as: eripite nos ex his miseriis;
rescue us from these miseries.
5. Juvo, adjuvo, adjuto, Icedo, and jubeo, though apparently belong-
ing to this rule, always govern the accusative, and the last generally
with an infinitive.
 SYNTAX. 139

Obs. To this rule may be referred the following and

like idioms:

I have this at heart. Hoc mihi cordi est.

This is of use to me. Hoc mihi usui est.
Scipio, who had the sur- Scipio, cui Africano
name Africanus. fuit cognomen.*

RULE XIV.
A verb signifying actively governs the accusative, as:
(§ 52-3-4-5.)

They love God. Amant Deum.

He reveres his parents. Reveretur parentes.
An artless appearance be- Forma viros neglecta
comes men. decet.
The Sicilians had Cicero Ciceronem habe-
Siculi
for their patron. bant patronum.
They accuse him of treache- Insimulant eum prodi-
ry. tionis.
I always valued you very Plurimi te semper feci.
much.
I am sorry for this deed. Poenitet me hujus fac-
ti.t
I forgive you the things Ignosco tibi praeterita.
past.
He left with the landlord his Reliquit hospiti pal-
cloak for a pledge. lium pignori.
He freed me from the quar- Liberavit me a quarta-
tan ague. na (febri).

* 1. Instead of this phrase of naming", we may also say: cui Afri-

canus fuit cognomen, and cui Africani fuit cognomen.
2. Some grammarians refer to this rule the idiom Dicto audientem
esse alicui; but from the passage of Nep. Ages. 4, Dicto audiensfuit
jussis magistraiuum, where dicto in the abl. signifies, as soon as said,
it would appear, that it is the ablative.

f The verbs poenitet, pudet, miseret, etc., which are generally called
impersonals, have an active signfication, though they are not used
in the passive voice; they stand for poena tenet, pudor, miseria, or mi-
teratio tenet, etc. as it may appear from the passage already quoted:
miseratio eos infantis tenebat. Just.
 140 SYNTAX.

To this rule may be referred the neuter verbs which

take an accusative of their own, or like signification, as:
($ 52.)
To live a blessed life. Vivere vitam beatam.
They enjoy a true joy. Gaudent gaudium ve-
rum.
They fought many bloody Multa cruenta pugna-
battles. verunt praelia.*
Obs. For the accusative of the subject before the infini-
tive see page 79.

RULE XV.
Verbs of asking and teaching, as also celo, I conceal,
admit of two* accusatives, as :

I never asked riches of the NunquamdivitiasDeos

Gods. rogavi.
We all beg peace of you. Pacem te poscimus
omnes.
Dionysius taught Epamin- Dionysiusmusicam do-
ondas music. cuitEpaminondam.
Minerva taught him all her Minerva eum omnes
arts. artes edocuit.
Heconceals from all his Iter constitutum omnes
intended march. celat.
Junius Silanus was first Junius Silanus primus
asked his opinion. sententiam rogatus est.
Being taught a better Doctus iter melius,
course.
Obs. 1. The
verbs of asking take frequently the abla-
tive of the person with the preposition a, or ab; and the
verbs of teaching, the abl. of the thing with the preposi-
tion de , as
* He demanded Catiline of Catilinam a me repos-
rae. cebat.
He apprizes the senate of Edocet senatum de iti-

the enemy's march. nere hostium.

* The accusative of the thing seems to be governed by the pre-

position ob or ad understood; hence Cic. Ad hanc legem non docti
sedfacti. Ter. Omnes socrus mihi videntur doctae ad malitiam.
 SYNTAX. 141

Obs. 2. InstruOy instituo, imbuo^informo, and frequent-

ly erudio take the accusative of the person and the abla-
tive of the art or sience, generally without a preposition,

He instructs the youth in Instruit juvenes artibus

the fine arts. ingenuis.
Polybius taught Scipio the Polybius erudivit Scipi-
Greek language. onem Graecis Uteris.
They instruct the orator in Erudiunt oratorem in
the civil law. civili jure.

RULE XVI.
The dimension of length, breadth, and height ; the dis-
tance of one place from another: the time expressing how
long; likewise the names of towns, as also domus and rus,
when answering to the question whither or whereto, are
put in the accusative,* as : (§ 56.)
He carried along two Duas fossas quindecim
ditches fifteen feet broad. pedes latas perduxit.
Trees, five feet thick, sup- Arbores quinque pedes
ported the dam. crassse sustinebant mo-
lem.
When he had proceeded a Quum tridui viam pro-
three days' journey. cessisset.
From this I am not allowed Ab hoc mihi non licet
to depart a finger's breadth. transversum digitum dis-
cedere.
Ennius lived seventy years. Ennius annos septua-
ginta vixit.
The gate of black Pluto Noctes atque dies patet
lies open day and night. atri janua Ditis.
He set out for Rome. Romam profectus est.
The embassadors had re- Legati redierant Athe-
turned to Athens. nas.
I go to the country.
shall Ego rus ibo.
The Gauls had gone home. Galli domos abierant.

* These accusatives are governed by the preposition ad, per, or in

understood, as: Longa folia habet fere ad tres digitos, Plin. Quern
per annos decern aluimus. Cicero.
142 SYNTAX.

Obs. 1. The measure, distance, and time are some

times put in the ablative, as
A ditch six cubits high. Fossa sex cubitis alta.
He encamped six thousand Millibus passuum sex a
paces from Caesar's camp. Csesaris castris consedit.
Panoetius lived thirty years, Panoetius vixit triginta
after, etc. annis, posteaquam, etc.

Obs. 2. The names of countries, provinces and islands

have generally the preposition expressed, yet we find it
often suppressed, as
They sent Pausanias with Pausaniam cum classe
the fleet to Cyprus and the Cyprum atque Helles-
Hellespont. pontum miserunt.
Who came to Italy, and the Qui Italiam, Lavinaque
Lavinian shores. venit litora.

RULE XVII.
The prepositions, ad, apud, ante, etc. govern the accu-
sative (see page 102.) as : (§ 58.)

What is that to you ? Quid illud ad te ?

In time of war the laws are Inter arma silent leges,

mute.

RULE XVIII.
The prepositions in, sub, sufier and subter govern the
accusative, when motion, or tendency towards an object
is signified ; but if rest, or motion in a place is signified,
in and sub govern the ablative, sufier and subter the accu-
sative, or ablative, (see page 106), as :

Medius built the city Me- Medius condiditurbem

dea in (i. e. to the) honour of Medeam in honorem ma-
his mother. tris.
He plunged himself into Projecit se in prsefrigi-
the cold water. dam aquam.
The fishes swim in the Pisces natant in aquis.
water.
During night her care re- Sub noctem cura recur-
turns, sat.
 SYNTAX. Hi
The dispute is yet before Adhuc sub judice lis

the judge. est.

Besides disease famine also Super morbum etiam
army.
afflicted the fames affecit exercitum.
The doves perch on the Columbae super arbore
tree. sidunt.
To have forced a hidden • Occultas egisse vias
passage under the sea. subter mare.
They are ready to meet all Omnesferrelibetsubter
chances under the target- testudine casus.
fence.

RULE XIX.
The prepositions, a, ab, abs, absque, etc. govern the
ablative (see page 104), as :

The next after the king. A rege proximus.

Every one according to his Pro sua quisque facul-
ability. tate.
He deserved well of the De civitate bene meri-
city. tus est.

RULE XX.
Prepositions often govern the same case in composi-
tion, which they govern without it, as :
The nations which adjoin Gentes, quae illud mare
that sea. adjacent.
The goose makes a noise A rgutos interstrepit an-
among the warbling swans. ser alores.
He departed this life. Excessit vita.
They entered into a design. Inierunt consilium.
He visited all the provinces. Omnes provincias obiit.
When I undertake a doubt- Cum aggredior ancipi-
ful cause. tem causam.
He desisted from his vain Abscessit irrito incep-
attempt. to.
He brought his troops over Hellespontum copias
the Hellespont. trajecit.
144 SYNTAX.

Obs. 1. Neuter verbs, compounded with a preposition

governing the accusative, assume often the nature of ac-
tive verbs, and are used in the passive voice* as personal
verbs, as ; (§ 59.)

The could not be

praetors Praetores adiri non po-
approached. terant.
A design has been entered Consilium initum est.
into.
Death must be undergone. Mors subeunda est.
The plain is encompassed Campus obitur aqua.
by water.
Euphranor was surrounded Euphranor circumven-
by the Alexandrians. tus ab Alexandrinis est.
Things of this kind seem to Ejusmodi res obstrepi
be drowned by the noise of the clamore militum videntur.
soldiers.

Obs. 2. The preposition is often repeated before its

case, as;

Hannibal went to the king. Hannibal adiit ad re-

gem.
It had slipped from my Mihi excesserat e me-
memory. moria.
He endeavoured to convey Milites trans flumentra-
the soldiers across the river. jicere conabatur.
Could I have entered more Num potui magis in ar-
into the main point of that cemillius causae invadere?
cause?
Since my oration now seems Quoniam emersisse jam
to have emerged from the e vadis, et scopulos prae-
shoals, and to be carried past tervecta videtur oratio
the rocks. mea.

RULE XXI.
Ofius and usus; also the adjectives dignus, indignus,
contentus, firaeditusy cafitus,fretus; and the adjectives sig-
nifying descent, as, natus, satus, ortus, and the like, re-
quire the ablative,! as ; (§ 6 1.)

* " Si volet usus'," for we could not say: gentes, a quibus Mud
mare adjacetur. Others are never used as neuter verbs ; as ; invenio,
oppugno, etc.
f This ablative is governed by a preposition understood; such as
 SYNTAX. 145

We have need of your au- Auctoritate tua nobis

thority and counsel. opus est et consilio.
Now there will be need of Nunc viribus usus,
strength and brisk hands. nunc manibus rapidis.
The affair seemed worthy of Res visa est digna ex-
excuse and comfort. cusatione et solatio.
Not a word was heard un- Nulla vox populi ma-
worthy of the majesty of the jestate,aut victoriis in-
people, or of their victories. digna audiebatur.
Trusting to your gentleness Freti tua humanitate
we shall give you an advice. tibi consilium dabimus.
Catiline was descended of a Catilina nobili genere
noble family. natus erat.
Sprung from the same eg^. Ovo prognatus eodem.
Content with little. Contentus parvo.

RULE XXII.
The comparative governs the ablative, which may be
resolved by quam* as; (§ 62, 63.)
Silver is of less value than Vilius argentum est
gold, and gold of less value auro, virtutibus aurum.
than virtue.
They say, that they bear a Onus jEtna. gravius se
burden heavier than iElna. sustinere dicunt.
An honourable death is bet- Honesta mors turpi vi-
ter than a base life. ta potior est.
Othou ! dearer to thy sister O luce magis dilecta
than life. sorori.

Obs. I. The comparatives take often these ablatives :

cfiinione, sfie, die to, aequo, justo, solito, as ;

Quicker than imagined. Opinione celerius.

Sooner than said. Dicto citius.
More sad than usual. Tristior solito.

a, de, ex, or in: De his communis vita contenta est, Cic. Belgas esse
ortos a Germanis, Cxs. Nati Carthagine, sed oriundi ab Syracusis. Liv.
* This abl. is governed by prae, in comparison
of, as; prse cseteris
fortior exsurgit, Apul. —
The noun, or pronoun in the ablative, when
resolved by quam, generally admits of the simple signification of
the comparative, as onus JEtna gravius se sustinere dicunt, i. e.
;

onus gravius, quam JEtna est gravis. Hence "he gives to nobody
more freely than to his brother," must be made by: neminidat liben-
iius, quam fratri, and not: nemini dat libentius fratre.

13
146 SYNTAX.

These ablatives are sometimes suppressed, as j

You seem to me more sad Videris mihi tristior

than usually. (solito).
My lenity seemed more re- Mea lenitas visa est
miss than it is just. (justo) solutior.

Obs. II. The comparatives take also the ablative of

the measure, by which one thing exceeds or falls short
of another, as

He is by one half taller Major est me dimidio.

than I.
Ireland is by one half less Hibernia dimidio mi-
than Britain. nor, quam Britannia.
The turrets are ten feet Turres denis pedibus
higher than the wall. quammurus,altioressunt.
The measure of excess is often expressed by these ab-
latives : tanto, quanto, aliquanto, multo, fiaulo, to, hoc,
quo, as;
The more ignorant anyone Quo quis indoctiorj eo
is, more impudent is he.
the est impudentior.
By as much as we are su- Quanto superiores su-
perior to others, by so much mus, tanto nos geramus
the more humbly should we submissius.
conduct ourselves.

RULE XXIII.
The
cause, manner, and instrument; the means, the
price of any thing, and the time answering to the ques-
tion When; likewise the names of towns of the third de-
clension, or plural number, answering to the question
Where, or in what place, and the names of towns of what-
ever declension or number, answering to the question
Whence, or from what place, are put in the ablative,* as ;

* cause answers to the question whyt and is governed by a,

The
de, ex, or prse, as; debet et aradiis sideris esseniger, Ovid. Necloqui
prse moerore potuit, Cic.
The cause is often put in the accusative with the preposition ob,
or propter, as; aut obavaritiam, autmisera ambitione laborat, Hor.
The manner answers to the question how? and is governed by cum,
de, or ex, as; magno cum metu dicere incipio, Cic. Sometimes by
per, as; spoliaper otium legebant, Liv.
 — —

SYNTAX. 147

By concord small states in- Concordia parvae res

crease, by discord great ones crescunt, discordia mag-
waste away. nae dilabuntur.
Good men hate to sin for Oderunt peccare boni
love of virtue. virtutisamore.
Pity me, said he in a low Miserere mei, suppres-
voice. sa voce ait.
It is not easy to bear ad- Non facile est sequa
vantages with a moderate commoda mente pati.
mind.
Drive out nature with a Naturam expellas furca,
fork, yet still she will return. tamen usque recurret.
Galatea strikes me with an Malo me Galatea petit,
apple, a sportive girl. lasciva puella.
He retained his friends by Amicos observantia,
complaisance, his estate by rem parsimonia retinuit.
economy.
He buys on Grecian faith Mercatur Graeca fide.
(i. e.for cash).
He sold his country for Vendidit hie auro pa-
gold. triam.

The instrument answers to the question wherewith} and is govern-

ed by cum, which is but seldom expressed, as; sulcum cum terra
complere, Col.
The means answer to the question whereby? and are governed by
the preposition cum, as; peterecum precibus, Liv.
The price is governed by pro, as; vendante, quod pro minore emp-
—
tum, Lucil. With respect to the genitives tanti, quanti, etc., see
Rule XI. Obs. I.
The time when is governed by in, de, or sub, as; in hoc tempore,
Cic. —
De tertia vigiUa, Cxs. Sub luce, Ovid. The time when is
sometimes put in the accusative with ad, and often with sub, as; ad
diem diet am, Cic. Sub noctem, Virg.
The names of towns, answering to where} are governed by in un-
derstood, as; in Philippis Thessalus quidam nuntiavit, Suet. The
ablative, upon the question whence, is governed by a, ab, or ex, as;
Libo discessit a Brundusio, Cxs. Ab Mhtnis Bceotiam irem, Cic. Ex
vita discedo non tanquam ex domo, ibid.
The ablative upon the question qua, by or through what place,
has been omitted, as we cannot find examples; but we have: quum
iter per Thebas faceret, Nep. Per Megaram incursiones factse, Liv.
The materials, of which any thing is made, are generally in
the abl. with the preposition ex, or de expressed; yet sometimes
the preposition is suppressed, as; regia sedificata erat cedro, Curt.
Capitolium saxo quadrato substructum, Liv.
148 SYNTAX.

What is not wanted is dear Quod non opus est, asse

at a penny. carum est.
To try all by words sooner Omnia prius experiri
than by arms, becomes a wise quam armis sapi-
verbis,
man. entem decet.
allowed to become emi-
It is Vel pace vel bello cla-
nent both by peace, and by rum fieri licet.
war.
You will hear it in three Triduo audietis.
days.
In the first three years he Proximo triennio om-
subdued all Spain. nem Hispaniam subegit.
Alexander was taken off by Alexander Babylone
a disease at Babylon. morbo consumptus est.
Antipater died at Athens. Antipater Athenis mor-
tuus est.
We set out from Brundusi- Brundusio profecti su-
um. mus.
Aratus, having set out from Aratus, profectus Ar-
Argos, came to Sicyon. gis, Sicyonem venit.

Obs, The word firetio, is often suppressed, as:

Hunger costs a small price, Parvo (pretio) constat
loathing a great price. fames, magno fastidium.
Obs. 2. To this rule must also be referred the ablative
absolute, (see page 90), which generally implies time,
answering to the question when, as: expulsis regibus, duo
consules creati sunt; i. e. sub expulsis regibus, or, cum
expulsi essent reges, duo, etc.*
Obs. 3. Domus, rus, and humus, as already observed,
are construed like names of towns; hence,
Manlius ordered his son Ti- Manlius Titum filium
tus to live in the country. ruri habitare jussit.
Having set out from home, Profectus domo, Athe-
ne returns to Athens. nas revertitur.
My father has not yet re- Pater rure nondum re-
turned from the country. diit.
A way must be tried, by Tentanda via est, qua
which I also may raise myself me quoque possim tol-
from the ground. lere humo.
* Cxsar says: We sub ipsa profectione mitites hostium irrumpe
rent,which is the same with, Ne ipsis prqficiscentibus, milites^ etc
Thus, Eo adveniente, is the same with, sub ejus adventu.
 SYNTAX. 149

RULE XXIV.
The verbs of filling, loading, binding, investing, and
depriving the verbs implying plenty or want also utor,
; ;

abu-tor^/mor, fungor, fiolior, vescor, nascor, dignor, and

others take the ablative,* as: (§ 167.)

He filled the city with Luctu atque csede ur-

mourning and slaughter. bem complebat.
I shall disengage myself Me hac suspicione ex-
from this suspicion. pediam.
This victory freed the slate Haec victoria civitatem
from debt. sere alieno liberavit.
Avarice deprives mortals of Avaritia mortales li-
their children, country, and beris, patria atque pa-
parents. rentibus spoliat.
They did not abide by the Superiorum censorum
decisions of the former cen- non steterunt.
judiciis
sors.
Antiochia abounded with Antiochia eruditissimis
most learned men, and the hominibus, liberalissimis-
most liberal studies. que studiis afRuebat.
To be free from fault is a Vacare culpa magnum
great comfort. est solatium.
Each being deficient in it- Utrumque per se indi-
self, the one needs the assist- gens, alterius auxilio
ance of the other. eget.
The river is full of fishes. Amnis scatet piscibus.
The Britons live on milk Britanni lacte et carne
and flesh, and are clothed in vivunt, pellibusque sunt
skins. vestiti.
The state is distressed by Diversis duobus vitiis,
two opposite vices, avarice avaritia et luxuria, civi-
and luxury. tas laborat.
He presents Mazscus the Mazseum transfugam

* This ablative is governed by a preposition understood, such

as, a, de, ex, in, or cum, as: vacare a metu. Liv. Liberare aliquem a
quartana. Cic. Expedire se ex laqueis. ibid. Stare in fide. ibid.
Laborare ex sere alieno. Cses. Dolere ex rerum commutatione. ibid.
Quod sua victorid gloriarentur. Caes. Gloriari de divitii** Cic. In
aliis. Liv.
150 SYNTAX.

turncoat with the satrapship satrapia Babyloniae do-

of Babylonia. nat.
If I shall not be allowed to Si mihi republica bona
enjoy a good republic, I shall frui non licuerit, carebo
be without a bad one. mala.
How far at length wilt thou, Quousque tandem abu-
O Catiline, abuse our patience? tere, Catilina, patientia.
nostra ?
The republic has gone Perfuncta respublica
through with this miserable est hoc misero fatalique
and fatal war. bello.
Atticus had enjoyed such a Atticus tanta prosperi-
happy state of health, that he tate usus erat valetudinis,
had not been in need of medi- ut annis triginta medici-
cine for thirty years. na non indiguisset.
There would certainly be Earum rerum, quibus
no exportation of those com- abundamus, exportatio,
modities, with which we et earum, quibus egemus,
abound, orimporlation of such invectio certe nulla esset,
as we need, if some men did nisi his muneribus, ho-
not discharge such offices. mines fungerentur.
Obs. To this rule may also be referred the adjectives of
plenty, or want,* as:

Free from all fear. Liber omni metu.

An orphan. Orbus parentibus.
Poor in words. Inops verbis.
Rich in money, put on in- Dives positis in fenore
terest. nummis.
Deprived of the light. Lumine cassus.
Laden with booty. Onustus prseda.
These adjectives may also take the genitive. Seep. 132.

RULE XXV.
The subjunctive or potential mood expresses the affirm-
ation with a doubt, or the condition of liberty, power, or
desire, as:
Some one may object. Objiciat aliquis.
Let us write. Scribamus.
* This ablative governed by a preposition, understood which is
is

sometimes expressed, as: Dives ab armento. Val. Civitas ab aquis

sterilis. Apulej. Extorvis a sob patrio. Liv. Vacuus a periculo.
Cicero.
 SYNTAX. 151

Obs. 1 . The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, etc.

are generally followed by the subjunctive mood, as:

O! that I had not done it. Utinam non fecerim.

You are silent, as if you did Taces, quasi nescias.
not know it.
Obs. 2. After the verbs of sense, the interrogates, not
used interrogatively, require the subjunctive, as:
Tell me, who you are, Die mihi, quis sis, unde
whence you came, what you veneris, quid velis, quan-
want, when you will depart. do abiturus sis.

Obs. 3. The relative pronoun qui, quse, quod, as also

some adverbs and conjunctions, take often the subjunc-
tive, when they are preceded by the subjunctive, or the
infinitive with the accusative of the subject, as:

Ariovistus replied, the law Ariovistus respondit,

of war was, that they, who jus esse belli, ut, qui vi-
had conquered, governed cissent,iisj quos vicissent,
those, whom they had con- quemadmodum vellent,
quered, as they pleased that ; imperarent; se capere sti-
he took the tribute, which the pendium, quod victores
conquerors used to impose on victis imponere consue-
the conquered. yerint.
You asked of Scaevola, that, A Scaevola petiisti, ut,
whilst you were absent, he dum abesses, provinciae
would govern the province. praeesset.

Obs. 4. The relative qui, quse, quod, after esse, refieriri,

inveniri, and the like, generally takes the subjunctive
mood, as:

There are some, who say. Sunt, qui dicant.

Two Roman knights were Reperti sunt duo equi-
found, who freed you of that tes Romani, qui te ista
care. cura liberarent.
Obs. 5. Qui, quae, quod, takes the subjunctive, when it
stands for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ea, id; or for cum ego, cum
tu, etc. as:

If you shall elect a man de« Si dignum, qui secun-

serving to be counted the next dus a Romulo numeretur,
after Romulus, the fathers creaveritis, patres auc-
will approve it. tores fient.
152 SYNTAX.

Why do you praise me, Quid me laud as, quern

when you do not even know ne noris quidem?
me!

RULE XXVI.
The infinitive is either the subject to another verb, or
it is governed by a preceding verb, as: (§ 68, 69, 70.)

To errr is human. Errare humanum est.

wish rather myenemies to
I Malo mihi invidere in-
envy me, than myself my ene- imicos, quam me inimi-
mies. cis.

RULE XXVII.
Gerunds and supines have the same government as the
verbs, of which they are parts. (§ 72.)
Obs. 1. The gerunds are construed like substantives,
and according to the same rules.
Obs. 2. The gerund in dum, when
it is the subject to

the verb sum, implies obligation, and takes the dative of

the person, that has that obligation, as (§ 71.) :

You ought to study. Vobis studendum est.

We know that we must die. Scimus nobis morien-
dum esse.
We ought to use our time. Tempore nobis uten-
dum est.
He is desirous to learn both Cupidus est discendi
languages, the Latin and the utramque linguam, Lati-
Greek. nam et Graecam.
The boy is fit for bearing Puer est par ferendo
the burden. onus.
This is useful for healing Hocutile est ad meden-
wounds. dum vulneribus.
By sparing your enemies, Parcendoinimicis sum-
you have gained the greatest mam gloriam adeptus es.
glory.

Obs. 3. The gerunds of verbs governing the accusa-

tive, may be elegantly changed into the participles in
dus, by putting the accusative in the case, in which the
 SYNTAX. 153

gerund should be, and making the participle agree with

it, as :

We must keep watch. Vigiliae nobis agitandae

sunt.
He is desirous to learn both Cupidus est discendae
languages, the Latin and the utriusque linguae, Latinae
Greek. et" Graecae.
No other region is more Gignendae herbae non
fit to produce grass. alia est aptior regio.
They are apt to believe the Ad deteriora credenda
worse. proni sunt.
Let us use care in choosing Adhibeamus curam in
friends. deligendis amicis.
But if the action is passed, we must use the participle
perfect, as :

He has been accused of Accusatus est inter-

having embezzled the public versae publicae pecuniae.
money.
He became dearer to the Post restitutam civium
commons after restoring concordiam plebi carior
union among the citizens. factus est.
The general increases his Dux auget gloriam, ex-
glory by displaying all the posita omni in campo
booty in the Campus Martius. Martio praeda.
But if you place any hope Sin aliquam sumptis
in taking up arms. spem ponis in armis.

Obs. 4. The supine in um is put after a verb of motion,

and always expresses the intent of its affirmation.
The supine in u is put after an adjective, and has a
passive signification, as
They come to see, and to Spectatum veniunt;
be seen. veniunt, spectentur ut
ipsae.
I was hired to cook, and Coctum, non vapula-
not to be beaten. tum conductus fui.
Horrible to be said. Horribile dictu.
A
thing easy to be done. Res factu facilis.
 ; ; ;

154 SYNTAX.

Obs. 5. Various idioms may be used instead of the su-

pine in wm, as: "they had come to exfilore the country"
may be thus rendered Latin :
Venerant exploratum regionem
Venerant, ut explorarent regionem ;
Venerant, qui explorarent regionem;
Venerant exploraturi regionem ;

Venerant explorandae regionis gratia, or causa

Venerant regionem explorandi gratia
Venerant ad regionem explorandam ;
Venerant ad explorandum regionem;
Venerant explorare regionem.
The former expressions are the most frequent, and the
infinitive is used only by poets.
 PEOSODT. 155

PROSODY.
Prosody is that part of Grammar, which treats of the
quantity and accent of syllables, and the measure of
verse.
The quantity of a syllable is the time taken in pro-
nouncing it.
Syllables are either long, or short, or common.
A long" syllable requires double the time of a short syl-
lable, and is marked thus ~, as : mater.
A y
short syllable is marked thus , as pater. :

A common syllable is that, which is used in poetry

sometimes long and sometimes short, tenebrae.
as :

In prose, common syllables are generally pronounced

short.
In polysyllables the last syllable but one is called the
penultima, or fienult, and the last but two is called the
antefienultima, or antepenult.
The quantity of syllables is ascertained either by rules,
or by authority, that is, by the usage of reputable poets.

RULES for the Quantity of syllables.

I. A vowel before a vowel is short, as : induo, traho.*

Exceptions.
1. The vowel in Jio is long, when no r follows, as
i :

Omnia jam jiunt, fieri quae posse negabam.

2. The genitives in ius have common but alius has
i ;

ilong, it being contracted of aliius, and alterius has i al-

ways short.
3. The e in the termination iei of the gen. and dat. of
the fifth declension is long, as : diei.
4. The vocatives Cai, Pompei and the like have the
penult long, so also Ohe and Io.
5. In many Greek words the vowel before a vowel is
long, as : aer, JEneas, Clio, Darius.

* The h is only an aspirate, and not reckoned a letter in poetry.

156 PROSODY.

II. A vowel before two or more consonants, or before

x, z, or long, as : mons, gaza, rejice.
j, is

Exceptions.
A vowel originally short is common before a mute and
liquid, as : ftatris, voliicris.
The mutes are b, c, d, g, k, ft, q, t.
The liquids are /, m, n, r.
III. All diphthongs and contracted syllables are long,
as : Melibdee, delude.

Exc. The preposition firse has in composition se short,

when followed by a vowel, as prseeunte. :

IV. Derivatives retain the quantity of their primitives,

as, legam from lego legeram from legi*
;

V. Compounds follow the quantity of their simples, as;

fterlego,fierlegi.
VI. a, e, de, di, and se, in compounds are long, as dT-
ri/iio, deduco.
Exo. Di in dirimo and disertus is short.
re in compounds is short, as; refero; in refert, it con-
cerns, it is long.
Pro, in Greek compounds is short, as; propheta.
Pro, in Latin compounds is long, as; proveho.

* This rule is subject to many exceptions; for we have from rego,

rex, regis, regula,- from mdcer, macero; we have fides, fidelis, fide-
liter, perfidus, perfidia, and fido, fidus, fiducia,- dicax, from dlco;
diicis, gen. of dux, from duco; pdciscor from pax, pads,- lucerna from
luceo; mblestus from moles, etc. etc.
The same may be said of the compounds without a preposition;
thus we have pronu bus from nubo; semisopitus from sopitus; hodie
from hoc die, etc. etc. Yet we may observe, that
1. ,#and at the end of the first part of the compound are long,
as: trado, alioquin; but a in eddem, when not in the ablative, the o in
quandoquidem, and omitto, and the Greek omicron are short, as: Ar-
gonauta.
2. E, I, and Y are short, as: nefas, omnipotens, Polydorus; except
when the parts of the compound can be taken separately, as: ne-quis,
ne-qua, ne-quod, ludi-magister or when the first part can be declin-
,>

ed, as: quidam, quilibet; likewise nequam, nequitia, nequctquam, vide-

licet, verieficus, semodius, idem (the nom. sing, masc.) ibidem, ubique,
scilicet, ilicett bimus, trimus, quadrimus, Trinacria, and all the com-
pounds of dies, as: biduum, triduum, mendies, quotidie, etc. have e
or i long.
 PROSODY. 157

Exc. Pro is short in profundus, profugus, pronepos,

proneptis, profestus, profanus, protervus, prcjiciscor, pro-
fari, profiteor, profecto, procella, and propago (the race).
2. Pro is common in these five verbs: propino, propul-
so, procuro, propello, propago, and in Proserpina.
VII. Perfects and Supines of two syllables, have the
first long, as; vidi, visum.
Exc. Dedi, steti, scidi, bibi, tuli,Jidi, citum, litum, situm,
quitum, itum, datum, ratum, and rutum, have the first
short.
VIII. Perfects which double the first syllable, have
both first syllables short, as; tegiti, cecini.
Exc. pepedi, and cecidi, from caedo.
IX. All perfects in ivi, or isi, and the supines, exceed-
ing two syllables, ending in atum, etum, utum, and those
from ivi, or isi, in itum, or isum, have the penult long, as;
amatum, repletum, petivi, petitum, quaesivi, qusesttum, di-
visi, divisum.
X. The participle in urus, has always the penult long,
as; amaturus.

INCREASE OF NOUNS.
A nounis said to increase, when it has in any case
more syllables than in the nominative. The last syllable
is never called the increase.
XI. The increase a and o, of nouns of the third declen-
sion, is long, as; pietas, pietatis; leo, leonis.
Exc. 1. Cdesar, Hannibal, Hamilcar, Pallas, Areas,
anas, lampas, bacchar, lar,jubar, hepar, sal, Arabs, trabs,
fax, mas, vas, (gen. vadis,) and par, with its compounds,
as; compar, increase short.
2. Neuters in a increase by a short, as; thema, thema-
tis.

3. All neuter genitives in oris, have the penult short, as;

nemus, nemoris; but the comparatives, and os, gen. oris,
increase long.
4. Greek nouns increasing by omicron, have o short, as;
Hector, Hectoris.
5. Memor, arbor, lepus, (a hare), bos, compos, impoa,
the nouns ending in obs, or ops, the compounds of pus,
increase by o short, as; inops, inopis; tripus, tripodis.
But Cerco/is, cyclops, and hydrops, increase long.
14
158 PROSODY.

6. Proper and gentile nouns, ending in ax, or ox, and

firaeeox, increase short, as; Syphax, Syphacis; Allobrox,
Allobrogis.
XII. The increase e, i, u, y, of nouns is short, as; tene-
ri, tenerrimus, hominis.
Exo. 1. Lex, rex, vervex, Iber, ver, halec, haeres, quies,
mansues, filebs, sefis, and locufiles, increase by e long, as;
lex, legis; ver, veris.
2. The Greek nouns in er, or es, all genitives in dnis,
except, hymen, hymenis; aer, aeris; aether, aetheris; and
foreign names in /, increase by e, long, as; crater, crateris;
ren, rents; Daniel, Danielis.
3. Lis, glis, Dis, Quiris, Crenis, JVesis, Samnis, Salamis,
vibex, felix, radix, coturnix, fiernix, fierdix, bombyx,
gryfis, delfihin, and Phorcyn, increase long, as; felix, fe-
licis; gryfis, grg/ihis.
4. All nouns in us, forming their genitive in uris, udis,
or utis, as also fur, lux, Pollux, and (frux) frugis, in*
crease by u long, as; tellus, telluris; fialus, fialudis; -vir-
tus, -virtutis: except fiecus, intercus, and Ligus, which
increase short.
XIII. The increase of the plural in arum, erum, orum,
abus, and ebus, has the penult long; ibus, and ubus, have
it short, as; rebus, montibus. But bub us for bobus, con-
tracted from bovibus, has u long.

INCREASE OF VERBS.
A verb is said to increase, when it receives more syl-
lables than it has in the second person singular pres.
ind. active.
XIV. The increase a, e, and o, of verbs is long; i, and u,
are short, as; amamus, legebam, legimus, fiossumus.
Exc. 1. The first increase of a in the verb do, and its
compounds is short, as; dabamus, circumdabamus.
2. E
before re, in the present infinitive of the third
conjugation is short, as; tegere.
3. E in eris and ere, the present ind. passive of the
third conjugation, is short, as; tegeris ov tegere.
4. E before ram, rim, and ro, is short, as; amaveram,
amaverim, amarveris, etc.
5. E in beris and bete, of the future is short, as; amabe-
ris, docebere.
 PROSODY. 159

6. /, the first increase of the fourth conjugation is long,

as; audimus, audivimus, ibimus.
7. Velim, nolim, malim, and sim, with its compounds,
increase by i long, as; velimus, fiossimus.

Steterunt, dederunt, and tulerunt, have e common;

8.
rimus, and rids, of the future past, have z common, as;
amaverimus.

The quantity cffinal syllables.

XV. All monosyllables ending in a vowel are long, as;

O, si,, do.
Except the inclitics que, ve, and ne, and the syllabic
adjections, te, ce, and fite, as; mene, suafite.
XVI. A final is long, as; ama, antea.
Exc. ].A in all cases of nouns is short, as; temftora,
Stella; but the ablative, and the Greek vocatives end in
a long, as; de Stella; O ! JEnea.
2. The adverbs fiostea, fiuta, ita y eia, and quia, end in
a short.
3. Contra, ultra, and the cardinal numbers ending in
ginta, have a common.

XVII. E final is short, as; tege, nemfie.

Exc. 1. E final, in the first and fifth declension is long,
as; Penelofie, die.
2. The second person sing, of the imperative active of
the second conjugation, ends in e long, as; doce; but cave,
vide, vale, and resfionde, end sometimes in e short.
3. Adverbs from adjectives of the second declension,
except bene, male, sufierne, and inferne, end in e long, as;
longe, eegre.
4. Ohe,fer me, fere, fame, also Cete, and Temfie, end in
e long.

XVIII. /final is long, as domirii, uti.

Exc. 1. Mihi, tibi, sibi, cui, ubi, ibi, quasi, and nisi, end
mostly short; but necubi, sicubi, and sicuti, end always in
i short.
2. All Greek vocatives, and many datives end in i

short, as; Alexi, Palladi.

XIX. O final is common, as quando, nolo.

Exc. Datives and ablatives end in o long, as; domino.
160 PROSODY.

2. Adverbs, from adjectives, end in o long, as: primo,

certdi paulo. To these must be added, adeo, ideo, eo, citro,
intro, ultro, idcirco, and ergo, for causa.
3. JSgo, homo, cedb, (for die,) scio, nescio, illico, cito, imb,
duo, ambb,modo, quomodo, dummodb, postmodb, end in-o
short.
4. Greek nouns in o, from Omega, end in o long, as:
Androgeb, Clio.

XX. U final is long, as: manic, cornu.

XXI. Y final is short, as: Tiphy.

XXII. Final syllables ending by B, D, L, M, R, and

T, are short, as: ab, quid, consul.

Except sol, sal, far, lar, ndr,par, with its compounds,

Iber, ver, a'e'r, aether, crater, character, Jur, cur, and the
Hebrew names in /, b, and d, as: Daniel, Job, David, end
long.

XXIII. Words ending in C, N, AS, ES, and OS, end

long, as: JEneds, Anchises, custos.
sic, sin,
Exc. 1. Aec, donee, and fdc, end short; hie (the pro-
noun) has i common.
2. Nouns forming their genitive in inis, as: pecten,
pectinh, also tamen, attamen, forsdn, forsitdn, in, an, vi-
den', nostin', etc.; likewise the Greek nouns Pelion, Pylon,
Ilibn, Maidn, Ityn, Thetin, Alexin, etc. end in n short.
3. Latin and Greek nouns forming their genitive in
adis, or ados, the accusative of Greek nouns of the third
declension, and anas, end in as short, as: Areas, herods.
4. Penes, and es (from sum} with its compounds, and
the nouns in es, increasing short in the genitive, as,
miles, militis, end short; but abies, aries, Ceres, paries, aud
pes, with its compounds, as: cornipes, end long.
5. Greek nouns of the neuter gender, and the Greek
nominatives and vocatives of the plural end short, as:
hippo manes, Phryges.
6. Os. (gen. ossis), exos, compos, imjibs; the Greek
nouns in os with an omicron, as Tyros, Chaos; and Greek
genitives in os end short, as: Arcddos, Palladbs.

XXIV. Is, ys T and us final are short, as: apis, Itys,

littus.
 PROSODY. 161

Exc. 1. The dative and ablative plural end in is long,

as: fiennis, nobis. To these add /oris, gratis, ingratis, bis,
glis, lis, vis, (whether noun or verb,) velis, sis, and their
compounds, as: quamvis, nolis, adsis, etc. which end
long.
2. The second person sing, of the present ind. fourth
conjugation ends in is long, as: audis.
3. Greek nouns in is, forming their genitive in inis,itis,
or entis, and some in ys, end long, as: Salamis, Samnis,
Simois, Phorcys, Erinnys, (for Erinnyes).
4. The genitive sing, and the nominative, accusative,
and vocative plural of the fourth declension end long.
5. Nouns in us increasing by u long, or by bdis, and
Greek genitives in us end in wslong, as: filiis, filurisj fia-
lus, fialudis;* trifius, trifibdis; Clio, Clius,
Obs. 1. A final short syllable ending with a consonant,
becomes long by position, if the next word begins with a
consonant, as:
Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus hsedi. Virg.

Obs. 2. A
fiaal short vowel is not affected by the double
consonant, or by the two consonants, with which the next
word begins, as:
In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. Ovid.
Jam medio apparet fluctu nemorosa Zacynthus. Virg.
Talis fama canit tumidum super sequora Xerxem. Luc.

OF VERSE.
A Verse is a certain number of feet arranged accord-
ing to rule.
A Foot is a certain number of syllables in regular
order.
The simple feet, used in poetry, consist of two or three
syllables.
A single syllable, taken by itself, is called a caesura,
and is generally long, as:
Candida|nec ni|graJcornua]fronte ge|ras. Ovid.
The feet of two syllables are:

* Horace uses palua with us short: Regis opus; sterilisve diu paliis,
aptaque remis. De arte, 85.
14*
162 PROSODY.

The Spondee, consisting of two long syllables, as: 6m-

nes.
The Pyrrhichian, of two short syllables, as: bonus.
The Trochee, or Choreus, of one long, and one short,
as: arma.
The Iambus, of one short, and one long, as: nefas.
The feet of three syllables are:
The Dactyle, consisting of one long, and two short
syllables, as: tegmine.
The Tribrachys, of three short syllables, as: teniie.
The Anap^estus, of two short, and one long, as: tumi-
dos.
The Molossus, of three long, jEneas.
The Bacchius, of one short, and two long, as: cadebant.
The Antibaochius, of two long, and one short, as:
vlclsse.
The Amphimacer, of one long, one short, one long, as:
optimos.
The Amphibrachys, of one short, one long, one short,
as: poema.
The feet consisting of four syllables are compounded
of the preceding feet, as:
The Choriambus, of a Trochee and an Iambus, as: no-
bilitas.
The Diiambus, of two Iambi, as: severitas.
The Dispondeus, of two Spondees, as: oratores.
The Proceleusmaticus, of two Pyrrichian, as: strigi-
libus.
The Diohoreus, of two Trochees, as: comprobavit.
The Antispastus, of an Iambus and a Trochee, as:
abiindavit.
The Ionicus major, of a Spondee and a Pyrrhichian,
as: enormiter.
The Ionicus minor, of a Pyrrhichian and a Spondee,
as: gene ro si.
The principal kinds of verse are :

The Hexameter, consisting of six feet, of which the

four first are either spondees, or dactyls, the fifth is a
dactyl, and the sixth either a spondee or a trochee, as:
j se mag
Illi inj ter se | na vi bracchia | tollunt.
|

Sed fugit |
intere | a,fugit Irrepa rabile | tempus.
| |

Donee e |
rls fe|
llx, mul j tos niime}
rabis a mlcos.
|
 PROSODY. 163

The fifth foot is sometimes a spondee with a dactyl pre-

ceding, which kind of verse is called a Sfiondaic, as:
Cara Deum sobbles, magnum Jovis incrementum.

The hexameter is also called the heroic verse, it being

generally used for grave subjects.
The Heroic Tetrameter consists of the four last feet
of a hexameter, as:
Ibimus |
o ! soci [
I com'i j
tesque.

The Pentameter consists of five feet; the two first are

either dactyls or spondees, the third a spondee, and the
two last are anapaests, as:
A cane non mag no sse pe tene tiir aper.
J
|
|
j

It may also be scanned thus:

A cane non mag no sxpe te netur a per.
| { | j J

The Iambic verse generally has an iambus or a spon-

dee in the odd feet, that is, in the first, third, etc., in the
other feet iambics.
The more iambics there are in the verse, the purer it
is said to be.
The Iambic dimeter, or quaternarius, consists of
eight syllables; the trimeter,* or senarius has twelve, as

Ibis |
Libur |
nis In |
ter al | ta na |
vium. j£ trimeter.
Ami |
ce pro |
pugna |
ciila. A dimeter.

The Choriambic verse consists of five feet, a spondee,

three choriambics, and a pyrrhichian, as
Nullam, |
Vare sacra |
vite priiis | sevens ar | bbrem.
The Asclepiadean verse consists of four feet, a spon-
dee, two choriambics, and a pyrrhichian, as
Mace |
nas atavis edite re |
|
gibiis; or thus:
Mxce |
nas ata vis J edite | | regibiis.

The Glyconian, or Choriambic trimeter, consists of

three feet, a spondee, a choriambic, and a pyrrhichian,
or an iambus, as :
NavTs |
quae tibi ere J
ditum.

* The ancients, in imitation of the Greeks, used to count two feet

one, and called a verse of four feet dimeter \ of six feet, trimeter, etc.
164 PROSODY.

The Aristophanic verse consists of a choriambus, and

a bacchius, as:
Lydia die |
per omnes.

The Adonic verse consists of a dactyl and a spondee,

or a trochee, as :

Turgida vela.

The Sapphic verse consists of five feet, a trochee, a

spondee, a dactyl and two trochees, as :

Rebus [
angus |
tls ani ) mosiis |
atqiie.

The Archilochian verse consists of four feet, the first

and third are spondees, or iambi; the second and fourth
are iambi, and then a caesura, as :

Sylvae | labo j
rantes |
gelu j
que.

The Archilochian Dactylic Dimeter consists of two

dactyls, and a caesura, as :

Pulvis et j
umbra sii J
mus.

The Archilochian Dactylic Heptameter verse con-

seven feet, the four first may be dactyls, or spon-
sists of
dees, the three last are trochees, as
Solvitur |
acris hy J
ems gra | ta vice |
veris | et Fa |
voni.

The Archilochian Iambic consists of five feet with a

caesura; the first foot is an iambus, or a spondee, the
second is an iambus with a caesura, the third, fourth, and
fifth are trochees, as

Trahunt |
que sic j
cas j machi |
nae ca (
rlnas.

This kind of verse may also be called an iambic Archi-

lochian trimeter catalectic, and be scanned thus :

Trahunt |
que sic J
cas ma |
chinse |
carl |
nas.

The Greater Alcaic verse consists of four feet, and

a caesura, the first is a spondee, or an iambus, the second
an iambus, then a caesura, the third and fourth are dac-
tyls, as :

Vides |
ut al |
ta j stet mve j
candidum.
 : :

PROSODY. 165

The Lesser Alcaic, or pindaric verse, consists of

four feet, the first and second are dactyls, the third and
fourth are trochees, as
N
Flumina J
constite |
rlnt a | cuto.

The Choriambic Alcaic consists of five feet, the first

a trochee, the second a spondee, the third and fourth
choriambi, the fifth a bacchius, as :
Te De |
os 6 |
ro Sibarin | cur properas |
amandS.
The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spon-
dee, a dactyl, and a spondee or trochee, as
Vis for |
mosa vi | derl.

The Ionic verse consists either of three, or four feet,

all ionici minores, as :

Miserarum est |
neque amori J
dare ludum.
Neque, etc. Hor. Od. III. 12.

06s. When the last foot of a verse no syllable is

in
wanting, or superfluous, the verse is called acatalectic.
When a syllable is wanting, the verse is called cata-
lectic.
When a whole foot is wanting at the end, it is called
BRACHYCATALECTIC
When one, or two syllables are superfluous, the verse
is called hypercatalectic.

COMBINATION OF VERSES.
Verses are combined with one another in various ways;
but particularly
1. The Hexameter with a pentameter, which forms
a distich, as :

In caput alta suum labentur ab acquore retro

Flumina: conversis solque recurret equis.
Terra feret Stellas: coelum findetur aratro:
Unda dabit flammas: et dabit ignis aquas.
Ovid. Trist. I. 7.

2. Hexameter with the heroic tetrameter, forming

the heroic verse, as :

Laudabunt alii claram, etc. Hor. Od. I. 7\

166 PROSODY.

3. Hexameter with an iambic dimeter, as

Nox erat, et ccelo fulgebat lima sereno
Inter minora sidera;
Cum tu, etc. Hor. Epod. XV.
4. Hexameter with an iambic trimeter, as :

Altera jam teritur, etc. Hor. Epod. XVI.

5. Three sapphic with an adonic, as:
Jam satis terris, etc. Hor. Od. I, 2.

6. A Glyconian with an asclepiadean, as :

Sic te diva potens, etc. Hor. Od. I, 3.

7. An iambic trimeter with a dimeter, as :

Ibis Liburnis inter, etc. Hor. Epod. I.

8. An ARCHILOCHIAN HEPTAMETER with ail IAMBIC, as :

Solvitur acris hyems, etc. Hor. Od. I, 4.

9V TWO ASCLEPIADEI with a PHERECRATIAN and a GLYCO-

NIAN, as :

O navis, referent, etc. Hor. Od. I, 14.

10. Three asclepiadei with a glyconian, as :

Scriberis Vario, etc. Hor. Od. I, 6.

11. Two greater alchaics with a archilochian, and

a Pindaric, as :

Vides, ut alta stet, etc. Hor. Od. I, 9.

Horace frequently uses this combination, whence it is

sometimes called Carmen Horatianum.

12. verse is a combination of two
The hipponactian
lines : the contains three trochees and a caesura, or,
first
the first is a trochaic dimeter catalectic; the second line
is an archilochian iambic, as

Non ebur neque, etc, Hor. Od. II, 18.

Verses thus combined are called a stanza, or a stro-

phe.
A poem, consisting of but one kind of verse, is called
monocolos, or monocolon, as Virgil's iEneid.
A poem, consisting of two kinds of verse, is called di-
colon, as Ovid's Elegies, or the hipponactian verse.
 ;

PROSODY. 167

A poem, consisting of three kinds of verse, is called

tricolon, as: Vides ut alta, etc. Hor. Od. I, 9.
When the same kind of verse returns after the second
line, it is called dicolon distrophox, as : Sic te Diva,
etc. Hor. Od. II, 3, or Ovid's Elegies.
When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and the
first kind returns after the third line, it is called dicolon
tristrophox, as Miserarum est, etc. Hor. Od. Ill, 12.
:

When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and the*

first kind returns after the fourth line, it is called dicolon
tetrastrophox, as Scriberis Vario, etc. Hor. Od. 1, 6.
:

When a poem consists of three kinds of verse, and the

first kind returns after the third line, it is called tricolon
tristrophon, as Horrida tempestas, etc. Hor. Efiod.
:
*
XII.
When a poem consists of three kinds of verse, and
the kind returns after the fourth line, it is called
first
tricolon tetrastrophon, as Vides, ut alta stet, etc. :

Hor. Od. I, 9.

FIGURES IN POETRY.
The principal figures in poetry are the following:
1. The Cdesura, from csedo, is the syllable, that remains,

after a foot is finished.

The caesura is as it were, a resting place of the voice,
and the more frequently it occurs, the more melodious is
the verse, as :

Una sa |
lus vie )
tis nul |
lam spe |
rare sa |
lutem.

Without a caesura a verse, especially a hexameter, is

inferior to good prose, as ;

Nuper |
quidara |
doctus |
coepit |
scribere |
versus.

Such the effect of the caesura, that short syllables

is
are often rendered long by it, as
Pectoribus, inhians spirantia consulit exta. Vxrg.
Emicat Eurialus, et munere victor Amici. Ibid.
Grajus homo infectos linquens profugus Hymenxos. Ibid.

The hexameter generally begins the third foot, or the

second and fourth with the caesura.
1 66 PROSODY.

2. Synal^pha cuts off the final vowel or diphthong,

when the following word begins with a vowel or A, as
Conticuere omnes, Intentlque ora tenebant.
Synalaepha sometimes cuts off the last syllable of a
verse, when the next line begins with a vowel, as ;
ignari hominumque lbcorumque
Erramus, Virg.

The interjections ah, heu, hei, o, vah^ vae, and firoh, are
not affected by synalaepha, as;
O pater, o hbminum Divumque seterna potestas. Virg.

A period sometimes prevents the synalaepha, as ;

Posthabita coliilsse Samo. Hie Illiiis armS. Virg.

Et vera inc^ssu patuit Dea. Hie ubi matrem. Ibid.
3. Ecthlipsis destroys the final syllable ending in m,
when the next word begins with a vowel or h, as ;

Nullum ultra verbum, aut operam insumebat inanem. Hor.

Prxcipue cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis. Virg.
Jamque iter emensi, turres, ac tecta Latinorum
Ardua cernebant. Virg.
Syn^eresis, or Crasis contracts two syllables into
4.
one, as;
Oscula libavit natse: dehinc taliafatur. Virg.
Atria: dependent lychni laquearibus aureis. Ibid.
JEdificant; sectaque intexunt abjete costas. Ibid.

5. Diuresis, or Dialysis, forms two syllables out of

one, as ;

JEthereum sensum atque aurai (for aurse) simplicis ignem. Virg.

Debuerant fusos evoluisse (for evolvisse) Deos. Ovid.
6. Systole makes a long syllable short, as ;

Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus hsesit. Virg.

Turpeputas abici (for abjici), quod sim miserandus amicis. Ovid.
7. Diastole, or Ectasis makes a short syllable long, as
Omnia vincitamd'r, et nos cedamus amori. Virg.
Atque hie Prlamiden laniatum corpore toto. Ibid.
Sub Jove mundus erat; subilt argentea proles. Ovid.
8. Epenthesis adds a letter in the word, as
Troas relliquius Danaum atque immitis Achillei. Virg.
Alituum (for alitum) pecudumque genus sopor altus habebat. Ibid.
 —

PROSODY. 169

9. Syncope* takes a letter 01 syllable from the middle

of a word, as;
Cumque gubernaclo llquidas projecit in aquas. Virg.
Deseris;heu tantis nequidquam erepte periclis. Ibid.
Cum genere extinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. Ibid.
10. Apocope takes a syllable from the end of a word,
as;
Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen. Virg.
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti. Ibid.
11. Paragoge adds a syllable, as;
Et Venulus dicto parens ita farier infit. Virg.
Spargier agno. Hor.

12. Tmesis divides a compound, as;

Talis hyperboreo septem subjecta trioni. Virg.
Hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta. Ibid.

* A perusal of the following examples of Syncope may be of use to

the student.
Virum for virorum. Virg. Mn. I. 87.
Currum for curruum. Id. VI. 653.
Ccelicolum for coelicolarum. Id. 11.21.
Dis for diis. Id. II. 428.
Aspris for asperis. Id. II. 379.
Lenibant for leniebant. Id. IV. 528; VI. 468.
Polibantforpoliebant. Id. VIII. 436.
Dixti for dixisti. Ter. Eun. I. 2, 87.
Sensti for sensisti. Id. And. V. 3, 11.
Justi for jussisti. Id. Eun. V. 1, 15.
This figure also occurs often in prose, as; talentum, for talento-
rum. Cic. Duum millium amphorum, for duorum mi Ilium amphora-
rum. Ibid.

15
170 APPENDIX.

AN APPENDIX
Which should be carefully read by the student, before
he enters into the Classics.

§ 1. Nouns, signifying an association of individuals,

are called collective nouns, as ; fioftulus, the people ;
senatus, the senate ; pars, a part.

Some nouns are also called

1. Gentilta, denoting one's native country, or city, as ;

Macedo, Siculus, Tros, Phi lade l/ihiensis.

2. Patronymica, derived from the name of one's pa-
rents, or ancestors, as Priamides, a son of Priam; Perseis,
;

a daughter of Perseus JEacides, a descendant of iEacus.

;

3. Diminutiva, expressing a diminution of the signifi-

cation of their primitives, as libellus, homulus, homun-
;

culus, homuncio.
4. Verbalia, derived from verbs, as amor, the love,
;

from amo; safiientia from safiio.

5. Heterogenea, which change their gender in the
plural, as tartarus, masc; plur. tartara, neut carbasus,f;
; ;

plur. carbasa, n celum, neut; plur. ccsli, m delirium, n

; ; ;

pi. delicise, f locus, in

; pi. loci, m. and loca, n
; frenum, ;

n pi. freni, m. and frena, n balneum, n pi. balnese, f.

; ; ;

and balnea, n.
6. Heteroclita, which change in the plural the de-
clension, as vas, vasis pi. vas-a, orum; juger-um, i pi.
; ; ;

juger-a, urn.
7. Indeclinabilia, which are used in all the cases
without a variation, as nequam,fiondo. ;

8. Monoptota, or monoptots, which are used in one

case only, as; nauci, noctu, injussu.
9. Diptots, being used in two cases only, as ; spontis,
sfionte ;jugeris,jugere.
 APPENDIX. 171

10. Triptots, having three cases, as; grates', nom. ace.

and voc; dica, nom. sing.; dicam, ace. sing.; dicas, ace. pi.
1 1. Tetraptots, as daflis, gen. dafii, dat. daflem, ace.
;

dafle, abl.; oflis, ofli, ofiem, ofle.

12. Pentaptots, as ;
vic-es,ibus, es, es, ibus ; or-a, ibus,
a, a, ibus.
13. Some nouns are not used in the plural, as -,justitia,
aurum\ others want the singular, as divitise, tenebrae.;

14. Some nouns are redundant, as; arbor; and arbos;

tigr-is, is, and idis.

§ 2. Some nouns are also called Efiiccsna, which in the

same gender, apply both to males and females, as: corvus,
flasser, bestia, vilifies.
§ 3. To the first declension belong Greek nouns ending
in as and es of the masc. and in e of the fern, gender.
They are thus declined:

Singular.
N. Boreas. Psaltes. Epitome.
G. Boreae. Psaltae. Epitomes.
D. Boreae. Psaltae. Epitomae, & e.
A. Boream, & an. Psalten. Epitomen.
V. Borea. Psalte, & a. Epitome.
A.Borea. Psalte. Epitome.
In the plural like flenna.

§ 4. Familia afterflater, mater, Jilius, and Jilia, forms

sometimes genitive in as, as: flater familias.
its
Instead of as poets sometimes use ai, as: aulai, Virg.
Mn. III. 354; flictai, ibid. IX. 26, for aulx and flic tse,
§ 5. The nouns in us of the second declension are of
the masc. gender.
Exc. 1. Names of towns are feminine, as: Corinthus.
But Philiflfli, Gabii, and Delflhi, are masc.
2. Names of countries, as: JEgyfitus. But Pontus,
Hellespont us, and Bosflhorus preserve the gender of the
adjoining seas, and are masculine.
3. The names of islands are feminine, as: Cyflrus.
4. Names of plants, as: byssus, halus, flaflyrus. But
dumus, cytisus, and rhamnus, are masculine; lotus and
rubus are both masc. and fern.
5. All compounds of o^»$, as: methodus, synodus.
172 APPENDIX.

6. Abyssus, alvus,antidotus, arctus,crystallus,dialectus,

diametrus, diphthongus, domus, eremus, humus, sapphirus,
and vannus, are feminine.
7. Atomus, balanus, camelus, colus, grossus, and pha-
selus, are both masc. and fem.
8. Pelagus and -virus are of the neuter; vulgus is masc.
and neuter; locus and jocus are masc. in the singular,
masc. and neut. in the plural.
9. For sibilus, tartarus, carbasus, frsenum, balneum,
efiulum and cesium, see the Vocabulary.
To the second declension belong Greek nouns, ending
in os of the masc. or fem. and in on of the neut. gender;
they are thus declined:

Nom . Delos, Androgeos, Ilion,

Gen. Deli, Androge-i, v. o, Ilii,
Dat. Delo, Androgeo, Ilio,
Ace. Del-on, v. um, Androge-on, v. o, Ilion,
Voc. Dele, Androgeos, Ilion,
Abl. Delo. Androgeo. Ilio,

Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.

I. Some Greek nouns, particularly proper names, pa-

tronymics, and gentiles, have besides the Latin also the
Greek termination dos in the genitive.

Singular.
Nom. Daphnis, Ace . Daphn-im, v. in,
Gen. Daphnid-is, v. os, Voc . Daphni,
Dat. Daphnidi, Abl . Daphnide.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. Troas, Troades,
Gen. Troad-is, v. os, Troadum,
Dat. Troadi, Troadibus,
Ace. Troad-em, v. a, Troad-es, v. as,
Voc. Troas, Troades,
Abl. Troade. Troadibus.
 APPENDIX. 173

II. Greek nouns in is and ys y which have their genitive

in ios, or yos } are thus declined:

Sing. Plur.
Nom. Haeresis, Nom. Haeres-es, v. is,
Gen. Haeres-is, v. ios,v.eos, Gen. Haeres-ium,v.ion,v.edn,
Dat. Haeresi, Dat. Haeresibus,
Ace. Haeres-im, v. in, Ace. Haeres-es, v. eas, v. is,
Voc. Haeresi, Voc. Haeres-es, v. is,
Abl. Haeresi. Abl. Haeresibus.
III. Proper names in eus are thus declined:
Greek form, Latin form.
Nom. Orpheus, Nom. Orpheus,
Gen. Orpheos, Gen. Orphei,
Dat. Orphei, Dat. Orpheo,
Ace. Orphea, Ace. Orpheum,
Voc. Orpheu, Voc. Orphee,
Abl. Orpheo.
Some Greek nouns in es form sometimes their gen.
after the second declension, as: Achillei, Orontei, Ulyssei,
from Achilles^ Orontes, Ulysses.
IV. Greek nouns in o are regularly declined as Latin
nouns; but when declined in the Greek form, they admit
of a change in the gen. sing, only, as: Nom. Dido, gen.
Didus, dat., ace, voc, and abl. Dido.
V. Many Greek nouns have, besides the Latin termina-
and as in the ace. plur. as: Arabs,
tions, a in the ace. sing,
Arabis ace. sing. Arabem, and Araba
; ace. plur.
;

Arabes and Arabas; crater, craterem and cratera, cra-

teres and crateras.
Pan has in the gen. always Panos and in the ace. sing.
y

Pana.
Chremes makes in the ace. Chrem-em, etem and eta; y

Dares makes Dar-en, etem, and eta.

§ 7. The nouns in us of the fourth declension are of
the masc. gender.
Exc. 1. All denominations of females are feminine, as:
anus, socrus, etc.
2. The names of trees, as: Jicus, quercus.
3. Acus y
domu8, Idus, manus, tribus, fiorticus, and
quinquatrus,
15*
174 APPENDIX.

4. Penus and sfiecus are common.

Observe, that the dative sing, of the fourth declension
ends sometimes in u instead of ui, as: curru, for currui.
§ 8. Observe, that in the fifth declension the final i, and
the e of the penult of the gen. and dat. singular are some-
times dropped, as: die for diet; fiernicii for fierniciei.
§ 9. The following comparisons are rare, and used only
in jest: Patruissime, O! best of uncles. Plaut. Ifisissimus,
ibid. Versus Plautinissimi. Gell. So also Catonior, JVe-
ronior, etc.
§ 10. The pronoun ipse agrees rather with the nomina-
tive than an oblique case, as: mortem sibi ipse consci-
vit Cato.
Qui is used in the abl. sing, for all genders, as: qui-
cum, for quocum, and quacum.
The neuters hoc, id, illud, quid, nihil, multa, etc. must
not be considered as a criterion of the case, governed by
the word, on which they seem to depend; for they are
often either governed by a preposition understood, or
used adverbially, as:
Quid ad quid) non mortalia pectora cogis? Virg.
(i. e.

Nihil non) mea carmina curas. Ibid.

(i. e.

Posse vellem idem (i. e. de eadem re) gloriari. Cic.

Multa (i. e. valde) Decs venerati. Ibid.
Illud (i. e. ob illud) mihi lsetandum video. Ibid.
Id (i. e. ei rei) studuisti. Terent.
Qui si nihil aliud studet. Cic.
Quidquam utitur. Ibid. etc. etc.

§11. There are also verbs, called incentives, frequenta-

tives, and desideratives.
The inceptives end in sco; they signify a beginning,
and belong to the third conjugation, as: calesco, from ca-
leo, I begin to grow warm hebesco, from hebes, I grow
;

dull.
The frequentative verbs are derived from supines of
other verbs; they express a repetition of the signification
of their primitives, and belong to the first conjugation, as:
curso or cursito, I run often, from cursum.
The desideratives express a desire; they end in urio,
with a short u; they are derived from supines of other
verbs, and belong to the fourth conjugation, as: esurio, I
desire to eat, from esum. Scaturio, ligurio, etc. cannot be
considered desideratives.
 APPENDIX. 175

§ 12. Some neuter verbs with a passive signification

take the abl. of the agent with the preposition a, or ab, as:

Salvebis a meo Cicerone. Cic. Anima calescit ab eo spiritu. Ibid.

A reo fustibas vapulasset. Quint. Venire (a veneo) ab hoste. Ibid.
Occidit a forti Achille. Ovid.

§ 13. There are, strictly speaking, no impersonal verbs;

but, as some verbs according to their nature cannot be
used in the first or second person, or as they do not ad-
mit of the personal pronouns ego, tu etc. we call them y

impersonal, though they are as personal as legor, I am

read, or navigor, I am sailed over. Hence
Lacrymae decuere pudicam. Ovid.
Nee dominam dedecuere minae. Ibid.
Admovique preces, quarum me dedecet usus. Ibid.
Experiri, quam se aliena deceant. Cic.
Quae adsolent, quseque opportent, Ter.
Hacc facta ab illo opportebant. Ibid.
Me quidem hxc conditio non poenitet. Plant.
Atheniensesutiprimi defecerunt, ita primi poenitere coeperunt. Ju»t,
iEtolos, si poenitere possint. Liv.
Omnia licuerunt. Sail.
Non te haec pudent? Ter.
Cogebant hostes, ut misererent. Enn.
Nonae lucescunt. Ovid.
Ningunt rosarum floribu3. Lucr.
Bellaria pluebant. Slat.
Jove fulgurante. Cic.
Coelo vesperascente. Nep.
Die vesperascente. Tac.

Pluit takes also the accusative, as: panem pluit, Liv.

Tantum glandis pluit, Virg.\ where it may also be the
nominative.
The impersonal verbs with a passive termination, have
their subject implied; thus fiugnatur, is the same as
fiugna, or, firselium fiugnatur.

§ 14. The participle present active seems sometimes to

have a passive signification, se being suppressed, as;
Tardaque Eleusinae matris volventia plaustra. Virg.
Quod iter Xerxes anno vertente confecerat. Nep.
Some neuter verbs have a participle perfect,
I.With a neuter signification, as ;
1 76 APPENDIX.

Adulta virgo suspiret. Hor.

Obsolete jam erant spolia de Persis. Curt.
Exemplaannalium vetustate exoleta. Liv.
Macedones inveteratae virtutis admonebantur. Curt.
Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. Virg.
Largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis. Ovid.
Vestigia presso haud tenuit titubata solo. Virg.
Cum omnia mea causa velles successa. Cic.
In cinere deflagrati imperii. Ibid.

II. With a passive signification,* as

Cum Romanis pacem conventam frustra fuisse. Sail.
Relegens errata retrorsum litora. Virg.
Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes. Ibid.
Quae abs te breviter de arte decursa sunt. Cic.
Evigilata consilia. Ibid.
Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio. Hor.

Some of these have also the participle in dus, as;

In conveniendis magistratibus. Cic.
Nox multis evigilanda modis. Tib.

Here may be added erubescendus, tremendua y dolendus,

horrendusj fiigendus, fiudendus, fi<znitendu8.
The participle perf. of deponent verbs has often besides
the active also a passive signification, as;
Nee Deus hunc mensa, Dea nee dignata cubili est. Virg.
Conjugio Anchisa Veneris dignate superbo. Ibid.
Jugurtha prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit. Sail.
Ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate. Virg.
Bellaque matribus detestata. Hor.
Graecum interpretatum nomen tenemus. Cic.
Cum essent cum hoste pactae induciae. Ibid.
Ulius execratae columnae. Ibid.

So also dimensuS) emensus, mentitus^ ementitus, lamen-

taius y metatus, moratus, /irofessus, etc.
Some verbal adjectives in bundus^ are construed as
participles of the present, and have the same government
as their verbs, as ;
Vitabundus classem hostium. Sail.
Meditabundus bellum. Just.
Venerabundus regem. Curt.
Populabundus agros. Gell.
Gratulabundus patriae. Just.
Errabunda bovis vestigia. Virg.

* See Appendix, § 52.

 APPENDIX. 177

§ 15. Participles and adjectives are sometimes put in

the ablative absolute without a noun, or pronoun,* as;
Turn demum palam facto, et comploratione in regia orta. Liv.
Primaque libato, summo terms attigit ore. Virg.
Absolvitur, comperto, fictain eum crimina. Tac.
Desperato, regionem posse retineri. Curt.
Cognito, quod insidiae sibi pararentur. Just.
Audito Q. Marcium Regem in Ciliciam tendere. Sail.
Excepto, quod non simul esses, caeteralaetus. Hor.
Haud cuiquam dubio, opprimi posse. Liv.
The ablative absolute is not always independent of the
rest of the sentence, as ;

Lacrimas quoque ssepe notavi, me lacrimante, tuas. Ovid.

Me duce ad hunc votifinem, me milite veni. Ibid.
Eum, me judice, errorem dissolvam tibi. Gell.
Nobis vigilantibus erimus liberi brevi tempore. Cic.

§ 16. From some adjectives of the second declension

there are also adverbs in o, which, however, when ending
in o long, might more properly be called ablatives of
the neuter gender, as certo, certainly, or with certain-
;

ty; tuto, safely, or in safety; crebro, frequently ; merito,

deservedly; meritissimo, most deservedly, etc.
Others end in um, as; fiarum from fiarvus, multum
from multus.
Others end in e, and in tcr, as dure, or duriter ; hu-
;

mane, or humaniter ; crebre, or crebriter.

Of some adjectives of the third declension the neuter
is sometimes used adverbially, as; facile, or faciliter;
difficile, or difficiliter-, lene, or leniter; celebre, or cele-
briter.

Irregular, and defective comparisons.

Po8. Comfi. Sufi.
Cito, citius, citissime.
Diu, diutius, diutissime.
Magnum, magis, maxime.
Multum, plus, plurimum. [mum.
Parum, minus, minime, or mini-
Prope, propius, proxime.

* This ablative either agrees with negotio, as; (negotio) palam

facto; or the substantive implied, as; (libamine) libato; or the sub-
is

stantive must be accounted for by General Rule X. to the syntax.

178 APPENDIX.

Pos. Comft. Sufi.

Ssepe, saepius, saepissime.
Merito, meritissimo.
Nove, novissime.
Nuper, nuperrime. !

ocius, or ocyus, ocyssime.

Satis, satius,
Secus, secius.

§ 17. The preposition in takes sometimes the accusa-

tive instead of the ablative, as ; in humeros efferre, Cic.
In amicitiam esse. Ibid.
k
Prepositions are often put after their case, as
Dies, quam ad dares. Terent.
Profligatis quos adversum ierat. Sail.
iis,

Diem certam Chabrix prxstituerunt, quam ante domum nisi re-

disset. Nep.
Sunt certi denique fines, quos ultra citraque nequit consistere
rectum. Hor.
Leges, quas contra praeter te nemo unquam est facere conatus. Cic.
Si volet usus, quern penes arbitrium est. Hor.
Index in ara consedit: hanc juxta locum fecerunt sub terra. Nep*
Te propter Libicae gentes odere (me). Virg.
Transtra per et remos. Ibid.
Sed nunc, est omnia quando
Iste animus supra. Virg.
Dum populatio lucem intra sisteretur. Tac.
Praeteritum temnens extremos inter eundem. Virg.
Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta. Ibid.
Ipso Gemanico coram id ausus. Tac.
Hostibus e siqui. Ovid.
Fundus, quo de agitur. Cic.
Vitiis nemo sine nascitur. Hor.

Some prepositions, particularly ad, ob* firofiter* a, ab f

cum, de,e ex,% etc. are often suppressed, which accounts

formany accusatives, and ablatives.
The noun governed by the preposition is sometimes
suppressed, as
Quemadmodum a Vestze (xde) adtabulam ducta esses. Cic.
Qui cum facibus ad Castoris (aedem) volitarunt. Ibid.
Ventum erat ad Vestae (sedem). Hor.
Age jam cum fratre an sine (scil. eo). Cie.
Redeo ad (ea) quae mandas, Ibid.
 ;

APPENDIX. 179

Some of the prepositions are also used adverbially, as

Ad mille quingenti ad consules confugerant. Liv.
Occisis ad hominum millibus quatuor. Caes.
Paucis mensibus ante. Ibid.
Aliquot ante annis. Cic.
Utrumque contra accidit. Ibid.
Propter est spelunca. Ibid.
Filii propter cubantes. Ibid.
Cavendae sunt familiaritates praeter hominum perpaucorum. Ibid.
Qui omnia haec, quae supra et subter, unum esse dixerunt. Ibid.
Satis superque habere dicit. Ibid.
Paucis post diebus. Cxs.
Liceret ab armis discedere praeter rerum capitalium condemnatis.
Sail.
Reliquit eum
nullo praeter auguralis sacerdotii honore impertitum.
Suet.
Vereor coram in os laudare. Terent.

§ 18. Some words according to their import, are either

adverbs or conjunctions, as; quare, cum, veto, donee, ne-
que, etc.
These conjunctions stand first in the sentence; et, ac,
atque, nee, neque, aut, vel, sive, at, ast, sed, verum, nam,
quandoquidem, quare, quocirca, si, sin, etc.
These stand after one or more words: autem, vero,
quoque, quidem, enim, etc.

§ 19. The conjunctions et, ac 9 atque, etc. sometimes

couple different jjarts of speech, or different cases, as;
Recte ac jure factum esse. Cic.
Quid agas ? ut te redimas captum, quam queas minimo; si ne-
nisi
queas, paululo, at quanti queas. Terent.
Aut ob avaritiam, aut misera ambitione laborat. Hor.
Jactata quum in senatu res, turn ad populum est. Liv.
Sexcentis et pluris empta. Juv.
Ubi videt neque per vim, neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem.
Sail.
Speculatores omnia visendi, et Scipio ad ea comparanda, quae in
rem erant, tempus habuit. Liv.
Lentulum nostrum, eximia spe, summaeque virtutis adolescentem.
Cic.
Mulier colore vivido atque inexhausti vigoris. Bott.
Sometimes we find two conjunctions, one of which
seems redundant, as;
At vero. Cic. Sed enim. Virg. Sed autem. Ibid. Neque enim,
(i. e. non enim.)

§ 20. The conjunctions ut and ne, are often suppressed

 180 APPENDIX.

after hortor, rogo, oro, volo, jubeo, mando, licet, oportet,

necesse est, fac, sine, cave, etc. as;

Huic mandat, Rhemos adeat. Cxs.

Praecipit, omnes petant. Ibid.
Te rogo atque oro, te colligas. Cic.
Audacia ostendatur necesse est. Ibid.
Cave credas, cave te fratrnm misereat. Ibid.
Jube, mihi respondeat. Terent.
Ducas volo hodie uxorem. Ibid.
Sine, sciam. Liv.
Proinde sciatis licet, me intraturum urbem* Curt.
Fac, cogites, in quanta calamitate sis. Sail.
Sinite instaurata revisam proelia. Virg.

§21. Adjectives in the neuter gender, agreeing with

negotium understood, are often used as substantives, as;
Triste lupus stabulis. Virg-
Varium et mutabile semper foemina. Ibid.
Notum (i. e. notitia) furens quid foemina possit. Ibid.
Mors omnium rernm extremum. Cic.
Commune animantium omnium est conjunctionis appetitus. Ibid.
Ea arte aequasset superiores reges, ni degeneratum (i. e. degenera-
huic quoque decori offecisset. Liv.
tio facta) in aliis
Tentatum a T. Sextio, ut rogationem ferret, discussum est, (i. e.
tentatio facta discussa est). Ibid.
Pronuntiaium repente (i. e. pronuntiatio repentina) nequis prae-
ter armatos violaretur, reliquam omnem multitudinem exuit armis.
Ibid.
Vigilias ipse circuire non diffidentia ftduri (scil. negotii negotio-
rum, i.perfectum iri negotia), quae imperavisset. Sail.
e.
Nihil praeter auditum (i. e. famam) habeo. Cic.

Hence the adverbial expressions ex imfiroviso, ex com-

fiosito, consulto, etc.
The adjective sometimes agrees with a substantive,
which is governed by, or does govern its substantive, as;
Accusantes violati (for violatum) hospitii fcedus. Liv.
Ad initia majora (for majorum) rerum ducentibus fatis. ^bid.
Saevae memorem (i. e. saevam memoris) Junonis ob iram. Virg.
Hie confixum ferrea texit telorum seges. Ibid.
Templumque vetustum desertae (i. e. desertum) Veneris. Ibid.
§ 22. The adjective, verb, and relative pronoun, often
agree with a noun implied by the word with which they
should agree, as;
Utraque pars avidi erant. Liv.
Multitudo conven erant. Caes.
Familia, quorum progeniem. Sail.
 APPENDIX* 1S1

Pars in crucem pars bestiis objecti (sunt). Ibid.

acti,
Duo millia (i. bis mille homines) relicti. Liv.
e.
Armati duo millia missi. Ibid.
Inde pars per agros dilapsi, pars urbes petunt finitimas, suam quis-
que spem, sua consilia, communibus deploratis, exsequentes. Ibid.
Capita conjurationis virgis csesi ac securi percussi (sunt). Ibid,
Delicix vero tuae, noster JEsopus, ejus modi fuit. Cic.
Ex ipso equestris ordinis flore ac senatu duo millia electi, qui mori
juberentur. Flor.
Namque antea pleraque nobilitas invidia sestuabat, et quasi pollui
consulatum credebant. Sail.
Nee supplex turba timebant judicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice
tuti. Ovid.

§ 23. In like manner do the genitives unius, solius, ifiso-

rum, etc. also the pronoun qui, often agree with the
noun implied in the possessive pronouns mens, tuus, etc.
asj

Mea unius opera. Tua ipsius culpa.

omnium voluntati parui. Cic.
Vestras
Ex unius tua vitam pendere omnium intelligit. Ibid.
Aves fetus suos libero cxlo suaeque (i. e, fetuumque) ipsorum fi-
ducix permittunt. Quint. *

Nunt tua defuuclae molliter ossa cubent. Ovid.

Cum mea nemo scripta legat, vulgo recitare timentis. Hor.
Noster duorum eventus ostendet, utra gensbello sit melior. Liv.
Nee mea verba legis, qui sum submotus ad Istrum. Ovid.
Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio
prseditum, Ter.
Quid plura de tua insolentia commemorem, quern Minerva omnes
artes edocuit. Sail.
Nostrum (i. e. meum) consilium laudandum est, qui meos cives
servis armatis objici noluerim. Cic.

§ 24. The'verbs of naming, and particularly the verb

sum, as also the relative qui sometimes agree with the
predicate, or the noun put in apposition, as :

Omnia pontus erat. Ovid.

Vestet,quas geritis, sordida lana/wtV. Ibid.
Prsecipuum auxilium erat (i. e. erant illi), qui subibant aquam.
Curt.
Possedere hca quae proximo Cartbaginem Numidia appellatur.
Sail.
Non omnis error stultitia dicenda est. Cic.
Omne9 Belgas, quam tertiam esse Gallia: partem dixeramus. Caes.
Gladiatores, quam sibi ille maximam manum fore putavit, potcs-
tate nostra continebuntur. Cic.
Turn convcnticula hominum, qaas postea civitates nominal* sunt,
turn domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus. Cic.
16
 182 APPENDIX.

Quod ministerium fuerat, ars haberi coepta est. Liv.

Loca fori appellati (sunt). Ibid.
Gens universa Veneti appellati. Ibid.
Mittendo in vicos Cenomanorum Brixiamque, quod caput gentis
erat. Ibid.
Amantium irse amoris integratio est. Ter.
Paupertas mihi onus visum est et miserum et grave. Ibid.
Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum adpellatur. Sail.
Animal hoc acutum, quern vocamus hominem. Cic.
Hominem, quod principium reliquarum rerum esse voluit, genera-
vit et ornavit Deus. Ibid.

§ 25. The pronouns Aicr, Hie, is, quis, etc. generally

agree with their predicate, as:
JSaque ipsa fuit causa belli. Liv.
Hicfons, hoc principium est movendi. Cic.
Nunc vero, quae tua est ista vita? Cic.
Lentulus magistratu se abdicavit; ut qua religio C. Mario non fue- —
rat, quo minus C. Glaucium praetorem occideret, ea nos reUgione, in
privato Lentulo puniendo, liberaremur. Ibid.
Qui nisi exeunt, scitote hoc futurum seminarium Catilinarium.
Ibid.
Hoc opus, hie labor est. Virg.
Hie labor extremus, longarum hcec meta viarum. Ibid.
Eas divitias, earn bonam famam puiabant. Sail.
Quae enim pertinacia est quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia videri
potest. Cic.

§ 26. The relative pronouns are strictly speaking ad-

jectives, agreeing with their substantives understood
hence
I. We often find the antecedent expressed with the pro-
noun, as
Diem dicunt, qua die conveniant. Caes.
Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus exire possent. Ibid.
Ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant. Ibid.
Erant haec ex eo genere, quod ego maxime genus reperire cupie-
bam. Cic.
II.The antecedent is often omitted, and the pronoun
is attended by its substantives, as :

Quae prima arbos vellitur, huic (arbori) guttse liquuntur. Virg.

Urbem quam statuo, vestra est. Ibid.
Sub qua nunc recubas arbore, virga fuit. Ovid.
Hinc tibi, quae semper vicino ab limite sepes Hyblaei?, etc. i. e.
hinc tibi sepes vicino ab limite, quae semper Hyblaeis, etc. Virg.
Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae monstra ferunt.
Ibid.
 APPENDIX. 183

Quis non malarum, quas amor curas habet, haec inter obliviscitur.
Hor.
Reperiebat etiam Caesar, quod proelium equestre'adversum paucis
ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae a Dumnorige atque ejus
equitibus factum esse. Cses.
Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur. Ibid.
Ut quam exspectationem tui hlc concitasti, hanc sustinere possis.
Cic
Ad quas igitur res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabi-
mus. Ibid.
Quotus enim istud quisque fecisset, ut a quibus partibus cum cru-
delitate esset ejectus, ad eas ipsas rediret. Ibid.
In quern primum egressi sunt locum, Troja vocatur. Liv.

III. The antecedent seems sometimes to be attracted

by the relative, as :

Urbem, quam statuo, vestra est. Virg.

Eunuchum, quem dedisti nobis, quantas dedit turbas? Terent.
Naucratem, quem convenire volui, in navi non erat. Plaut.
Sedistum, quem quaeris, ego sum. Ibid*

IV. The pronoun sometimes differs from its antecedent

in gender, or number, as :

Si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, quae (scil. tempora)

multa sunt. Cic.
Nullis in aliis nisi de republica sermonibus versatus sum: quae (scil.
negotia for qui sermones) nee possunt scribi nee scribenda sunt. Ibid.
In otio et abundantia earum rerum, quae (scil. negotia) prima mor-
tales ducunt. Sail.
Testarum suffragiis, quod (scil. negotium) illi ostracismum vocant.
Nep.

Thus we often find qua and ed agreeing with fiarte, or

via understood, as :

Lapideo muro urbem, qua (ex parte) nondum munierat, cingere

parat. Liv.
Romani, ad omnes aditus stationibus firmatis, qua signa ferri vide-
bant, ea robore virorum opposito, scandere hostem sinunt. Ibid.
In templum ipse, nescio qua (via) adscendit. Cic.
Sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat. 5a//.
Locum hostibus introeundi dedit; eaque Numidae cuncti irrupere.
Ibid.
Reliquum spatium, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet. Cses.
Ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta ruunt. Virg.
V. The relative often takes the adjective belonging to
its antecedent or substantive, as :

Vulnera, quae plurima accepit. Virg.

Moenia, quae magna statues. Ibid.
184 APPENDIX.

Defessi -Eneadae, quae proxima litora cursu contendunt petere.

Ibid.
Praeceptis Heleni, quae maxima dederat. Ibid,
Vasa ea, quae pulcherrima viderat. Cic
De caeteris operibus, quae sua penes ilium essent. Ibid.
§ 27. Singular, though frequent, particularly with Ci-
cero, are these expressions: qui meus est amor, quae tua
esthumanitas, etc.; these idioms may be explained by
supplying the antecedent pro amore, pro humanitate, or
secundum amorem, etc., as:

Quodsi mini permisisses, qui meus amor in te est, confecissem, etc.

i. e. quodsi mihi permisisses, pro amore, or secundum amorem, qui
meus amor in te est, confecissem. Cic,
Cognitum per te ipsum, (secundum naturam) quae tua natura est,
dignum tua amicitia judicabis. Ibid.
Quodsiquis etiatn inferis sensus est, qui illiusin te amor fuit, pie-
tasque in omnes suos, hoc certe ilia te facere non vult; i. e. quod si
quis etiam inferis sensus est pro illius (scil. filiae tuae) in te amore,
proque pietate in omnes suos, etc. Cic.
Quaecunque de tua dignitate ab imperatore erunt impetranda, qua
est humanitate Caesar, facillimum erit ab eo tibi ipsi impetrare. Ibid.

So also, egregie scipsisti, quae tua est doctrina. Prse-

clare dixit, quod illius est ingenium,i. e. pro suo ingenio.
Qui, quae, quod, often has is, ea, id, superfluously be-
fore it, as:
Et, id quod difficilius putatur, sapientius tulit secundam quam ad-
versam fortunam. Nep.
Si nos, id quod maxime debet, nostra patria delectat. Cic.
—
Pontifex proponebat tabulam; ii qui annales maximi nominantur.
Ibid.

§ 28. preposition cum has sometimes the import

The
of a copulative conjunction, as:
Dux cum principibus capiuntur. Liv.
Demosthenes cum caeteris in exilium erant expulsi. Nep.
Dux hostium C. Herennius cum urbe Valentia etexercitu deleti.
Sail.
Juba cum Labieno capti in potestatem Cxsaris venerunt. Hirt.
Vacca et capella et patiens ovis injuria^ sqcii fuere cum hone in
saltibus. Fhscdr.

Singular appears the following:

Ego populusque Romanus priscorum Latinorum bellum
populis pi
lico facioque. Liv.
indico

But ego (the herald) and fiofiulw are put iu apposition.

 APPENDIX. 185

§ 29. Substantives singular, connected by a disjunctive

conjunction, sometimes take a plural adjective or verb, as:
Fabricius Aristidesve justi nominantur. Cic.
Haec si neque ego neque tu fecimus. Terent.

§ 30. Proper names of towns are sometimes put in the

genitive by Rule VI. instead of agreeing with the appel-
lative, as:

Urbs Patavii. Virg. Urbs Buthroti. Ibid. In Oppido Anti-

ochiae. Cic. So also, amnis Eridani. Virg.
§31. There seems sometimes to be a redundant appo-
sition, as:

Porcum saxo silice percussit. Liv. CEnotrii coluere viri. Virg.

Gallt homines. Cic. So also, turbo ventus.

Singular are the following appositions:

Pictores et poetae (for pictorum et poetarum) suum quisque opus
a vulgo considerari vult. Cic.
Onerarix (for onerariarum navium) pars maxima ad JEgimurum,
aliae adversus urbem ipsam delatse sunt. Liv.
Galli transalpine tria millia hominum in Italiam transgressi. Ibid.
Galli in forum perveniunt, inde dilapsi ad prxdam, pars in proxl-
ma ruunt, pars ultima petunt. Ibid.
Dux filiae harum, altera occisa, altera capta est. Caes.
§ 32. The possessive pronouns are sometimes used in-
stead of the personal, or in a passive sense, as:
Vos in mea (i. e. mei, vel in me) injuria despecti estis. Sail.
Neque cuiquam mortalium injuria suae (i. e. in se) parvac viden-
tur. Ibid.
Neque negligentia tua (i. e. tui) neque id odio fecit tuo(i. e. adver-
sus te.) Terent.
Lacrymis opplet os totum sibi, ut facile scires, desiderio id fieri
tuo (i. e. tui.) Ibid.

Hence we say: mea cau&d, for my sake; tua gratia, etc.

Singular are the following genitives:
Vulnere tardus Ulyssis (i. e.accepto ab Ulysse.) Virg.
Defectores patris sui (i. e. a patre suo.) Tac.
Expositis copiis omnique apparatu urbium oppugnandarum (i. e.

ad urbes oppugnandas.) Ibid.

§ 33. To the neuter adjectives, governing a genitive,

may be added the following:
Angusta viarum, opaca locorum, telluris operta. Virg. Abdita
rerum, vana rerum, acuta belli, amara curarum. Hor. Antiqua
16*
186 APPENDIX,

foederum, extrema periculorum, incerta fortunse. Liv. Inania famae,

cuncta camporum, cuncta curarum, occulta saltuum, inania famae,
amoena Asiae. Tac. Profunda camporum, ardua montium, praerupta
collium. Just. Diversa gentium terrarumque. Flor. Pleraque re-
rum humanarum. Sail.

The adverb quoad, as much as, often has the gen.

ejus, as:

Quoad ejus facere poteris. Cic. Quoad ejus sine bello posset. Liv.

§ 34. When which the one governs the

genitives, of
other, are transposed, they often cause trouble to a no-
vice in the language, as:
Fratris hie films erat regis; i. e. hie erat filius fratris regis. Liv.
Cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentiae nobilitatis supra dixi-
mus. Sail.

More difficult are the following:

Juvabit tamen rerum gestarum memoriae principis terrarum populi
pro virili parte et me ipsum consuluisse, here the order is: consul -

uisse memoriae rerum gestarum populi principis terrarum. Liv.

—
Quinqueremis Romana duas triremes (Carthaginienses) suppres-
sit, unius praelata impetu lateris alterius remos detersit; the order is:
(quinqueremis) praelata impetu detersit remos alterius lateris unius
(sell, triremis.)

§ 35. The genitive terrse is sometimes used for humi t

as:
Sternituf et toto projectus corpore terrae. Virg. Procumbere
terrae.Ovid.

§ 36. Verbal substantives sometimes take the case of

the verbs, from which they are derived, instead of the
genitive, as:
Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus institutisque populorum.
Cic.
Quid tibi hue receptio ad te est meum virum (i. e. mei viri) ? Plant.
Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem? Ibid.
Domura reditionis spe sublata. Cses.

§ 37. The
superlative often agrees in gender with the
subject instead of the genitive, as:
Indus, qui est omnium fluminum maximus. Cic.
Est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt.
Terent.

§ 08. The superlative is sometimes used in speaking of

two, as:
Stirpis (scil. duorum fratrum) maximus. Liv.
 APPENDIX. 187

§ 39. The partitive is sometimes omitted, as:

Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium (scil. unus). Hor.

Cedo signum, si harum Baccharura es (scil. una). Plant.

§ 40. Omnes and cuncti sometimes govern the geni-

tive, as:
Attalus Macedonum fere omnibus persuasit. Liv.
Cunctos hominum. Ovid.
The adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, which ge-
nerally govern theablative,takesometimes the genitive, as:
Suscipe cogitationem dignissimam tuae virtutis. Cic.
"Descendam magnorum haud unquam indignus avorum. Pirg.
Nee jamlibertatis contentos. Liv.

§ 41. In the following and like phrases, the genitive

seems to be governed by negotium understood, which with
esse may be translated by to conduce.
Qui utrisque utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatfs essent. Liv.
Quara concordiam dissolvendae maxime tribunitiae potestatis rentur
esse. Ibid.
Regium imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augen-
dae reipublicae fuerat. Sail.
Quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi cognovit. Ibid.

§ 42. To the genitives of the value may also be referred

sequi and boni, as :

Non acqui bonique facimus. Liv.

Quae quanquam misisse pudet, quia parva videntur,
Tu tamen haec, quaeso, consule missa boni. Ovid.
§ 43. Many verbs, that otherwise take the accusative or
the ablative with or without a preposition, are sometimes
used with the genitive, either in imitation of the Greek,
or some substantive is understood such as negotium, or a
substantive is implied in the verb, as :

Justitisene (causa) prius mirer belline laborum. Virg.

Ne tui quidem testimonii veritus. Cic.
Et qua pauper aquse Danaus agrestium regnavit (i. e. fuit rex)
populorum. Hor.
Tempus desistere (de negotio) pugnae. Virg.
Desine mollium tandem querelarum. Hor.
Abstineto, dixit, irarum calidxque rixae. Ibid.
Purgantes civitatem (de crimine) omnis facti dictique hostilis. Liv.
Et morbi miror purgatum te illius. Hor.
Neque illi

Sepositi ciceris, nee longae invidit avenae. Ibid.

 :

188 APPENDIX.

Pelopis parens
Dulci laborum decipitur sono. Ibid.
Nee veterum memini lsetorve maloruin. Virg.
Pendet animi. Cie.
Audio te animi angi. Ibid.
Hx res vitse me saturant. Plant.
Discrucior animi. Ibid.
Me omnium laborum levas. Ibid,
Fallebar sermonis. Ibid.
Fastidit mei. Ibid.
Adipisceretur dominationis. Tac.

§ 44. The verb, on which the dative depends, is some-

times implied in the substantive, as
Ne qua exprobratio (facta) cuiquam veteris fortune discordiam
sererett Liv.
Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus institutisque populorum.
Cic.

§ 45. The dative sometimes seems to depend on afitus

or idoneus understood, as:
Ad me detulerunt sumptus decerni legatis nimis magnos, cum sol-
vendo (aptse) civitatesnon essent. Cic.
Ut divites conferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent. Liv.
Quae restinguendo igni forent. Ibid.
Radix ejus est vescendo. Plin.
Respublica est gratise referenda. Liv.

§ 46. The pronoun Idem like avroq in the Greek, takes

sometimes the dative, as :

Invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti. Hor.

Homerus eadem aliis sopitus quiete est. Lucr.
Eadem facit turpi. Ibid.
Nonne tibi faciendum idem sit nihil dicenti? Cic.

§ 47. The
dative is often used for the accusative and
the preposition ad, or afiud, as :
Itclamor coelo (i. e. ad coelum.) Virg.
Sedibus hunc ante refer suis. Ibid.
Durate et vosmet rebus sersate secundis. Ibid.
Belloque animos accendit agrestes. Ibid.
Me Albani ducem bello gerendo creavere. Liv.
Decemviros legibus scribendis creavimus. Ibid.
Quod te mihi (i. e. apud me) de Sempronio purgas. Cic.
Velle Pompeium se Cxsari purgatum. Cass.
Uti me purgarem tibi. Plant.
Varroni (i. e. apud Varronem) memineris excusare tarditatem lite-
rarum mearum. Cic.
 :

APPENDIX. 189

Ut te mihi excusaret. Cic.

Mihi quidem Scipio vivit, vivetque semper. Cic.

§ 48. The
dative, in imitation of the Greek, is some-
times used for the ablative with the preposition a, ab,
cum, or in, as :
Non cernitur ulli (i. e. ab ullo). Virg.
Nulla tuarum audita mihi, neque visa sororum. Ibid.
Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Ibid.
Barbarus hie ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli. Ovid.
Nunquam enim prsestantibus in republica gubernanda viris lauda-
ta est in una sententia perpetua permansio. Cic.
Honesta enim bonis viris, non occulta, quxruntur. Ibid.
Ab hs ips"is, quibus tenetur respublica. Ibid.
Komanis quoque ab eodem prodigio novendiale sacrum publice
susceptum est. Liv.
Ssepe antea paucis strenuis adversum multitudinem bene pugna-
tum esse. Sail.
Scrub eris Vario. Hor.
Illi, scripta quibus comoedia prisca viris est, hoc stabant. Ibid.

Solus tibi (i. e. tecum) certet Amyntas. Virg.

Placidoque pugnabis amori? Ibid.
Africum decertantem Aquilonibus. Ibid.
Stat conferrc manum iEne». Ibid.
Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum. Hor.
Tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris. Ibid.
Sed non ut placidis coeant immitia. Ibid.
Lateri (i. e. in Latere) capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Virg.
Qui ita se Uteris abdiderunt. Cic.

§ 49. Jubeo and dejicio instead of the accusative some-

times take the dative, as :

Militibus suis jussit. Cass.

Hse mihi literac jubent reverti. Cic.
Quum tela nostris deficerent. Cass.

§ 50. Besides the verb sum, other verbs take two da-
tives in phrases of naming, as :
Cui Egerio inditum nomen. Liv.
Artificibus nomen histrionibus inditum. Ibid.
Illi tardo cognomen pingui damus. Hor.
§ 51. The participles exosua and fieroaua govern the
accusative, as
si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos. Virg.
Jupiter omnipotens,
Juvenem exosum bella. Ibid.
Lucemque perosi projecere animas. Ibid.
Plebs consulum nomen haud secus quam regnum perosa erat.
Liv.
 :

190 APPENDIX.

Fertxsus takes the accusative, or genitive, as :

Pertsesus vitam. Just.

Lentitudinis eorum pertacsa. Tac.

§ 52. Additional examples of verbs governing an accu-

sative of their own, or like signification.

Quo tutiorem vitam sese meo prsesidio victuros esse arbitrarentur.

Cic.
Magna voce juravi verissimum atque pulcherrimum jusjurandum.
Ibid.
Ut suum gaudium gauderemus. Ibid.
Hoc bellum a consulibus pugnatum (esse) quidam auctores sunt.
Liv.
Claram pugnare pugnam. Ibid.
Vitam duram, quam vixi, mitto. Terent.
Hunc scio mea solide gavisurum esse gaudia. Ibid.
Quia consimilem luserat jam olim ille ludum. Ibid.
Proelium male pugnatum. Sull.
Fortuna ludum insolentem ludere pertinax. Hor.
Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem. Virg.

§ 53. Neuter verbs used as active verbs.

Ideo bene olent, quia nihil olent. Cic.
Orationes redolentes antiquitatem. Ibid.
Vina fere dulces oluerunt mane Camenae. Hor.
Pastillos Rufillus olet, Gorgonius hircum. Ibid.
Quis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiem crepat? Ibid.
Qui Curios'simulant, et Bacchanalia vivunt (i. e. vivendo agunt.)
Juven.

So also :

Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur (i. e. motu agit.)

Hor.

§ 54. Sometimes the accusative may be explained by a

preposition, as : (ob) quid clamas ?
—(ob) quid rides?
Num (ob) id lacrymat virgo? Terent.
Clinia hanc si deperit. Ibid.
Qui (ob) meum casum luctumque doluerunt. Cic.
Si Xerxes (per) maria ambulavisset, terram navigasset. Ibid.
Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin. Virg.
Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor. Ibid.
Maria asp era juro. Ibid.
(Per) stygias juravimus undas. Ovid.

I
Hence juratus, sworn by.

§ 55. The accusative is sometimes governed by a verb

understood
 APPENDIX. 191

I. When the verb is in another part of the sentence,

and need only be repeated, as :

Eventum senatus, quern videbitur (scil. dare), dabit. Liv.

Ut, quem videretur, mitteret. Ibid.

II. When speaking in an affect, as : Quid multa? i. e.

propter quid dicam multa ? so also — : Quid ? quod, etc.
i. e. quid dicam de hoc, quod, etc. as

Quid, quod salus sociorum summum in periculum vacatur? Cic.

Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? Ibid.

III. In exclamations, whether with, or without an in-

terjection, as

Ah me miserum Ter.
!

Me miseram Ibid.
!

O nos beatos! O rempublicam fortunatam ! O prxclaram laudem

consulatus mei Cic.!

O foeditatem hominis flagitiosam! O impudentiam, nequitiam, libi-

dinem non ferendam Ibid. !

Pendere poenas Cecropidee jussi, miserum! septena quotannis cor-

pora. Virg.

In these and the like phrases we may supply asjiice, as-

or videte.
/licit e,
In imitation of the Greek, a verb has sometimes an ac-
cusative, which should be the nominative to the fol-
lowing verb, as
Aut (se) rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset,
timere dicebant; i. e. aut, ut res frumentaria satis, etc. Cues.
Nosti Marcellum, quam tardus et parum efficax sit, itemque Ser-
vium, quam cunctator. Cic.
Istam nunc times, ne ilium talem tibi prxripiat. Terent.
Scin' me, in quibus sim gaudiis? Ibid.
Ilium, ut vivat, optant. Ibid.

§ 56. Adjectives of dimension seem sometimes to go-

vern the genitive of the measure, whilst they are added
merely to show, whether it is the measure of length or
breadth or height; for we say :

Abies octo cubitorum in altitudine. Plin.

Platanus longitudine XV cubitorum, crassitudine quatuor ulna-
rum. Ibid.
Fossam XX pedum latam (i. e. in latitudine) duxit. Cass.
Musculum pedum LX longum facere instituerunt. Ibid.
Antecedebat testudo pedum LX. Ibid.
Vallum XII pedum exstruxit. Ibid.
 ;

192 APPENDIX.

§ 57. Some adjectives, verbs, and particularly the par-

ticiples of the perfect passive have often an accusative,
governed by the preposition ad, with regard of, under-
stood, as ;

Nudus (ad) membra Pyracmon. Virg.

Omnia Mercurio similis. Ibid.
Ilia velut crimen tzedas exosa jugales,
Pulchra verecundo suffunditer ora rubore. Ovid.
Tollentemque minas et sibila collatumentem. Virg.
Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. Ibid.
Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro. Ibid.
Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit. Ibid.
Non ilia colo, calathisve Minervse femineas adsueta manus. Ibid.
Et picti scuta Labici. Ibid.
Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. Ibid.
Nunc viridi membra sub arbuto stratus. Hor.
Miles jam fractus membra labore. Ibid.
Sepes Hyblxis apibus florem depasta salicti. Virg.
Pascuntur vero sylvas et summa Lycxi, horrentesque rubos, et
amantes ardua dumos. Ibid.

Hither may be referred the verbs of clothing, which

the poets often used in the passive voice with an accusa-
tive, as

Inutile ferrum
Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes. Virg.
Qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis. Ibid.

§ 58. The adverbs circitcr, fir ofie, versus, usque, simul,

and procul, have sometimes an accusative, or ablative,
governed by a preposition understood, as ;
Circiter (ad) meridiem exercitum reduxit. Cass.
Prope hostium castra. Ibid.
Ne proprius se castra moverent, petierunt. Ibid.
Proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. Sail.
JEgyptum versus. Sail.
Corpora usque pedes carbaso velant. Curt.
Pridie (ante) Calendas, —
Pridie eum diem. Cic.
Postridie (post) Calendas, Nonas, Idus. Liv.
Postridie ludos. Cic.
Simul (cum) nobis habitat. Ovid.
Simul his te, candide Furni. Hor.
— —
Procul (ab) oppido. Procul coetu. Procul dubio. Liv.

Here may be added the following:

Epistola voluminis (ad) instar. Cic.
Argolici clypei, aut Phoebese lampadis instar. Virg.
 APPENDIX. 193
Chrysippus et stoici (ad) maximam partem in his partiendis occu-
pati sunt. Cic.
Maximam partem lacte et pecore vivunt. Cses.
Propior (ad) montem. Sail.
Proximus finem. Liv.
Si hominem (ad) id aetatis diutius tenuisset. Cic.
Quid vide or ? Plant.
tibi aetatis
Idne estis auctores mihi? Terent.
Quos ego jam multis viris ad me venturos id temp oris esse dixe-
ram. Cic.

§ 59. The following examples may be added to Rule

XX.
Ego flumen Mulucham non egrediar. Sail.
Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilanti exit. Virg.
Custodes suos praecedere coepit. Just.
Eamque conveniam. Cic.
Ut urbem excederent Volsci. Liv.
Qui societatem coieris cum alienissimis. Cic.
Ut beneficio praevenirent desiderium plebis. Liv.
Turnus ut antevolans tardum praecesserat agmen. Virg.
Efficiendum est, ut appetitus rationi obediant, eamque neque pr?e-
currant. Cic.
Praei verba, quibus me devoveam. Liv.
Civitatem, quae doctrina praestaret omnes. Nep.
Ut famam sui praeiret. Tac.
Praecurrit amicitia judicium. Cic.
Aridaeus, Philippo genitus, praeteritura vobis. Curt.
Ne ab eo circumveniretur. Cses.
Inimicitiae subeantur. Ibid.
Se conveniri non vult. Ibid.

Thus we say also :

Nunc tertia vivitur aetas. Ovid.

Nox est dormienda. Catul.
Tota mihi dormitur hyems. Mart.
In republica multa peccantur. Cic.

§ 60. De is sometimes suppressed when signifying

with respect to, as ;

Quid (de) hoc homine faciatis? Cic.

Quidcapta Capua feceritis? Liv.
Quid illo net? Cic.
Volo erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio. Plaut.

In the like phrases de is also expressed :

Quid deTulliolamea net? Cic.

Siquidde eo (i. e. Pompeio) factum esset. Ibid.

17
194 APPENDIX.

The preposition cum is generally omitted, unless it de-

notes company or concomitance, as ; to sfieak, to go, to
contend, to labour, to live, to be, etc., with somebody.
The concomitance may appear from the following:
Homo deprehensus cum sica. Cic.
Semper magno cum metu dicere incipio. Ibid.
Magna cum cura fines tuentur. Caes.
Cum imperio esse. Cic.
Sedere cum tunica. Ibid.
Cum prima luce. Ibid.
Salinum cum sale. Plant.
Venire cum febri. Cic.
Porcus cumhumano capite. Liv.
Convenire cum silentio. Ibid.
Quid mihi cum re? Cic.
Cum his dictis redit. Liv.
Nisi sustinuistis eos, qui cum facibus ad curiam concurrerunt, cum
falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Cic.

Of the innumerable cases in which the preposition in

is omitted I shall give a few

Terra marique bellum intulit. Nep.

Milites stativis castris habebat. Sail.
Medio sedium sellis eburneis sedere. Liv.
Res vestrse quo statu sunt. Ibid.
Res neque nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse, et fuisset facillimo.
Cic.
Navita puppe sedens. Ovid.
Medio tutissimus ibis. Ibid.
Itnigrum campis agmen. Virg.

§ 61. Prdeditus, ortus, etc. are often suppressed, as;

Lentulum nostrum (praeditum de) eximia spe, summacque virtutis

adolescentem. Cic.
Hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summaque potentia. Sail.
Interfectus est C. Gracchus (ortus a) clarissimo patre, avo, majori-
bus. Cic.

The adverb, or indeclinable adjective macte takes the

ablative, as

Macte nova virtute puer, sic itur ad astra. Virg.

Juberem macte virtute esse, si pro mea patria ista virtute stare
Liv.
Macte virtute ac pietate esto. Ibid.
 ;

APPENDIX. 195

§ 62. Aftar filus, am/ilius, minus, major, and minor,

quam is elegantly suppressed, as

Plus (quam) annum aeger fuisset. Liv.

Hostium plus quinque millia caesi eo die. Liv.
Homini misero plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi. Terent.
Plus (quam) satis. Ibid.
Plus millies audivi. Ibid.
Amplius sunt sex menses. Cic.
In eo praelio non amplius quingentos cives desideravit. Caes.
Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam falle dolo. Virg.
Constabat non minus ducentos equites fuisse. Liv.
Minus decern tribunus facere. Ibid.
Obsides ne minores octonum denum annorum, neu majores qui-
num quadragenum. Ibid.
Navis minor duum millium amphorum. Cic.
Longius ab urbe mille passuum. Liv.

The measure of excess is sometimes expressed by

the adverbs tantum, quantum, etc. as:

Ejus frater aliquantum est ad rem avidior. Terent.

Quantum domo inferior, tantum gloria superior. Vol.

§ 63. Alius takes sometimes like a comparative the ab-

lative, as:

Nee quidquam aliud libertate communi (i. e. quam libertatem, etc.)

quaesivimus. Cic.
Neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum. Hot.
Aut alius Lysippo duceret sera. Ibid.
Quodsi accusator alius Sciano ^i. e. quam Scianus) foret. Phsedr.

§ 64. The preposition cum is sometimes omitted, though

there is concomitance, particularly when speaking of
troops, as:
Ad castra Caesaris (cum) omnibus copiis contenderunt. Caen.
Caesar subsequebatur omnibus copiis. Ibid.
Consul profectus apto exercitu. Liv.
Obvius fit ei Clodius expeditus, (cum) nulla rheda, nullis impedi-
mentis, nullis comitibus. Cic.

§ 65. Persons, when constituting the instrument or

cause, generally take the preposition per or ob; yet we
find them sometimes in the ablative, as:

Servos, quibus sylvas publicas depopulatus erat. Cic.

Destiti Inachia furere. Hor.
196 APPENDIX.

§ 66. The preposition cum is sometimes expressed with

the instrument, as;
Terrificam capitis concussit (Jupiter) terque quaterque cacsariem,
cum qua terrain, mare, sidera movit. Ovid.
Vehicula cum culeis onusta. Plin.
Juga cum loris ornata. Cato.

§ 67. Utor, abutor,fruor, etc. sometimes govern the ac-

cusative, as;
Uteris, ut voles, operam meam. Plant.
Mea, quae praeter spem evenere, utantur. Terent.
Omnia utenda tradiderat. Cic.
In prolog-is scribendis uperain abutitur. Terent.
Non licet meo modo ingenium frui. Ibid.
Inteltigitur tenendum esse ejus (i. e. voluptatis) fruendae mo-
dum. Cic.
Neque liberalis functus officium viri est. Terent.
Datames militare munus fungens. Nep.
Ad munus suum fungendum. Cic.
Gentem aliquam urbem nostram potituram putem. Ibid.
Qui summam imperii potirentur. Nep.
Hie potitur gaudia. Terent.
Si caprinum jecur vescantur. Plin.
Vescuntur infirmissimos. Tac. Singulos. Phsedr.

§ 68. The infinitive is sometimes used in narrations for

the imperfect indicative, which some grammarians ex-
plain by c<£/ii,c(£fieram> or fiottram understood, as;
Interim Caesar JEduos frumentum flagitare. Cxs.
Ita educati venando peragrare circa saltus. Liv.
Haerere homo, versari, rub ere. Cic.
Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem
Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. Virg.
Milites neque pro opere consistere, neque inter vineas sine peri-
culo administrare; optimus quisque cadere, aut sauciari: caeteris
metusaugeri. Sail.

§ 69. The infinitive is sometimes used after adjectives,

chiefly by poets, as;

Roma Lucan.
facilis capi.
Indocilispauperiem pati. Hor.
Audax omnia perpeti. Ibid.
Scgnesque nodum solvere Gratiae. Ibid.
Solers nunc hominem ponere, nunc Deum. Ibid.
Quo non felicior alter
IJngere tela manu, ferrumque armare veneno. Virg,
Moesta fuit civitas, vinci insueta. Liv.
 APPENDIX. 197

§ 70. The infinitive is sometives used after substantives

instead of the gerund in di, as;

Iniit consilia reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere. JNep.

Magnam Molestiam suscepit Chrysippus r.eddere rationem fabu-
larum. Cic.
Potestas erat sese levare gravissima infamia. Ibid.
Nunc tempus est hujus libri finem facere. Nep.
Poscere fata tempus (est). Virg.

§ 71. Instead of the dative, the gerund in dum takes

sometimes the ablative with the preposition a, or ab, to
avoid ambiguity, as:
Aguntur bona civium, quibus est a vobis consulendum. Cic.

§ 72. The gerund in di often takes the genitive plural

instead of the case of its verb, as:
Ex majore copia nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas. Cic.
Agitur, utrum Antonio facultas detur agrorum suis latronibus con-
donandi. Ibid.
Vereor, nequis me hoc vestri adhortandi causa loqui existimet. Liv.
Permissa licentia diripiendi pomorum. Suet.

The personal pronoun sui is thus frequently used, as:

Doleo tantam Stoicos vestros Epicureis irridendi sui facultatem de'

disse. Cic.
Non tarn sui conservandi, quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendo
rum causa profugemnt. Ibid.
In castra venerunt sui purgandi gratia. Cass.
Neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ibid.

§73. A
few verses, showing the different quantity, or
signification of apparently similar words;
Cantat acanthis avis, sed crescit acanthus in agris.
Est acer in sylvis, equus acer Olympia vincit.
Armus brutorum est, humerus ratione fruentum.
Turbat asilus equos, miseros sucepit asylum.
Dum sinit hora, canas; effoeto corpore canes.
Grandaevique canis candescunt tergora canis.
Hsec cassis galea est, hi.casses retia signant.
Casside conde caput, capiuntur cassibus apri.
Cedo facit cessi, cecidi cado, csedo cecidi.
Qui sculpit cselat; servus abscondita celat.
Clava ferit, clavus firmat, clavisque recludit.
Pert ancilla colum, penetrat res humida colunt-
Est cutis in carne; est detracta e corpore peliis.
Cominus ense ferit, jaculo cadit eminus ipse.
Comoedi scenam, comedones quaerite coenam.
Vir comis multos comites sibi jungit amicos.
Consulo te doctum? tibi consulo, dum tua euro.
17*
198 APPENDIX.

Sanguis inest venis; cruor est de corpore fusus.

Flat corns; saltatque chorus, vel carmina cantat.
Deleoy quod scriptum est, sed flammam extinguo lucernac
Vin' dicamus, cui carmina nostra dicemus?
tibi
Educat hie catulos, ut eos educat in apros.
Solvere diffidit, nodum qui diffidit ense.
Haec Jicus Jici vel Jicus fructus et arbor;
Hie Jicus Jici malus est in corpore morbus.
Robustum fugio, fugientem saepe fugavi.
Decepit me sxpe freturn nimis aequore /return.
Vir general, mulierque parity sed gignit uterque.
Ales hirundo canit, nat hirudd, movetur arundo.
Per quod quis peccat, per idem, punitur et idem.
Difficilis labor est, sub cujus pondere labor.
Levis adhuc puer est, levis autem sermo puellae.
In sylvis leporest in verbis quaere lepores.
Non licet asse mihi, qui me non asse licetur.

Sus sit arnica luto: lutum color aureus esto.

Deceptura viros pingit mala femina malas.
Mala mali malo meruit mala maxima mundo.
Manibus ille patris manibus comportat arenam,
Matrona est mulier quae dam, sed Matrona flumen.
Es praeclarus homo, miseris si miseris aurum.
Merx venit numis, onerantibus est data merces.
Morio moralur, quocunque sub axe moratur.
Nitere cum studio, si vis aliquando nitere.
Vir nothus est spurius, notus auster, notus amicus.
Nil ego scribo novi, quia novi nil nisi nota;
Oblitus est vino, sed non oblitus amoris.
Occidit latro, verum sol occidit almus.
Opperior tardos, pannis operilur egenus.
Os oris loquitur, sed os ossis roditur ore.
Palus acutus inest terrae, stagnantque paludes.
Uxoris parere et parere, parare mariti est.
Pendere vult Justus, sed fur pendere recusat.
Ludo pila, pilum contorqueo, pila columna est.
Pro reti et regione plaga est, pro verb ere plaga.
Sunt cives urbis populus, sed populus arbor.
Est sine profeciu studiorum ex urbe profectus.
Raparum rapina satus, raptusque rapiua.
Pluribus ille refert, quae non cognoscere refert.
Corpore robustum, sed dices pectore^rmwm.
Ne sit securus qui non est tutus ab hoste.
Sunt aetate senes: veteres vixere priores.
Quae non sunt, simulo,- quae sunt, ea dissimulantur.
Est in veste sinus, sinus vas lactis habetur.
Hastam die teretem, sphaeram die esse rotundam.
Filia sub titia nebat subtilia Jila.
Tribula grana terit, tribuli nascuntur in agris.
Vallamus proprie castra, at sepimus ovile.
 APPENDIX. 199

Spondet vas vadis, at vas vasts continet escam.

Pas caput, at nuraos tantum prses prxstat amicus.
Merx venit numis, venit hue aliunde profectus.
Venimus hesterna, ast hodierna luce venimus.
Distichs.

Pirosa est vitanda anguis, mulierque virosa.

Hacc nota Grammatici non mihi nota fuit.
Fide, sed ante vide,- qui fidit, nee bene vidit,
Fallitur; ergo vide, ne capiare fide.
Consortes fortuna eadem, socios labor idem,
Unum collegas efficit officium.
Sed caros faciunt schola, ludus, mensa sodales,
Nullas ad amissas ibit amicus opes.
Si qua sede sedes, atque est tibi commoda sedes,-
nee ab ilia sede recede.
Ilia sede sede,

Prora prior, puppis pars ultima, et ima carina,

Tergum hominis dorsum est; bellua tergus habet,
Ungula conculcat; lacerat, tenet, arripit unguis.
Gustat lingua cibum, qui bene cunque sapit.
 .

THE ROMAN CALENDAR.

To the Question When ?

1 March, May, January, Aug- April, June, February, hav

tl July, and Octo- ust, and De- September, an d ing 28 days, and
II ber, having 31 cember, having November, hav- every Uh year
days. 31 days. ing 30 days. 29.

1. Calendis. Calendis. Calendis. 1 Calendis.

yfi e. £. d. VI TV "^ ante No- jy*^ ante No- d. IV
2. l V } *. 011,
y Non.Mart. j.j Cnas, of the m£.nas, of the
HI r"^ F eD
3.
[or ante No- j same mo. j same
mo. j or an.N.F
4. IV nas, Mar- pridie Nonas.
f
pridie Nonas. pridie Non F. .

5. III |
tias, Maias, Nonis. Nonis. Nonis Feb
J etc.
6. pridie Nonas VIIH VHP vnn
Mart. Maias etc. 1
a.d.
7. Nonis Martiis, VII 1
ante VII ante VII VIII Id. |

etc. Idus Idus [Febr.

8. VIir| a. d. VIII VI \ Januari- VI > Apriles, VI Cor ante
9. VII 1 Id. Mart. V as, Sex- V etc. V
Idus j

10. VI or Mai. J
IV tiles, etc. IV IV Febr.
11. V
J>
or III ^ III j Ill J
12. IV ante Idus pridie Idus of pridie Idus. pridie Idus
Martias,1 the same mo. Febmarias.
13. III J Mai. etc. Idibus Jan. etc Idibus. Idibus.
14. pridie Idus XIX " XVIII 1 xvr 1

Martias, Maias,
etc. a.d.
15. Idibus Martiis, XVIII XIX XVII XV
Maiis, etc. Cal.
16. xvm a. d. XVII Febr. XVI a.d. XIV a.d.
17. XVI XVII XVI Sept. XV XVIII XIII XVI
18. XV Cal. XV etc. XIV Calen- XII Cal.
19. XIV April, XIV or XIII darum XI >.Mart.
20. XIII Jun. XIII I ante XII >Maia- X or
21. XII etc. or XII fCalen- XI rum; IX Calen-
22. XI ante Ca- XI das X or VIII das
23. X )>lendas X Feb. or IX ante VII Martias.
24. IX Apriles, IX any- VIII Calen- VI
25. VIII or any VIII next VII das V
26. VII next VII follow- VI Maias. IV
27. VI follow- VI ing HI J V
28. V ing month. IV V pridie Calendas
29. IV month. IV HI . Martias.
30. III J III - pridie Caienaas When the year
31. pridie Calendas cf the following- (of the follow- ls bissextile,
month; 'as; the 31st of March, ing- month.) the 14th is
pridie Calendas Apriles; 31st — XVII ante Cal.
of Jan. pridie Calendas Februa- Mart.
rias.
 201

VOCABULARY.

Of the Abbreviations, take

Sing, for singular. Peur. for plural. C. G. for common gender.
Doubt, or d. g. for doubtful gender. Noun g. or gent, for na-
tional noun. Noun pr. for noun proper. Dim. for diminutive.
Monopt. for a noun of one syllable. Indecx. for indeclinable.
Comp. for comparative, or comparisons. Act. for active verb.
Pass, for passive verb. Neut. for neuter verb. Dep. for depo-
nent verb. Defect, for defective verb. Freq_. for frequentative
verb. Incept, for inceptive verb. Impers. for impersonal verb.
Part, for participle. Axicujus rei for the gen. of the thing.
Alicui for the dative of the person, or thing. Aeiq.uem for the
accusative of the person. Aliquid for the accusative of the
thing. Aliq.ua re for the ablative of the thing.

A, for Aulas, noun prop. Aulus. Absolv-o, ere, i; absolutum, act.

A, ab, abs, prep. abl. from, by, to acquit, discharge; aliquem
in consideration of. criminis, or crimine.
Abdic-o, are, avi, atum, act. to Absque, prep. abl. without.
renounce, to resign; abdicare Abstinenti-a, ae, f. abstaining
se (a) magistratu, to resign an from, abstinence.
office. Abstin-eo, ere, ui, abstentum, act.
Abditus part, from to keep from, to abstain.
Abd-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to re- Absum, abesse, abfui, neut. to be
move, to conceal. absent.
Ab-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. to Absum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to
go away, to depart. consume.
Abhorr-eo, ere, ui, neut. to abhor, Abundanter, adv. abundantly,
to dislike; ab aliqua re. largely.
Abie-s, tis, f. a fir tree. Abundanti-a, x, f. plenty, abun-
Abjic-io, ere, abjec-i, turn, act. to dance.
cast away. Abunde, adv. abundantly, amply.
Absced-o, ere, abscess-i, um, Abund-o, are, avi, atum, neut. to
neut. to go away, to depart. abound, aliqua re.
Abscind-o, ere, absci-di, ssum, Abut-or, i, abusus sum, dep. to
act. to cut off. abuse, aliqua re.
Absconditus, part, of Abyss-us, i, f. the abyss.
Abscond-o, ere, i. or idi, itum, act. A. C. for anno currente, the pre-
to conceal. sent year.
Absen-s, tis, adj. absent; me ab- Ac. conj. and.
that
sente, in my absence. Acanthi-s, dis, f. a little bird,
202 ACA ACT
sings very loud, perhaps the ed by her into a stag, and de-
goldfinch. voured by his own hounds.
Acanth-us, i, m. the branch hir- Actio, onis, f. an action.
cin, bearsfoot. Actor, is, m. an actor.
Acced-o, ere, access-i, um, neut. Actus, part, of ago.
to draw near. Ac-us, us, f. a needle.
Accend-o, ere, i, nsum, act. to Acute, adv. from
fire, to light up. Acutus, a, um, adj. sharp, acute,
Accidit, it happens, impers. from ingenious.
accido. A. D. for anno domini, in the
Accid-o, ere, i, neut. to fall to, year of the Lord, a. d. for ante
to happen. diem; a. d. Ill Non. Mai. for
Accld-o, ere, i, cisum, act. to cut ante diem tertium Nonas Maius.
short, to clip. Ad, prep. ace. at, before.
Accip-io, ere, accep-i, turn, act. Adduc-o, ere, addu-xi, ctum, act.
to take, to receive. to lead to, to induce.
Accurate, adv. from accuratus. Ad-eo, iri, ivi, or ii, itum, neut.
Accurat-us, a, um, adj. exact, and act. to go to, to approach.
done with care. Adeo, adv. so.
Accusan-s, tis, part, of accuso. Adeptus, part, of adipiscor.
Accusator, is, m. an accuser. Adhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to
Accus-o, are, avi.atum, act. to ac- admit, use, apply.
cuse: aliquem criminis vel cri- Adhort-or, ari, atus, dep. to ex-
mine. hort, encourage.
Acer, or acr-is, is, e, adj. sharp, Adhuc, adv. hitherto, as yet.
brisk. Adipisc-or, i, adeptus, dep. to
Acer, aceris, m. a maple-tree. get, obtain.
Acern-us, a, um, adj. of maple Adit-us, us, m. an access, way.
wood. Adjac-eo, ere, neut. to lie near,
Achat-es, se, m. the faithful friend border upon.
of iEneas. Adjic-io, ere, adjec-i, turn, act.
Acheron, tis, m. the son of Titan to cast to, add.
and Terra, who sunk down into Adjunctus, part, of
hell, and there was changed Adjung-o,ere,adjun-xi,ctum, act.
into a river. to annex, to associate.
Achill-es, is, m. the son of Peleus Adjut-o, are, freq. act. to aid,
and Thetis, who being dipped to help.
by his mother in the river Styx, Adjutor, is, m. an aider, helper,
was invulnerable in every part Adjutus, part, of
except the right heel, in which Adjuv-o, are, i, adjutum, act. to
he was mortally wounded by assist.
Paris. Aministratio, nis, f. the manage-
Aci-es, ei, the sharp edge, or
f. ment, care.
point of any thing, an army, a Administr-o, are, avi, atum, act.
battle. to administer, manage.
Acriter, adv. from acer. Admiratio, nis, f. wonder, ad-
Act-a, orum, n. acts, exploits. miration.
Actxon, is, m. a celebrated hun- Admir-or, ari, atus, dep. to ad-
ter, who having accidentally mire, to be surprised at.
seen Diana bathing, was chang- Admon-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to
 .

ADM 203
put in mind, admonish; all- iEgimur-us, i, an island in the
quern, alicujus rei, de aliqua re. Gulf of Carthage.
Admov-eo, ere, i, motum, act. to iEgl-e, es, f. one of the three
move or bring- to. Hesperides.
Adolescen-s, tis, c. g. a youth. JEgre, adv. from aeger.
Adolescenti-a, ae, f. youth. .Egypt-us, i, f. .Egypt.
Adolesc-o, ere; levi, neut. to in- Aell-o, us, f. one of the Harpies.
crease, grow up. jEmili-us, i, m. n. pr.
Ador-ior, iri, tus, dep. to assault. JEmul-us, a, um, adj. emulous,
Adortus, part, of adorior. vieing with.
Adpello, see Appello. iEnead-ae, arum, m. the Trojans,
Adscendo, see Ascendo. from
Adspiro, see Aspiro. JEne-as,ae, m. son of Anchises

Adstrictus, part, of and Venus.

Adstring-o, ere; inxi, ictum, act. iEol-us, i, m. the God of the
to tie, or bind to. winds.
Adsuesc-o, ere; suevi, suetum, JEqual-is, is, e, adj. equal.
act. to accustom. iEquans, part, of aequo.
Adsuetus, part, of adsuesco. iEque, adv. from aequus.
Adsum, esse, fui, neut. to be pre- -Equ-i, orum, m. noun g. the
sent, to assist; alicui. .Equi.
Adulter, i, m. an adulterer. -Equ-o, are, act. to equal, le-
Adulter, a, urn, adj. mixed. vel.
Adultus, part, of adolesco, grown JEquor, is, n. a plain, the sea.
up. iEqu-us, a, um, adj. level, equal,
Adveniens, part, of ust
l :„
Adven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to JEer, aeris, m. the air.
come to, arrive. JErari-um, i, n. the treasury.
Advent-us, us, m. an arrival. iE-s, ris, n. brass money; as
Adversum, or adversus, prep. alienurn, debts.
ace. against, towards. iEsop-us, i, m. noun pr. a famous
Advers-us, a, um, adj. opposite, writer of fables.
opposed, unfortunate; res ad- JEstim-o, are, act. to value, re-
verse, adversity. gard.-
Advol-o, are, neut. to fly to. JEstu-o, are, neut. to be in'a heat,
jEacid-es, ae, or is, m. Achilles, to boil.
the grandson of .Eacus; or JEta-s,tis, f. the age.

Pyrrhus, his great grandson. JEtern-us, a, um, adj. eternal.

JEac-us, i, m. one of the three in- JEther, eris, m. the pure air, the
fernal judges. sky.
iEd-es, is, f. a temple, a house; JEthere-us, a, um, adj. ethereal,
aedes, ium, a house. airy.
JEdinc-o, are, act. to build. JEthon, one of the four horses of
JEdil-is, is, m. an Edile, an offi- the sun.
cer, who takes care of the pub- JEtn-a, noun pr.
ae, f.

lic buildings. JStol-i,orum, m. noun g.

.Edu-i, orum, m. noun g. the AfTatim,adv. abundantly, enough.
iEdui. Affer-o, re, attuli, allatum, act. to
JEg-er, ra, rum, adj. sick. bring, to contribute.
JEgae-on, onis, m. see Briareus. Aftic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. to
204 AFP ALA
affect, afficere aliquem honore, Al-a, je, f. the wing.
to honour somebody. Alacer, or alacr-is, is, e, adj.
Affin-is, is, e, adj. neighbouring, merry, brisk.
being near, related by marriage. Alaud-a, se, f. the lark.
Affirm-o, are, act. to assert. AlbaLonga, AlbseLongse, f.n. p.
Afflict-us, part, of Alban-i, orum, m. noun g. the
Afflig-o, ere, affl i-xi, ctum, act. Albans.
to afflict, trouble. Alban-us, a, um, adj. Alban.
Afflu-o, ere, xi, xum, neut. to Alcldes, 7t, m. a title of Hercules.
flow to, abound; affiuerealiqua Ale-a, se, f. a die, dice-play.
re, to abound in something. Alect-o, us, f. one of the three
Aflfbr-em, es, et, etc. affore, for Furies.
adessem, 1 would be present. Al-es, itis, c. g. a great bird.
Affrani-us, i, m. noun pr. Alexand-er, ri, m. noun pr.
Afric-a, se, f. noun pr. Alexandrin-i, orum, m. the Alex-
Afric-us, i, (scil. ventus) m. south andrians.
west wind. Alex-is, is, m. noun pr.
Agamemnon, is, m. the son of Alienigen-a, x, c. g. a stranger,
Atreus, and brother of Mene- foreigner.
laus; he was captain-general Alien-us, a, um, adj. another
of the Greeks in the Trojan man's, foreign.
war, and was slain by his wife Alioquin, conj. otherwise, else.
Clytxmnestra and her para- Aliquando, adv. sometimes, ever.
mour JEgisthus. Aliquanto, adv. somewhat, little.
Age, plur. agite, imperat. of ago, Aliquantum, adv. somewhat.
come on. Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or ali-
Agens, part, of ago. quid, pron. some, somebody.
Ag-er, ri, m. a field. Aliquot, plur. indecl. some, not
Agger, is, m. a mound, bank,dam. many.
Agil-is, is, e, adj. active, speedy. Aliunde, adv. from elsewhere.
Agit-o, are, act. to agitate, chase, Ali-us, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. alii,
manage. adj. another.
Aglai-a, <e, f. one of the three Allobrox, ogis, c. g. noun g.
Graces. Allocutus, part, of
Agm-en, inis, n. an army, troops, Alloqu-or, i, allocutus, dep. to
herd. speak to, address.
Agnosc-o, ere, agn-ovi, itum, act. Alludens, part, of
to find out, know, acknowledge. Allud-o, ere, allus-i, um, to play
Agn-us, i, m. a lamb. with, to allude.
Ag-o, ere, egi, actum, act. to Alm-us, a, um, adj. cherishing,
drive, do, execute; agogratias, pure, fair.

I give thanks. Al-o, ere, ui, itum, or turn, act.

Agrest-is, is, e, adj. rural, wild. to nourish, feed.
Agricol-a, ae, c. g. a farmer. Alp-es, ium, f. the Alps.
Ah, interj. ah! alas! Alphe-us, i, m. a famous river
Aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def. verb, to near Elis in Arcadia.
say, affirm. Alter, a, um, gen. ius, dat. i, adj.
Aja-x, cis, m. one of the most another, any other.
distinguished heroes at the I Alterut-er, ra, rum; gen. ius, dat.
siege of Troy. I
i, adj. the one or the other.
 ALT AMP 205
Altitud-o, inis, f. the height, Amplexatus, part, of
depth. Amplex-or, ari, amplexatus, dep.
Alt-um, i, n. (scil. mare) the to embrace.
main sea. Amplius,adv. more, more largely.
Alt-us, a, um,
adj. high, lofty. Ampl-us, a, um, adj. large, great.
Alv-us, the stomach, womb.
i, f. Arauss-is, is, f. a mason's rule;
A. If. for anno mundi, in the ace. amussim.
year of the world; Amynt-as, ae, m. n. p.
r for ante meridiem, before An, adv. whether?
mid-day; Ana-s, atis, f. a duck.
for artium magister, a Anc-eps, ipitis, adj. two-edged,
master of arts. doubtful.
Amans, adj. and part, of amo. Anchis-es, ae, m. the father of
Amar-us, a, um, adj. bitter. JEneas.
Ambed-o, ere, i, esum, act. to Ancill-a, ae, f. a maid servant.
eat around. Anc-us, i, m. n. p.
Ambesus, part, of ambedo. Androge-os, i, or o, m. the son of
Amb-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to go Minos, king of Crete.
about, to court. Andromach-e, es, f. wife of Hec-
Ambitio, nis, f. ambition. tor, then of Pyrrhus, who gave
Ambitios-us, a, um, adj. ambi- her to Helenus, the son of
tious. Priam.
Amb-o, ae, o, adj. plur. both. Andromed-a, ae, f. daughter of
Ambrosi-a, ae, f. the food of the Cepheus and Cassiope; she was
Gods. bound by the Nereides to a
Ambul-o, are, neut. to walk. rock, and exposed to be de-
Amic-a, ae, f. a (female) friend. voured by a sea monster; but
Amice, adv. from amicus. Perseus slew the monster, and
Amiciti-a, se, f. friendship. mamed her.
Amic-us, a, um, adj. friendly. Ang-o, ere, anxi, anctum, act. to
Amic-us, i, m. a friend. strangle, tease, to trouble.
Amissus, part, of Angu-is, is, c. g. a serpent,
Amitt-o, ere, amisi, amissum, act. snake.
to lose. Angusti-a, ae, f. closeness, dis-
Amn-is, is, m. a river. tress.
Am-o, are, act. to love. Angusti-se, arum, the narrows,
Amoen-us, a,um, adj. pleasant. defiles.
Amor, is, m. the love; Cupid, Angust-us, a, um, adj. narrow .

the God
of love. strait.
Amphor-a, ae, f. a rundlet, a ves- Anim-a, ae, f. the air, breath, soul.
sel holding about nine gal- Animadvert-o, ere, i, versum, act.
lons. to mind, to observe; in aliqucm,
Amphiara-us,i, m. son of Apollo to punish some one.
and Hypermnestra, a famous Animal, is, n. a living creature;
Theban augur. abl. i.

Amphitrit-e, es, f. wife of Nep- Animans, part, of

tune. Anim-o, are, act. to give life,

Ample, adv. of amplus. revive, to live.

Amplect-or, i, amplexus, dep. to Animos-us, a, um, adj. bold, va-
encircle, embrace. liant.
18
206 ANI APP
Anim-us, i, m. the mind, spirit, Apparatus, us,m. a preparation,
soul. equipment.
Ani-en, enis, m. a river in Italy. Appar-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to
Annal-es, ium (scil. libri) m. his- appear, give attendance; alieui.
tory, annals. Appell-o, are, act. to call, name.
Annal-is, is, e, adj. of a year. Appell-o, ere, appul-i, sum, act.
Annibal, is, m. noun pr. to drive to, bring to the shore.
Annos-us, a, um, adj. aged, old. Appetit-us,us,m. desire, appetite.
Annu-o, ere, act. and neut. to Appia via, se, f. a road from Rome
grant, assent. to Brundusium, so called from
Ann-us, i, m. a year. Appius.
Anser, is, m. a gander, goose. Applauditur, impers. from
Antx-us, i, m. a giant, son of Applaud-o, ere, applaus-i, um,
Neptune and Terra; he was neut. to applaud, alieui.
choked to death by Hercules. Approbatio, nis, f. approbation.
Ante, prep. ace. before. Appropinqu-o, are, neut. to ap-
Ante, adv. before? ante quam, proach; alieui.
sooner than, before. Apt-us, a, um, adj. fit, suitable.
Antea, adv. before, previously. Apud, prep. ace. at, with, before.
Anteced-o, ere, cess-i, um, neut. Apuli-a, se, a country of Italy.
f.

and act. to go before, excel; Aqu-a, x, water.

f.

alieui, or aliquem aliqua re. Aqual-is, is, m. a water-pot, ewer.

Antevol-o, are, act. to fly before. Aquilo, nis, m. the north wind.
Anthropophag-i, orum, m. man- Ar-a, se, f. an altar.
eaters. Ar-abs, abis, m. an Arabian.
Antidot-um, i, n. an antidote. Arane-a, ae, f. a spider.
Antidot-us, i, f. an antidote. Arar-is, is, m. noun pr. the Saone.
Antigon-us, i, m. noun p. Aratr-um, i, n. a plough.
Antiochi-a, ac, f. noun p. the me- Arat-us, i, m. noun pr. a Grecian
tropolis of Syria. poet.
Antioch-us, i, m. noun pr. Arbitri-um, i, n. the sentence of
Antipat-er, ri, m. noun pr. a judge, will, power.
Antiquita-s, tis, f. antiquity. Arbitr-or, ari, dep. to arbitrate,
Antiquus, a, um, adj. ancient, think.
old. Arbo-r, or arbo-s, ris, f. a tree.
Antoni-us, i, m. noun pr. Arbut-us, i, f. an arbute, a wild
An-us, us, f. an old woman. strawberry, or cherry-tree.
Aonid-es, um, f. the Muses. Arc-a, ae, f. a chest, coffin.
Ap-er, ri, m. a wild boar, a boar. Arcadi-a, se, f. noun pr. Arcadia.
Aper-io, ire, ui, turn, act. to open. Arcadi-us, a, um, adj. Arcadian.
Ap-ex, icis, m. the top, plume, Arca-s, dis, m. an Arcadian, also
crest. the son of Jupiter and the
Ap-is, is, f. a bee. nymph Calisto: he was metam-
Apoll-o, inis, m. the son of Jupi- orphosed into a she-bear by
ter and Latona, born in the isle Juno.
of Delos, at the same birth Arcess-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to
with Diana, who is also called call, to go for.
Phoebe, as he Phoebus; for the Archon, tis, m. a Grecian magis-
sun and moon were created trate.
in one day. Arctos, or Arct-us, i, f. two con-
 ARC ARR 207

stellationsnear the north pole, Arrip-io, ere, ui, reptum, act. to

called the greater and lesser take, seize.
bear. Arrogantia, <e, f. arrogance, pride.
Arctur-us, us, m. a large star in Ar-s, tis, f. an art, power, virtue.
Bootes. Artif-ex, icis, c. g. an artist, con-
Arc-us, us, m. an arch, a bow. triver.
Ard-eo, ere, ars-i, urn, neut. and Art-us, us, m. a joint, limb.
act. to burn. Arund-o, inis, f. a reed, cane.
Ardu-us, adj. lofty, hard. Arv-um, i, n. a fallow field, a field.
Aren-a, se, f. the sand. Ar-x, cis, f. a castle, citadel.
Ar-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be dry or As, assis, m. a small coin, a far-
parched. thing.
Areopag-us, i, m. Mars's court at Ascani-us, i, m. noun pr. the son
Athens. of JEneas.
Aresc-o, ere, incept, to become Ascend-o, ere, i, nsum, act. to as-
dry. cend, rise.
Argente-us, a, urn, adj. of silver. Asdrubal, is, m. noun pr.
Argent-um, i, n. silver. Asi-a, x, noun pr.
f.

Arg-o, us, f. the ship, in which Asil-us, m. a gad-bee.

i,

Jason and his Thessalian he- Asin-us, i, m. an ass.

roes sailed to Colchis. Asper, a, um, adj. unpleasant,
Argolic-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. rugged.
Argonaut-ae, arum, m. those who Aspere, adv. from asper.
sailer! in the ship Argo. Aspern-or, ari. atus, dep. to
Arg-os, eos, n. pi. Argi, m. a city slight, despise.
of Peloponnesus, under the Aspic-io, ere, aspe-xi, ctum, act.
particular protection of Juno. to behold.
Argument-um, i, n. an argument, Aspir-o, are, act. to breathe, in-
proof. spire, infuse; alicui, to favour
Arg-us, i, m. the keeper of Io; some one.
he is said to have had a hun- Aspi-s, idis, f. a venomous ser-
dred eyes. pent, an asp.
Argute; adv. from Assent-ior, iri, assensus, dep. to
Argut-us, a, um, adj. shrill, jang- assent, agree.
ling warbling. Assequ-or, i, assecutus, dep. to
Arid<e-us, i, m. nounpr. overtake, obtain.
Arie-s, tis, m. a ram, a battering Ass-is, is, m. a Roman coin.
ram. Assol-et, ere, impers. to be wont,
Ariovist-us, i, m. noun pr. it is the custom.

Aristx-us, i, m. son of Apollo and Ast, conj. but, however.

Cyrene. Asyl-um, i, n. a place of refuge.
AristTd-es, is, m. noun pr. At, conj. but.
Aristobol-us, i,m. noun pr. Atav-us, i, m. the great grand-
Arm-a, orum, n. arms. father, an old grandsire.
Armatus, part, of armo. At-e, es, f. daughter of Jupiter,
Arment-um, i, n. a herd of cattle. and goddess of revenge.
Armiger, a, um, adj. armed, bear- At-er, ra, rum, adj. black, dark,
ing arms. gloomy.
Arm-o, are, act. to arm. Athen-a, x, f. see Minerva.
Arm-us, i, m. a shoulder. Athen-x, arum, f. Athens,
 208 ATL AUR
Atlantiad-es, is, m. Mercury, the Aur-is, is, f. the ear.
grandson of Atlas. Aurit-us, a, um, adj. having large
Atla-s, ntis, m. noun pr. a moun- ears, hearing.
tain, also a King of Mauritania. Auror-a, ae, f. the daughter of
Atom-us, i, m. and f. a thing- indi- Titan and Terra, and goddess
visible. of the morning; the morning.
Atque, conj. and, than. Aur-um, i, n. gold.
Atre-us, i, m. noun pr. the son of Aus-im, is, it, int, defect, from
Pelops and Hippodamia, and audeo, I durst.
King of Mycenae. Ausus, part, of audeo.
Atrid-es,is, m. a son of Atreus. Aut, conj. or, either.
Atrium, i, a court-yard, hall. Autem, conj. but, however,
Atro-x, cis, adj. cruel, bold, reso- nay.
lute. Auxili-or, ari, atus, dep. to aid,
Attal-us, i, m. noun pr. help; alicui.
Attamen, conj. yet, however. Auxili-um, i, n. aid, protection.
Attic-i, orum, m. noun g. the Avariti-a, ae, f. avarice, an im-
Attics, or inhabitants of Attica. moderate desire.
Attic-us, i, m. noun pr. Avar-us, a, um, adj. greedy, co-
Atting-o, ere; attigi; tactum, act. vetous.
to touch. Avar-us, i, m. (scil. homo), a mi-
A. U. C. for anno urbis conditsc, ser.
in the year after the building Ave, aveto, avere, defect, hail.
of the city. Aven-a, ae, f. oats.
Auctor, is, c. g. an increaser, ad- Avid-us, a, um, adj. desirous,
viser, approver. greedy.
Auctorita-s, tis, f. the authority. Av-is, is, f. a bird. ace. em, or im.
Audaci-a, ae, f. the boldness. Avoc-o, are, act. to call off, with-
Audaciter, or audacter, adv. from draw.
Auda-x, cis, adj. bold, resolute. Av-us, i, m. a grandfather, an-
Aud-eo, ere, ausus sum, act. to cestor.
dare. Ax-is, is, m. the axle-tree, the
Audiens, part, of axis, either of the poles, any
Aud-io,ire, ivi, itum,act.to hear. climate, the whole heaven.
Auditor, is, m. a hearer, auditor. Axioma, tis, n. a maxim, axiom.

Auditus, part, of audio. Babylon, is, f. capital of Chaldea,

Aufer-o, re, abstuli, ablatum, act. now Bagdat.
to take, to carry away. Babyloni-a, ae, f. the country
Aug-eo, ere; auxi, auctum, act. to about Babylon.
increase. Baccar, see Bacchar.
Augural-is,is, e, adj. augurial, be- Bacch-a, ae, f. a woman, worship-
longing to the sooth-sayers. ping Bacchus.
August-us, a, um, adj. sacred, Bacchanali-a, um, n. feasts in
venerable. honour of Bacchus.
August-us, i, m. noun pr. Bacch-ar, arip, n. a sweet herb,
Aul-a, ae, f. a fore-court, hall. lady's glove.
Aul-us, i, m. noun pr. Bacch-us,i, m. the son of Jupiter

/ Aur-a, ae, f. the air, a gentle gale. and Semele, the god of wine,
Aure-us, a, um, adj. of gold, wine.
golden. Balanus, i, c. g. mast, acorns.
 BAL BOR 209

Balne-um, i, n. bath, plur. o, n. Bore-as, ae, m. the north wind.

se, arum, f. B-os, ovis, c. g. an ox, bull,
Bal-o, are, neut. to bleat. cow.
Barbari-es, ei, f. a savage people, Bosphor-us, i, m. noun pr. two
barbarism, cruelty. straits in Turkey.
Barbar-us, a, urn, foreign, fool- Bracchi-um, i, n. an arm, branch.
ish, rude. Brev-is, is, short, small.
e, adj.
Beat-us, a, um, adj. blessed, hap- Breviter, adv. from brevis.
py; part, of beo. Briare-us, i, m. a huge giant, call-
Belg-ae, arum, m. noun gent. ed also iEgaeon; he is said to
Bellari-a, orum, n. sweet meats. have had a hundred hands.
Bellatri-x, cis, f. the heroine. Britann-i, orum, m. noun gent.
Bellicos-us, a, um, adj. martial Britanni-a, ae, f. Great Britain.
valiant. Brixi-a, ae, f. noun pr.
Bellu-a, ae, f. a beast. Brundusi-um, i, n. noun pr.
Bell-um, i, n. war. Brut-us, a, um, adj. senseless,
Bene, adv. well; comp. melius, brute.
optime. Brutus, i, m. noun pr.
Benefic-us, a, um, adj. kind, Bufo, nis, m. a toad.
bountiful. Bur-is, is, f. the plough-tail; ace-
Benefici-um, i, n. a favour, kind- im.
ness. Buthrot-um, i. n. noun pr.
Benevolenti-a, ae, f. benevolence, Byss-us, i, f. a kind of fine flax.
favour. C.forCaius.
Benevol-us, a, um, adj. well- Cacum-en, inis, n. the top.
wishing, friendly. Cad-o, ere, ceci'di, casum, neut.
Benign-us, a, um, adj. kind, fer- to fall, to be killed.
tile. Caduceator, is,m. a herald.
Be-o, are, act. to bless, make Caecili-us, i, m. noun pr.
happy. Caed-es, is, f. a cutting down,
Besti-a, ae, f. a beast. slaughter.
Bib-o, ere, i, itum, act. to drink. Caed-o, ere, cecidi, caesum, act.
Bidu-um, i, n. the space of two to whip, cut, slay.
days. Cael-o, are, act. to emboss.
Bimestr-is, is, e, adj. of two Caesar, is, m. noun pr.
months. Caesari-es, ei, f. the hair.
Bim-us, a, um, adj. of two years. Caesus, part, of caedo.
Bis, adv. twice. Caeter, or caeter-us, a, um, adj.
Bland-ior, iri, itus, dep. to flatter, the other, the rest.
please; alicui. Cai-us, i, m. noun pr.
Bceoti-a, ae, f. a country of Greece. Calamita-s, tis, f. damage, dis-
Bomb-yx, ycis, m. the silk-worm; tress.
the silk-yarn. Calath-us, i, m. a basket, a cup.
Bon-um, i, n. a blessing; plur. Calcar, is, n. a spur.
possessions. Calce-o, are, act. to shoe.
Bon-us, a, um, adj. good; comp. Calcha-s, ntis, m. noun pr.
melior, optimus. Calc-o, are, act. to tread.
Boot-es, ae, m. a constellation fol- Calend-ae, arum, f. the calends,
lowing the great Bear, the the first day of the month.
Arctophylax. Cal-co, ere,ui, neut. to be hot.
18
210 CAL CAP
Calesc-o, ere, incept, to become Captiv-us, a, um, adj. taken,
hot, grow warm. captive; subs, a prisoner.
Calid-us, a, urn, adj. hot, warm. Captus, part, of capio.
Callid-us, a, urn, adj. wise, cun- Capu-a, ae, f. noun pr.
ning. Capul-us, i, m. a hilt, handle.
Calliop-e, es, f. the mother of Or- Cap-ut, itis, n. the head.
pheus, and chief of the nine Carbas-us, i, f. and m. fine linen,
Muses. cambric, plur. a, orum, n.
Callisthen-es, is, m. noun pr. Career, is, m. a prison, gaol.
Callist-o, us,a nymph,
f. who at- Car-eo, ere, ui, itum, and cassum,
tended Diana. neut. to want, be without; ali-
Calv-us, i, m. noun pr. qua re.
Cal-x, cis, f. lime, mortar. Carin a, se, f. the keel, a ship.
Cal-x, cis, m. and f. the heel, the Carita-s, tis, f. scarcity, love.
end. Carm-en, inis, n. a verse, a song.
Calyps-o, us, f. daughter of Car-o, nis, f. flesh; gen. pi. car-
Oceanus and Thetis, and nium.
queen of Ogygia. Carthaginiens-is, is, e, adj. be-
Camel-us, i, c. g. a camel. longing to Carthage, Carthagi-
Camen-a, or Camoen-a, se, f. a nian.
muse, a song. Carthag-o, inis, f. Carthage.
Campest-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. Car-us, a, um, adj. dear, costly.
of, or in plain fields. Cas-a, a, f. a cottage.
Camp-us, i, m. a plain, field. Cassis, is, m. a toil, net.
Candesc-o, ere; candui, incept, to Cassi-s, dis, f. a helmet.
grow white. Cass-us, a, um, adj. vain, void.
Candid-us, a, um, adj. bright, Castalid-es, um, f. the Muses, so
white. called from Castalius, a foun-
Can-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be white. tain at the foot of Parnassus.
Can-i, orum, (scil. capilli) m. Castell-um, i, n. a castle.
grey hairs. Castor, is, m. son of Jupiter and
Canini-us, i, m. noun pr. Leda, who with his brother
Can-is, is, c. g. a dog, bitch. Pollux shared alternately im-
Cannab-is, is, f. hemp; ace. im. mortality.
Can-o, ere, cecini, cantum, act. Castr-a, orum, n. a camp.
to sing. Cas-us, m. a fall, chance, danger.
Cant-o, are, act. to sing. Caterv-a, x, f. a band, crowd.
Cant-us, us, m. the song. Catilin-a, m. noun pr.
se,

Can-us, a, um, adj. hoary, grey, Catilinari-us, a, um, adj. of Cati-

white. line.
Capa-x, cis, adj. containing, apt. Cato, nis, m. noun pr.
Capell-a, se, f. a young goat, kid. Catul-us, i, m. noun pr.
Capio, ere, cepi, captum, act. Catul-us, i, m. a little dog, whelp.
to take, hold. Caud-a, ae, f. the tail.

Capital-is, is, e, adj. belonging to Caus-a, se, f. the cause.

the head, capital. Caus-or, ari, causatus, dep. to
Capitoli-um, n. the temple of Ju- pretend, to plead, to blame.
piter in Rome, the Capitol. Cav-eo, ere, i; cautum, act. and
Caprin-us, a, um, adj. of a goat. neut. to beware, take care.
Captiv-a, a, f. a female prisoner. Cav-um, i, n. a hole, hollow place.
 CAV CER 2ll
Cav-us, a, urn, adj. hollow. Cert-us, a, um, adj. certain, re-
Cecropid-x, arum, m. the Athe- solved.
nians, so called from Cecrops, Cervi-x, icis, f. the neck.
the first king- of Athens. Cesp-es, itis, m. the turf, sod.
C D. for consul designatus, con- Cessat-us, a, um, adj. and part.
sul elect. ceased, having lain fallow.
Ced o, ere, cess-i, um, neut. to Cess-o, are, neut. to cease, leave
go, give way. off, delay.
Cedo, plur. cedite, defec. tell, Cete, pi. n. indecl. noun pr.
give. Cetheg-us, i, m. noun pr.
Cedr-us, i, f. the cedar-tree. Ceu, adv. as, as if.
Celxn-o, us, f. one of the Harpies. Chabri-as, ae, m. noun pr.

Celeb-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. re- Chaos, n. dat. and abl. chao, a
nowned, famous. confused heap.
Celebre, or celebriter, adv. from Charact-er, eris, m. the charac-
celeber. ter, form.
Celebr-o, are, act. to frequent, Charita-s, tis, f. love, charity.
celebrate. Charon, tis, m. the ferryman of
Celer, orceler-is, is, e, adj. swift, hell.
quick. Charybd-is,is,f. a dangerous whirl-
Celeriter, adv. from celer. pool in the straits of Sicily.
Cel-o, are, act. to hide, conceal, Chi-os, i, f. an island now called

not to inform; aliquem aliquid Scio.

or de aliqua re. Chiron, is, m. a centaur.
Censor, is, m. he who executed Choroeb-us, i, m. noun pr.
the census; a critic. Chor-us, i, m. a choir, chorus.
Centen-i, se, a, adj. hundred. Chrem-es, is, vel etis, m. noun pr.
Centurio, nis, m. a centurion, a Chrysipp-us, i, m. noun pr.
captain of a hundred footmen. Cib-us, i, m. food, viand.
Cerauni-a, orum, n. high hills Cicer, is, n. vetches, a small pulse.
bordering on the Ionian sea. Cicero, nis, m. noun pr.
Cerber-us, i, m. a dog with three Cic-ur, iiris, adj. tame, mild.
heads, who guarded the gates Ci-eo, ere; civi, citum, act. to
of hell. move.
Cerc5p-es, urn, m. inhabitants of Cilici-a,ae, f. noun pr.

Pithecusa, who were changed Cing-o, ere; cinxi, cinctum, act.

by Jupiter into apes. to tie about, to gird.
Cere-s, ris, f. the Goddess of ag- Cin-is, eris, m. ashes.
riculture. Circa, or circum, prep. ace. about.
Cern-o, ere; crevi, cretum, act. Circ-e, es, f. a famous enchantress.
to sift, see. Circiter, adv. about.
Certam-en, inis, n. a contest. Circu-eo, or circum-eo, ire, ivi,

Certatur, impers. from certo. itum, to go about.

Certe, adv. from certus. Circum-do, are, edi, itum, act.
Certior, compar. of certus; fa- to encompass, enclose.
cere aliquem certiorem de aliqua Circumveh-o, ere; vexi, vectum,
re, to inform one of some thing. act. to carry about.
Cert-o, are, act. to contend, fight. Circumven-io, ire, i, turn, act. to

Certo, adv. certainly. surround, to deceive.

212 CIR COA

Cirt-a, ae, f. noun pr. Cn. for Cnaeius, or Cneius, noun

Cis, or citra, prep. ace. on this pr.
side. Coactus, part, of cogo.
Citerior, citimus, comp. from Cocyt-us, i, m. noun pr. a river
citra, hither, hithermost. in hell.
Cithaero, nis, m. a mountain of Codomann-us, i, m. noun pr.
Boeotia sacred to Bacchus. Codr-us, i, m. the last king of
Cito,citius.citissime, adv. quickly. Athens, who gave his life for
Citra, adv. and prep. ace. on this his country.
side. Coelest-is, is, e, adj. heavenly.
Citro, adv. to and fro. Caelicol-a, ae, c, g. an inhabitant
Civil-is, is, e, adj. pertaining to of heaven, a God.
the state, civil. Coel-um, i, n. plur. coeli, orum,
Civ-is, is, c. g. a citizen. m. the heaven.
Civita-s, tis, f. a corporation, state, Coen-a, ae, f. supper.
city. Co-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. and
Clad-es, is, f. the defeat, misfor- act. to go, or come together.
tune. Coep-i, eram, erim, etc. v. defect.
Claeli-a, noun pr.
ae, f. I begin, have begun.
Clam, prep. and ace. without
abl. Coeptus, part, of ccepi.
the knowledge of. Coet-us, i, m. noun pr. one of the
Clam-o, are, act. and neut. to cry, Giants.
call. Coet-us, us, m. an assembly, meet-
Clamor, is, m. a bawling, shriek. ing.
Clarus, a, urn, adj. clear, famous. Cogitatio, nis, f. thinking, a
Class-is, is, f. a fleet, navy. thought.
Claustr-um, i, n. the inclosure, Cogit-o, are, act. to think.
barrier. Cognitus, part, of cognosco.
Clav-a, ae, f. a club. Cognom-en, inis, n. a surname.
Clav-is, is, f. a key, ace. em, or Cognosc-o, ere, cognovi, cogni-
im. tum, act. to find out, to know.
Clav-us, a nail, spike.
i, Cog-o, ere;co-egi, actum, act. to
Clemen-s, tis, adj. mild, merciful. bring together, to force.
Clementer, adv. from clemens. Cohabit-o, are, neut. to dwell
Clementi-a, ae, f. affability, mild- with.
ness. Cohor-s, tis, f. a band of soldiers.
Cleopatr-a, noun pr.
ae, f. Colaph-us, i, m. a buffet, a slap.
Clini-a, m. noun pr.
ae, Colleg-a, ae, m. a colleague.
Cli-o, us, f. the Muse, presiding Collig-o, are, act. to tie together.
over history, and patroness of Collig-o, ere; colle-gi, ctum, act.
heroic poets. to gather, bring together.
Clit-us, i, m. noun pr. Coll-is, is, m. a hillock.
Clodi-us, i, m. noun pr. Colloqui-um, i, n. discourse, con-
Cloth-o, us, f. one of the fatal ference.
sisters. Colloqu-or, i, colloquutus, or
Clype-us, i, m. a shield. collocutus, dep. to speak to-
Clytemnestr-a, ae, f. daughter of j
gether, confer.
Jupiter and Leda, slain by her Collud-o, ere; collus-i, urn, act.
son Orestes, on account of her to play, sport together.
adultery with iEgistus. Coll-um, i, n. the neck.
 COL COM 213
Col-o, ere, ui; cultum, act. to at- 1
Compell-o, are, act. to address.
tend to, till, revere. Compell-o, ere; pul-i, sum, act.
Color, is, m. the colour. to compel.
C6l-um, i, n. a colander, strainer. Comper-io, ire, i. turn, act. to
Columb-a, as, f. the dove. find out, discover.
Column-a, ?e, f.a pillar, post. Compertus, part, of comperio.
Col-us, i, f. & m. a distaff, rock. Compital-is, is, e, adj. of the
abl. colo, and colu. cross ways.
Com-a, ae, a head of hair. Compital-es, ium, (dii) m. the
Combib-o, ere, i, ltum, act. and guardian deities of cities and
neut. to drink together, to im- cross-ways.
bibe. Compl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to
Comedo, nis, m. a glutton. fill.

Com-es, itis, c. g. a companion. Comploratio, nis, f. lamentation.

Cominus, adv. nigh, hand in Compon-o, ere; pos-ui, itum, act.
hand. to put together, appease.
Com-is, is, e, adj. gentle, mild. Comport-o, are, act. to carry to-
Comiter, adv. from comis. gether.
Comitatus, part, of comitor. Compo-s, tis, adj. being master
Comitat-us, us, m. a train of at- of, partaking.
tendance, the equipage. Compositus, part, of compono;
Comit-or, ari, atus, dep. to ac- de, or ex composite, purposely,
company. of set purpose.
Comi-us,i, m. noun pr. Comprob-o, are, act. to approve.
Commemor-o, are, act. to men- Conatus, part, of conor.
tion, recount. Conat-us, us, m. an endeavour.
Commendatio, nis, f. a commen- Concili-um, i, n. a council.
dation. Concilio, are, act. to conciliate.
Commend-o, are, act. to com- Concio, nis, f. an assembly.
mend, to entrust. Conclusio, nis, f. a conclusion.
Commerci-um, i, n. commerce, Concordi-a, <e, f. union, concord.
intercourse. Concresc-o, ere; concre-vi, turn,
Committ-o, ere; commis-i, sum, n. to grow together, congeal.
act. to send out together, to Concretus, part, of concresco.
match Conculc-o, are, act. to tread, or
Commode, adv. of trample down.
Commod-us, a, um, adj. just, Concurr-o, ere; i, sum, neut. to
convenient. run to others, to run together.
Commotus, part, of Concut-io, ere; cuss-i, um, act.
Commov-eo, ere, i; commotum, to shake, disquiet.
act. to move, stir. Condemn-o, are, act. to con-
Commun-io, ire, ivi, act. to fortify. demn.
Commun-is, is, e, adj. common. Condiscipul-us, i, m. a schoolfel-
Commutatio, f. a change.
nis, low.
Comoedi-a, ae, f.a comedy. Conditio, nis, f. a condition.
Comoed-us, i, m. a player, come- Conditor, is, m. the builder,
dian. the founder.
Compar, is, adj. equal. Cond-o, ere, idi, Ttum, act. to
Compar-o, are, act. to provide, build, conceal, cover.
compare. Condon-o, are, act. to forgive.
214 CON CON
Conduc-it, ere, impers. it is pro- Consecr-o, are, act. to conse-
fitable. crate, devote.
Conduc-o, ere; du-xi, ctuni, act. Consectatr-ix, icis, f. pursuing, an
to bring- along, assemble, hire. attendant.
Confer-o, re; contuli, collatum, Consequ-or, i, conse-quutus, or
act. to bring- together, do good, cutus, dep. to follow, obtain.
confer. Conservator, is, m. a preserver.
Conficio, ere; confec-i, turn, act. Conserv-o, are, act. to preserve,
to finish, waste, consume. save.
Confid-o, ere, i, and fisus sumj to Consid-eo, ere sedi,
; sessum,
trust; alicui, aliqua re. neut. to sit with, to sit down.
Config-o, ere; fix-i, urn, act. to Consider-o, are, act. to consider.
pierce, fasten together. Consid-o, ere; se-di, ssum, to sit
Confitens, adj. and part of con- down, settle.
fiteor. Consili-um, i, n. counsel, advice.

Confitenter, adv. from confitens. Consimil-is, is, e, adj. very like.

Confit-eor, eri, confessus, dep. Consist-o, ere ; constit-i, um,
to confess, declare. neut. to stand, stay, consist.
Confixus, part, of configo. Consor-s, tis, c. g. a partner.
Conflig-o, ere; fli-xi, ctum, act. Conspect-us, us, m. a sight, view.
to contend, engage, dispute. Conspiratio, nis, f. a conspiracy,
Confod-io, ere, i; fossum, act. to plot.
dig, stab. Constan-s, tis, adj. steady, re-
Conger-o, ere; ges-si, turn, act. solved.
to heap up. Constanter, adv. from constans.
Conjugi-um, i, n. a marriage. Constanti-a, ae, f. steadiness, firm-
Conjug.o, are, act. to yoke or ness.
couple together. Const-at, are, impers. it is evi-
Conjuncte, adv. from conjunctus. dent.
Conjunctim, adv. jointly. Constitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to
Conjunctio, nis, f. a union. range, establish, decree.
Conjunct-us, a, um, adj. and part. Constitutus, part, of constituo.
of Const-o, are, iti; stitum, or sta-
Conjung-o, ere; jun-xi, ctum, tum, neut. to consist, be con-
act. to join together, unite. sistent, to cost.
Conjuratio, nis, f. a conspiracy. Consuesc-o, ere; sue-vi, turn, act.
Conjurat-us, i, m. a conspirator. and neut. to accustom, to be
Conju-x, gis, c. g. a husband, accustomed.
wife. Consuetud-o, inis, f. custom, use,

Conon, is, m. noun p. intimacy.

Con-or, ari, atus, dep. to endea- Consul, is, m. a consul.
vour, attempt. Consular-is, is, e, adj. consular;
Conscienti-a, se, f. conscience. vir consulans, he who has been
Conscisc-o, ere; sci-vi, turn, act. consul.
to get, commit. Consulat-us, us, m. the consul-
Consci-us, a, um, adj. conscious. ship.
Conscrib-o, ere ; scrip-si, turn, Consul-o, ere, ui, turn, act. and
act. to write, enrol, levy sol- neut. to consult; aliquem, to ask
diers. advice of some one; alicui, to
Conscriptus, part, of conscribo. provide for one.
 CON COP 215
Consulte, adv. from consultus. power ; copi-ae, arum, forces
Consultor, is, m. one who asks of soldiers.
counsel, a client, a giver of Copiose, adv. from
counsel. Copios-us, a, um, adj. copious,
Consultus, part, of consulo; con- abounding.
sultus juris, versed in the Coqu-o, ere; co-xi, ctum, act. to
law. bake, cook.
Consum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to Cor, dis, n. the heart, gen. pi
consume. cordium.
Contemn-o, ere temp-si, turn,
; Coram, prep. abl. in the presence
act. to despise. of.
Contemptor, is m. a despiser. Coram, adv. openly, face to
Contend-o, ere,i, conten-tum, or face.
sum, act. and neut. to stretch, Cordub-a, se, f. noun pr.
strive, hasten. Corinth-us, i, f. noun pr.
Contentio, nis, f. a strife, con- Coriolan-us, i, m. noun pr.
tention. Corneli-a, x, f. noun pr.
Content-us, a, um, adj. content. Cornifer, a, um, adj. bearing Cor-
Conter-o, ere; contri-vi, turn, act. nells.
to bruise, waste, spend. Cornipe-s, dis, adj. having a
Contex-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to horny hoof.
weave, join. Cornu, pi. cornua, n. a horn.
Contexus, part, of contexo. Corp-us, oris, n. a body.
Contic-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be si- Corrump-o, ere; rup-i, turn, act.
lent. to mar, spoil, bribe.
Contin-eo, ere, ui, tentum, act. Corruptus, part, of corrumpo.
to hold, refrain. Cort-ex, icis, doubt, g. a rind,
Conting-it, ere, impers. it hap- bark, cork.
pens. C5-rus, i, m. the north-west wind.
Contorqu-eo, ere; contor-si, sum, Corv-us, i, m. a raven, a grap-
or turn, act. to twist, whirl pling iron.
about. Corybant-es, um, m. Cybele's
Contra, prep. ace. against. priests.
Contra, adv. on the contrary. Corydon, is, m. noun pr.
Contrah-o, ere; tra-xi,ctum, act. Cos., for consul, is, etc.
to draw together, contract. Coss., for consul-es, um, etc.
Controversi-a, x, f. a dispute. Cost-a, X. f. a rib.
Conven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. and Cothorn-us, i, m. a buskin.
act. to assemble, to meet. Coturn-ix, Tcis, f. a quail.
Convenit, impers. from convenio, Creator, is, m. a creator, maker.
it is meet, or suitable, it is Creb-er, ra, rum, adj. thick, fre-
agreed upon, an agreement is quent.
made. Cred-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to
Conventicul-um, i, n. a place for think, trust, believe.
meeting, or assembling. Cremer-a, ac, m. noun pr. fl.

Conventus, part, of convenio. Cre-o, are, act. to create.

Conversus, part, of Cresc-o, ere; crevi, cretum, neut.
Convert-o, ere, i; versum, act. to to grow.
turn, whirl. Crim-en, inis, n. an impeachment,
Copi-a, x, f. plenty, ability, crime.
216 cm CUR
Crimin-or, ari, atus, dep. to ac- Curr-o, ere ; cucurri ; cursum,
cuse, blame. neut. to run.
Crocit-o, are, freq. to croak. Curr-us, us, m. a chariot, coach.
Croes-us, i, m. noun p. the last Cursit-o, are, freq. to run to and
king of Lydia, celebrated for fro.
his riches. Curs-o, are, freq. to run to and
Crudelita-s, tis, cruelty.
f. fro.
Cruor, is, m. blood, gore. Curs-us, us, m. a running, race,
Cubil-e, is, n. a bed, couch, tent. course.
Cubit-us, i, m. a cubit, an elbow. Curv-us, a, um, adj. crooked,
Cub-o, are, ui, hum, neut. to bending.
lie. Custodi-a, ze, f. prison, watch,
Cucum-is, is, m. a cucumber; ace. guard.
im. Custod-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to
Cuja-s, tis, adj. of what country, guard.
or sect. Custo-s, dis, m. a keeper, guard.
Cuj-us, a, um, adj. whose? be- Cut-is, is, f. the skin, ace. em, or
longing to whom? im.
Cule-us, i, m. a leathern bag to Cybel-e, es, f. the wife J of Sa-
carry wine or oil in. turn.
Culm-en, inis, n. the top. Cycl-ops, opis, m.plur. Cyclopes,
Culp-a, x, f. the fault, blame. the sons of Neptune and Am-
Cult-er, ri, m. a knife. phitrite, who assisted Vulcan
Cum, prep. abl. with, together in making Jupiter's thunder-
with. bolts.
Cum. adv. and conj. when, be- Cylleni-us, i, m. a name of Mer-
cause, since; cum, turn, both cury.
and, as well as. Cymb-a, x, f. a boat.
Cunctator, is, m. a lingerer, de- Cypr-us, i, f. noun pr. the hap-
layer. py isle.
Cunct-us, a, um, adj. all, in a Cyr-us, i, m. noun pr.
body. Cytis-us, i,m. hadder, a kind of
Cupide, adv. from cupidus. shrub.
Cupidita-s, tis, f. a desire, lust. D. for Deci-us, and Decim-us, i,

Cupid-us, a, um, adj. desirous; m. noun. pr.

alicujus rei. Daran-o, to condemn;
are, act.
Cup-io, ere, ivi, itum, act. to de- fraudis, or fraude, of theft.
sire, wish. Damn-um, i, n. hurt, damage.
Cupress-us, i, or us, f. a cypress- Uana-e, es, the daughter of
f.

tree. Acrisius, king of Argos, se-

Cur, adv. why, for what. duced by Jupiter in the form of
Cur-a, ae, f. the care. a golden shower.
Curatio, nis, f. the management, Dana-i, orum, m. the Greeks, so
an office, curing. called from Danaus, one of
Curi-a, je, f. a court, senate- their kings.
house, senate. Danaid-es, um, f. the fifty daugh-
Curi-us, i, m. noun pr. ters of Danaus, all of whom,
Cur-o, are, act. to take care of; except Hypermnestra, killed
euro aliquid faciendum, 1 cause their husbands, the sons of
something to be done. their uncle iEgyptus, on the
 DAN DEC 217
marriage night; wherefore Ihey Declar-o, are, act. to declare.
were condemned to draw wa- Decorum, i, n. comeliness; deco-
ter out of deep wells with rum.
buckets full of holes. Decor-us, a, um, adj. comely, de-
Dani-el, #elis, m. noun pr. cent.
Daphn-e, es, f. a nymph, beloved Decurr-o, ere; curri, or cucurri,
by Apollo. neut. and act. to run down, or
Daphn-is, idis, m. the son of along, describe hastily.
Mercury, the first writer of Decursus, part, of decurro.
pastorals. Dec-us, oris, n. grace, honour.
Dapis, gen. dap-em, e, f. of a Dedec-eo, ere, act. to misbecome.
feast, banquet. Dedec-us, oris, n. disgrace, dis-
Dardanid-x, arum, the Trojans, honour.
so called from Dardanus, the Dedic-o, are, act. to dedicate,
founder of Troy. consecrate.
Dardanid-es, <e, m. iEneas. Deduc-o, ere; duxi, ductum, act.
Dar-es, etis, m. noun pr. to lead, accompany, persuade.
Darl-us, i, m. noun pr. Defector, is, m. a turncoat, run-
Datam-es, is,m. noun pr. away.
Dat-is, is, m. noun pr. Defendens, part, of
Datus, part, of do. Defend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to
D. D. for Divinitatis Doctor, a keep off, defend.
Doctor of Divinity. Defensio, nis, f. a defence.
D. D. D. for dat, dicat, dedicat. Defensor, is, m. a defender, pre-
D. D. C. Q. for dicat, dedicat, server.
consecratque. Defer-o, re; tuli; latum, act. to
De, prep, abl of, concerning. carry, bring, report, offer.
De-a, se, f. a goddess. Defess-us, a, um, adj. weary.
Deb-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to owe, Defic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. and
to be obliged, I ought. neut. to leave, fail, faint.
Deced-o, ere; cess-i, um. neut. to Dent, defieri, defect, to be want-
depart, retire. ing.
Decern, adj. indecl. ten. Deflagratio, nis,f. a burning, con-
Decemvir, i, m. one of the ten flagration.
men, who governed the Com- Deflagratus, part, of
monwealth. Deflagr-o, are, neut. to be burnt
Dec-eo, ere, ui, neut. and act. to down.
become, to beseem. Defunctus, part, of
Decern-o, ere, decre-vi, turn, act. Defung-or, i, defunctus, dep. to
to discern, judge, decide, de- go through with a business,
cree. discharge; munere, an office.
Decertatur, impers. from decer- Degener, is, adj. unlike his an-
to. cestors.
Decert-o, are, neut. to contend. Degeneratus, part, of
Decid-o, ere; decidi, neut. to fall Degener-o, are, act. and neut. to
down. degenerate.
Decies, adv. ten times. Deglub-o, ere, i, itum, act. to
Decim-us, a, um, adj. the tenth. peel, flay.
Decipi-o, ere; cep-i, turn, act. to Dehinc, adv. henceforth, lad
entrap, deceive. then.
19
218 DEI DEP
Deinde, adv. from thence, then. Deplor-o, are, act. to lament, be-
Deiopei-a, se, f. one of Juno's wail.
nymphs. Depopul-or, ari, atus, dep. to de-
Deiphob-e, es, f. the daughter of stroy, pillage.
Glaucus, the Cumean Sibyl. Deprav-o, are, act. to ctyrupt.
Deiphob-us, i, m. son of Priam. Deprehend-o, ere, i, prehensum,
Delab-or, i; delapsus, dep. to act. to catch, discover, perceive.
slip, fall, descend. Deput-o, are, act. to prune, judge,
Delect-o, are, act. to allure, de- think.
light. Derelictus, part, of
Del-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to Derelinqu-o, ere; liqui, lictum,
blot out, destroy. act. to leave, abandon.
Deli-a, ae, f. Diana. Descend-o, ere, i; nsum, neut.
Deliberatio, nis, f. a considera- to descend.
tion. Descens-us, us, m. a descent.
Deliber-o, are, act. to deliberate. Descisc-o, ere; descivi, neut. to
Delici-um, i, n. pi. delici-ae, arum, revolt.
f. a delight, pleasure. Deser-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to leave
Delig-o, ere; dele-gi, ctum, act. off, to forsake.
to choose. Desertus, part, of desero.
Deli-us, i, m. Apollo. Des-es, idis, adj. idle, slothful.
Del-os, or us, i, f. an island in Desideri-um, i, n. a desire, long-
the JEgean sea, where Latona ing.
was delivered of Apollo and Desidero, are, act; to desire, to
Diana. want.
Delph-i, orum, m. a city on Desidi-a, se, f. slothfulness.
mount Parnassus, where the Designo, are, act. to mark out,
oracle of Apollo was. design.
Delph-in, Inis; and delphin-us, i, Desin-o, ere; desi-vi, or i, turn,
m. a dolphin. neut. and act. to leave, desist,
Demen-s, tis, adj. mad, silly. cease.
Demir-or, ari, atus, dep. to ad- Desist-o, ere; destiti, neut. to de-
mire greatly. part, desist.
Demol-ior, iri, itus, dep. to de- Despectus, part, of despicio.
molish. Desperatus, part, of
Demosthenes, is, m. noun pr. Desper-o, are, act. to despair.
Demum, adv. at length. Despic-io, ere; despe-xi, ctum,
Den-i, ae, a, adj. ten. act. to look down, despise.
Denique, adv. finally, at length. De-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be
Dens-us, a, um, adj. thick, close. wanting.
Depasc-o, ere, pavi, pastum, act. De-us, i, m. and f. a god, goddess.
and neut. to feed, graze, Deterg-eo, ere; or deterg-o, ere;
browze. deters-i, um, act. to wipe, wipe
Depastus, part, of depasco. off, to pare.
Depend-eo, ere,depensum,
i; Deterior, comp. of deter, obsolete,
neut. to hang down, or upon. worse, feebler, superl. deterri-
Deper-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, hum, mus.
neut. to perish, to be greatly Deterr-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to
in love with one. deter, discourage, dissuade.
Deploratus, part, of Detestatus, part, of
 DET DIG 219

Detest-or, ari, atus, dep. to de- Digit-us,i, m. a finger.

test, abhor, call to witness. Dignatus, part, of dignor.

Deton-o, are, ui, neut. to thunder, Dignita-s, tis, f. dignity.
to cease to thunder. Dign-or, ari, atus, dep. to think
Detractus, part, of » worthy, vouchsafe, to be
Detrah-o, ere, detra-xi, ctum, thought worthy.
act. to take away, to detract. Dign-us, a, um, worthy, deserv-
Detriment-um, i, n. damage, loss. ing; laude, of praise.
Deturb-o, are, act. to tumble Dijudic-o, are, act. to discern,
down, disturb. decide.
Deven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to Dilab-or, i; dilapsus, dep. to slip
come down. aside, waste away.
Devinc-io, ire; devin-xi, ctum, Dilapsus, part, of dilabor.
act. to bind fast, oblige, endear. Dilectus, adj. and part, of diligo.
Devov-eo, ere, i; devotum, act. to Diligen-s, tis, adj. diligent.
devote. Diligenter, adv. from diligens.
Dext-er, era, urn; or ra, rum, adj. Diligenti-a, x, f. diligence.
right, fit, favourable. Dilig-o, ere; dile-xi, ctum, act. to
Dialect-ds, or us, i, f. a dialect. favour, love.
Dian-a, se, f. daughter of Jupiter Dilucescit, impers. it dawns.
and Latona; she was called in Dimensus, part, of
heaven Phoebe, on earth Diana, Dimet-ior, iri; dimensus, dep. to
and under the earth Hecate. measure.
Diametr-os,oms,i,f. the diameter. Dimicatio, nis, f. a contest.
Dic-a, am, as, f. an action at law. Dimic-o, are, ui, or avi, atum,
Dica-x, cis, adj. talkative. neut. to fight.
Dicens, part, of Dimidi-um, i, n. the half.
Die o, ere; dixi; dictum, act. Dimidi-us, a, um, adj. half.
to speak, say. Dimitt-o, ere; dimis-i, sum, act.
Dic-o, are, act. to vow, dedicate. to dismiss, send about.
Dictator, is, m. a dictator. Dimov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to
Dictit-o, are, freq. to tell often, remove, displace.
pretend. Dindymen-e, es, f. Cybele, wor-
Dict-um, i, n. a saying, word. shipped on Mount Dindymus.
Dictus, part, of dico. Dion, is, m. noun pr.
Did-o, us, or onis, f. noun pr. Dion-e, es, f. a sea nymph, and
Di-es,ei, m. and f.plur. m.theday. mother of Venus.
Differ-o, re; distuli, dilatum, act. Dionysi-us, i, m. noun pr. also a
to scatter, carry about, defer. title of Bacchus.
Diflfertus, part, filled, stuffed. Diphthong-us, i, f. a diphthong.
Difficile, or difficiliter, adv. from Dirim-o, ere; direm-i, ptum, act.
Difficil-is, is, e, adj . hard, difficult. to break off", end.
Difficulta-s, tis, f. difficulty. Dirip-io, ere, ui; direptum, act.
Diffidens, part of diffido. to tear asunder, rob, pillage.
Diffidenti-a, <e, f. mistrust, diffi- Diru-o,ere,i, turn, act. to destroy.
dence. Dir-us, a, um, adj. direful, cruel.
Diffld-o, ere, i, or fisus sum, Dis,DItis,m. Pluto, theGod of hell.
neut. to mistrust. Disceditur, impers. from
Diifind-o, ere; difFidi, diffissum, Disced-o, ere; cessi, cessum,
act. to slit, cut asunder. neut. to depart, cease.
220 DIS DIV
Disc-o, ere? didici, act. to learn. Divinitus, adv. from God, by the
Discordi-a, se, f. dissension, vari- divine power.
ance. Divin-us, a, um, adj. divine, more
Discrim-en, inis, n. difFerence, than human.
hazard, danger. arum,
Diviti-se, f. riches.
Discruci-or, ari, atus, dep. to be Div-us, i, m. a God.
much vexed. Doc-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to
Discut-io, ere; cuss-i, urn, act. to teach.
dash to pieces, discuss, shake Docte, adv. from doctus.
off. Doctor, is, m. a teacher, doctor.
Disert-us, a, um, adj. copious, Doctrin-a, ae, f. doctrine, learn-
eloquent. . ing, erudition, wisdom.
Disjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to Doct-us, a, um, adj. and part, of
scatter. doceo, learned, skilful, taught.
Displic-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. Dol-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be
to displease. in pain, to grieve.
Disputatur, impers. from Dolor, is, m. pain, grief.
Disput-o, are, to reason, dis- Dol-us, i, m. a device, trick, de-
course, de aliqua re. ceit.
Disser-o, ere, ui, turn, to dis- Domicili-um, i, n. an abode.
course, debate. Domin-a, se, f. a mistress, lady.
Dissimil-is, is, e, adj. unlike. Dominatio, nis, f. authority, ty-
Dissimilitud-o, inis, f. unlikeness. ranny.
Dissimul-o, are, act. to dissemble. Domin-us, i, m. the master, lord.
Dissipatus, part of Dom-o, are, ui, itum, act. to
Dissip-o, are, act. to scatter. tame, to vanquish.
Dissolv-o, ere, i; solutum, act. to Dom-us, us, or i, f. the house,
loose, dissolve. home.
Distend-o, ere, i; ntum, or nsum, Donee, adv. and conj. as long as,
act. to stretch out. until.
Distentus, part of distendo. Don-o, are, to bestow, forgive,
Distribu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to present; alicui aliquid, or alt-
distribute. quern aliqua re. «.

Districtus, part, of Dori-s, dis,f. daughter of Ocea-

Distring-o, ere; nxi, ctum, act. to nus and Thetis, who being
bind, strike, draw. married to her brother Nereus,
Dithyramb -us, i, m. a title of had many nymphs by him call-
Bacchus, a song in honour of ed Nereides.
Bacchus. Dorm-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to
Ditio, nis, f. power, authority. sleep.
Diu, adv. comp. diutius, diu- Dors-um, i, n. a back.
tissime, a long time. Do-s, tis, f. a dowry, endowment.
Diuturn-us, a, um, adj. lasting, Dryad-es, um, f. goddesses of the
long. woods.
Divers-us, a, um, adj. sundry, Dubitatio, nis, f. a doubt, hesita-
divers. tion.
Div-es, itis, adj. rich; comp. di- Dubitatur, impers. from
vitor, or ditior, ditissimus. Dubit-o, are, neut. to doubt, hesi-
Divid-o, ere; divis-i, um, act. to tate.
divide. Dubi-um, i, n. a doubt, jeopardy.
 .

DUB EFF 221

Dubi-us, a, um, adj. doubtful, Effod-io, ere, i; fossum, act. to

dangerous. dig out.
Ducent-i, se, a, adj. two hundred. Effoet-us, or effet-us, a, um, adj.
Duc-o, ere; duxi, ductum, act. barren, decayed, worn out.
to lead, reckon. Effusio, nis, f. prodigality, ex-
Ductor, is, m. a leader, guide. pense.
Dulc-is, is, e, adj. sweet. E. G. for exempli gratia, for ex-
Dura, adv. and conj. until, whilst. ample.
Duramodo, adv. and conj. pro- Egen-us, a, um, adj. in want; ali-
vided that. cujus rei or aliqua re.
Dumnori-x, gis, m. noun pr. Eg-eo, ere, ui, neut. to need, be
Dum-us, i, m. a bush of briars, in want; aliqua re or alicujus rei
brambles. Egeri-us, i, m. noun pr.
Du-o, a?, o, adj. two. Egesaret-us, i, m. noun pr.
Dupl-ex, icis, adj. double. Egesta-s, tis, f. poverty, want.
Dupl-us, a, um, adj. double, Ego; mei, mihi, pron. I.
twice as much. Egomet, I myself.
Dure, or duriter, adv. from durus. Egred-ior, i; egressus, dep. to
Dur-o, are, act. and neut. to har- go out,or beyond; the city, vr-
den, bear, to last. bem, or ex urbe.
Dur-us, a, um, adj. hard. Egregie, adv. from
Du-x, cis, c. g. a leader, com- Egregi-us, a, um, adj. excellent,
mander. eminent.
E,or ex,prep.«6/.of,according to Egressus, part, of egredior.
Ebrieta-s, tis, f. drunkenness. Ehem interj O strange! hah!
! .

Ec-quis, qua, quod, or quid, Eheu! interj. ah! alas!

pron. who, whether any one. Eia! well then! O fie!
Eda-x, cis,adj. eating, gluttonous. Ejic-io, ere; ejec-i, turn, act. to
Edepol, for per Deum Pollucem, cast out, banish; from the city
adv. by Pollux. (ex) urbe.
Editus, part, of Ejusmodi, adv. for ejus modi, of
Ed-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to put the same sort, of such kind.
forth, publish, bring forth. Elabor-o,are,act. to make, finish.
Ed-o, ere, or esse, edi, esum, act. Electr-a, x, f. daughter of Aga-
to eat. memmon and Clytemnestra,
Edoc-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to '
who incited Orestes to revenge
teach. their father's death.
Educatus, part, of Electus, part, of eligo.
Ediic-o, are, act. to feed, teach, Elegan-s, tis, adj. handsome.
educate. Eleus-is, is, f. noun pr.
Ediic-o, ere; edu-xi, ctum, act. Elig-o, ere; ele-gi, ctum, act. to
to lead forth, bring out. choose, elect.
EfFer-o, re; extuli, elatum, act. Eloquenti-a, a;, f. eloquence.
to bring, or carry out; utter, Eluc-eo,erc; eluxi,neut.to shine,
exalt. be manifest.
Effica-x, cis, adj. efficacious, ef- Emensus, part, of, emetior.
fectual. Ement-ior, iri, itus, dep. to lie,
Effic-io, ere; effec-i, turn, act. to pretend.
accomplish, effect, bring to Ementitus, part, of ementior.
pass, make. Emerg-o, ere; emers-i, um, neut
19
 '

222 EME ERI

to emerge, swim out, extri- Erigon-e, es,f. daughter of Ica-

cate. rus; having hanged herself on

Emet-ior, emensus, dep. to
irl 5 account of her father's death,
measure, travel over. she was taken to heaven, and
Eminus, adv. at a distance. made the sign of Virgo.
Em-o, ere, i, ptum, act. to buy. Erinn-ys, yos, f. the common
Enim, conj. for, truly. name of the three Furies.
Enni-us, i, m. noun pr. Erip-io, ere, ui; ereptum, act. to
Enorm-is, is, e, adj. out of rule, take by force, rescue.
vast. Erogit-o, are, freq. to ask greatly,
Enormiter, adv. from enormis. extort.
Ens-is, is, m. a sword. Errabund-us, a, um, adj. wander-
Eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to go. ing, straying.
Eo, adv. thither, to that place, to Erratus, part, of
that degree. Err-o, are, neut. and act. to rove,
Eo-us, a, um, adj. eastern, orien- err, wander over.
tal. Error, is, m. a" wandering, error.
Emic-o, are, ui, neut. to shine Erubesc-o, ere; erubui, incept,
forth, jump out, appear. to become red, to blush.
Epaminond-as, x, m. noun pr. Eru-dio, ire, ivi, itum, act. to
Epicure-us, a, um, adj. of the teach, instruct; in an art, (de)
sect of Epicurus. arte.
Epistol-a, an epistle, letter.
<e, f. Eruditus, part, of erudio.
Epitom-e, es, f. an abridgment. Eruptio, nis, f. a bursting forth, a
Epul-um, i, n. a banquet; plur. sally.
epul-se, arum, f. Erycln-a, a title of Venus.
se, f.
Equ-es, itis, c. g. a horseman, Esc-a, x, meat, food, bait.
f.

knight. Esur-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to de-

Equester, or equestr-is, is, e,[adj. sire to eat, to be hungry.
equestrian, of the horse. Et, conj. and; et, ett both, and.
Equin-us, a, um, adj. belonging Eteocl-es, eos, m. son of CEdi-
to a horse. pus, who with his brother Po-
Equitat-us, us, m. the cavalry, lynices reigned alternately year
riding. by year, and at last killed each
Equ-us, i, m. a horse. other.
Erat-o, us, f. the Muse presiding Etiam, conj. also, too, yea.
over love. Euax! interj. huzza.
Ereb-us, i, m. hell. Euclid-es, is, m. noun pr. a fa-
Erectus, part, of erigo. mous geometrician.
Erem-us, i, f. a wilderness, de- Euge! interj. well done.
sert. Eumen-es, is, m. noun pr.
E reptus, part, of eripio. Eumenid-es, um, the three Fu-
Erga, prep. ace. towards, against. ries, daughters of Acheron and
Ergo, subst. indecl. for the sake; Nox.
of honour, honoris. Eunuch-us, i, m. a eunuch.
Ergo, conj. therefore. Euphranor, is, m. noun pr.
Eridan-us, i, m. the river Po; also Euphrat-es, is, m. noun pr.
called Padus. Euphrosyn-e, es, f. one of the
Erig-o, ere; ere-xi, ctum, act. to three Graces.
erect. Eurial-us, i, m. noun pr.
 EUR EXE 223
Europ-a, se, f. daughter of Agen- Execratus, part, of
or; she was carried by Jupi- Execror, see exsecror,
ter, in the form of a white bull, Exempl-um, i, n. an example,
into Crete, and gave name to precedent.
one of the four quarters of the Ex-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to go
world. out.
Euterp-e, es, f. the Muse presid- Exequise, exequor, etc. see exse-
ing over music. quiae, etc.
Evan-s, tis, adj. shouting in praise Exerc-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to ex-
of Bacchus. ercise, vex.
Evax, see euax. Exercitatio, nis, f. exercise, prac-
Even-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to tice.
come, or fall out, happen. Exercit-us, us, m. an army.
Evenit, it happens, impers. from Exhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to
evenio. show.
Event-us, us, m. an event, chance. Exig-o, ere; exegi, exactum, act.
Eversus, part, of to expel, extort, finish.
Evert-o, ere, i; eversum, act. to Exili-um, i, n. exile.
turn, overthrow. Eximi-us, a, urn, adj. select, ex-
Evigilat-us, a, urn, done with cellent.
care, part, of Existimatio, nis, f. the opinion,
Evigil-o, are, neut. to watch, be estimation.
careful , study by night. Existim-o, are, act. to think, es-
Evinc-io, ire; evinxi, act. to bind teem.
around. Exist-o, ere; extiti, neut. to ex-
Evinctus, part, of evincio. ist, to be.

Evol-o, are, neut. to fly away. Exiti-um, i, n. the departure,

Ex, see E. ruin.
Exced-o, ere; excess-i, urn, neut. Exit-us, us, m. the issue, result,
to go out, exceed. death.
Exceptus, part, of excipio. Exolesc-o, ere; exol-ui, or evi,
Excidi-um, i, n.ruin, destruction. etum, neut. to become stale, to
Excind-o, ere; exci-di, ssum, act. go out of use.
to cut out, destroy. Exoletus, part, of exolesco.
Excip-io, ere; excep-i, turn, act. Exor-ior, iri, tus, dep. to rise,
to receive, take up, entertain, spring up.
catch, succeed. Exors, see exsors.
Excisus, part, of excido, cut out. Exos, sis, adj. without bones.
Excit-o, are, act. to rouse, in- Exos-us, a, um, part. act. of odi,
cite. hating.
Exclam-o, are, neut. and act. to Expavesc-o, ere; vi, incept, to
cry out, call. become frighted.
Excruciatus, part, of excrucio. Expectatio,nis,f. the expectation.
Excruci-o, are, act. to torment, Exped-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to
afflict. disengage, to get ready.
Excusatio, nis, f. the excuse, Expeditus, part, of expedio.
plea. Expell-o, ere; expul-i, sum, act.
Excus-o, arc, act. to excuse. to expel, banish.
Excut-io, ere; excuss-i, urn, act. Expergisc-or, i, expcrrectus, dcp.
to shake off, to strike out. to awake.
 224 EXP EXT
Exper-ior, iri, tus, dep. to try, act. to extinguish, to put to
experience. death.
Expert-us, a, um, adj. expert, Extorr-is, is, c. g. an exile.
having- tried, being tried, part. Extra, prep. ace. without.
of experior. Extrem-us, or extim-us, a, um,
Expetit, impers. it ismeet. superl. of extents, the outer-
Expet-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to most, the last.
desire. Extruo, see exstruo.
Expl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to Exu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to strip,
fill, complete, satiate. free.
Explic-o, are, ui, or avi, itum or Exurgo, see exsurgo.
atum, act. to unfold, display, Exuvi-je, arum, f. the spoils.
explain. Fabi-us, i, m. noun pr.
Explorator, is, m. an examiner, Fabrici-us, i. m. noun pr.
scout. Fabul-a, se, f. a fable, tale.

Explor-o, are, act. to pry into, Faci-es, ei, f. the face, visage.
reconnoitre. Facile, or faciliter, adv. of
Expon-o, ere; expos-ui, itum. act. Facil-is, is, e, adj. easy, pliable,
to set forth, expose, explain, kind; comp. facilior, facilli-
to land. mus.
Exportatio, nis, f. carrying- out. Facinoros-us, um, adj. bold,
Expositus, part, of expono. wicked.
Exprobratio, nis, f. an upbraid- Facin-us, oris, n. a great action,
ing-. a villany.
Expug-n-o, are, act. to take by Fac-io, ere; feci; factum, act. to
force, conquer. make; p ass. Jio. Facere aliquern
Expulsus, part, of expello. certiovem, to inform some one.
Exsang-u-is, is, e, adj. bloodless, Factio, nis, f. a doing, ability,
pale. party.
Exsecr-or, ari, atus, dep. to Fact-um, i, n. a deed.

curse. Facturus, part, of facio.

Exsequi-se, arum, f. funeral so- Factus, part, of facio.
lemnities. Faculta-s,tis, f. the faculty, op-

Exsequ-or, i; exsecutus, dep. to portunity.

execute, perform. Fsemina, see femina.
Exsor-s, tis, adj. without share, Falla-x, cis, adj. deceitful.
extraordinary. Fall-o, ere; fefelli, falsum, act. to
Exstru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to deceive.
erect, build. Fal-x, cis, f. a hook, scythe.

Exsurg-o, ere; exsurre-xi, ctum, Fam-a, ae, f. fame, rumour.

neut. to rise. Fam-es, is, f. hunger, dearth.
Ext-a, orum, n. the bowels, en- Famili-a, x, f. the household, fa-
trails. mily.
Extermin-o, are, act. to banish, Familiar-is, is, e, adj. belonging
destroy. to the family, familiar.
Exter-us, a, um, adj. foreign, Familiarita-s, tis, f. familiarity.
strange; comp. exterior, extre- Familiariter, adv. from familiaris.
mus. Far, is, n. grain, flour.

Extinctus, part, of Faris, fatur, etc. fari, fatus, dep.

Extingu-o, ere, extin-xi, ctum, to speak.
 FAS FER 225
Fas, n. indecl. justice, right. Ferme, adv. almost, about.
Fastid-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to Fer-o, re; tuli, latum, act. to car-
abhor, dislike. ry, bring, report, say.
Fastidi-uui, i, n. pride, scorn, Feroci-a, ae, f. fierceness, cruel-
loathing". ty-
Fastigi-um, i, n. the top, sublim- Fero-x, cis, adj. fierce, harsh,
ity. cruel.
Fatal-is, is, e, adj. ordered by- Ferre-us, a, um, adj. of iron,
fate, fatal. hard, insensible.
Fat-eor, eri; fassus, dep. to con- Fer-us, a, um, adj. wild, cruel.
fess.
•
Ferrugine-us, a, um, adj. dark,
Fat-um, i, n. the fate, God's de- rusty.
cree. Ferr-um, i, n. iron.
Faun-us, i, m. plur. Fauni, the Festin-o, are, neut. and act. to
Gods of the fields and woods. hasten.
Fau-x, cis, f. plur. fauces, the Fetus, see foetus.
jaws, straits. Fict-us, a, um, adj. false, fabu-
Fav-eo, ere, i; fautum, neut. to lous, feigned, part, of fingo.
favour; alicui. Fic-us, i, or us, f. the fig tree, a
Favetur, impers. from faveo. fig.
Favoni-us, i, m. the west wind. Fic-us, i, m. the emeroids.
Fax, facis, f. a torch, an incendi- Fidel-is, is, e. adj. faithful.
ary. Fideliter, adv. of fidelis.
Faxim; faxo, is, it, for fecerim, Fiden-s, tis, part, and adj. trust-
fecero. ing, bold, from fido.
Febr-is, is, f. a fever. Fid-es, ei, f. faith, trust.
Febru-a, um, and orum, n. a Fides, or is, is, f. a fiddle, lute,
feast of atonement for twelve music.
days in the month of February, Fld-o, ere, i; fisum, neut. to
which thence received its trust to.
name. Fiduci-a, ae, f. confidence.
Felicita-s, tis, f. fortune, felicity, Fid-us, a, um, adj. faithful, safe.
opulence. Fili-a, ae, f. a daughter; abl. pi.
Feliciter, adv. from abus.
Fel-ix, Tcis, adj. happy. Fili-us, i, m. a son, voc. sing. Jili.

Femin-a, x, f. awoman. Fil-um, i, n. a thread, yarn.

P'emine-us, a, um, adj. feminine, Final-is, is, e, adj. final.
woman-like. Find-o, ere; flsi, fissum, act. to
Fem-ur, oris, n. the thigh. slit, divide.
Fenestr-a, ae, f. a window, hole, Fing-o, ere; fin-xi; fictum, act. to
inlet. mould, imagine, feign.
Fenus, see fcenus. Fin-io, ire, ivi, itum. act. to fin-
Fer-a, ae, f. a wild beast. ish, end.
Fera-x, cis, adj. fertile. Fin-is, is, m. and f. the end, a
Fere, adv. almost. territory.
Feretri-us, i, m. a title of Jupi- Finitim-us, a, um, adj. bordering
ter. upon, nearly related.
Fer-io, ire, (percuss-i, um, from Fio, fieri, factus, pass, of facio,
percutio,) to cut, strike, to be made, to become; Jit, it
stamp, ratify. happens.
226 FIR FOR

Firmatus, part, of firmo. For-us, i, m. the deck, hatch of

Firm-o, are, to strengthen, forti- a ship.
fy- Foss-a, se, f. a ditch, trench.
Firm-us, a, um, adj. firm, strong. Fove-a, se, f. a pit, cave.
Flagitios-us, a, um, adj. wicked. Fractus, part, of frango.
Flagit-o, are, act. to ask eagerly. Frsen-um, i, n. pi. fraen-i, m.
Flagrans, adj. and part, of frsen-a, n. a bridle.
Flagr-o, are, neut. to burn. Frang-o, ere; fregi; fractum, act.
Flamm-a, se, f. flame. to break.
Fl-o, are, neut. and act. to blow, Frat-er, ris, m. the brother.
sound. Frenum, see frsenum.
Flor-eo, ere, ui, neut. to flourish. Frequenti-a, se, f. frequency, a
Flo-s, ris, m. the flower, bloom. great number.
Floscul-ns, i, m. dim. a blossom, Fret-um, i, n. the straits, a frith.
little flower. Fret-us, a, um, adj. trusting to;
Fluct-us, us, m. a wave, uncer- aliqua re.
tainty. Frig-eo, ere; frixi, neut. to be,
Flum-en, inis, n. the stream, ri- or become cold.
ver. Fron-s, dis, f. a leaf, bough.
Fluvi-us, i, m. the river. Fron-s, tis, f. and m. the front,
Foedita-s, tis, f. deformity, base- forehead.
ness. Fruct-us, us, m. the fruit.
Foed-us, eris, n. a league. Frugifer, a, um, adj. fruitful.
Foed-us, a, um, adj. filthy, vile. Frumentari-us, a, um, adj. be-
Foen-us, oris, n. interest, usury. longing to corn, or forage :fru-
Foet-us, us, m. the young. mentaria res, grain, provisions.
Foet-us, a, um, adj. big with Frument-um, i, n. all kinds of
young. grain for bread.
Foemina, see femina. Fru-or, i, cttis, or itus, dep. to
Foli-um, i, n. a leaf. enjoy, aliqua re.
Fon-s, tis, m. a fountain. Frustra, Sidv. in vain.
For-em, es, et, etc. fore; for es- Frux, friigis, f. fruit, corn.
sem, would be.
I Fug-a, se, f. the flight.
Foris, adv. from abroad, without Fugiens, part, of
doors. Fug-io, ere, i, itum, neut. and
Form-a, se, f. the form, shape. act. to flee, shun.
Formos-us, a, um, adj. fair, hand- Fug-o, are, act. to chase, put to
some. flight.
Forsan, adv. perhaps, perchance. Fulc-io, ire; ful-si, turn, act. to
Forsitan, ad. perhaps. prop, sustain.
Fortasse, fortassis, adv. perhaps. Fulg-eo, ere; si, neut. to shine,
Fort-is, is, e, adj. strong, brave. glitter.
Fortiter, adv. from fortis. Fulgurat, impers. it lightens.
Fortitud-o, inis, f. patience, cour- Fulgur-o, are, neut. to shine,
age. lighten.
Fortun-a, se, f. fortune, event. se, f. noun pr.
Fulvi-a,
Fortunat-us, a, um, adj. happy, Fumans, part, of
fortunate. Fum-o, are, neut. to smoke.
For-um, i, n. the market-place, Fundament-um, i, n. the founda-
forum. tion.
 PUN GEN 227
Funditus, adv. utterly. Generos-us, a, um, adj. noble,
Fund-o, are, act. to found. generous.
Fund-o, ere; fu-di, sum, act. to Genitor, is, m. the father.
pour out, scatter, to rout. Genitus, part, of gigno.
Fund-us, i, m. land, property. Geni-us, i, m. a good, or evil dae-
Fung-or, i; functus, dep. to exe- mon attending every man or
cute, go through, with; fungi woman, a guardian angel, ge-
munere, to discharge an office. nius.
Fun-us, eris, n. a funeral, death. Gen-s,tis, f. a nation, tribe.

Fur, fiiris, m. a thief. Gen-u, u, plur. genua, n. the

Furc-a, se, f. a fork. knee.
Furni-us, i, m. noun pr. Gen-us, eris, n. a kindred, race,
Fur-o, ere, neut. to be mad, to kind.
rage. Gerens, part, of gero.
Furor, is, m. fury, rage, rap- German-i, orum, noun gent.
ture. Germanicus, i, m. noun pr.
Furtim, adv. by stealth. Ger-o, ere; ges-si, turn, act. to
Furt-um, i, n. theft, stratagem. carry, wear, show, manage,
Fust-is, is, m. a club, cudgel. conduct.
Fusus, part, of fundo. Gestus, part, of gero.
Futurus, future, part, of sum. Gignendus, part of
Gabi-i, orum, m. noun gent. Gign-o, ere; gen-ui, itum, act. to
Galate-a, x, f. a nymph, daugh- beget, bring forth.
ter of Nereus and Doris. Glaci-es, ei, f. the ice.
Gale-a, x, f. a helmet. Gladiator, is, m. a sword-player,
Gall-i, orum, m. noun gent. gladiator.
Galli-a, Gaul.
3e, f. Gladi-us, i, m. a sword.
Gallin-a, x, f. a hen. Glan-s, dis, f. an acorn.
Gall-us, i, m. the cock. Glauci-a, ze, m. noun pr.
Ganymed-es, is, m. the son of Glauc-us, i, m. a fisherman, who
Tros, who being carried by an having leaped into the sea, was
eagle into heaven, became Ju- transformed into a Triton, and
piter's cup-bearer. became a sea God.
Garr-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to Glis, gliris, m. a dormouse.
prate. Glori-a, se, f. glory.
Gaud-eo, ere; gavisus sum, neut. Glori-or, ari, atus, dep. to glory,
to rejoice; at something, aliqua boast; (c/e) aliqua re.
re. Glorios-us, a, um, adj. glorious.
Gaudi-um, i, n. joy. Gnatus, see natus.
Gaz-a, 3C, f. the treasure. Gorg-on, onis, f. pi. Gorgones,
Gelascit, impers. it freezes. the daughters of Phorcus and
Gemin-us, a, um, adj. double. Ceto, Medusa, Eurysale, and
Gemin-i, orum, m. twins. Stheno; they changed those,
Gemit-us, us, m. a groan. that looked on them, into stone.
Gemm-a, x, f. a bud, gem. Gorgoni-us, i, m. noun pr.
Gem-o, ere, ui, itum, neut. to Gracch-us, i, m. noun pr.
groan. Gracil-is, is, e, adj. slim, weak.
Gener, i, m. a son-in-law. Grad-ior, i; gressus, dep. to go.
Gener-o, are, act. to engender, Gradiv-us, i, m. a title of Mars.
beget, bring forth. Grad-us, us, m. a step, degree.
22S GRM HAB
Graece, adv. in Greek. Habitus, part, of habeo.
Graec-i, orum, m. noun gent, the Haed-us, i, m. a kid.
Greeks. Haeredita-s, tis, f. an inheritance.
Graeci-a, ae, noun pr. Greece. Haer-eo, ere; haes-i, um, neut. to
Graec-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. stick.
Grai-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. Haer-es, edis, c. g. an heir.
Grammatice, adv. grammarian Haeres-is, is, or ios, f. an opinion,
like, according to grammar. heresy.
Grammatic-us, i, m. a gramma- Hal-ec, ecis, f. and n. the her-
rian. ring, the pickle.
Grandee v-us, a, um, adj. old, very Hal-us, i, f. camfrey.
old. Hamilcar, is, m. noun pr.
Grandinat, impers. it hails. Hammon, or Ammon, is, m. a ti-

Grandin-o, are, to hail. tle of Jupiter.

Gran-um, i, n. a grain, kernel. Ham-us, i, m. the hook.

Grates, f. nom. ace. and voc. pi. Hannibal, see Annibal.

thanks. Harpyi-ae, arum, f. three mon-
Grati-a,3e, f. grace, honor, reputa- sters, Jlello, Celceno, and Cy-
tion, influence, sake. nete, with the faces of virgins,
Grati-ae, arum, thanks; ago tibi
f. and bodies of vultures.
gratias, I give you thanks; also Hast-a, ae, f. a spear.
the three Graces Aglaia, Tha- Haud, adv. not.
lia, and Euphrosync. Haur-io, ire; haus-i, turn, act. to
Gratis, adv. freely, without a re- draw, swallow.
ward. He! he! interject, he!
Gratulabund-us, a, um, adj. wish- Heb-e, es,
f. the Goddess of
ing joy. youth, called also Juventas.
Gratul-or, ari, atus, dep. to con- Heb-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be blunt.
gratulate, wish joy; alicui ali- Hebe-s, etis, adj. blunt, dull.
quidov (de) aliqua re. Hebesc-o,ere,incept.to grow dull.
Grat-us, a, um, adj. grateful, Hector, is, m. a son of Priam.
agreeable. Hectore-us, a* um, adj. belong-
Grav-is, is, e, adj. heavy, weigh- ing to Hector, Hector-like.
ty, grave, solemn. Hei ! interj. woe ! alas !

Graviter, adv. from gravis. Helen-a,ae,f. the daughter of Le-

Gross-us, i, m. and f. a green fig. da, and wife of Menelaus; she
Grunn-io, ire, neut. to grunt. eloped with Paris, which caus-
Gryps, gryphis, m. a gripe. ed the Trojan war.
Gubernacul-um, i, n. the helm, Helen-us, i, m. a son of Priam.
government. Helicon, is, m. a mountain of
Gubern-o, are, act. to manage. Boeotia, dedicated to the Muses.
Gust-o, are, act. to taste. Hellespont-us, i, m. the Darda-
Gutt-a, a:, f. a drop. nelles.
Ha! interj. ha! ah! Helveti-a, ae, f. noun pr.
Hab-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to Helveti-i, orum, m. noun gent.
have, treat, reckon. Hem! or hm! interject.
Habit-o, are, freq. to have often, Hep-ar, aris, n. the liver.
to dwell, inhabit. Hepbaestion, is, m. noun pr.
Habit-us, us, m. a habit, de- Ephaestion.
meanor, apparel. Herb-a, ae, f. an herb, the grass.
 HER HIS 229
Hercul-es, is, m. the son of Jupi- Histrio, nis, m. an actor, a quack.
ter and Alcmena,celebrated for Ho! hoi! interject. O!
his many and dangerous enter- Hodiern-us, a, um, adj. of this
prises. day.
Herenni-us, i, m. noun pr. Hodie, adv. to day.
Heri, adv. yesterday. Homer-us, i, m. noun pr.
Hermies, se, or etis, m. Mercury. Hom-o, inis, m. man, a human
Hermion-e, es, f. a daughter of being.
Mars and Venus, married to Homul-us, i, m. a little man,
Cadmus, and changed into a dwarf.
serpent; also a daughter of Homuncio, nis, m. a sorry fellow,
Menelaus and Helena, married a scrub.
to Pyrrhus. Homuncul-us, i, m, a little sorry
Hermola-us, i, m. noun pr. fellow.
Her-os, ois, m. a hero. Honest-us, a, um, adj. honoura-
Her-us, i, m. the master, ruler. ble, honest.
Hesperid-es, um,f. the daughters Honor, or os, oris, m. honour.
of Hesperus, brother of Atlas, Honoratus, part, of
who had a garden bearing Honor-o, are, act. to honour.
golden apples, watched by a Hor-a, <e, f. the hour, time, sea-
dragon, which was slain by son.
Hercules. Horati us, i, m. noun pr.
Hestern-us, a, um, adj. of yester- Horr-eo, ere, ui, neut. to set up
day. the bristles, to look horrible,
Heu! interj. woe! alas! to dread.
Heus! interj. ho, soho, so there! Horribil-is, is, e, adj. rough, hor-
Hibern-a, (scil. castra), orum, n. rid.
winter quarters. Horrid-us, a, um, adj. rugged,
Hiberni-a, Ireland.
<t, f. horrible.
Hibern-us, a, um, adj. of winter. Hort-or, ari, atus, dep. to exhort.
Hie, hsec, hoc, pron. this. Hosp-es, itis, c. g.a guest, a host.
Hie, adv. here. Hospiti-um, i, n. an inn, lodging,
Hicce, hsecce, hocce, gen. hu- hospitality.
jusce, pron. this very one. Hostic-us, a, um, adj. belonging
Hiem-s, is, f. winter, a tempest. to the enemy, the enemy's.
Hinc, adv. hence. Hostil-is, is, e, adj. hostile.

Hinn-io, ire, neut.to neigh. Host-is, is, the enemy.

c. g.

Hippomanes, n. indecl. a piece H. S. for L. L. S. two pounds

of flesh on the forehead of a and a half; see sestertius.
colt, when foaled, which the Hue, adv. hither.
mare presently bites off; also a Huccine? adv. what, hither'
philtre. Hui! interj. ho! whow!
Hippon-a, se, f. the goddess of Humane, adv. from humanus.
horses and stables. Humanita-s, tis, f. humanity,
Ilirc-us,i, m. a buck goat. gentleness.
Hirud-o, inis, f. a leech, blood- Humaniter, adv. courteously.
sucker. Human-us, a, um. adj. human,
Hirund-o, inis, f. a swallow. humane.
Hispani-a, x, f. Spain. Humer-us, i, m. the shoulder.
Histori-a, se, f. a history. llumid-us, a, um, adj. moist, wet.
20
230 HUM IDA

Humil-is, is, e, adj. low, humble. his wings, and fell into the
Hum-us, i, f. the ground; kmi, sea, thence called the Icarian
on the ground. sea.
Hyacinth-us, i, m. a beautiful Id-a, ae, f. a mountain near Troy,
boy, beloved by Apollo and where Paris adjudged the prize
Zephyrus; being" killed by of beauty to Venus, against
Zephyrus, who was jealous of Juno and Pallas.
his rival, Apollo changed his Idcirco, conj. therefore.
blood into a flower, called hya- Idem, eadem, idem, pron. the
cinth. same.
Hyad-es, um, f. the seven daugh- Ideo, adv. therefore.
ters of Atlas and JEthra, who Idone-us, a, um, adj. fit, conve-
were changed into seven stars nient.
in the head of Taurus, whilst Id-us, uum, f. the Ides, the
bewailing their, brother Hyas. eighth day, or eight days after
Hyberna, see hiberna. the Nones, the fifteenth of
Hyblae-us, a, um, adj. Hyblaean, March, May, July, and October,
from Hybla, a town of Sicily, in the other months the thir-
celebrated for its honey. teenth.
Hydr-a, ae, f. a water snake, that I. E. or i. e. for id est, that is.
had fifty heads, arid Was killed Igitur, conj. therefore, then.
by Hercules in the lake Lerna. Ignar-us, a, um, adj. ignorant.
Hydr-ops, 5pis, m. the dropsy. Ignavi-a, ae, f. inactivity, cow-
Hyems, see hiems. ardice.
Hym-en, enis, m. the God of Ign-is, is, m. fire; abl. e and i.

marriage. Ignobil-is, is, e, adj. ignoble.

Hymenae-us, i, m. a marriage, Ignominios-us, a, um, adj. infa-
marriage-song. mous.
Hyperbore-us,a,um,adj. northern. Ignoscitur, impers. from
Hyperid-es, is, m. noun pr. Ignosc-o, ere; igno-vi, turn, neut.
Hypermnestr-a, ae, f. one of the to forgive, pardon; alicui.
fifty daughters of Danaus, who Iguvin-i, orum, noun gent.
alone spared her husband. Iguvi-um, i, noun pr.
Hystasp-es, is, m. noun pr. Illcet, adv. forthwith.
Iacch-us, i, m. a title of Bacchus. Ili-on, or um, i, n. the city Troy.
Iapet-us, i, m. the father of Pro- Ilion-e, es, f. the eldest of Priam's
metheus, the Greeks account- daughters.
ed him the founder of their pron. he, she, it.
llle, ilia, illud,
nation. Illegitim-us, a, um,
adj. unlawful.
lasid-es, is, m. Palinurus, the son Illic, adv. there, in that place.
of Iasius. Illico, adv. forthwith, upon the
m. pi. Iber-i, orum, a
Ib-er, eri, spot.
people of Spain. Illustr-is, is, e, adj. bright, glo-
Ibi, adv. there. rious.
Ibidem, adv. there, in the same |
Illuvi-es, ei, f. filthiness, filth.
place. ll-us, m. the son of Tros, and
i,

um, adj. Icarian, from

Icari-us, a, father of Laomedon, from
Icar-us, m. the son of Daedalus,
i, whom Troy was called Ilion.
who flying with his father from Imag-o, inis, f. a resemblance,
Crete into Cicily, and soaring image.
too high, melted the wax of Imbecilita-s, tis, f. weakness.
 1MB IMP 231
Imb-er, ris, m. a shower; abl. e the power of; the mind, animi.
and i. Impoten-s, tis, adj. weak, unable
Imbu-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to im- to govern; one's self, sui.
brue, season, instruct, aliquem Improviso, adv. unexpectedly.
arte. Improvis-us, a, um, adj. unfore-
Imitator, is, m. a resembler, imi- seen.
tator. Impuden-s, tis, adj. shameless,
Imit-or, ari, atus, dep. to imitate. impudent.
Immatur-us, a, um, adj. prema- lmpudenti-a, x, f. impudence.
ture, unripe. Impune, adv. without hurt, with
Imminu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to di- impunity.
minish. Imus, see inferus.
Imminutus, part, of imminuo. In, prep. ace. and abl. into,
Immit-is, is, e, adj. cruel, unripe. against, in, among, concern-
Immortal-is, is, e, adj. immortal. ing, etc.
Immund-us, a, um. adj. impure, Inachi-a, x, f. noun pr.
filthy. Inach-is, idis, f. a title of Io.
Imo, adv. andconj. yea, nay. Inan-is, is, e, adj. empty, silly.
Impediment-um, i, n. a hindrance. Incan-us, um, very white, hoar)'.
Imped-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to Inced-o, ere; incess-i, um, neut.
hinder. to go, strut.
Impell-o, ere; impul-i, sum, act. Incend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to
to drive forward, incite. fire, inflame.
Impens-a, x, f. the expence. Incept um, i, n. a beginning, en-
Imperat-um, i, n. a command. terprise.
Imperator, is, m. a commander. Inceptus, part, of incipio.
Imperatur, impers. from Incert-us, a, um, adj. uncertain.
Imper-o, are, act. to command; Incess-us, us, m. a stately gait.
enjoin, exact; alicui aliquid. lncid-o, ere, i, incasum, neut. to
Imperi-um, i, n. the command, fall into, to meet.
government. Incip-io, ere; incep-i, turn, act. to
Imperit-us, a, um, adj. unskilful, begin.
ignorant; in the law, juris. Inclyt-us, a, um, adj. famous.
Impert-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to Incolum-is, is, e, adj. safe.
impart, present; alicui aliquid, Incorrupte, adv. from
or aliquem aliqua re. Incorrupt-us, a, um, adj. pure,
Impert-ior, iri, itus, pass, and not bribed.
dep. to present, and to be pre- Incredibil-is, is, e, adj. incredible.
sented. Increment-um, i, n. the increase,
Impetr-o, are, act. to obtain. augmentation, an offspring.
Impet-us, us, m. the instinct, Incunabul-a, orum, n. a cradle,
force, shock. infancy.
Impig-er, ra, rum, adj. diligent, lncursio, nis, f. an inroad, inva-
active. sion.
Impi-us, a, um, adj. impious, Inde, adv. from thence, then.
wicked. Ind-ex, icis, c. g. a discoverer,
Impl-eo, ere,evi, etum, act. to fill. informer.
Impon-o, ere; impos-ui, itum, Indic-o, ere; indi-xi, ctum, act.
act. to put, or lay on, impose; to declare, proclaim.
alicui aliquid. Indigens, part, of
Imp-os, otis, adj. unable, without Indig-eo, ere, ui, neut. to want,
232 IND INF

to stand in need; aliqua re, or Infirm-us, a, um, adj. feeble,

alicujus rei. weak.
Indign-us, a, um, adj. unworthy. lnfit, defect, he begins, says.
Ind-o, ere, Tdi, itum, act. to put, Infixus, part, of infigo.
or set in. Inflammatus, part, of
Indocil-is, is, e, adj. incapable Inflamm-o, are, act. to set on fire,
of instruction. excite.
Indoct-us, a, um, act. unlearned, Inform-is, is, e, adj. shapeless,
ignorant. dismal.
Indol-es, is, f. genius, natural Inform-o, are, act. to instruct,
disposition. inform.
Induci-se, arum, f. truce, cessa- Infra, adv. and prep. ace. below,
tion from arms. under.
Indulg-eo, ere; indulsi, neut. to Infract-us, a, um, adj. much bro-
indulge; alicui. ken.
Indulgetur, impers. from indul- Infring-o, ere; infr-egi, actum,
geo. act. to break.
Induc-o, ere; indu-xi, ctum, act. Ingenios-us, a, um, adj. ingeni-
to introduce. ous.
Indu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to put Ingeni-um, i, n. capacity, genius.
on, to cover; aliquem veste. Ingen-s, tis, adj. huge, large.
Ind-us, i, m. noun pr. Ingenu-us, a, um, adj. ingenu-
Industri-a, se, f. industry, thought- ous, liberal, fine.
fulness; tie or ex industria, pur- Ingratis, adv. by constraint.
posely. Ingred-ior, i; ingressus, dep. to
In-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, act. to enter into.
enter into. Inhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to
Inepti-a, x, f. silliness. hold back, hinder.
Inept-us, a, um, adj. unfit, silly. Inhi-o, are, neut. to gape after;
Inexhaust-us, a, um, adj. inex- alicui rei.
haustible. Inimic-a, %, f. a female enemy.
Inexorabil-is, is, e, adj. implaca- Inimiciti-a, se, f. enmity.
ble. Inimic-us, i, m. an enemy.
Inerti-a, se, f. sloth, ignorance. Inimic-us, a, um, adj. unfriendly.
Infami-a, x, f. infamy, disgrace. Iniqu-us, a, um, adj. uneven, un-
Infan-s, tis, adj. speechless, an just.
infant. Initi-um, i, n. a beginning.
Infaust-us, a, um, adj. unlucky. Initus, part, of ineo.
Infect-us, a, um, adj. not done, Injic-io, ere; injec-i, turn, act. to
rude. throw in, or at; to put on.
Infer-i,orum, m. those below, Injuri-a, se, f. an injury.
the Gods, or shades below. Injussu, monopt. without order,
Inferne, adv. below. or leave; injussu meo, without
Infer-o, re; intuli, illatum, act. to my order.
bring in, cause, infer. Innocen-s, tis, adj innocent.
.

Infer-us, a, um, adj. below, In-o, us, f. a daughter of Cadmus

comp. inferior; in/imus or
>
and Hermione, and wife of
imus. Athamas; she seeing her hus-
Infig-o, ere; infix-i, um, act. to band mad, and her son Learchus
fix, thrust in. slain, leaped with Melicerta,
 INO INT 233
her other son, into the sea, Intellig-o, ere; intelle-xi, ctum,
where she became the goddess act. to understand.
Leucothoe, and Melicerta a Intend-o, ere, i; inten-sum, or
god, called Palxmon, turn, act. to bend, intend.
Inopi-a, as, f. want. Intentus, part, of intendo.
In-ops, opis, adj. poor, desti- Inter, prep. ace. between, among,
tute. during.
Tnquam, inquis, defect. I say. Intercip-io, ere; intercep-i, turn,
Insaturabil-is, is, e, adj. insatura- act. to intercept.
ble. Interc-us, utis, adj. intercutane-
Insci-us, a, um, adj. ignorant. ous.
Insecutus, part, of Interea, adv. in the mean time.
lnsequ-or, i; insecutus, dep. to Interest, impers. from intersum,
pursue, prosecute. it is between, or among, it con-

Insidi-ae, arum, f. snares, am- cerns; interest mea fnegotiaj,

bush. it concerns me; interest regit,
Insidiator, is, m. a way layer. it is amongst the King's con-
Insign-is, is, e, adj. notable, fa- cerns.
mous. Interfector, is, m. a slayer.
Insimul-o, are, act. to feign, to Interfectus, part, of
accuse; aliquetn fcriminej Interfic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. to
furti. slay, kill.
Insolen-s, tis, adj. unaccustomed, Interim, adv. in the mean time.
unusual, proud. Interit-us, us, m. the death.
Insole nti-a, zt, f. disuse, haugh- Interjectus, part, of
tiness. Interjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to
Inspic-io, ere; inspe-xi, ctum, cast, or put between.
act. to behold. Intermitt-o, ere; mis-i, sum, act.
Instar, n. indecl. bigness, like- to discontinue, intermit.
ness. Interpretatus, part of
Instaur-o, are, act. to renew. Interpret-or, ari, atus, dep. to in-
Institu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to in- terpret, explain.
stitute, build, resolve, instruct; Intel strep-o, ere, ui, itum, neut.
aliquem finJ arte. to make a noise among.
Institut-um, i, n. custom, institu- Inter-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be
tion, course of life. in, or present; at a conversation,
Inst-o,arc, iti, itum, neut. to sermoni.
urge, persist, pursue; alicui. Intervall-um, i, n. an interval,
Instru-o,ere, xi, ctum, act. to space.
prepare, draw up. Interversus, part, of
Insuet-us, a, um, part, and adj. Intervert-o, ere, i, versum, act. to
unaccustomed. turn aside, to embezzle.
Insul-a,ac, f. the island. Intcx-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to
In-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be in. weave, wrap in, to Hue.
Insum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to Intonat, impers. from
spend. Inton-o, are, ui, neut. to thunder.
Integ-er, ra, rum, adj. entire, Intra, adv. and prep. ace. within.
safe, innocent. • Intr-o, are, act. to enter, go in.
Integratio, nis, a renewing.
f. Intro-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to
Integre, adv. from integer. enter.
20*
234 INU IRA

Inutil-is, is, e, adj. unserviceable. Irasc-or, i; iratus, dep. to be an-

Invad-o, ere; invas-i, um, act. to gry; at somebody, alicui.

invade, assail. Iratus, adj. and part, of irascor,
Invectio, nis, f. an importation. angry.
Inven-io, ire, i, turn, act. to find, Irrid-eo, ere; irris-i, um, act. to
to find out. mock, scoff.
Inveteratus, confirmed by long Irrig-o, are, to water, bedew,
use, part, of diffuse.
Inveter-o, are, act. and neut. to Ir-is, idis, f. the daughter of
let grow old, to grow old. Thaumas and and the Electra,
Invicem, adv. one another, by messenger of Juno under the
turns. form of a rainbow.
Invict-us, a, um, adj. invincible. Ir-is, idis, f. the rainbow.
Invid-eo, ere, i; invisum, act. to Irreparabil-is, is, e, adj. irrepara-
begrudge, envy; alicui alt- ble.
quid. Irrit-us, a, um, adj. void, of no
Invidetur, impers. from invideo; effect.
invidetur mihi, I am envied. Irrump-o, ere; irrup-i, turn, neut.
Invidi-a, ae, f. envy, hatred. to break, or rush in.
Invit-us, a, um, adj. unwilling; Is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it.
me invito, against my will, Israelit-a, ae, c. g. an Israelite.
Io, Ixis, f. daughter of Inachus, Iste, ista, istud, pron. this, that.
transformed by Jupiter into a Ist-er, ri, m. the Danube.
white heifer; but afterwards re- Isthic, isthaec, isthoc, or isthuc,
suming her former shape, she pron. this same.
became the goddess Isis among Ita, adv. so, thus.
the Egyptians. Itali-a, ae,f. noun pr.
Io! an interj. of joy. Item, adv. also, likewise.
Iola-us, i, m. the assistant of Her- It-er, ineris, n. the way, journey.
cules in killing the Hydra. Iterum, adv. again.
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, pron. he, she, Ithac-us, i, m. Ulysses, who reign-

it; ego ipse, I myself. ed in Ithaca.

Iphianass-a, ae, f. a daughter of Itur, impers. from eo.
Praetus king of the Argives, It-ys, ys, or yos, m. the son of
who with her two sisters Ly- Tereus and Progne,- changed
sippe and Iphinoe, preferring into a pheasant.
themselves in beauty to Juno, Iul-us, i, m. Ascanius, son of
were struck with such madness, iEneas.
as to believe themselves to be Ixi-on, onis, m. the son of Phle-
cows. gyas, who was fastened in hell
Iphigeni-a, ae, f. daughter of Aga- to a wheel, perpetually turn-
memnon, who, when she was ing round.
standing to be sacrificed to ap- Jac-eo, ere, ui, neut. to lie, to
pease the rage of Diana, was be situate.
by that goddess transformed Jac-io, ere; jeci, jactum, act. to
into a white hart, and made throw.
her priestess. Jact-o, are, act. to throw, toss
Ir-a, ae, f; anger, passion. about, boast, enlarge upon,
Iracundi-a, ae, f. hastiness of tem- publish.
per, anger. Jactur-a, ae, f. loss,, expense.
 JAC JUR 235
Jact-us, us, m. the throw. ed Opiimus on account of his
Jam, adv. already, now. benefits, Maximus for his
Janu-a, ae, f. the door. power.
Januari-us, a,um, adj. belonging Jurat-us, um, part, having
a,
to January; calendae Januarias, sworn, being sworn by.
the first of January. Jurisconsult-us, i, m. a lawyer.
Jas-on, bnis, m. a Thessalian Jur-o, are, act. to swear.
prince, who by Medea's help Jus, juris, n. right, the law.
brought away the golden fleece Jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n. a
from Colchis. lemn oath.
Jec-ur, oris, or inoris, n. the liver. Juss-um, i, n. a command, man-
Jes-us, u, m. noun pr. date.
Jocast-a, ae, f. the daughter of Jussus, pirt. of jubeo.
Creson, king of Thebes, who Juste, adv. from Justus.
unwittingly married her own Justiti-a, justice.
ae, f.

son CEdipus. Just-us, a, um,

adj. just, lawful.
Joc-us, i, m. plur. joc-i, m. and Juvenil-is, is, e, adj. youthful.
joc-a, orum, n. a jest. Juven-is, is, e, adj. young, comp.
Jub-a, ae, f. the mane, crest. junior, or natu minor, natu mi-
Jub-a, ae, m. noun pr. nimus.
Jub-ar,aris,n. the beam of the sun. Juventa-s, tis, f. the goddess of
Jub-eo, ere; juss-i, urn, act. to youth, called also Hebe.
order. Juvent-us, litis, f. youth.
Jacul-um, i, n. a dart, javelin. Juv-o, are; juvi, jutum, act. to
Jucunde, adv. from help.
Jucund-us, a, um, adj. pleasant. Juxta, prep. ace. nigh.
Judae-us, m. a Jew.
i, Juxta, adv. alike, without differ-
Jud-ex, icis, c. g. a judge. ence.
Judici-um, i, n. a trial at law, de- Kal. for Cal. see Calendar.
cision, opinion. L. for Lucius.
Judic-o, are, act. to judge. Labic-i, orum, m. noun gent.
Jugal-is; is, e, adj. belonging to Labien-us, i, m. noun pr.
yokes, conjugal. . Labor, is, m. labour.
Jugeris, gen. jugere, abl. n. dip- Lab-or, i; lapsus, dep. to slip,
tot. pi. juger-a, um, an acre.
;
fall.

Juger-um, i, n. an acre of ground. Labor-o, are, act. to work, la-

Jug-um, i, n. the yoke, the seat bour, be in distress; (a) morbo,
for rowers. to labour under a distemper.
Jugurth-a, ae, m. noun pr. Lac, tis, n. milk.
Juli-us, i, m. noun pr. Lacedaemoni-us, i, m. a Lacedae-
Juli-us, a, um, adj. pertaining to monian.
Julius, or July. Lacer o, are, act. to rend, man-
Junctus, part, of gle.
Jung-o, ere; junxi, ctum, act. to Lacess-o, ere, ivi, or i, ltum, act.
join. to provoke.
Juni-us, m. noun pr.
i, one of the Fates,
Laches-is, is, f.
Juno, f. the daughter of Sa-
nis, spinning the thread of human
turn, sister and wife of Jupiter. life.

Jupiter, Jovis, m. the supreme Lachryma. see lacryma.

god of the heathens; he is call- Laco, nis, m. a Spartan.
236 LAC LAT
Lacrima, or Lat-us, eris, n. a side.
Lacrym-a, ae, f. the tear. Lat-us, a, um, adj. broad.
Lac-us, us, or i, m. a lake. Laudabil-is, is, e, adj. praisewor-
Laed-o, ere; laes-i, um, act. to thy.
hurt, injure. Laudandus, part, of laudo
Laeli-us, i, m. noun pr. Laudatio, nis, f. a commendation.
Laertiad-es, ae, m. Ulysses, the Laud-o, are, act. to praise.
son of Laertes. Laur-us, i, or us, f. the laurel.
Laet-or, ari, atus, dep. to rejoice. Lau-s, dis, f. the praise, renown.
Laet-us, a, um, adj. joyful, ver- Lavern-a, ae, f. the goddess of
dant. thieves.
Lamentatus, part, of Lavin-us, a, um, adj. of Lavinia.
Lament-or, ari, atus, dep. to la- Lect-us, a, um, adj. gallant; also
ment, bewail. part, of lego.
Lament-um, i, n. a lamentation. Led-a, <e,f.the wife of Tyndarus;
Lamp-as, a lamp, torch.
adis, f. she was seduced by Jupiter, in
Lan-a, ae. f. the wool. the shape of a swan.
Laniatus, part of Legat-us, i, m. an ambassador, a
Lani-o, are, act. to butcher, cut lieutenant; also part, of lego.
up. Legio, nis, f. a legion, regiment,
Laocoon, tis,m. the son of Priam, consisting of ten cohorts.
and priest of Apollo. Legionari-us, a, um, adj. legion-
Laomedon, tis, m. the son of Ilus, ary.
King of Troy, who hired Apol- Legislator, is, m. a lawgiver.
lo and Neptune to build the Leg-o, are, act, to send as an am-
walls of Troy, but afterwards bassador, to bequeath.
refused to pay them. Leg-o, ere, i; lectum, act. to ga-
Lapide-us, a, um, adj. stony, of ther, choose, read.
stone. Lene, or leniter, adv. from lenis.
Lapi-s, idis, m. a stone. Len-io, ire, ivi,itum, act. to ease,
Laquear, is, n. the roof, ceiling. appease.
Laque-us, i, m. a noose, trap, Len-is, is, e, adj. gentle, mild.
halter. Len-s, tis, f. a kind of pulse, len-
Lar, m. a household god.
laris, tils.

Large, or largiter, adv. abun- Lenita-s, tis, f. softness, mildness.

dantly, from Lentitud-o, inis; f. slowness, mo-
Larg-us, a, um, adj. plentiful, deration.
liberal. Lentul-us, i, m. noun pr.
Lasciv-us, a, um, adj. sportive, Leo, nis, m. a lion.
lecherous. Lep-or, or os, oris, m. mirth, wit.
Lassitud-o, inis, f. weariness. Lep-us, oris, m. a hare.
Latine, adv. from latinus. Lern-a, ae, f. a marsh of Argos, fa-
Latin-i, orum, m. the Latins. mous for a hj'dra, killed there
Latin-us, a, um,adj. latin. by Hercules.
Latin-us, i, m. noun pr. Leth-e, es, f. a river in hell, the
Laton-a, ae, f. the mother of Di- water of which caused k
total
ana and Apollo, and daughter forgetfulness of things past.
of Caeus. Leth-um, or let-um, i, n. death.
Latro, nis, m. a robber. Leucopetr-a, ae, f. noun pr.
Latr-o, are, neut. to bark. Leucotho-e,es, f. see Ino.
 LEV LIC 237
Lev-is, is, e, adj. light, trifling, Licet, impers. from liceo; licet
flashy. mihi, I am allowed,- licet po-
Lev-is, or laev-is, is, e, adj. me, I have no objection.
smooth. Licet, conj. although.
Lev-o, are, act. to lift, lighten, Licini-us, i. m. noun pr.
help. Ligur-io, ire, neut. to act the
Lex, legis, f. the law. glutton, to spend riotously.
Libam-en, inis, n. a libation, of- Ligur, or lig-us, iiris, m. a Ligu-
fering. rian.
Libatus, part, of libo. Lim-en, inis, n. the threshold.
Libell-us, i, m. a pamphlet, pe- Lim-es, itis, m. the limit, border.
tition. Lim-us, i, m. mud, slime, clay.
Liben-s, tis, adj. willing; part, of Line-a, a line.
ae, f.

libeo. Lingu-a, a tongue, language.

ae, f.

Lib enter, adv. from lib ens. Lin-o, ere; Ifni, livi, or levi,litum,
Lib-eo, ere, ui, neut. please. act. to annoint.
Liber, i, m. Bacchus. Linqu-o, ere; liqui, lictum, act.
Liber, a, urn, adj. free. to leave.
Lfb-er, ri, m. a book. Lint-er, ris, c. g. a little boat.
Liberal-is, is, e, adj. liberal, gen- Liquid-us, a, um, adj. liquid,
teel. moist.
Liberalita-s, tis, f. generosity. Liqu-or, i, dep. to melt, drop.
Liberatio, nis, f. a delivering. Lis, litis, f. the strife, dispute.
Liberator, is, m. a deliverer. Lisc-us, i, m. noun pr.
Libere, adv. from liber. Liter-a, ae, f. a letter of the al-
Liber-i, orum, m. children. phabet.
Liber-o, are, act. to free, acquit; Liter- ae, arum, f. an epistle, let-
(a) crimine. ters.
Liberta-s, tis, f. liberty. Lit-us, or litt-us, oris,n. the shore.
Libet, impers. from libeo; libet Livi-us, i, m. noun pr.
mihi, it pleases me. Locatus, part, of
Libidinos-us, a, um, adj. wanton, Loc-o, are, act. to place, let, hire
lustful. out.
Libid-o, inis, f. one's will, lust. Locupl-es, etis, adj. rich, weal-
Libitin-a, ae, f. the goddess of thy.
funerals. Loc-us, i, m. pi. loci, m. and lo-
Libyc-us, a, um, adj of Libya. . ca, n. a place.
Lib-o, are, act. to taste, make a Londin-um, i, n. London.
libation. Longa, see Alba.
Libo, nis, m. noun pr. Longe, adv. from longus.
Liburn-a, ae, f. (scil. navis), a Longinqu-us, a, um, adj. far off,

galley, man of war. long.

Liburn-us, a, um, adj. Liburnian. Longitud-o, inis, f. the length.
Licenti-a, ae. f. liberty, licentious- Long-us, a, um, adj. long.
ness. Loquax, cis, adj. prating, talka-
Lic-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be tive.
lawful, to be prized by the sel- Loquenti-a, ae, f. prating, talking.
ler. Loqu-or, i; locutus, or loquutus,
Lic-eor, eri, itus, dep. to bid, to dep. to speak.
offer a prize, to cheapen. Lor-um, i, n. a strap, bridle, rein.
238 JLOT LYC

Lot-us, i, c. g. the lote-tree, also Lycae-us, i, m. a mountain of Ar-

its fruit. cadia.
L. S. for loeo sigilli, instead of Lychn-us, i, m. a lamp, light.
the seal. Lycurg-us, i, m. noun pr.
Lubet, impers. it pleases. Lysi-as, ae, m. noun pr.
Luc-eo, ere; luxi, neut. to shine. Lysimach-us, i, m. noun pr.
Lucern-a, ae, f. a lamp, a light. Lysipp-us, i, m. noun pr.
Lucescit, impers. it dawns, it is M. for Marcus.
day. Maced-o, bnis, m. a Macedonian.
Lucesc-o, ere, incept, to grow Macedoni-a, ae, f. noun pr.
clear. Macer, a, um, adj. lean, barren.
Lucifer, i, m. the morning star. Macer-o, are, act. to soften, ema-
Lucili-us, i,m. noun pr. ciate.
Lucin-a, ae, f. the goddess of Machin-a, ae, f. an engine, ma-
childbearing. chine.
Luci-us, i, m. noun pr. Machinator, is, m. an engineer,
Lucr-um, i, n. lucre, gain. contriver.
Luct-or, ari, atus, dep. to strug- Macte, indecl. adj. prosperous.
gle, strive. Maecen-as, atis, m. noun pr.
Luctuos-us, a, um, adj. mourn- Mxn-as, adis, f. pi. Maenades,
ful. women-sacrificers to Bacchus.
Luct-us, us, m. mourning, grief. Magis, adv. more, superl. max-
Lucull-us, i, m. noun pr. ime.
Ludimagist-er, ri, m. a school- Magist-er, ri, m. a master.
master. Magistr-a, ae, f. a mistress.
Lud-o, ere; lus-i, um, act. to Magistrat-us, us, m. a magistracy,
play, cheat. office, magistrate.
Lud-us, i, m. a play, trick, feat. Magnific-us, a um, adj. magnifi-
Lug-eo, ere; luxi, luctum, act. to cent.
mourn. Magniloqu-us, a, um, adj. boast-
Lum-en, inis, n. the light. ing.
Lun-a, ae, f. the moon; also Magnitud-o, inis, greatness.
Diana. Magn-us, a, um, adj. great, comp.
Lu-o, ere, i, itum, act. to pay, major, maximus.
atone. Mai-a, ae, f. the daughter of At-
Lupercali-a,um and orum, n. a las and Pleione, and mother of
honour of Pan.
festival in Mercury.
Luperc-i, orum, m. priests of Mai-us, a, um, adj. of May, Maias
Pan. calendse, the first of May.
Lup-a, ae, f. a she-wolf. Majesta-s, tis, f. majesty.
Lup-us, i, m. a wolf. Major-es, um, m. ancestors.
Lutati-us, i, m. noun pr. Mal-a, ae, f. the jaw, cheekbone,
Lut-um, i, n.clay, mire. cheek.
Lut-um, i, n. a yellow colour. Male, adv. ill, wickedly; comp.
Lux, lucis, f. the light. pejus, pessime.
Luxuri-a, ae, f. luxury, riot. Maledic-us, a, um, adj. slander-
Luxuriose, adv. from ous.
Luxurios-us, a, um, adj. luxu- Maliti-a, ae, f. malice, perverse-
rious. ness.
Lyae-us, i, m. Bacchus. Malo; malle, malui, for magis vo-
 MAL MAT 239
lo, to be more willing-, to wish j
Maturesc-o, ere; maturui, incept,
rather. to ripen.
Mal-um, i, n. an evil. Maturita-s, tis, f. ripeness, matu-
Mal-um, i, n. an apple. rity.
Mal-us, a, urn, evil, bad; comp. Matur-us, a, um, adj. mellow,
pejor, pessimus. ripe.
Mal-us, i, f. an apple-tree. Mauri, orum, m. noun gent.
Mal-us, i, m. the mast of a ship. Mauritani-a, ae, f. noun pr.
Mandatur, impers. from Mavor-s, tis, m. Mars.
Mand-o, are, act. to entrust, Maxime,adv. most.
command. Mazae-us,i, m/noun pr.
Mane, adv. early in the morning. Mecsnas, see Maecenas.
Man-eo, ere; mans-i, um, neut. to Mede-a, ae, f. the daughter of
tarry, wait ; act. to expect, JEtes, king of Colchis, a fa-
await. mous sorceress; also the name
Man-es, ium, m. the spirit, ghost, of a city.
manes. Med-eor, eri, dep. to heal, cure;
Manifest-us, a, um, adj. clear, alicui rei.
evident. Medicin-a, ae, f. physic, medi-
Manli-us, i, m. noun pr. cine.
Mansu-es, etis, c. g. tame, mild. Meditabund-us, a, um, adj. me-
Mansuete, adv. from ditating.
Mansuet-us, a, um, adj. tame, Medit-or, ari, atus, dep. to medi-
meek. tate.
Mantu-a, ae, f. noun pr. Medium, i, n. the midst, middle.
Man-us, us, f. the hand. Medi-us, a, um, adj. middle.
Maroth-on, onis, f. noun pr. Medus-a, ae, f. the daughter of

Marcell-us, i, m. noun pr. Phorcus, hence called Phorcy-

Marci-us, i, noun pr. nis, and Phorcis; she had the
Marc-us, i, m. noun pr. finest hair, which was changed
Mar-e, is, n. the sea, a great ri- into snakes.
ver. Megar-a, ae, f. noun pr.
Marit-us, i, m. a husband. Melibae-us, i, m. noun pr.
Mari-us, i, m. noun pr. Melicerta, see Ino.
Mar-s, tis, m. the God of war. Melius, see bene.
Marti-us, a, um, adj. dedicated to Melpomen-e, es, f. one of the
Mars; campus Murtius, a large nine Muses.
field near Rome, where the Membr-um, i, n. a member,
youth exercised themselves, limb.
and the citizens chose their Memin-i, eram, erim,isse, defect,
magistrates. to remember, to mention.
Mas, maris, m. the male. Memor, is, adj. mindful, remem-
Masiniss-a, ae, m. noun. pr. bering.
Mat-er, ris, f. a mother. Memori-a, ae, f. remembrance,
Materi-a, ae, f. the matter, mate- recollection.
rials. Menela-us, i, m. brother to Aga-
Matron-a, ae, f. a matron, lady. memnon; he was king of Spar-
Matrbn-a, ae, f. the river Marne. j ta, and husband to Helena, who
Mature, adv. from maturus. eloped with Paris, and thus
Maturescens, part, of caused the destruction of Troy.
240 MEN MIL

Men-s, tis, f. the mind, under- Militar-is, is, e, adj. military.

standing". Mille, adj. indecl. pi. milli-a, um,
Mens-a, <e, f. a table, plate, meal. n. a thousand; two thousand
Mens-is, is, m. a month. men, bis mille homines, or duo
Mentio, nis, f. a mention. millia hominum.
Ment-ior, iri, itus, dep. to lie, to Millies, adv. a thousand times.
assert falsely. Milo, nis, m. noun pr.
Mentitus, part, of mentior. Min-<e, arum, f. threats.
Mercator, is, m. a merchant. Minerv-a, se, see Pallas.
Merc-es, edis, f. the wages, re- Minime, adv. least, by no means;
ward. Minimum, adv. least; and neut.
Merc-or, ari, atus, dep. to pur- of minimus, see parvus.
chase. Minist-er,ri, m. a servant, minis-
Mercuri-us, m. the son of Ju-
i, ter.
piter and Maia, god of mer- Ministeri-um, i, n. service, at-
chandise and robbers. tendance.
Mer-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to de- Minor, see parvus.
serve, earn. Min-os, ois, m. a king of Crete,
Mer-eor, eri, itus, dep. to earn, who for his impartial justice
deserve. was made chief judge among
Meretr-ix, Icis, f. a courtesan. the dead.
Meridi-es, ei, m. mid-day, noon. Minotaur-us, i, m. a monster of
Meridi-or, ari, dep. to take a nap. Crete, conceived by Pasiphae;
Merito, adv. deservedly, superl. to this monster were seven
meritissimo. Athenian nobles given every
Merit-um, i, n. merit, desert, re- year to be devoured, till it was
ward. killed by Theseus.
Merop-e, es, f. a daughter of At- Minus, adv. less, comp. of parvus.
las and the darkest of the Ple- Mir-or, ari, atus, dep. to wonder,
iades. admire.
Mer-x, cis, f. any kind of mer- Mir-us, a, um, adj. wonderful.
chandise. Misc-eo, ere, ui; mixtum, or mis-
Mess-is, is, f. harvest. turn, act. to mix.
Met-a, se, f. the limit, end. Miser, a, um, adj. miserable.
Metatus, part, of metor. Miseratio, nis, f. the pitying,
Metell-us, i, m. noun pr. pity.
Method-us, i, f. a method. Miser-eo, ere, see miseret.
Met-ior, iri; mensus, dep. to mea- Miser-eor, eri, miser-tus, or ritus,
sure. dep. to pity; alicujus, or ali-
Met-or, ari, atus, dep. to lay out, quem.
arrange. Miseresc-o, ere, incept, to pity;
Mett-us, i, m. noun pr. alicujus.
Metu-o, ere, 3, turn, act. to fear. Miser-et, ere, impers. to pity;
Met-us, us, m. fear, dread. miseret me tui, Ipity you.
Me-us, a, um, adj. pr. my, mine; Miseri-a, as, f. misery, distress.
voc. sing, raasc.ffli. Missus, part, of mitto.
Mid-as, se, m. a foolish king of Mithridat-es, is, m. noun pr.
Phrygia. Mit-is, is, e, adj. mellow, mild.
Mil-es, itis, c. g. a soldier. Mitt-o, ere; mis-i, missum, act.
Militi-a, ffi, f. the military service. to send.
 MNE MOR 241

Mnemosyn-e, es, f. the mother Mord-eo, ere; momordi, morsum,

of the nine Muses. act. to bite.
Moderabil-is, is, e, adj. mode- Morio, nis, m. a jester, buffoon.
rate. Mor-ior, i, mortuus, dep. to die.
Moderate, adv. from Moriturus, part, of morior.
Moderat-us, a, urn, adj. mode- Mor-or, ari, atus, dep. to stay de-
rate, well governed; and part, lay.
of M5r-or, ari, dep. to act the fool.
Moder-or, ari, atus, dep. to mo- Morphe-us, i, m. the god of
derate, govern; aliquant rem; dreams.
or alicui rei. Mor-s, tis, f. death.
Modesti-a, ae, f. sobriety, modes- Mortal-is. adj. mortal.
is, e,

ty- Mortal-es, ium. m. mortals.

Modo, adv. just now, only; modo, Mortuus, part, of morior.
modo, at one time, at another Mo-s, ris, m. a manner, custom.
time. Mot-us, us, m. a motion.
Mod-us, i, m. measure, rule, Mov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to
manner. move.
Moeni-a, um, and orum, n. the Muci-us, i, m. noun pr.
walls, fortifications. Mug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to
Moer-eo, ere; moestus, neut. to low.
mourn; fob J aliquid. Mulcib-er, ris, or ri, m. a title of
Moeror, is, m. sorrow, lamenta- Vulcan.
tion. Muliebriter, adv. womanish.
Moest-us, a, um, adj. mournful. Mulier, is, f. a woman.
Mdl-es, is, f. a mass, dam, bul- Muliercul-a, ae, a little woman.
wark. Multitud-o, inis, f. a multitude,
Molesti-a, se, f. trouble, uneasi- great number.
ness. Multum, adv. much, comp. plus,
Mblest-us, a, um, adj. trouble- plurimum.
some. Mult-us, a, um, adj. much, ma-
Mol-ior, iri, itus, dep. to move, ny; comp. plus, plurimus.
design, project, undertake. Muluch-a, x, f. noun pr.
Moll-is, is, e, adj. soft, effemi- Mund-us, i, m. the world, uni-
nate. verse.
Molliter, adv. from mollis. Munific-us, a, um, adj. liberal,
Mon-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to bountiful; comp. -entior, -entis-
admonish, warn. 8imus.
Mon-s, tis, m. a mountain. Muniment-um, i, n. a fortifica-
Monstr-um, i,*n. a monster. tion.
Montan-us, a, um, adj. situate, Mun-io, ire, ivi, itum, to fortify,
or being on a mountain. secure.
Mor-a, se, f. a delay, pause. Munitio, nis, f. the fortification.

Moratus, part, of moror. Munitus, part, of munio.

M6rat-us, a, um, adj. endued Mun-us, eris, n. a present, office,
with manners. part.
Morb-us, i, m. a disease, sick- Mur-us, i, m. a wall.
ness. Mu-s, ris, m. a mouse.
{

Morda-x, cis, adj. biting, gnaw- Mus-a, se, f. a muse, song.

ing. Mus-x, arum, f. the nine daugh-
21
242 MUS NAV
ters of Jupiter and Mnemosy- Navig-o, are, act. to sail, sail
ne, the mistresses of all the over.
sciences; their names are Calli- Nav-is, is, f. a ship.
ope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Mel- Navit-a, ae, m. mariner, a sailor.
pomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsi- N. C. for nemine contradicente,
chore, Thalia, and Urania. nobody opposing it, without a
Musice, adv. pleasantly; from division.
Music- us, a, um, adj. poetical, Ne, conj and adv. not, that not,
.

musical; musica ars, music. lest; ne putes, or ne puta, do

Muscul-us, i, m. a little mouse, an not think.
engine of war. Ne, interrog. inclitic, whether;
Mutabil-is, is, e, adj. changeable, es-7ie, art thou ?

unsteady. Necj conj. and not; nee, nee, nei-

Mutil-us, a, um, adj. without ther, nor,- nee enim est, for lie is
horns. not.
Mut-o, are, act. to change. Necessari-us, a, um,adj. necessa-
Nactus, port, of nanciscor. ry.
Nx, adv. verily. Necessari-us, i, m. a friend, con-
Nxni-a, or Neni-a, x, f. the God- federate.
dess of funeral songs. Necesse, adj. n. indecl. neces-
Naia-s, or Nais, plur. Naiades, f. sary.
the nymphs of fountains and Necessita-s, tis, f. necessity.
rivers. Nec-o, are, avi, and ui, atum,
Nam, conj. for, but. act. to kill.
Namque, conj. for. Nect-ar, aris, n. the drink of the
Nancisc-or, i; nactus, dep. to gods, nectar; abl. e.
find, obtain, get. Neciibi, adv. lest in any place.
Nar, naris, m. a river of Umbria. Nefand-us, a, um, adj. impious,
Narciss-us, i, m. a very beautiful horrible.
youth, who, falling in love Nefas, n. indecl. an unlawful ac-
with his own shadow in the tion, vUlany, an impious per-
water, pined away into a daffo- son.
dil. Neglectus, part, of negligo.
Nasc-or, i; natus, dep. pass, to Negligen-s, tis, adj. negligent,
be born, spring, arise; from a neglectful; and part, of negligo.
great family, summo genere. Negligenti-a, x, f. negligence.
Nasic-a, ae, m. noun pr. Neglig-o, ere; negle-xi, ctum,
Nat-a, ae. f. a daughter. act. to neglect, slight.
Natio, nis, f. a nation. Neg-o, are, act. to deny; negant
Nat-o, are, freq. to swim. fas esse, they say it is not right.
Natu, abl. by birth. Negotios-us, a, um, adj. full of
Natur-a, the nature.
se, f. business.
Nat-us, a, um, part, of nascor, Negoti-um, i, n. an affair, busi-
brought forth, born; of an an- ness, thing.
cient family, antiqud familid. Nemes-is, is, f. the goddess of re-
Nauci, gen. nauco, abl. a trifle, venge.
worthless thing. Nem-o, inis, c. g. nobody, no
Naucrat-es, is, m. noun pr. one.
Naur-a, se; f. noun pr. Nemoros-us, a, um, adj. woody,
Naut-a, se, m. a sailor. full of trees.
 NEM NIL 243

Nempe, adv. namely, for. Nil-us,i, m. noun pr. the Nile.

Nem-us, oris, n. a grove, forest. Nimis, adv. too much; nimis in-
Nep-os, otis, m. a grandson, sidiarum, too much artifice.
spendthrift ; pi. nepotes, pos- Nimium, adv. too much.
terity. Ni mi-us,
a, um, adj. too much,
Neptun-us, i, m. the God of the excessive.
sea, and the father of fountains Ningit, it snows; impers. from
and rivers. Ning-o, ere; ninxi, neut. to snow;
Nequam, adj indecl. idle, worth-
. ningunt floribus, they pour
less ; comp. nequior, nequissi- down flowers.
mus. Niob-e, es, f. daughter of Tanta-
Nequando, (for ne aliquando,) lus and wife of Amphion; on
any time.
lest at account of the death of her
Nequaquam, adv. by no means. children, she wept herself into
Neque, conj. and not, not; neque, a statue..
nee, or nee, neque, neither, nor,- Nisi, conj. (for si non), if not,
neque enim possum, for lean- unless.
not. Nit-eo, ere, ui, neut. to shine, to
Nequ-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. I flourish.
cannot. Nit-or, i; nixus, or nisus, dep. to
Nequicquam, or nequidquam, strive, endeavour, rely on, ali-
adv. in vain, not in the least. qua re.
Nequidem, see quidem. Ni-x, vis, f. snow.
Nequis, nequa, nequid, or nequod N-o, are, neut. to swim.
(for ne aliquis), pron. lest any Nobil-is, is, e, adj. notable, noble.
one. Nobilita-s, tis, f. nobility, excel-
Nequiti-a, se, f negligence, wan- lence.
tonness. Noc-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. and
Nereis, plur. Nereid-es, urn, f. act. to hurt; alicui.
the daughters of Nereus and Nocetur, impers. from noceo;
Doris, nymphs of the sea. nocetur mihi, I am hurt, or in-
Nere-us, i, or os, m. the son of jured.
Oceanus and Thetys. Noctu, monopt. abl. by night.
Nero, nis, m. noun pr. Nocturn-us, a, um, adj. noctur-
Nesc-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. and nal, by night.
neut. not to know, to be igno- Nod-us, i, m. a knot.
rant, not to be able. Nolo, (for non volo,) nolle, nolui,
Nes-is, Idis, f. noun pr. of an to be unwilling; noli flere, do
island. not weep.
Nestor, is, m. noun pr. a great Nom-en, inis, n. the name.
orator, who lived three gene- Nomin-o, are, act. to call, name,
rations of men. elect.
Neut-er, ra, rum, adj. gen. ius, Non, adv. not.
dat. i, neither of the two. Non-x, arum, f. the Nones, the
Neve, conj. nor. seventh day of March, May,
Ne-x, cis, f. death. July, and October and the
;

Nig-er, ra, rum, adj. black, dark. fifth in the other months.
Nihil, n. indecl. nothing. Nondum, adv. not yet.
Nihil-um, i, n. nothing. Nosc-o, ere; novi, notum, act. to

Nil, see nihil. know, understand.

244 NOS NUM
Nost-er, ra, rum, pron. our, ours. Numquis, or nun-quis, quae, quid,
Nostra-s, tis, adj. of our country pron. is there any?
or sect. Nunc. adv. now, at present.
N6t-a, ae, f. a mark, note. Nunciatur, nuncio, etc. see nun-
Noth-us, a, um, adj. of mixed tiatur, etc.
breed, illegitimate. Nuncup-o, are, act. to name, call.
Not-o, are, act. to mark, note, Nunquam, adv. never.
observe. Nunti-a, ae, f. a messenger, re-
Not-us, a, um, adj known, noto-
. porter.
rious; part, of nosco. Nuntiatur, impers. from
Not-us, i, m. the south wind. Nunti-o, are, to tell, relate, an-
Nove, adv. from novus, newly, nounce.
after a new manner; supcrl. Nunti-us, i, m. a messenger.
novissime, the last time, lastly. Nuper, adv. lately; superl. n«-
Novendial-is, is, e, adj. continu- perrime.
ing- for nine days. Nur-us, us, f. a daughter in law.
N6v-us, a, um, adj. new; res no- Nusquam, adv. nowhere.
vae, a change of government, a Nutr-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to
reform; superl. novissimus, the nurse, nourish.
last; novissimum agmen y the Nut-us, us, m. the nod, will, plea-
rear. sure.
No-x, ctis, the night.
f. Nyctimen-e, es, f. the daughter
Nub-es, is, f. a cloud. of Nycteus, who, on account of
Nubil-a, orum, n. clouds, mists. her incestuous conduct, was
Nubil-us, a, um. adj. cloudy. changed into an owl.
Nub-o, ere; nup-si, turn, act. to O! interj. O!
veil one's self, to take for a Ob, prep. ace. for, before.
husband; alicui. Obedien-s, tis,adj. obedient; part,
Nudatus, part, of nudo. of
Nud-o, are, act. to make bare, Obed-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to
to strip. obey, comply with, alicui.
Nud-us, a, um, adj. naked, de- Ob-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. to go
fenceless, destitute ; alicujus to, to visit, to encompass, go
reiy (a or e) aliqua re. through with.
Nugator, is, m. a trifler. Objic-io, ere; objec-i, turn, act.
Null-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. to throw before, expose, op-
»', none, no. pose.
Num-a, ae, m. noun pr. Oblect-o, are, act. to delight.
Num-en, inis, n. a divine decree, Oblig-o, are, act. to bind, oblige.
a deity, a god, or goddess, Oblin-o, ere; levi, litum, act. to
power, influence. daub over, to line.
Numer-o, are, act. to number, Oblitus, part, of oblino.
count, reckon. Oblltus, part, of obliviscor.
Numer-us, i, m. a number. Oblivio, nis, f. the forgetting, ob-
Numid-a, ae, c. g. a Numidian. livion.
Numidi-a, ae, f. noun pr. Oblivisc-or, i; oblltus, dep. to for-
Numitor, is, m. the grandfather get; alicujw rei, or aliquam
of Romulus and Remus. rem.
Numm-us, or num-us, i, m. a coin, Obnunti-o, are; act. to declare
or piece of money. against.
 OBR OCC 245

Obru-o, ere, i, turn, act. to over- Occas-us, us, m. the setting

whelm, ruin. of the sun, fall, death.
Obscur-o, are, act. to darken, hide. Occld-o, ere, i; occisum, act. to
Obscur-us, a, urn. adj. dark, ob- kill, ruin.
scure . Occid-o, ere, i; occasum, neut.
Obseerans, part, of to fall, set, to be destroyed.
Obsecr-o, are, act. to beg", con- Occisus, part, of occldo.
jure, entreat. Occul-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to co-
Obsequi-um,i, n. obsequiousness, ver, conceal.
obedience. Occult-us, a, um, adj. secret, ob-
Observanti-a, ae, f. regard, com- scure, concealed; part, of oc-
plaisancy. culo.
Obs-es, idis, c. g. a hostage. Occup-o, are, act. to take, occu-
Obsess-us, part of py. .

Obsid-eo, ere; obse-di, ssum, act. Occurritur, imp. from

to sit about, besiege. Occurr-o, ere, i, and occucurri,
Obsidio, nis, f a siege.
. occursum, neut. to succour, to
Obsol-eo, ere, ui, or evi, neut. to meet.
grow out of use. Ocean us, i, m. the god of the
Obsolet-us, a, um, adj. obsolete, sea, and husband of Thetys.
stale; and part, of obsoleo. Och-us, i, m. noun pr.
Obstatur, opposition is made, Ocior, or ocy-or, us, comp.
impers. from swifter; superl. ocyssimus.
Obst-o, are; stiti, stitum, or sta- Ocius, or ocyus, adv. more
tum, neut. and act. to stand speedily, superl. ocyssime.
against, oppose. Octavi-us, i, m. noun pr.
Obstrep-o, ere, ui, itum, act. to Octo, adj. indecl. eight.
make a noise against, to inter- Octon-i, se, a, adj. eight, eight
rupt by noise. by eight.
Obstup-eo, ere, ui, neut. or Oculat-us, a, um, adj. having
Obstupesc-o, ere, incept, to be eyes; oculatus testis, an eye-
astonished. witness.
Ob -sum, esse, fui, neut. to be Ocul-us, i, m. an eye.
against, to hurt; alicui. Ocyor, see ocior.
Obtemperatio, nis. f. compliance. Odi, oderam, oderim, elc. defect.
Obtemperatur, obedience is paid, I hate, I have hated.
impers. from Odi-um, i, n. hatred.
Obtemper-o, are, neut. to com- CEdip-us, i, and CEdipodis, m.
ply with; alicui. son of Laius and Jocasta, and
Obtest-or, ari, atus, dep. to call King of Thebes, who solved
to witness, to protest, implore, the riddle of the Spinx; he un-
aliquem or aliquid. wittingly killed his father, and
Obtin-eo, ere, ui; tentum, act. to married his mother; being in-
keep, obtain. formed of his errors by Tyre-
Obtrunc-o, are, act. to kill. sius the seer, he ran mad and
Ohviam, adv. in the way, to meet; tore out his eyes.
ire obviara alicui, to go to meet OZnotri-i, orum, m. the ancient
some one. inhabitants of Italy.
Obvi-us, a, um, adj. meeting, OfFer-o, re; obtuli, oblatum, act.
in the way. to bring to, to offer.
21
246 OFF OPE
Offic-io, ere; ofFec-i, turn, to hin- Cybele, Rhea, and the mother
der, obstruct; alicui. of the gods.
Oflici-um, i, n. a duty, kindness, Oper-ior, iri, tus and itus, dep. to
employment. stay, wait for.
Ohe! interj. enough! Oppidan-us, i, m. a townsman.
Ol-eo, ere, ui and evi, itum, and Oppid-um, i, n. a walled town, a
•
etum, neut. to smell, savour. town.
Ole-um, i, n. oil. Oppl-eo ere,evi,etum, act. to fill.
Olim, adv. sometime past, former- Oppon-o, ere; oppos-ui, itum,
I) , lately, one day.
r
act. to oppose; one's self to
Olor, is, m. a swan. someone, se alicui.
Olympi a, orum, n. the Olympic Opportun-us, a, um, adj. conve-
games, celebrated every fifth nient, useful, seasonable.
year near Olympia, in honour Opposi-tus, part of oppono.
of Jupiter Olympus. Opprim-o, ere; oppress-i, um,
Omitt-o, ere; omi-si, ssum, act. act. to destroy, oppress, en-
to omit, neglect. slave.
Omnino, adv. wholly, entirely. Oppugn-o, are, act. to fight
Omnipoten-s, tis, adj. almighty. against, to assault.
Omn-is, is, e, adj. all, whole, Optimus, see bonus.
every. Optim-us, i, m. a title of Jupiter.
Omphal-e, es, f. a queen of Ly- Opt-o, are, act. to wish, select.
dia,with whom Hercules was Op-us, eris, n. a work, task, diffi-
so enamoured, that she made culty; in the nom. and ace.
him submit to spinning and to need; mihi opus est aliqua re,
the chastisement of the slipper. or alicujus ret; res aliqua mihi
Onerari-us, a, um, adj. serving for opus est,- opus habeo aliqua re y
burden; ?iavis oneraria, a ship I hove need of something, 1 am
of burden. in want of something.
On-us, eris, n. a burden. Oracul-um, i, n. an oracle, an an-
Onust-us, a, um, adj. laden, filled swer from the gods, the place
with, aliqua re, or alicujus rei. where it is given.
Opac-us,a, ,um,adj. shady, dusky.
r
Oratio, nis, f. a speech, oration.
Oper-a, se, f. labour, service. Orator, m. a speaker, orator.
is,

Oper-io, ire, ui, turn, act. to co- Orb-is, m. a circle, orb, globe.
is,

ver, conceal. Orb-us, a, um, adj. bereaved;

Oper-or, ari, dep. to work, to be utroque parente, an orphan.
employed in. Ordin-o, are, act. to regulate, or-
Opertus, part, of operio. dain.
Opes, um, f. riches, power. Ord-ior, iri; orsus and orditus,
Opinio, nis, f. an opinion, reputa- dep. to begin, decree.
tion. Ord-o, inis, m. an order, law.
Opis, gen. opem, ace. ope, abl. Ore-as, adis, f. pi. Oreades,
f. help, power. nymphs in Diana's train.
Oport-eo, or rather Orest-es, is, and se, m. the son of
Oport-et, ere, uit, impers. it be- Agamemnon and Clytemnestra;
hoves; oportet me, I ought. he slew his own mother and
Ops, Opis, f. the daughter of Coe- her paramour iEgisthus; he
lus and Vesta, sister and wife also slew Pyrrhus the son of
of Saturn; she is also called Achilles, for marrying Her-
 OEG PAC 247
mione, promised to him by her P. for Publius.
father Menelaiis. Pacatus, part, of paco.
Orgetori-x, gis, m.noun pr. Pacisc-or, i; pactus, dep. to cove-
Orgi-a, orum, n. sacred rites of nant, agree.
Bacchus, celebrated in the Pac-o, are, act. to subdue, ap-
night with great disorder. pease.
Orien-s, tis, (scil. sol) m. the Pactus, part, of paciscor, having
rising sun, the east; part, of agreed, being agreed upon.
Or-ior, iri, ortus, dep. to rise, to Paean, is, m. a title of Apollo.
be born. Palam, prep. abl. before, in the
Oriund-us, a, um, adj. descended presence of.
from, risen \from the same stock, Palam, adv. openly, publicly.
(ab) eodem semine. Palaem-on, Snis, m. see Ino.
Ornate, adv. from Pales, is, f. the goddess of hus-
Ornat-us, a, um, adj. elegant, bandry.
graceful, part, of Palladium, i, n. an image of
Orn-o, are, act. to adorn, equip. Minerva, which the Trojans
Or-o, are, act. to beg, entreat. fancied to have fallen from
Oront-es, is, m. noun pr. heaven, and that their city
Orphe-us, i, or os, m. the son of could not be taken, whilst that
Jupiter, and Calliope; he ex- image remained there.
celled as a poet and musician, Pall-as, adis, f. the goddess of
and was torn in pieces by the wisdom and arms; she was
Maenades for shunning women born from Jupiter's brain by
after the death of his wife Eu- Vulcan's assistance; she was
rydice. worshipped under the names of
Ortus, part, of orior, risen, de- Minerva, Mhena and Tritonia.
scended from; Ortus (a) diis, Palli-um, i, n. a cloak.
descended from the gods. Palm-es, m. a twig.
itis,

Ort-us, us, m. the rising, birth, Pal-us, udis, f. a moor, fen.

beginning. Pal-us, i, m. a post, stake.
Os, oris, n. the mouth; plur. ora, Paluster, or rather palustr-is, is,

oribus, etc. e, adj. moorish.

Os, ossis, n. a bone; gen. pi. os- Pan, is, or os, m. the god of
tium. shepherds.
Oscul-um,i,n. a little mouth, a kiss. Pan?eti-us, i, m. noun pr.
Ostend-o, ere, i; osten-sum, and Pand-o, ere, i; pansum, and pas-
turn, act. to show, prove. sum, act. to open, spread.
Ostracism-us, i, m. ostracism, Pandor-a, x, f. a woman made by
voting by shells. Vulcan, to whom every God
Othr-ys, yos, m. a mountain in made a present; Jupiter pre-
Thessaly. sented her with a box contain-
Oti-um, i, n. leisure, retirement. ing all kinds of evils, with hope
Ovat, defect, verb, he triumphs at the bottom.
in the lesser triumph. Pan-is, is, m. bread, a loaf, gen.
Ovil-e, is, n. a sheep-fold. pi. panum.
Ov-is, is, f. and m. a sheep. Panthe-on, a temple in Rome,
Ov-um, i, n. an egg; ab ovo usque consecrated to all the gods.
ad mala, from the beginning- to Papae! interj. O strange!
the end. Papyr-us, i, f. a shrub growing
248 PAR PAS

near the Nile, the paper made Pasc-o, ere; pavi, pastum, act. to
of it. feed, nourish; pass.
Par, paris, adv. even, equal. Pasc-or, i, pastus, pass, to be fed,
Par, paris, n. a pair. to live on, aliqua re.
Parc-a, ae, f. pi. Parc-ae, arum, Pasipha-e, es, f. the wife of Mi-
the Fates, daughters of Erebus nos, king of Crete, who is said
and Nox, three in number, viz. to have fallen in love with a
Clothoy holdeth the distaff, La- bull, and to have brought forth
chesis spins the thread of hu- the Minotaur, partly man, and
man life, and Mropos cuts it partly bull.
off. Pass-er, eris, m. a sparrow.
Parcitur, impers. from Passim, adv. every where, in ev-
Parc-o, ere; peperci, and pars-i, ery direction.
um, neut. to spare, abstain Pass-us, part, of patior, and pan-
from, pardon, alicui. do.
Paren-s, tis,g. a parent; pi.
c. Pass-us, us, m. a step, five feet.
parmt-es, um, and ium, pa- Pastill-us, i, m. a pomander.

rents. Pastor, is, m. a shepherd.

Paren-s, tis, adj. obedient, part. Patare-us, i, m. a title of Apollo.
of Patavi-um, i, n. noun pr. Padua.
Par-eo, ere, itum, neut. to
ui, Pat-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be open,
obey, comply with; alicui. evident, to extend.
Paricid-a, ae, c. g. a parricide. Pat-er, ris, m. a father.
Pari-es, etis, m. the wall of a Patern-us, a, um, adj. fatherly,
room. parental, father's.
Par-io, ere; peperi, partum; act. Patien-s, tis, adj. able, or willing
to beget, bring forth, cause. to bear; alicujus rei; part, of
m. the son of Priam,
Pari-s, idis, patior.
who being sent on an embassy Patienti-a, patience.
ae, f.

to Menelaus, king of Lacede- Pat-ior, iri, passus, dep. to suffer,

mon, fell in love with his wife undergo.
Helena, and carried her to Patri-a, ae, f. one's native coun-
Troy, which caused the de- try.
struction of Troy. Patri-us, a, um, adj. paternal,
Parmenio, nis, m. noun pr. native.
Parnass-us, i, m. a mountain in Patr-o, are, act. to perform.
Phocis, the favourite seat of Patron-us, i, m. a patron, protec-
the muses. tor.
Par-o, are, act. to prepare, pro- Patru-us, i, m.a father's brother,
cure. uncle.
Par-s, tis, f. a part, share, party. Pauc-i, ae, a, adj. few; comp.
Parsimoni-a, ae, f. parsimony, pauciores, paucissimi.
economy. Paulatim, adv. by degrees, little
Parthenop-e, es, f. one of the by little.

Sirens. Paulo, adv. by a little,

Part-ior, iri, itus, dep. to divide. Paululo, adv. and abl. of paulu-
Part-us, us, m. the birth. lus, by a little.
Parum, adv. little, not enough. Pauper, is, adj. poor.
Parv-us, a, um, adj. small, little, Pauperi-es, ei, f. poverty.
com p. minor, minimus. Pauperta-s, tis, f. poverty.
 PAU PEN 249
Pausani-as, se, m. noun pr. Icarus, and wife of Ulysses,
Pavid-us, a, urn, adj. fearful, famous for her chastity.
frightened. Penes, prep. ace. in the power
Pa-x, cis, f. peace. of.
P. C. for Patres conscripti, con- Penetr-o, are, act. to penetrate,
script fathers. enter into.
Peccat-um, i, n. a fault, of- Penn-a, se, f. a feather, pen.
fence. Pen-us, i, or us, m. store, provi-
Peccat-ur, impers. from sions.
Pecc-o, are, neut. and act. to do Pen-us, oris, n. provisions.
amiss, blunder, transgress. Per, prep. ace. through, by.
Pect-en, inis, m. and n. a comb, Peragr-o, are, act. and neut. to
rake. travel over, to traverse.
Pect-us, oris, n. the breast. Percussus, part, of
Pecuni-a, x, money, a sum of Percut-io, ere; percuss-i, um,
money. act. to strike, fell, slay.
ec-us, oris, n. iidis, f. and m. a Perdicc-as, x, m. noun pr.
sheep, a flock of sheep, cattle. Perdit-us, a, um, adj wretched, .

Ped-es, itis, c. g. a footman. desperate; and part, of perdo.

Pedester, or pedestr-is, is, e, adj. Perd-ix, icis, c. g. a partridge.
on foot. Perd-o, ere, idi, ltum, act. to
Pegas-us, 3, m. Perseus' s winged lose, destroy.
horse. Perduc-o, ere; perdu-xi, ctum, to
Pelag-us, i, n. the sea; plur. pe- lead through, persuade.
lage. Perductus, part of perduco.
Pele-us, or os, m. the son of
i, Peregrin-us, a. um, adj. alien,
JEacus, and father of Achilles foreign.
by Thetis. Perexigu-us, a, um, adj. very lit-
Pelid-es, x, m. the son of Peleus, tle.
Achilles. Perfectio, nis, f. perfection, fin-
Peli-on, i, n. a mountain of Thes- ishing.
saly. Perfectus, part, of perficio.
Pell-is, is, f. the skin, hide. Perfer-o, re; pertuli, perlatum,
Pel-ops, opis, m. the son of Tan- act. to carry through, to en-
talus, who
killed him when a dure, report.
child,and served him up to Perfic-io, ere; perfec-i, turn, act.
the Gods, who restored him to finish, effect.
again to life. Perfidi-a, se, f. treachery.
Pelv-is, a wash-basin.
is, f. Perfid-us, a, um, adj. treacher-
Penat-es, um, m. small statues of ous, false.
the household gods. Perfugi-um, i, n. a refuge.
Pend-eo, ere; pependi, n. to Perfund-o, ere, fudi, fusum, act.
hang. to bedew, besprinkle.
Pend-o, ere, pependi, pensum, Perfung-or, i; perfunctus, dep.
act. to weigh, rate, pay; pende- to discharge, execute, go
re aliquid parvi, to regard through with; aliqua re.
something little ;penderepo3naa t \ Periculose, dangerously, with
to suffer punishment. danger, adv. from
Pene, adv. almost. Periculos-us, a, um, adj. danger-
Penelop-e, es, f. the daughter of ous.
250 PER PER
Pericul-um, 1, n. the danger. Pertin-eo, ere, neut. to reach,
Perinde, adv. as, as if; perinde ac, belong; tome, ad me.
just as if. Pervagat-us, a, um, adj. public,
Perit-us, a, um, adj. skilled, ex- spread abroad; and part, of
pert; in the law, juris, or jure. Pervag-or, ari, atus, dep. to wan-
Perleg-o, ere, i; perlectum, act. der over, traverse.
to read through, to take a view. Perven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to
Permansio, nis, f. a stay. come to, obtain; ad aliquid.
Permissus, part, of Pervert-o, ere, i; perversum, act.
Permitt-o, ere; permis-i,sum,act. to overthrow, corrupt.
to permit, suffer. Pervolo; velle, volui, to desire
Permov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to earnestly.
persuade, induce. Pe-s, dis, m. a foot.
Pernici-es, ei, f. destruction, Pest-is, is, f. a pest, plague.
death. Petens, part, of
Pernicios-us, a, um, adj. destruc- Pet-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to beg,
tive, fatal. seek, aim at, go to.
Pern-ix, Icis, swift, nimble. Petrei-us, i, m. noun pr.
Peros-us, a, um, part, of perodi, Petulan-s, tis, adj. insolent, wan-
hating greatly; the tight, lucem. ton.
Perpauc-i, x, a, adj. very few. Phaeton, tis, m. the son of Sol
Perpet-ior, i; perpessus, dep. to and Clymene; having obtained
suffer, bear with. the guidance of his father's
Perpetu-us, a, um, adj. endless. chariot for one day, and being
Pers-a, x, m. a Persian. unable to manage the horses,
Persequ-or, i; persecutus, dep. to he set the world on fire; where-
pursue. fore Jupiter struck him with a
Perse i-s,dis, f. the daughter of thunderbolt into the river Po;
Perseus. his sisters bewailed his death
Perse-us, i, or os, m. the son of till they were changed into
Jupiter and Danae, he attack- poplar trees.
ed Medusa, and cut off her Phasel-us, i, c. g. a kind of
head, wherewith he performed pulse.
many extraordinary exploits. Philadelphiens-is, is,c.g. a Phila-
Persever-o, are, neut. to perse- delphian.
vere, persist. philipp-i, orum, m. noun pr.
Person-a, x, f. a person, an actor. phillipp-us, i, m. noun pr.
Persuad-eo, ere; persuas-i, um, philo, nis, m. noun pr.
act. to persuade, advise, alicui Philomel-a, x, f. daughter of Pan-
aliquid. dion, king of Athens; she was
Persuadetur, impers. from per- ravished by her brother-in-law
suadeo; mihi, I am persuaded. Tereus, and changed into a
Pertaes-us, a, um, part, of pertse- nightingale.
det, weary of, displeased with, Philosophi-a, x, f. philosophy,
alicujus rei, or aliquam rem. love of wisdom.
Pertimesc-o, ere, incept, to fear Philosoph-us,i,m. a philosopher.
greatly. Philot-as, x, m. noun pr.
Pertinaci-a, x, f. obstinacy. Phlegethon, tis. m. one of the
Pertinaciter, adv. from infernal rivers.
Pertina-x, cis, adj. obstinate. Phlegy-as, ae, -m. a king of the
 PHO PL A 251

Lapithae, he burnt the temple Placent-a, ae, f. a cake.

of Apollo, at Delphi, where- Placeo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to
fore the enraged god killed, please, delight; alicui.
and placed him in hell under a Placet, impers. from placeo, it
huge stone, which he imagines pleases; alicui.
every moment will fall down Placid-us, a, um, adj. gentle,
upon him. mild.
Phoebe-us, a um, adj. Phoebean. Plag-a, ae, f. a climate, a net.
Phoeb-us, i, m. a name of Apol- Plag-a, ae, f. a blow, stripe.
lo. Planet-a, ae, m. a planet.
Phoeniss-a, ae, f. Dido, the Phoeni- Platan-us, i, and us, f. the plane-
cian. tree.
Phorcis, and Phorcyni-s, dos, f. Plato, nis, m. noun pr.
a name of Medusa. Plaustr-um, i, n. a cart.
Phorcys, or Phorc-us, i, m. a sea Plaut-us, i, m. noun pr.
god, the son of Pontus and Plebs, ebis, f. the commons, the
Terra; he married his sister mob.
Ceto, by the whom he had the Plect-o, ere; plex-i, um, act. to
Gorgons Stheno, Euryale and twist, knit, punish.
Medusa. Pleiad-es, um,
the seven daugh-f.

Phr-yx, ygis, m. a Phrygian; pi. and Pleione; they

ters of Atlas
Phryges. were changed into stars, and
Pic-a, ae, f. a magpie. placed near Taurus.
Pictor, is, m. a painter. Plen-us, a,um, adj. full, abound-
Pictus, part, of pingo. ing; aliqua re, or ulicujus rei.
Pie, adv. from pius, sup. pits- Plerique, pleraeque, pleraque,
si me. adj. the most, the greatest part.
Pier-is, dis,
f. pi. Piendes, the Pluit, it rains; impers. from
Muses, daughters of Pierus. Plu-o, ere, i, or vi, to rain, show-
Pieta-s, tis, f. piety, affection. er down.
Pig-er, ra, rum, adj. slothful, la- Plus, pluris, neut. pi. plures,
plura, or pluria, more, comp.
Piget, it irks, grieves; impers. of multus.
from pig-eo, ere. ui, neut. to Plus, adv. more, superl. pluri-
be loth, dislike. mum.
Pign-us, oris, n. a pawn, pledge. Pluto, nis, m. the son of Saturn,
Pigre, adv. from piger. and brother of Jupiter and
Pil-a, ae, f. a ball, any thing round. Neptune, and king of hell.
Pll-a, ae, f. prop, pestle. P. M. for post meridiem, after
Pile-us, i, m. a hat, cap. mid-day.
Pll-um, i, n. a javelin, dart. Pocul-um, i, n. a cup.
Ping-o, ere; pinxi; pictum, act. Podagr-a, ae, f. the gout in the
to paint, feign. feet.
Pingu-is, is, e, adj. fat, rude. Poema, tis, n. a poem.
Pisc-is, is, m. a fish. Poen-a, a punishment, fine;
ae, f.

Pith-o, us, f. the goddess of elo- dare poenas, to be punished,- su-

quence. mere pcenas, to punish.
Pi-us, a, um, adj. pious, affec- Poen-i, orum, m. a people near
tionate. Carthage, the Carthaginians.
Pi-x, cis, f. pitch. Poenitenti-a, ae, f. repentance.
 252 P(EN POP

Poenit-eo, ere, ui, neut. to cause Populatio, nis, f. the destroying,

pain, or remorse. pillaging.
Pcenitet, impers. from poeniteo, Popul-or, ari, atus, dep. to plun-
it grieves; pcenitet me facti, I der, lay waste.
am sorry for my deed. Popiil-us, i, m. a nation, people.
Poet-a, x, m. a poet, contriver. Popiil-us, i, f. a poplar tree.
Pol, for Pollucem, adv. by Pol- Porc-us, i, m. hog.
lux. Port-a, x, f. a gate.
Pol-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to pol- Portic-us, us, f. a porch, gallery .

ish, adorn. Portitor, is, m. a porter, ferry-

Politori-um, i. n. pr. noun man.
Pollic-eor, eri, itus, dep. to pro- Portun-us, or Portumn-us, i, m.
mise. a sea-god.
Pollu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to de- Port-us, us, m. a port, harbour.
file, pollute. Posc-o, ere, poposci, act. to de-
Poll-ux, ucis, m. the twin bro- mand, beg".
ther of Castor, they were made Positus, part, of pono.
the sign Gemini. Possessio, nis, f. a possession.
Polybi-us, i, m. noun pr. Possum, posse, potui, to be able,
Polydor-us, i, m, a son of Priam. 1 may, can; non possum non,
Polyhymni-a, <e, f. one of the I must.
Muses. Post, prep. ace. after, behind.
Polyphem-us, i, m. the son of Post, adv. afterwards.
Neptune, and a Cyclops, he Postea, adv. afterwards; postea
had but one eye, and that in loci, after that.
the middle of his forehead. Posteaquam, after that.
Pomon-a, <e, f. the goddess of Posterita-s,tis, f. posterity.
fruit. Poster-us, a, um, adj. the next,
Pompeian-us, a, um, adj. belong- that cometh after; comp. poste-
ing or attached to Pompey. rior, postremus, latter, last.
Pompei-us, or Pompej-us, i, m. Posthab-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to
Pompey. set behind, to esteem less.
Pompili-us, i, m. noun pr. Posthabitus, part, of posthabeo.
Pomponi-us, i,m. noun pr. Posthumi-us, i, m. noun p.
Pom-um, i, n. an apple. Postmodo, adv. afterwards.
Pondo, n. indecl. sing, and pi. Postquam, adv. after, after that.
pound weight. Postridie, adv. the next day after;
Pond-us, eris, n. a weight, bur- postridie ejus diet, the day after
den. that day,- postridie ludos, the
Pone, prep. ace. after, behind. day after the games.
Pon-o, ere; pos-ui, itum, act. to Potenti-a, <e, f. power, influ-
put, place. ence.
Pon-s, tis, m. abridge. Potesta-s, tis, f. power, govern-
Pontif-ex, icis, m. a pontiff. ment.
Pont-us, i, (Euxinus) m. the Pot-ior, iri, itus, dep. to possess,

black sea, also the country enjoy, obtain, to make one's

near it. self master of; aliqua re, or ali-
Popili-us, i, m. noun pr. cujus rei.
Populabund-us, a, um, adj. de- Poti-or, or, us, comparative of
stroying, laying waste; aliquid. potis, more powerful, better,
 POT PR.E 253
more eligible ; rempublicam Prx-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. and
privato commodo potiorem ha- neut. to go before, to advise,
buit, he preferred the good of excel; alicui, aliquid.
the commonwealth to his own Praefect-us, i, m. a governor.

advantage. Pracfer-o, re, praetuli, praelatum,

Polius, adv. rather, better, su- act. to prefer, to carry before.
perl. potissimum. Praefrigid-us, a, um, adj. very
Pot-o, are, avi, atum, or um, act. cold, cold.
to drink hard, to get drunk, to Pradi-um, i, n. a battle, conten-
drink. tion.
Pot-us, a, um, part, having" drunk, Praeluc-eo, ere; praeluxi, act. and
being" drunk. neut. to shine before, to out-
P. R. for populics Romanus, the shine.
Roman people. Praerip-io, ere, ui ;
praereptum,
Prte, prep. abl. before, in com- act. to forestall, take.
parison of, for. Praerump-o, ere; rup-i, turn, act.
Prxb-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to to break in pieces.'
yield, allow, show. Praerupt-us, a, um, adj. craggy,
Praeced-o, ere; cess-i, um, act. steep; and part, of praerumpo.
and neut. to go before, outgo, Prae-s, dis, m. a surety in money
excel. matters.
Praecept-um, i, n. a command- Praesen-s, tis, adj. present, pro-
ment. pitious.
Praecip-io, ere ; praecepi, turn, Praesertim, adv. especially, chief-
act. to command, direct, teach;
alicui aliquid. Praesid-eo, ere; praese-di, ssum,
Praecipit-o, are, act. to over- neut. to preside, manage; ali-
throw, precipitate. cui.
Praecipitur, impers. from praeci- Praesidi-um,i,n. a garrison, guard.
pio; prsecipitar mihi, I am com- Praestan-s, tis, adj. excellent, and
manded, direction is given to me. part, of pracsto.
Praecipue, adv. especially, chiefly. Praestat,it is better, impers. of
Praecipu-us, a, um, adj. chief, praesto.
principal. Praestitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to
Praeclar-us, a, um, adj. very clear, prescribe, determine.
noble. Prxst-o, are, iti, itum, and atum,
Praeco, nis, m. a public crier. act. and neut. to perform, show,
Pracco-x, cis, adj. early, ripe. stand before.
Praecurr-o, ere, i; or praecucur-ri, Praestring-o, ere ; praestri-nxi,
praecursum, act. to forerun, ex- ctum, act. to bind, dazzle, dim,
cel. Prae-sum, esse, fui, to preside
Praed-a, ac, f. a prey, booty. over, to manage.
Praedic-o, are, act. to proclaim, Praeter, prep. ace. except, beside,
affirm. contrary to.
Pracdic o, ere; praedi-xi, ctum, Praeter-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. to
act. to foretel. pass by, neglect.
Praedit-us, a, um, adj. endued Practeritus, part, of prxtereo,
with; the highest offi.ce y summo past, past by.
magistratu. Practermitt-o, ere, mis-i, sum, act.
Pracdiv-es, itis, adj. very rich to let pass, to omit.
22
254 PRJE PRI

Praeterveh-o, ere; ve-xi, ctum, Privat-us, a, um, adj. private,

act. to carry past, or along*. one's own.
Praetext-us, us, m. a pretence. Pro, prep. abl. for, with respect
Praetor, is, m. a praetor, chief of- to.
ficer. Prob-o, are, act. to prove, try,
Praetori-um, i, n. the general's approve.
tent. Proc. for proconsul, is, m. a pro-
Praevaricatio, nis, f. prevarica- consul.
tion, treachery. Proced-o, ere; cessi-i, um, neut.
Praeven-io, ire, i, turn, act. and to proceed, prosper.
neut. to anticipate, come be- Procell-a, ae, f. a tempest, com-
fore. motion.
Prat-um, i, n. a meadow. Procer-us, a, um, adj. high.
Prec-is, gen. i, em, e, f. intreaty, Procul, adv. far, far off"; procul
prayer. fab J hoste, far from the ene-
Prem-o, ere; press- i, um, act. to my.
press, weigh down, oppress. Procumb-o, ere; cub-ui, itum,
Presbyter, i, m. an elder, presby- neut. to lie down, to prostrate
ter. one's self.
Pressus, part, of premo. Procur-o, are, act. to manage.
Preti-um, i, n. the price, re- Prodigi-um, i, n. a prodigy, mi-
ward. racle.
Priamid-es, is, m. a son of Priam. Proditio, nis, f. discovery, treach-
Priam-us, i, m. Priam, the son of ery.
Laomedon, and last king of Proditor, is, m. a traitor, discloser.
Troy. Prod-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to de-
Priap-us, i, the son of Bacchus clare, betray.
and Venus, he presided over Produc-o, ere; du-xi, ctum, act.
gardens, lakes, and obscenity. to produce, draw out.
Pridie, on the day before; pridie Proelium, see praelium.
ejus diet, the day before that day; Proetid-es, um, f. the daughters
pridie cakndas, the day before of Proetus, who, on account of
the first. their pride, were struck with
Pridem, adv. lately, long ago, madness, and imagined them-
comp. prius, primum. selves to be cows.
Primo, adv. first, at first. Profan-o, are, act. to profane,
Primum, adv. first. pollute.
Prim-us, a, um, adj. first. Profan-us, a, um, adj. profane,
Princ-eps, ipis, c. g. first, chief, wicked.
principal. Profa-ris, ri, tus, dep. to speak
Principi-um, i, n. a beginning, out.
principle. Profectio, nis, f. a departure.
Pri-or, or, us, adj. comp. the for- Prbfecto, adv. indeed, truly.
mer, the better. Profect-us, part, of proficiscor.
Prisc-us, a, um, adj. old, ancient. Profect-us, us, m. progress, ad-
Pristin-us, a, um, adj. ancient, vantage.
former. Professus, part, of profiteor.
Prius, adv. before, sooner. Prbfest-us, a, um, adj. not holy;
Priusquam, adv. sooner than, be- profestus dies, a common, or
fore. work day.
 PRO PRO 255
Profic-io, ere; profec-i, turn, to Prompt-us, a, um, adj. ready,
profit, to do good. inclined.
Proficisc-or, i; profectus, dep. to Pronepo-s, tis, a nephew's son,
set out, advance. a great grandchild.
Profit-eor, eri; professus, dep. to Prbnept-is, is, f. a niece's daugh-
profess, acknowledge, declare. ter.
Proflig-o, are, act. to rout, ruin. Pronub-us, a, um, adj. of mar-
Profluen-s, adj. fluent, flow-
tis, riage.
ing; part, of Pronuntiatus, part, of
Proflu-o, ere, xi, xum, neut. to Pronunti-o, are, act. to speak
gush out. out, declare.
Profug-io, ere, i, itum, neut. Pron-us, a, um, adj. stooping,
and act. to fly, escape, forsake. inclined.
Profug-us, a, urn, adj. fleeing, Propag-o, inis, f. a race, lineage.
driven away. Propag-o, inis, f. a shoot, or vine.
Profund-o, ere; fud-i, sum, act. Propag-o, are, act. to propagate,
to pour out, to waste. to multiply.
Profund-us, a um, adj. deep, Prope, adv. nigh, near; comp.
high. propius, proxime,- prope fadJ
Progeni-es, ei, f. a progeny, off- castra, near the camp; proxime
spring. fadj Hispaniam, nearest to
Prognat-us, a, um,adj. born, de- Spain.
scended. Propell-o, ere; propul-i, sum,
Progn-e, es, f. the daughter act. to drive or push forward.
of Pandion, king of Athens, Proper-o, are, act. and neut. to
wife of Tereus, and sister of hasten, make haste.
Philomela; she was turned in- Prophet-a, «e, m. a prophet.
to a swallow. Propin-o, are, act. to drink one's
Progred-ior, i; progressus, dep. health.
to advance, proceed. Propinqu-us, a, um, adj. near,
Progressus, part, of progredior. akin.
Progress-us, us, m. a progress, Propi-or, or, us, comp. proxi-
improvement. mus, superl. nearer, nearest.
Proh or pro
! interj. oh
! ! ah ! Propon-o, ere; propos-ui, itum,
Prohib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to act. to propose, set up.
prohibit, hinder. Proprie, properly, adv. from
Proinde, adv. therefore, just so. Propri-us, a, um, adj. peculiar,
Projic-io, ere; projec-i, turn, act. private, firm.
to prostrate, to banish. Propter, prep. ace. for, near.
Prolog-us, i, m. a prologue. Propugnacul-um, i, n. a fortress,
Protnethe-us, m. the son of
i, bulwark.
Japetus and Clymene; he Propul-so, are, act. to drive
formed men of clay, and put away, keep off.
life into them by fire stolen Pror-a, x,f. the prow, fore-castle.
from heaven; wherefore Jupi- Proserpin-a, ae, f. the daughter
ter directed Mercury to chain of Jupiter and Ceres, and wife
him mount Caucasus, where
to of Pluto.
a vulture was gnawing his Prosper, or prosper-us, a, um,
liver, which grew as fast as de- adj. lucky, prosperous.
voured.. Prospere, adv. from prosper.
256 PRO PUD
Prosperita-s, tis, f. prosperity, Pudic-us, a, um, adj. modest.
good fortune. Pudor, is, m. shame, modesty.
Prospic-io, ere; prospe-xi, ctum, Puell-a, se, f. a girl.
act. and neut. to foresee, view, Puer, i, m. a boy.
care for; alicui. Pueriti-a, se, f. childhood.
Pro-sum, prodesse, profui, neut. Puerul-us, i, m. a little boy.
to do good, to be profitable; Pugn-a, x, f. a fight, battle.
alicui. Pugnans, part, of pugno.
Postern-o, ere; prostra-vi, turn, Pugnatur, impers. of pugno.
act. to overthrow, prostrate. Pugnatus, part, of
Prostratus, part, ofposterno. Pugn-o, are, act. and neut. to
Proterv-us, a, um, adj. wanton, fight, struggle against.
rude, petulant. Pulch-er,ra, rum, adj. fair, hand-
Prote-us, i, or os, m. a sea god, some, glorious.
who could transform himself Pulcherrime superl. of
into any shape. Pulchre, adv. from pulcher.
Proveh-o, ere; prove-xi, ctum, Punice-us, or Punic-us, a, um,
act. to carry on, to advance. adj. of Africa, or Carthage, de-
Proven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to ceitful red, purple colour.
come forth, to proceed. Pun-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to
Providenti-a, ae, foresight, provi- punish.
dence. Pun-ior, iri, itus, dep. to punish,
Provid-eo, ere, i; provisum, act. and pass, of punio.
to foresee, provide, prevent. Pupp-is, is, f. the stern of a ship;
Provinci-a, se, f. a province. ace. em and im.
Provoc-o, are, act. to appeal, call Purg-o, are, act. to cleanse, ex-
forth, challenge; aliquern ad cuse.
aliquid. Puta, adv. suppose, to wit.
Proxime, see prope. Put-o, are, act. to think, reckon,
Proxim-us, a, um, adj. superl. of prune vines.
propior, nearest. Pylad-es, is, m. the faithful friend
Pruden-s, tis, adj. prudent, of Orestes.
wise. Pyl-se, arum, f, the straights.
Prudenti-a, se, f. prudence, wis- Pyl-os, noun pr.
i, f.

dom. Pyracmon, is, m. one of the Cy-

Psalt-es, se, m. the singer. clops, who forged Jupiter's
Ptolemae-us, i, m. noun pr. thunderbolts.
Pub-er. or pub-es, eris, adj. ripe Pyrami-s, dis, f. a pyramid.
of age, twelve or fourteen years Pyrrh-us, i, m. noun pr.
old. Pythi-a, ze, f. a priestess of Apol-
Publice, adv. from lo, who gave out oracles.
Public-us, a, um, adj. public, Pythi-a, orum, n. games in hon-
common; res publica^ a com- our of Apollo.
mon the commonwealth.
affair, Python, is, d. g. a serpent, shot
Publi-us, m. noun pr.
i, by Apollo, whence he was call-
Pud-eo, ere, ui, act. and neut. to ed Pythius, and the Pythian
make blush, to be ashamed. games were instituted.
Pudet, ere, puduit, impers.from Q. for Quintus, noun pr.
pudeo, to be ashamed; pudet Quadragen-i, <e, a, adj. forty.
me tui (gratia), I am ashamed of Quadrat-us, a, um, adj. squared,
you. square.
 QUA QUE 257

Quadrlm-us, a, um,adj. four years plain, lament; aliquant rem, de

old. aliqua re.
Quadringent-i, ae, a, adj. four Quest-us, us, m. a complaint.
hundred. Qui, quae, quod, pron. who,
Quaer-o, ere; quaesi-vi, itum, act. which, that.
to ask, seek, investigate. Qui, adv. how, by what means.
Quaeso, quaesumus, defect. I Quia, conj. because.
pray. Quicunque, quaecunque, quod-
Quaestor, is, m. a quaestor, trea- cunque, whosoever, whatso-
surer. ever, every one.
Quaest-us, us, m. gain, profit, lu- Quid, neuter of quis, subst. in-
cre. decl. what? quid novi, what
Qual-is, is, e, adj. of what kind; news ? quid hominis, what sort
(talis), qualis, such as of a man ? quid aetatis, at what
Quam, conj. and adv. how, than, age?
as; quam bonus, how good; Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, or
quam optime, as well as possi- quiddam, pron. some one, a
ble. certain.
Quamvis, conj. although. Quidem, adv. truly, indeed; ne
Quando, adv. when, since. hoc quidem, not even this.
Quandoque, adv. sometimes, Qui-es, etis, f. rest, ease, quiet.
some time or other. Quiet-us, a, um, adj. quiet,
Quandbquidem, conj. whereas, calm.
since. Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, or
Quanquam, conj. although. quidlibet, pron. whosoever,
Quantum, adv. how much, as whatsoever.
much as; quantum pecuniae, Quin, adv. and conj. why not }
how much money. nay, but, but that.
Quant-us, a, am, adj. how great, Quindecim, adj. indecl. fifteen.
how much, as great as, as much Quingent-i, ae, a, adj. five hun-
as. dred.
Quare, adv. why, for what pur- Quin-i, ae, a, adj. five by five, five.
pose. Quinque, adj. indecl. five.
Quartan-us, a, um, adj. of, or be- Quinquatri-a, orum, or um, n. and
longing to the fourth; quartana quinquatr-us, uum, f. feasts in
(scil. febris), the quartan, honour of Minerva.
fourth-day ague. Quinquerem-is, is, f. a galley
Quasi, adv. and conj. as if. with five oars in a seat.
Quassatus, part, of Quintil-is, is, (scil. mensis) m.
Quass-o, are, act. to shatter. the fifth month, August.
Quater, adv. fcur times. Quint-us, i, m. noun pr.
Quatuor, adj. indecl. four. Quinti-us, i, m. noun pr.
Que, conj. and, although. Quir-is, Itis, plur. Quirit-es, um,
Quemadmodum, adv. how, as. or ium, m. the citizens, or
Qu-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to be commons of Rome.
able. Quis, quae, quid, or quod, who'
Querc-us, us, f. an oak. which.
Querel-a, ae, f. a complaint. Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam,
Querens, part, of pron. who? which? what?
Quer-or, i; questus, dep. to com- Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam,
22*
258 QUI RAD
or quidpiam, pron. somebody, Radicitus, adv. utterly, by the
something-. roots.
Quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, Rad-ix, Icis, f.the root.
or quicquam, pron. any one, Rap-a, ae, f. the rape root, a tur-
any body, or thing". nip.
Quisque, quaeque, quodque, Rapi'd-us, a, um, adj. rapid, vio-
every one, every thing. lent.
Quisquis, quidquid, pron. whoso- Rapln-a, ae, f. a bed of rapes, a
ever, whatsoever. field of turnips.
Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quid- Rapin-a, ae, f. ravin, pillage.
vis, pron. whosoever, any one. Rap-io, ere, ui, turn, act. to take
Quo, adv. and conj. whither, to by force, to plunder, carry
what place; that, in order that; off.
quo (i. e. ut eo)facilius fiat, that Rapt-us, us, m. a ravishing, rape.
it may be done the more easily. Raptus, part, of rapio.
Quocirca, conj. wherefore, there- Ratio, nis, f. reason, consideration,
fore. cause, manner, state, condition;
Quoad, adv. as long as, whilst, reddere rationem, to give an ac-
how long, as to, with respect count.
to. Rav-is, is, f. hoarseness.
Quod, conj. because, that since. Rebell-o, are, neut. to revolt.
Quodsi, conj. if, because if. Receptio, nis, f. a reception, har-
Quominus, adv. and conj. (for ut bouring.
eo minus) that the less, that Recip-io, ere; recep-i, turn, act.
not. to receive, withdraw.
Quomodo, adv. how? by what Recit-o, are, act. to recite, read
means' 1

out.
Quondam, adv. formerly, once. Reclud-o, ere; reclus-i, um, act.
Quoniam, conj. because, since. to open, unlock, disclose.
Quoque, conj. also, truly. RecorcUor, ari, atus, dep. to call
Quotannis, adv. yearly, every to mind, to remember; aliquid,
year. or alicujus rei.
Quotidie, adv. daily, every day. Recre-o, are, act. to revive, re-
Quoties, adv. how often; (toties) fresh.
quoties, as often as. Recte, adv. from rectus.
Quotiescunque, adv. as often as. Rector, is, m. a director, ruler.
Quotuscunque, quotacunque, Rect-us, a, um, adj. straight,
quotumcunque, what one, what right, just. .

one of a thousand, never so Recub-o, are, ui, itum, neut. to

little. recline, lie down.
Quotusquisque, quotaquseque, Recuper-o, are, act. to recover.
quotumquodque, or quotum- Recurr-o, ere, ; cursum, neut. to
i

quidque, what one of many? have recourse, to run back.

Quousque, adv. how far? how Recurs-o, are, freq. to return.
long* Recus-o, are, act. to refuse, deny.
Quum, (for cum), adv. and conj. Redam-o, are, act. to love in turn.
when, since; quum, turn, as Redd-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to
well as, both and. render, restore, give, make.
Rabi-es, ei, f. fuiy, rage, mad- Red-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, neut.
ness. to return.
 RED REM 259

Redig-o, ere; redegi, redactum, I Rem-ex, igis, m. a rower.

act. to compel, bring back. j Reminisc-or, i, dep. to remember;
Redim-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to aliquid, or alicujus rei.
crown. Remiss-us, a, um, adj. remiss, jo-
RedTmltus, part, of redimio. vial; and part, of
Redim-o, ere; redem-i, ptum, act. Remitt-o, ere; remis-i, sum, act.
to redeem. to send back, to slack.
Reditio, nis, f. returning-. Remor-or, ari, atus, dep. to tarry,
Redol-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. hinder.
and act. to cast a scent, to Remug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to
smell. answer with lowing, to echo.
Reduc-o, ere; redu-xi, ctum, act. Rem-us, i, m. an oar.
to bring", or lead back. Ren, re nis, m. the kidneys.
Redu-x, cis, c. g. brought back, Renov-o, are, act. to renew.
having safe returned. Renunti-o, are, act. to report,
Refer-o, re; retuli relatum ; ;
proclaim; to bid farewell, ali-
act. to bring back, return, re- cui rei.
port. Reor, reri, ratus, dep. to suppose.
Refert, referre, retulit, impers. it Repell-o, ere; repul-i, sum, act.
concerns; the father, patris,- us, to repel, resist.
nostra . Repente, adv. suddenly.
Refic-io, ere; refec-i, turn, act. to Repentin-us, a, um, adj. sudden.
repair, refresh. Reper-io, ire, i, turn, act. to find.
Reflect-o, ere; reflex-i, urn, act. Repl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to
to turn back, bend, check. fill.

Regi-a, «e, f. (scil. domus), the Reposc-o, ere; poposci, act. to

royal house, the palace. claim.
Regill-us, i, m. noun pr. Reprehend-o, ere, i; ensum, act.
Regin-a, x, f. the queen. to seize, find fault with.
Regio, nis, f. a region, climate; e Reprim-o, ere ; repress-i, um,
regione, over against, oppo- act. to restrain, repress.
site. Repugnans, part, of
Regi-us,a, um.adj .royal, princely. Repugn-o, are, neut. to resist.
Regnatur, the sceptre is swayed, Reput-o, are, act. to consider.
impers. from Res; rei, f. a thing, an affair.
Regn-o, are, neut. to reign, rule. Res-es, idis, adj. idle, at ease.
Reg-o, ere, re-xi, ctum, act. to Resistens, part, of resisto.
rule, manage, guide. Resistitur, resistance is made, im-
Regul-a, ac, f. a rule. pers. from
Rejic-io, ere; rejec-i, turn, act. to Resist-o, ere; restit-i, um, neut
cast back, to reject. to resist.
Releg-o, ere, i; ctum, act. to Respond-eo, ere, i; nsum, neut to
read again, to go back. answer, to give an answer.
Relictus, part, of relinquo. Respondetur, impers. from re-
Religio, nis, f. religion, a scruple spondeo.
of conscience. Respublica, reipublica, f. the
Relinqu-o, ere ; reli-qui, ctum, commonwealth.
act. to leave, forsake. Restingu-o, ere; nxi, nctum, act.
Reliqu-us, a, urn, adj. remaining, to quench, extinguish, allay.
the rest. Rest-is, is, f. a cord, rope.
260 RES ROG
Restitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to re- Rog-o, are, act. to beg, dun, pro-
store. pose a law.
Restitutus, part, of restituo. Rom-a, se, f. noun pr.
Rest-o, are, iti, or avi, itum, neut. Roman-us, a, um, adj. Roman.
to stay, remain, stand. Roman-i, orum, m. the Romans.
Ret-e, is, n. a net. Romul-us, i, m. noun pr.
Retinens, part, of Ros-a, se, f. a rose.
Retin-eo, ere, ui; retentum, act. Rotund-us, a, um, adj. round.
to restrain, retain. Rub-eo, ere, ui, neut. to redden,
Retro, adv. back. blush, to be red.
Retrorsum, adv. backward. Rubor, is, m. redness, modesty.
Re-us, a, um, adj. arraigned, ac- Rub-us, i, m. and f. a bramble.
cused. Rud-is, is, e, adj. rude, ignorant.
Rever-eor, eri, itus, dep. to re- Rud-o, ere, i, neut. to bray, roar.
vere. Rufill-us, i, m. noun pr.
Reversus, part, of revertor. Rufin-us, i, m. noun pr.
Revertens, part, of Rug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to roar.
Revert-or, i; reversus, dep. to Rumor, is, m. a report, rumour.
return. Ru-o, ere, i, turn, or itum, neut.
Revis-o, ere, i, um, act. to revisit, and act. to fall down, to be
see again. ruined, to precipitate.
Revocatus, part, of Ruptor, is, m. a breaker, infring-
Revoc-o, are, act. to recall. er.
Rex; regis, m. a king. Rursus, adv. again.
Rex; Regis, m. noun pr. Rus; ruris, n. the country; abl. t

Rhadamanth-us, i, m. a lawgiver and i.

of Crete, famous for his impar- Rustic-us, a, um, adj. rustic, illit-

tiality, wherefore he was made erate, plain.

one of the infernal judges. Sac-er, ra, rum, adj. sacred.
Rhamn-us, i, m. the rhemberry Sacerdo-s, tis, c. g. a priest,
bush. priestess.
Rhed-a, se, f. a chariot. Sacerdoti-um, i, n. the priest-
Rhem-i, orum, m. noun gent. hood.
Rhen-us, i, m. the Rhine. Sacr-a, orum, n. holy rites, so-
Rhodan-us, i, m. the Rhone. lemnities.
Rhod-us, i, f. Rhodes. Sacrific-o, are, act. to sacrifice.
Rip-a, se, f. the bank of a river, Sacrosanct-us, a, um, adj. sacred,
the shore. inviolable.
Rite, adv. rightly, justly, in due Sacr-um, i, n. a holy rite.

form of law. Saecul-um, i, n. an age.

Rit-us, us, m. a rite, ceremony. S<epe, adv. often, comp. sxpius,
Rix-a, x, f. quarrel, dispute. saepissime.
Rob-ur, oris, n. an oak, strength. S<ev-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to
Robust-us, a, um, adj. strong, rage.
lusty. S<ev-us, a, um, adj. cruel, fierce.
Rod-o, ere ; ros-i, um, act. to Sagitt-a, se, f. an arrow.
gnaw, to speak ill of. Sal; salis, n. and m. salt, sense,
Rogatio, nis, a request, propo-
f. wit.
sition of a bill, or law. Salam-is, Inis, f. noun pr.
 SAL SAT 261

Salict-um, i, n. a grove of wil- Satrapi-a, x, f. a province.

lows, the willows. Satur, a, um, adj. satiated, fer-
Salinator, is, ra. noun pr. tile.
Salin-um, i, n. a saltcellar. Saturnali-a, um, and orum, n.
Salmone-us, i, m. the son of iEo- feasts of Saturn, kept in De-
lus, and king- of Elis; he was cember.
Btxock by a thunderbolt to hell Saturn-us,i, m. the son of Coelum

for imitating- Jupiter's thunder. and Terra, or Vesta.

Salt-o, are, neut. to dance. Satur- o, are, act. to fill, saturate.
Saltuos-us, a, um, adj. full of Satus, part, of sero.
woods. Sat-us, us, m. a sowing, crop.
Salt-us, us, m. a forest, thicket, Satyr-us, i, pi. Satyri, the atten-
leap. dants of Bacchus, horned
Salub-er, or ris, ris,re, adj. whole- monsters, half men, half goats.
some. Sauci-o, are, act. to wound.
Sal-us, health, safety.
iitis, f. Sauci-us, a, um, adj. wounded,
Salut-o, are, act. to salute. hurt.
Salve, salveto, defect, verb, God Sax-um, i, n. a rock, large stone.
save you, farewell. S. C. for senatusconsult-um, 1, n.
Salv-us, a, um, adj. safe, well. a decree of the senate.
Samn-is, Itis, pi. Samnites, noun Scaevol-a, x, m, noun pr.
gent. Scand-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to
Sam-os, or us, i, f. noun pr. mount, scale, climb up.
Sanc-io, ire, ivi, itum, or san-xi, Scat-eo, ere, ui, neut. to abound,
ctum, act. to ratify, enact, swarm with, aliqua re.
make sacred. Scaturig-o, inis, f. the spring,
Sanct-us, a, um, adj. holy, sa- source.
cred; and part, of sancio. Scatiir-io,ire, ivi,neut. to stream,
Sangui-s, nis, m. blood. gush out.
Sapien-s, tis, adj. wise, judicious. Scel-us, eris, n. wickedness, vil-
Sapienter, adv. from sapiens. lany.
Sapienti-a, x, f. wisdom. Scen-a, x, f. a stage.
Sap-io, ere, ivi, or ui, neut. to Schol-a, x, f. a school.
savour, to have a taste of, to Scian-us, i, m. noun pr.
be wise. Scien-s, tis, adj. knowing.skilled;
Sapphir-us, i, f. a sapphire. alicujus rei; and part, of scio.
Sapph-o, us, f. a celebrated Scienti-a, x, f. knowledge, sci-
poetess, who invented the ence.
verse, that beareth her name. Scilicet, adv. namely, truly.
Satag-o, ere; egi,neut.to be busy Scin', for scis-ne, do you know?
about; alicujus rei. Scind-o, ere: scidi, scissum, act.
Satell-es, itis, m. a life guard- to cut, divide.
man, attendant, follower. Scio, scire, scivi, scitum, act. to
Satis, adv. enough, sufficient, know.
well enough. Scipio, nis, m. noun pr.
Satisfac-io, ere; feci, /actum, Scopul-us, i, m. a rock, shelf.
neut. to satisfy, give satisfac- Scribens, part, of
tion, alicui. Scrib-o, ere; scrip-si, turn, act. to
Satius, adv. and comp. of satis, write.
better. Scriptor, is, m. a writer, author.
262 SCR SEM
Scriptus, part, of scribo. Sempitern-us, a, um, adj per-
Sculp-o, ere. si, tarn, act. to petual.
carve, grave. Semproni-us, i, m. noun pr.
S cut-um, i, n. a buckler, tar- Senat-us, us, m. the senate.
get. Senect-us, utis, f. old age.
Scyth-ae, arum, m. the Scythians. Senescens, part, of
Sec-o, are, ui, tarn, and atum, Senesc-o, ere; senui, neut. to
act. to cut. grow old.
Sect-or, ari, atus, dep. to follow, Sen-ex, is. c. g. an old person.
pursue. Senones, um, m. noun gent.
Sectus, part, of seco. Sens-us, us, m. the sense.
Seculum, see sseculum. Sententi-a, se, f. the opinion,
Secundum, prep. ace. along, ac- mind.
cording to. Sent-io, ire; sens-i, um, act. to
Secund-us, a, urn, adj. following, think, perceive.
second, prosperous; res secun- Sepel-io, ire, ivi; sepultum, act.
dae, prosperity. to bury.
Secur-is, is, f. an axe, hatchet; Sep-es, a hedge, inclosure.
is, f.

ace. em and im. Sep-io, itum,

ire, si, turn; or ivi,
Secur-us, a, urn, adj. secure, act. to enclose, fence in, block
unconcerned about; alicujus up.
rei. Sepon-o, ere; sepos-ui, itum, act.
Secus, prep. ace. by, nigh to. to lay aside.
Secus, adv. otherwise, amiss, Sepositus, part, of sepono.
comp. secius. Seps, sepis, m. an eft, a serpent.
Sed, conj. but, however. Septem, adj. indecl. seven.
Sed-eo, ere, i; sessum, neut. to Septen-i, se, a, adj. seven.
sit, stay. Septentrio, nis, m. the north,
Sed-es, is, f. a seat. the seven stars.
Seditio, nis, f. insurrection, mu- Septuaginta, adj. indecl. seven-
tiny. ty-
Seditios-us, a, um, adj. seditious, Sequan-i, orum, m. noun gent.
troublesome. Sequens, part, of
Sedun-i, orum, m. noun gent. Sequ-or, i; secutus, or sequutus,
Sege-s, tis, f. a crop. dep. to follow.
Segn-is, is, e, adj. dull, lazy, Ser. for Servi-us, i, m. noun pr.
barren. Seren-us, a, um, adj. clear, se-
Segniti-es, ei, f. sloth, laziness. rene, cheerful.
Seleuc-us, i, m. noun pr. Sermo, nis, m. a speech.
Sell-a, x, f. a seat, chair. Sero, ere; sevi, satum, act. to
Semel-e, es, f. the mother of sow.
Bacchus. Sero, adv. late; comp. se-
Sem-en, inis, n. the seed. rins.
Sement-is, is, f. a sowing, seed Sertori-us, i, m. noun pr.
time. Ser-us, a, um, adj. late.
Seminari-um, i, n. a seminary. Servatus, part, of servo.
Semisopit-us, a, um, adj. half Servili-us, i, m. noun pr.
asleep. Serv-io, ire, ivi,itum, neut. to
Semodi-us, i, m. a half bushel. serve, to be subject to; alt-
Semper, adv. always. cui.
 SER SIL 263
Servitur, all is done for; impers. Silen-us,i, m. the foster-father
servio. and companion of Bacchus; he
Servit-us, utis, f. bondage, sla- is represented as a tunbellied,
very. old, drunken fellow, riding on
Servi-us, i, m. noun pr. an ass.
Serv-o, are, act. to keep, pre- Sil-eo, ere, ui, neut. and act. to
serve. be silent, calm.
Serv-us, i, m. a servant, slave. Siletur, no mention is made of,
Sesterti-um, i, n. a thousand ses- impers. from sileo.
terces, about $35.60. Sil-ex, icis, m. and f. a flint-
Sesterti-us, i, m. a sesterce, about stone.
three cents and a half; gen. Silva, Silvester, see sylva, etc.
by sync, for
pi. sestertiutu, ses- Simil-is, is, e, adj. like; alicui, or
tertiorum; HS. for decies ses- alicujus.
tertium, or decies centena, or Similitud-o, inis, f. likeness.
decies centena millia sestertio- Simo-is, entis, m. noun pr.
rum, equal to about $35600. Simpl-ex, icis, adj. single, sin-
Severe, adv. from severus. cere.
Severita-s, tis, f. severity, rigour. Simul, adv. together, at the same
Sever-us, a, um, adj. exact, se- time; simul (ac, atque, ov ut),
vere. as soon as.
Sex. for Sext-us, i, noun pr. Simulans, part, of
Sex, adj. indecl. six. Simul-o, are, act. to liken, feign.
Sexcent-i, x, a, adj. six hundred. Simulta-s, tis, f. a private dissen-
Sextil-is, is, m. (scil. mensis) the tion.
sixth month, August. Sin, conj. but if, if not.
Si, conj. if, O! that. Sine, prep. abl. without.
Sibar-is, is, m. noun pr. Singular-is, is, e, adj. singular,
Sibil-us, i, m. pi. c, orum, a exemplary.
whistling, hiss. Singul-i, se, a, adj. all and every
Sibil-us, a, um, adj. hissing. one.
Sibyll-a, x, f. a woman, who pre- Sinist-er, ra, um, adj. on the left,
tended to be inspired. unlucky, lucky.
Sic, adv. so, thus. Sin-o, ere ; sivi, sttum, act. to
Sic-a, x, f.a dagger. permit.
Sicc-us, a, um, adj. dry, withered. Sln-us, i, m. or um, i, n. a bowl,
Sicili-a,x, f. noun pr. milk- pail.
Sicubi, adv. wheresoever, if ever. Sfn-us, us, m. a bosom, hollow,
Sicul-us, i, m. a Sicilian. bay.
Sicut, adv. as. Siquis, (for si aliquis) siqua, si-
Sicuti, adv. just as if. quod, or siquid, if any one.
Sicyon, is, f. noun pr. Siquidem, conj. if indeed, since.
Sid-o, ere; sidi, or sedi, sessum, Sir-en, enis, f. plur. Sirenes,
neut. to perch, settle. monsters, partly virgins, partly
Sid-us, eris, n. a star, constella- fowls; they are said to have
tion. lived on the coast of Sicily,
Sigill-um, i, n. a seal, signet. and by their sweet singing
Sign-o, are, act. to mark, to seal. tempted passengers on shore
Sign-um, i, n. a sign, seal, statue. to their destruction.
Silan-us, i, m. noun pr. Sist-o, ere; stiti, statum, neut.
 264 sis SOP

and act. to stand; stop, arrest, Sopitus, part, of sopio.

place. Sopor, is, m. a sound sleep.
Sisygamb-Ls, is, f. noun pr. Sordid-us, a, um, adj. filthy,
Sisyph-us, i, m. the son of JEolus, mean.
slainby Theseus; for his per- Soror, is, f. a sister-
fidy and robberies he is doom- Sort-ior, iri, itus, dep.to cast lot,
ed to roll a huge stone up a to get by chance.
mountain in hell. Sosp-es, itis, c. g. safe, prosper-
Sit-is, is, f. thirst. ous.
Sive, conj. or, either, whether. Sp. for Spurius.
Smaragd-us, i, m. an emerald. Sparg-o, ere; spars-i, um, act. to
Sminthe-us, i, or os, a title of strew, sprinkle.
Apollo. Spati-um, i, n. a space, interval.
Sobol-es, is, f. a shoot, issue, off- Speci-es, ei, f. a form, image,
spring. species.
Socer, i, m. a father-in-law. Spect-o, are, act. to behold, con-
Societa-s, tis, f. society, compa- sider.
ny. Speculator, m.
a spy, viewer.
is,

Soci-us, i, m. a companion, ally. Specul-um, a mirror.

i, n.
Soci-us, a, urn, adj. helping, Spec-us, us, c. g. a den, cave-
common. Spelunc-a, x, f. a cave, grot,
Socor-s, dis, adj. senseless. j
Spern-o,ere, spre-vi, turn, act. to
Socr-us, us, f. a mother-in-law. disdain, despise.
Sodal-is, is, c. g. a companion. Sper-o, are, act. to hope, expect.
Sol; solis, m. the sun, d*y. Spes; spei, f. hope, expectation.
Solati-um, i, n. comfort, help. Sphaer-a, se, f. a sphere, globe,
Sol-eo, ere, itus sum, neut. to circle.
use, be accustomed. Sphin-x, gis, and gos, f. a mons-
Soler-s, tis, adj. active, skilled. ter, whodestroyed herself be-
Solerter, adv. from solers. cause CEdipus solved the rid-
Solide, adv. from dle she proposed.
Solid-us, a, urn, adj. substantial, Spiritus, us, m. the breath, spir-
solid. it, courage.

Solitud-o, inis, f. a solitude, de- Splen, splenis, m. the milt.

sert. Spoli o, are, act. to bereave.
Solitus, part of soleo.
. Spoli-um,i, n.the spoil, booty.
Soli-um, i, n. the throne. Spond-eo, ere, spopondi, spon-
Sol-um, i, n. the ground, soil. sum, act. to promise, betroth.
Solum, adv. only; non solwn, sed Spontis, gen. sponte, abl. f. of
etiam, not only, but also. one's own will.
Sol-us, a, urn; gen. ius; dat. i, Spuri-us, i, m. noun pr.
alone. Stabul-um, i, n. a stable, den.
Solut-us, a, um, adj. loose, free, Stadi-um, i, n. a space of
effeminate; part, of ground containing* 625 feet,
Solv-o, ere, i; solutum, act. to or 125 paces; a race ground, a
loose, free, discharge. race.
Somni-um, i, n. a dream, vision. Stagn-o, are, neut. and act. to
Son-us, i, m. the sound. stagnate, to overflow.
Sop io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to lull Stagn-um, i, n. a pool, lake.
asleep. Stans, part, of sto.
 STA StJA 265

Statim, adv. forthwith; statim Suad-a, and Suadel-a, ae, f. the

ut t as soon as. goddess of persuasion.
Statio, nis, f. a station, guard, Sub, prep. ace. and abl towards,
sentry. about, under.
Stativ-us, a, um, adj. set, pitched. Subduc-o, ere; du-xi, ctum, act.
Statu-a, ae, f. a statue, image. to withdraw, filch, bring to.
Statu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to Sub-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. and
place, build, resolve, decree. act. to go under, to undertake,
Stat-us, us, m. the state, condi- to occur.
tion. Subeundus, part, from subeo.
Stell-a, ae, f. a star. Subig-o, ere; sub-egi, actum, act.
Steril-is, is, e, adj. barren, ste- to subdue.
ril. Subito, adv. suddenly.
Stern-o, ere; stra-vi, turn, act. to Subjectus, part, of
cover, strew, prostrate. Subjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to
Sterop-e, es, f. one of the Plei- subject, suggest, add, lift up.
ades. Sublatus, part, of tollo.
Sterop-es, is, m. the son of Vul- Sublev-o, are, act. to lift up,
can, one of the Cyclops. help.
Stert-o, ere, ui, neut. to snore. Submerg-o, ere; mers-i, um, act.
Sthen-o, us, f. one of the three to sink, overwhelm.
Gorgons. Submersus, part, of submergo.
Stipans, part, of stipo. Submisse, adv. from
Stipator, is, m. an attendant, bo- Submiss-us, a, um, adj. low, not
dy guard. loud, submissive; and part, of
Stipendi-um, i, n. pay for sol- Submitt-o, ere; mis-i, sum, act.
diers, a campaign, tribute. to suborn, bend, humble.
Stip-o, are, act. to cram, attend, Submotus, part, of
guard. Submov-eo, ere, i; motum, act.
Stirp-s, is, c. g. the root, race, to remove, displace.
issue. Subrid-eo, ere; ris-i, um, neut.
St-o, are; steti, statum, neut. to to smile.
stand, cost; stat, it is determin- Subsequ-or, i; secutus, dep. to
ed. follow hard by.
Stoic-us, a, um, adj. stoical, a Substru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to
stoic. underprop, build.
Stratus, part, of sterno. Subter, prep. ace. and abl. un-
Strenu-us, a, um, adj. brave, ac- der.
tive. Sub til-is, is, e, adj. fine-spun,
Strigil-is, is, a curry-comb.
f. acute.
Stud-eo, ere, ui, neut. to study, Subven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to
favour. succour, help.
Studi-um, i, n. the study, desire, Subvenitur, impers. from subve-
favour. nio.
Sty-x, gis, m. a river in hell. Succeditur, impers. from succe-
Suad-eo, ere, suas-i, um, act. to do; succeditur mihi, I am suc-
advise, persuade; alicui ad- ceeded.
quid. Succed-o, ere; cess-i, um, neut.
Suasor, is, m. an adviser. to go, or come near, to suc-
Suav-is, is, e, adj. sweet, pleasant. ceed.
23
266 sue SUP

Succens-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be Support-o, are, act. to bring, sup-

angry with one; alicui. port.
Success-us, us, m. issue, success. Suppressus, part, of
Successus, part, of succedo. Supprim-o, ere; press-i, um, act.
Succ-us, i. m. juice, sap, vigour. to keep down, check, sup-
Suffeti-us, i, m. noun pr. press.
Suffragi-um, i, n. a vote, suf- Supra, prep. ace. above.
frage. Supra, adv. before.
Suffund-o, ere; fu-di, sum, act. Sur-a, ae, f. the calf of the leg.
to spread over. Sus; suis, c. g. a hog.
Sui, pron. of himself, herself, Suscip-io, ere; suscep-i, turn, act.
itself. to undertake, conceive.
Sulc-us, i, m. a furrow, trench. Suscit-o, are, act. to rouse, ex-
Sulpiti-us, i, m. noun pr. hort.
Sum, esse, fui, futurus, neut. to Suspend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to
be, exist. hang up, delay.
Summ-us, a, urn, adj. superl. of Suspic-io, ere; suspe-xi, ctum,
superus, the highest; summus act. to look up.
mons, the top of the mountain. Suspicio, nis, f. mistrust.
Sum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to Suspir-o, are, neut. and act. to
take, receive; sumo poenas, I sigh, desire.
inflict a punishment. Sustent-o, are, freq. to sustain,
Sumpt-us, us, m. an expense, bear.
cost. Sustinens, part, of
Sumptus, part, of sumo. Sustin-eo, ere, ui; stentum, act.
Super, prep. ace. and abl. upon, to support, bear.
above, beside. Sutil-is, is, e, adj. sewed togeth-
Superbe, adv. from superbus. er,patched.
Superbi-a, sc, f. pride, arrogance. Su-us, a, um, pron. adj. his, her,
Superb-us, a, um, adj. proud, its own.
grand. Syll-a, or Sull-a, ac, m. noun
Supercili-um, i, n. the eyebrow, pr.
pride. Sylv-a, x, f. a wood, forest, thick-
Superfici-es, the surface.
ei, f. et.
Super-i, orum, m. they who are Sylvest-er, or ris, ris, re, adj.
above; from superus. woody, wild, rustic.
Superi-or, or, us, comp. of supe- Sylvi-us, i, m. noun pr.
rus, higher, former, older. Synod-us, i, f . a synod.
Superne, adv. from above. Syph-ax, or acis, m. noun
acis,
Super-o, are, act. to surpass, ex- pr.
cel, vanquish. Syracus-se, arum, f. Syracuse.
Superst-es, itis, adj. remaining, T. for Tit-us, i, m. noun pr.
surviving. Tabellari-us, a, um, adj. belong-
Super-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be ing to letters.
over and above, to survive. Tabellari-us, i, m. a letter car-
Superus, a, um, adj. above, hea- rier, a register.
venly; comp. superior, supre- Tabesc-o, ere; incept, to pine,
mus, or summus. or waste away.
Suppl-ex, icis, adj. suppliant, j
Tabul-a, ae, f. a board, table, pic-
prostrate. ture.
 TAC TEM 267
Tac-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be Tempesta-s, tis, f. time, season,
silent. storm.
Tx da, see teda. Templ-um, i, n. a temple.
Tsed-et, ebat, uit, or taesum est, Tempori, adv. in good time.
irapers. it irks, to be weary; Temporius, adv. before time.
taedet nos vitas, we are tired of Temp-us, oris, n. the time.
our life. Tend-o, ere, tetendi, or tendi,
Talent-um, i, n. a talent, a sum tens-um, or turn, act. to stretch
of money. out, march, hasten.
Tal-is, is, e, adj. such. Tenebr-se, arum, f. darkness.
Tarn, adv. so, so much; lam bo- Ten-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to hold.
nus, so good. Tener, a, um, adj. tender.
Tamen, conj. however, notwith- Tentandus, part, of tento.
standing, but. Tentatus, part, of
Tandem, adv. at length, at Tent-o, are* act. to try, feel,
last. tempt.
Tang-o, ere; tetigi, tactum, act. Tentori-um, i, n. a tent.
to touch, handle, move. Tentus, part, of tendo.
Tanquam, as, as if. Tenu-is, is, e, adj. slender, poor.
Tantum, adv. so much, only. Tenus, prep. abl. sing, and gen.
Tant-us, a, um, adj. so great, so plur. up to, as far as.
small, so much. Te-os, i, f. a city of Ionia, and
Tardita-s, tis, f. slowness, dull- the birthplace of Anacreon.
ness. Ter, adv. three times, thrice.
Tard-us, a, um, adj. slow, dull. Tercentum, adj. indecl. three
Tarentin-us, a, um, adj. of Ta- hundred.
rento. Tere-s, tis, adj. tapering, smooth.
Tarent-um, i, n. and Tarent-us, Tere-us, i, m. a king of Thrace,
i, f. Tarento. who ravished Philomela, his
Tartar-us, i, m. pi. tartara, n. wife's sister; and was changed
the deepest part of hell. into a hoopoe.
Taur-us, 5, m. a bull. Terg-um, i y n. the back.
Taur-us, i, m. noun pr. Terg-us, oris, n. the hide, skin
Tect-um, i, n. the roof, cover- of a beast.
ing, house. Termin-us, i, m. a bound, limit.
Ted-a, <e, f. a pine, torch, mar- Termin-us, i, m. noun pr. the tu-
riage song. telar god of bounds.
Tegm-en, inis, n. the covering. Ter-o, ere; trivi, tritum, act. to
Teg-o, ere; texi, tectum, act. to rub, thresh, waste.
cover. Terpsichor-e, es, f. one of the
Tei-us, a, um, adj. of Teos. nine Muses.
Tell-us, uris, f. the goddess of Terr-eo, ere, ui, itum, act to
the earth, the earth. frighten.
Tel-um, i, n. a dart, a weapon. Terribil-is, is, e, adj. awful, ter-
Temn-o, ere; temp-si, turn, act. rible.
to condemn, slight. Terrific -us, a,um, adj. dreadful.
Tempe, pi. n. indecl. pleasant Terti-us, a, um, adj. the third.
fields of Thessaly. Test-a, se, f. an earthen pot,
Temperanti-a, se, f. moderation, a shell, vote.
sobriety. Testimoni-um, i, n. testimony.
268 TES TIS

Test-is, is, c. g. a witness. Tisiphon-e, es, f. one of the fu-

Test-or, ari, atus, dep. to bear ries.
witness, to affirm, to call to Titan,is, m, the son of Coelum
witness, to implore. and Terra, and elder brother
Testud-o, inis, f. a tortoise, a of Saturn.
target-fence. Titubatus, part, of
Teth-ys, yos, or is, f. the daugh- Titub-o, are, neut. to stagger,
ter of Calum and Terra, wife stumble.
of Oceanus. Tituri-us, i, m. noun pr.

Teuc-er, ri, m. the son of Sca- Tit-us, i, m. noun pr.

mander a Cretan, and the fa- Tity-us, i, m. a vast giant, whom
ther-in-law of Dardanus. Jupiter struck with his bolt in-
Teucr-i, orum, m. the Trojans. to hell, where he covered nine
Te-um, i, n. see Teos. acres, when stretched out.
Thali-a, x. f. one* of the nine Tog-a, se, f. a gown, the toga, the
Muses. time of peace.
Theb-x, arum, or Theb-e, es, f. Togat-us, a, um, adj. gowned, in
Thebes. peace.
Them-a, atis, n. a theme, sub- Toll-o, ere; sustuli,sublatum, act.
ject. to lift up, to take away.
Themi-s, dis, f. daughter of Cce- Tonat, impers. from tono.
lum and Terra, the goddess of Tond-eo, ere; totondi, tonsum,
the sea. act. to clip, fleece.
Therm-us, i, m. noun pr. Tongill-us, i, m. noun pr.
Thessali-a, <z, f. Thessaly. Tonitru, n. indecl. pi. tonitrua,
Thessal-us,a,um, adj. Thessalian. thunder.
Theti-s, dis, and dos, f. the Ton-o, are, ui, itum, neut. to
daughter of Neptune, or of thunder.
Nereus, wife of Peleus, and Torp-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be be-
mother of Achilles; also the numed.
sea. Toties, adv. so often.
Thori-us, i, m. noun pr. Tot-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat.
Thy-as, adis, f. a priestess of i, whole, all.

Bacchus. Trabs, trabis, f. a beam.

Thyest-es, <e, m. the son of Pe- Trad-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to
lops and brother of Atreus. give, yield, deliver.
Thyr-us, i, m. a young sprout, a Trah-o, ere; traxi, tractum, act.
thyrsus, the rod of Bacchus. to draw, drag, spin out.
Ti. or Tib. for Trajic-io, ere; trajec-i, turn, act.
Tiberi-us, m. noun pr.
i, to convey, lead, or carry over.
Tigr-is, is, and idis, f. a tiger. Trans, prep. ace. over, beyond.
Tigr-is, is, and idis, m. the river Transalpin-us, a, um, adj. beyond
Tigris. the Alps.
Tili-a, se, f. a linden. Transfer-o, re; tuli, latum, act. to
Timens, part, of transfer, translate.
Tim-eo, ere, ui, act. and neut. to Transfug-a, se, c. g. a deserter.
fear, dread, aliquem, or aliquid; Transgred-ior, i; gressus, dep. to
to be concerned for, alicui. pass, or go over.
Tiphy-s, os, m. the pilot of the Transgressus, part, of transgre-
ship Argo. dior.
 TRA TRI 269
Translatio, nis, f. a transfer, re- Triumvir, i, m. one of three of-
moving. ficers in the same office.
Translatus, part, of transfero. Tro-as, adis, f. a country in Les-

Transmitt-o, ere; mis-i, sura, act. ser Asia.

to send over, pass over. Troj-a, ae, f. Troy.
Transtr-um, i, n. a bench for Trojan-us, a, um, adj. Trojan.
rowers. Tro-s, is, m. the third king of
Transvers-us,a, urn, adj. traverse, Lesser Phrygia.
crosswise. Tu, gen. tui, pron. thou, you.
Tredecim, adj. indecl. thirteen. Tu-eor, eri, tuitus, or tutus, dep.
Trem-o, ere, ui, neut. to trem- to behold, defend.
ble, shiver. Tuguri-um, i, n. a cottage.
Trepid-o, are, neut. to trem- Tul. for Tullus-
ble. Tulli-a, f. noun pr.
Trepid-us, a, um, adj. trembling. Tullian-um, n. noun pr.
Tres, tres, tria, gen. trium, three. Tulliol-a, ae, f. noun pr.

Trlbul-a, ae, f. a dray for thresh- Tulli-us, m. noun pr.

ing. Tullus, i, m. noun pr.
TrTbul-us, i, m. a thistle. Turn, adv. and conj. then, and
Tribunat-us, us, m. the office of also.
the tribune. Tum-eo, ere, ui, neut. to swell.
Tribuniti-us, a, urn, adj. belong- Tumet, for tu ipse, pron. thou,
ing to the tribunes. thyself.
Tribun-us, i, m. a tribune. Tumid-us, a, um, adj. swollen,
.Trib-us, us, f. a tribe, ward. puffed up.
Trldu-um, i, n. the space of three Tumulos-us, a, um, adj. hilly.
days. Tumultu-or, ari, atus, dep. to
Trienni-um, i, n. the space of make a noise.
three years. Tumult-us, us, m. tumult, mu-
Triginta, adj. indecl. thirty. tiny.
Trim-us, a, um, adj. three years Tumul-us, i, m. a hillock.
old. Tunc, adv. then.
Trlnacri-a, ae, f. Sicily. Tunic-a, ae, f. a tunic, jacket.
Tripl-ex, icis, adj. triple, three- Turb-a, ae, f. a multitude, trou-
fold. ble.
Tripl-us, a, um, adj. triple. Turbo, are, act. to disturb.
Trip-us, bdis, m. a three footed Turb-o, inis, m. a whirlwind,
stool. whirlpool, top.
Trirem-is, is, f. (scil. navis), a Turg-eo, ere; tursi, neut. to
galley. swell.
Trist-is, is, e, adj. sad, grave. Turgid-us, a, um, adj. swollen.
Trisyllab-us, a, um, adj. of three Turn-us, i, m. noun pr.
syllables Turp-is, is, e, adj. shameful,
Triton, is, m. Neptune's trumpe- base.
ter. Turpiter, adj. from turpis.
Tritoni-a, ae, f. a name of Mi- Turpitud-o, inis, f. baseness.
nerva. Turr-is, is, f. a tower, ace. em,
Triumphatus, part, of and im.
Triumph-o, are, neut to triumph. Tuss-is, is, f. a cough, ace, im.
Triumph-us, i, m. the triumph. Tute, adv. from tutus.
23
270 TUT tWI
Tute, pron. for tuipse, thou, thy- Univers-us, a, um, adj. universal
self. Unquam, adv. ever.
Tuto, adv. safely. Un-us, a, um, adj. gen. iusy dat
Tut-us, a, urn, adj. safe, and part. j, one.
of tueor. Unusquisque,unaquseque, unum
Tu-us, a, um, adj. pron. thy, quodque, adj. every one.
thine, your. Uptip-a, ae, f. a most filthy bird
Tyndarid-ae, arum, m. Castor and called hoopoe.
Pollux. Urani-a, ae, f. the Muse, presid
Tyndari-s, dis, f. Helen the ing over astronomy.
daughter of Tyndarus. Urb-s, is, f. a city.
Typhx-us, i, m. a huge giant. Urgens, part of
Typhon, is, m. a giant, the son of Urg-eo, ere; urs-i, um, act. to
Juno's hand. press, urge.
Tyranni-s, dis, f. tyranny. Ur-o, ere; ussi, ustum, act. to
Tyrann-us,i,m. a tyrant, autocrat. burn.
Tyri-us, a, um, adj. Tyrian. Usquam, adv. any where.
Tyr-us, or os, i, f. Tyre. Usque, adv. continually, still, as
Tyrrhen-us, a, um, adj. Tuscan. far as.
Uber, is, n. the nipple, teat, Us-us, us, m. use, practice, need;
richness. usus est viribus, there is need
Uber, is, adj. fertile. of strength.
Ubi, adv\ where; ubi terrarum? in Usus, part, of utor.
what part of the world? Ut, adv. as, how.
Ublque, adv. every where. Ut, conj. that, in order that.
Ulcisc-or,i; ultus,dep. to avenge. Ut-er, ra, um, adj. gen. rius, ri,
Ull-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. which of the two.
t, any. Uterque,utraque, utrumque, adj.
Ulm-us, i, f. the elm tree. gen. utriusque, each, both.
Uln-a, ae, f. an ell, a yard. Uter-us, i, m. the womb.
Ulteri-or, or, us, adj. comp. far- Utervis, utravis, utrumvis, adj.
ther. gen. utriusus, either.
Ultim-us, a, um, superl. farthest, Uti, adv. and conj. for ut.
last. Uticens-is, is, e, adj. of Utica.
Ultor, is, m. a revenger. Util-is, is, e, adj. useful.
Ultra, prep. ace. beyond. Utilita-s, tis, f. the use, profit.
Ultra, adv. farther. Utinam, conj. O! that.
Ultro, adv. willingly, voluntarily; Ut-or, i, usus, dep. to use,enjoy;
ultro citroque, to and fro. aliqua re.
Ulyss-es,is,m. the son of Laertes, Utrinque, adv. on both sides.
and king of Ithaca. Uv-a, ae, f. a grape.
Umbr-a, ae, f. a shadow, or shade. Uxor, is, f. the wife.
Umbros-us, a, um, adj. shady. Vacc-a, ae, f. a cow.
Una, adv. together. Vac-o, are, neut. to be free or
Und-a, ae, f. a wave. void, aliqua re; to attend to, ah-
Unde, adv. from whence. cui rei.
Ung-o, or ungu-o, ere; un-xi, Vacun-a,ae, f.the goddess of idle-
ctum, act. to anoint, smear. ness.
Ungu-is, is, m. a nail. Vacu-us, a, um, adj. void, free;
Ungul-a, ae, f. a claw. (ab) aliqua re.
 VAD VEN 271

Vad-um, i, n. a ford, shallow. Venen-um, i, n. poison, medi-

Vae, interj. alas woe ! ! cine, a drug.
Vag-us, a, um, adj. wandering", Ven-eo, ire, ivi, um, neut. pass,
vague. to be sold.
Vah! interj. O! hah! puh! Venerabupd-us, a, um, adj. to be
Valde, adv. very, very much. worshipped.
Valenci-a, as, f. noun pr. Vener-or, ari, atus, dep. to
Val-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be adore, honour.
strong", well, or worth, to tend. Ven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to
Valeri-us, m. noun pr.
i, come.
Valetud-o, inis, f. state of health. Venitur, impers. from venio.
Vall-is, a valley.
is, f. Ven-or, ari, atus, dep. to hunt.
Vall-o, are, act. to entrench. Vent-us, i, m. the wind.
Vall-um, i, n. a trench, fence. Venul-us, i, m. noun pr.
Vann-us, i, f. a seed-hopper. Ven-us, eris, f. the goddess of
Van-us, a, um, adj. vain, false. love.
Vapul-o, are, neut. pass, to be Ver; veris, the spring.
n.
beaten. Vera-x, true in speech.
cis, adj.
Varie, adv. from Verber,is, n. a whip, a blow.

Vari-us, a, um, adj. changeable, Verb-um, i, n. a word.

diverse. Verecund-us, a, um, adj. modest,
Vari-us, i, m. noun pr. blushing.
Varro, nis, m. noun pr. Ver-eor, eri, itus, dep. to revere,
Var-us, i, m. noun pr. fear.
Vas; vadis, m. a security in a Verg-o, ere; vers i, um, neut. to
criminal case. incline, lie towards.
Vas, is; plur. vas-a, orum, n. a Veritas, tis, f. the truth.
vessel. Veritus, part, of vereor.
Vastatio, nis, f. devastation. Vero, conj. and adv. but, truly.
Vates, is, c. g. a prophet. Verr-es, is, m. noun pr.
Ve, inclitic and conj. or; paierve, Vers-or, ari, atus, dep. to be (in
or the father. activity.)
Vector, is, m. a earner, boat-man. Vers-us, us, m. a verse.
Vehemen-s, tis, adj. violent, Versus, adv. towards.
fierce. Vert-o, ere, i; versum, act. to
Vehicul-um, a car, vehicle.
i, n. turn; aliqaid alicui vitio, to
Vel, conj. or, even, at least. charge something agianst some-
Vell-o, ere, i; or vuls-i, um, act. body as a fault.
to pull. Veru, n. indecl. pi. verua, a spit.
Vel-o, are, act. to veil, cover. Verum, conj. and adv. but, yes
Velo-x, cis, adj. swift, nimble. truly.
Vel-um, n. a veil, sail.
i, Ver-us, a, um, adj. true.
Velut, adv. as, as if, as it were. Verv-ex, ecis, m. a wether-
Ven-a, ae, f. a vein, artery. sheep.
Vendens, part, from Vesc-or, i; pastus (a pascor),
Vend-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to dep. to eat, live upon; aliqua
sell. re.
Venefic-us, a, um, adj. poison- Vesper-a, ae, f. the evening.
ous. Vesperascit, it grows evening,
Venefic-us, i, m. a sorcerer. impers. from
272 VES VID

Vesperasc-o, ere, neut. to draw Vid-eo, ere, i; visum, act. to see,

towards evening-. look.
Vest-a, se, f. the goddess of fire, Vid-eor, eri, visus, pass, to be
the goddess of the earth. seen, to appear, seem.
Vestal-is, is, e, adj. belonging Videtur, impers. it seems, it
to Vesta. seems good, or proper.
Vest-er, ra, rum, adj. your, Vigil, is, adj. waking, vigilant.
yours. Vigili-a, ?e, f. watching, being
Vestibul-um, i, n. a porch, en- awake; pi. vigilise, the watch.
trance. Vigil-o, are, neut. to watch, be
Vestigi-um, i, n. a track. awake.
Vest-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to Viginti, adj. indecl. twenty.
clothe. Vigor, is, m. strength, vigour.
Vest-is, is, f. a garment. Vil-is, is, e, adj. vile, cheap.
Vestra-s, tis, adj. of your coun- Vill-a, ae, f. a country seat, a
try. villa.
Veteran-us, a, um, adj. old, vet- Villos-us, a, um, adj. hairy,
eran. woolly.
Veteran-us, i, m. a veteran, old Vin', for visne ? do you wish.

soldier. Vinc-io, ire; vin-xi, ctum, act. to

Vet-o, are, ui, itum, act. to for- bind.
bid. Vinc-o, ere; vici, turn, act. to
Vet-us, eris, adj. old, former, conquer.
ancient; plur. veter-es, es, a; Vinctus, part, of vincio.
gen. um,- superl. veterrimus. Vincul-um, i, n. a band, pi. vin-
Vetusta-s, tis, f. antiquity, old- cula, fetters, a prison.
ness. Vind-ex, icis, c. g. the avenger,
Vetust-us, a, um, adj. old, an- defender.
cient. Vine-ae, arum, f. an engine of
Vexatus, part, of war, the vineae.
Vex-o, are, act. to vex, trouble, Vinet-um, i, n. a vineyard.
disturb. Vin-um, i, n. wine.
Vi-a, a way, passage, mean.
se, f. Violatus, part, of
Viator, m. a traveller.
is, Viol-o, are, act. to violate, defile.
Vib-ex, Icis, f. the mark of a Viper-a, ae, f. a viper.
stripe. Vir, i, m. a man, husband, male.
Vicin-us, a, um, adj; near, adja- Vir-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be green,
cent. or strong.
Vicin-us, i, m. a neighbour. Vir-es, ium, f. strength, power.
Vicis, gen. f. vici, vicem, vice, Virg-a, ae, f. a twig, rod, wand.
change, course; plur. vic-es, Virgili-us, i, m. noun pr.
ibus. Virg-o, inis, f. a virgin.
Victor, is, m. the conqueror, Virid-is, is, e, adj. green, flour-
victorious. ishing.
Victori-a, x, f. a victory. Viril-is, is, e, adj. belonging to
Victus, part, of vinco. man, manful.
Vict-us, us, m. sustenance, liv- Viritim, adv. man by man.
ing. Vxros-us, a, um, adj. hard, stur-
Vic-us, i, m. a street. dy, lusting after men.
Videlicet, adv. to wit, nam Vlros-us, a, um, adj. venemous.
 VIR VOL 273

Virt-us, litis, f. virtue, valour. Volo; velle, volui, neut. to be

Vir-us, i, n. poison, venom. willing, to wish.
Vis, vis, vim, vi, f. force, vio- Voluc-er, or volucr-is, is, e, adj
lence, plenty, quantity, multi- winged, swift, unstable.
tude; plur. vires. Volucr-is, is, f. any winged ani-
Vis-o, ere, i, um, act. to visit, mal.
see. orum, m. noun gent.
Volsc-i,
Visus, part, of video, or viso. Volum-en, inis, n. a volume.
Vit-a, x, f. the life. Volumni-a, x, f. noun pr.
Vitabund-us, a, urn," adj. avoid- Volunta-s, tis, f. the will, attach-
ing-, eschewing; aliquid. ment.
Vit-is, is, a vine.
f. Volupta-s, tis, f. the pleasure.
Viti-um, i, n. a defect, fault. Volv-o, ere, i; volutum, act. to
Vit-o, are, act. to shun, avoid. roll, consider.
Vitt-a, x, f. a fillet, head band. Vo-x, cis, f. a voice, expression,
Vivid-us, a, um, adj. lively, word.
brisk. Vulcan-us, i, m. the God of sub-
Vivitur, impers. from terraneous fire, and foreman
Viv-o, ere; vixi, victum, neut. to of the Cyclops, forging Jupi-
live, to live on, or upon; aliqua ter's thunderbolts.
re. Vulgo, adv. commonly, public-
Viv-us, a, um, adj. living, alive. ly.
Vix, adv. scarcely, with much Vulg-us, i, n. and m. the com-
ado. mon people, the rabble.
Vocit-o, are, freq. to call often, Vulneratus, part, of
to call. Vulner-o, are, act. to wound.
Voc-o, are, act. to call, name. Vuln-us, eris, n. the wound.
Volans, part, of volo. Vulp-es, is, f. the fox.
Volit-o, are, freq. to fly about, Xenophon, tis, m. noun pr.
flutter. Xerx-es, is, m. noun pr.
Vol-o, are, neut. to fly. Zacynth-us, i, f. noun pr. Zante-

FINIS.
 ERRATA.

Page. Line.
6 6 for vestris, read restis.
16 14 Ad, An.
21 32 the Helvetia, Helvet.
54 6 fuiesses, fuisses.
72 24 VIII, VI.
78 make the paragraph " Observe yet, etc." the last
of the same paefe.
79 12 for effect, read affect.
80 3 oppidanus, oppidanos.
118 11 after minus supply perpetuo.
22 after redigo add sum
140 8 erase *
181 44 for qaae, read quae.
184 22 scipsisti, scripsisti.
194 38 stare, staret.
200 8 e. g. d. E. G. a. d.
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