1979 - RSGB VHF-UHF Manual 3°ed

VHF-UHF
MANUAL
VHF / UHF MANUAL
(3rd edition)
by 0 S Evans, PhD, AIM. G3RPE. and G R Jessop. CEng, M IERE. G6JP
Edillld by R AStatoo. SSc
11.0.010 SOCIETY Of GIlEAT 8 11ITAI N

3&0""9l>TvS.,..~t.ondon. WC ' N2.A E
CONTENTS
Spa~ communication
Testequlpm.nta"d , ccesaoriH
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Th~ ~ulhon e.:p.ess their t.":,,nks to all those ....110 ~"e a""~I~ in the
compolationorthe thi,d cd'l,on of this Manu.o.l,panicu.larlytbcfollo""in,
whoprm'idtd material for Ihis lPCCi6c purpose:
Chapter 2 R G FI ••dl, FRMdS. G1LTP
Chapter 4 R S Ucwes. TEn,(cv). FSERT. GJTDR
C hapter ~ R Phillips. G8CXJ
Chaptcr 10 1\ Goddard. G3NQ R
J~ nnell.G3EFP
INTRODUCTION
""~~.nJoIt"''''-' ,''',.ul;td1'O
..... ,thchche«~_
· itio....,......,.to .... bInIILbo
...... Il»n.ds ...dlpootl,"lilablo . ..,... ...... Jf~
~top:'lhef ..nhpo'lluhmill, ... p'n"'T.bk
1.1 1'itI 1.1.""""
pi<tonaUy ....... Ia",-. pco5II"'" 01 !I••
te"i.:,=:'=:.ro.~:::.u~;':: ,~J:~ ..
<&111;'~;,~~.11":~·~h.:~;.~';,". t':.~~':':!::'~
fOf multi".."", in,a 1M 7(1 • ...:1 B"", bond>. N ormally.
=~;=:!'~'::=r~"'~':;:'in,ru.fftpeO'
i---.. .._
-,- if:
-----L....L.......L...' "
hid!, H
h i= fl
L..L....
l " ! A ' 'AA.t.t I ~~
i _ I ..
T able 1 .1
VHF.nd uhf band' ."'8ilabte to th e
P,i
R
.". - ==t=
._- _ 1 = 1 i
!J =i~i =iF:;;:
:1=1
u§~~~
1
1.1
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
..
'~1WH~1'~
-
70Cm Band Plan
"' _ _ ".0<1
~ - _...
L. c''''
1.2
Table 1 .2
Amlt.ur hftjuency " lIocations. tog.th.r with power rntrictionl "nd oth.r qu"lific.tions
II .H .... _ _ _ _ IAS.FJ' ... ,bo_"' ..... .........
____ " .. F........ "·_ ........ I .. · . ~) _"'"_,· ..... _
s. ..~., II, ~i]~~', ~~~~i~~f.~~$i;1:i~~;~

1.""1 _ '7O<JI'-lO-l "'."1,,,-'. ",W "'IW
~_:;: ~:te';~1 ~fuii~?f&~~~~\"::N~~;!lil~~:~I~I~\-1~ji~:':!
,_" 1..1n_I.no ~~:.~~

__ 1.m-I.llS "::!;,i~/l.
- ' - '._'.' 11
- - 1.6"".''''
--
I ... "
- ,.""14.0001'.~
---
1.""'_ ...-.""" ,,, ..,,.-."',................. ,,.... .

=-:::;.~.;::""'" ....,'......... - <- ......
.-
I.n.. .......... mlb)' ...... ""."...
='!i;~1:':2:.;~'i..~!~~'?1<:.':f,'~"!'!
!.!!:.:.O:':.":'b'."~~u:..""',.~'~~'.:;,":':~MI;:"" "," .. Ottkd
::..~..:rC :;t..:d·i~·:'h:'i::'''\"''''"·' R.dto T<"~.'n". oR 1"1 VI
~·"~~lwby~':.'::~:: '{..::;,;':1':'.:l.'..",:~.;~'1,~~:1I k """

;\~~"t."t'..N'm~'~~·~o(~~ ';:"':: J~~'" ""-IN by
~'~~~).'''_'' ""'" _ • ....aI Iltw .. r'......"..
:::E?r~~~J;""§~7~~~~::= ....
~, ~.~.:?t~ .........................
,.. _1<."" .......... _, .. """ .. ,.... ".....
1 .3
Table 1 .3 Table 1.4
IARU Region !hllah:n:7: uhf repeatar
Table 1 .5
UK uhf . epaatar<;hannels
TtIo .... bond ........ ny." ..... ~ .... ""' .. ,"'''''" bu' ''.
unJununa .. ly._,....IIoca1""'"' ...... ' ..... ' ......I ......
OnIy'heUKand'''''R.''''I>'"'oflm.nd ........ nds,n't.i'
_,ion ,I><
of &pa:,rurn.• I,"""",
,1><..... po»Ibilil ... ."
n...
<."..·...""'.. tlnh.. ...,n'ac" .. ,'h'I><USA .....
C.... do.
"·h"'hh .... 'ht6m ... oo . l(i •• "" . ..'y ..a""'.b.. "" .... ''''
_ .. <>I>< .. "on~"" ... "."""rdQu.".. "'''<''h,p ..' ..1
"'''''''VftI'''''' "...."","".,""'.. _P,""' ...........·
,...............""..."'Ymmmunoeo'_ .....
.=
Band plan
g~~! ~;~stg~£;~h~:~~ .
"'~ '=~~~::~::. ~;'!!~~~~PI".=.~' ~ty'::;
'n'.'no"....... ld"" ...... ""' .• IIIII~n'.""""""" ...."""'
A'lH".~by.ndin ' I><I;lh'of"p<f .. nc<.,"' .. may
;~~~~::"'::":~!.i~:.,':~~~=.~~;i::; :~ ,.1""", .. ,11 bc)do.. ,i<d ...." .... bu.;. h"""",ha" ho
;:t.::~ '(.rr: ,~::r' ,.·ill ··..,....10"'·· ...·,'h._ pb .... 11111
=:E...=E:~~n=OO!:T=~::.;
<_I~ofl.SU''''nl .... ).tIl ..nd.J2~ lIl .;" ... t.ndftl
Wi.h,nrn:aie1l""',,·tly.n<I ...... of .. ,IIhil:tlerf"""""""_
'un ...... pI.o",..""',bcalkdloo.bu.'n ....... -I .... of
......··or··poon.'opoin'··Ioo....... lIypl.onn". . . . . -
~n~~~;~:.t:o~,::~,'~~. ~";':!":~.'::=~~,,:":';
1O.llQwfo<f,,''''••• po......,.,if .... _ .. ''''IfIl... >f*''''J.
1I.,"'by"..' lyd""blln.' ... po<.n". l q""n'''y''''' ........ ''.kin'
',«10<11<1<.1",.,,"' ...' .... .... r"'a:Jond.ndF,.nc.onlOC Il ,p'... n '~ .... IJ)I'Ob"ln!
1 .4
2 PROPAGATION
A" ""'OI'endot ' heuhf boll<lotm<Jl.p/leric""""p'lIHo

10_" ""'''''blt.•
cff..," .... 'in JJd bcyond l.OOOMllz.
' n' .... hrpartot ' ... "'dio.J'IK' rum . .,,"'.""tIoIud ... 'o
~:':.~~:.C.':, ::~~:
:'r~r=:..=:..:'~~:,'.:!=::
1n _ _ y,.;",.~lC1OkmOftol_'''''''''''''''.
;;"~~~;.";~'::''::.,'':::':'~~
:ti::a~;!'::~,:;~~'~=~:Es~"==
PfO"kklmond .vd."".hu,,,,,, ... j,h aood"<lWllj,y.hiJh
"""I-sc"",,, h rt«pei06n "<'Im .he OWinenl ' <If ~rio<h
.. ,..; .... from.f<wminu' .. ' o .. venol holm.n......"'nlS
"""" .... Uyb<dilli ... "iIIIodfrom ' ~~""...,.,....,,,
bJ , ...... ",..tivdy_.N;....... nddq>orl" ..... nd fOf
:!~=y~~.:;.:~~(!=n!.:
''thUJ...''"'''is .....-lbJ''''' ......... '''''cl ..._moci
..... ,....,poruct.sf,om' ......" wioh' ..... nh·, ......... ic
lie"'. Sipoll mIecIod from ,ho V«)'",,*I< A_~H;
ou n.i..... hrhu .... lly""""""pony'''''.is''''' 4is!>b)'S ...
rcldil,ravan iliblobY I ""lrchfaC1.'i~ ic lo~.'arioosly
'OC1 .h.'
lloocril>od ...... p ina. rinJ!n.o....' • .,.•• JId ' ....
t-m iIeod'"" for oc>Iim"m oIanal ilmIIlh a re <»mm<H'Ily
:::::,~:.::::::k:.':~:n::::~:
.. nh· •• ' ''''''f'hereof ..... ll ponidooofoolidma''.. ,-...'
~!'~..::~ -=~~: ~ ~":": ..
Recognizing vhf _u hf mod..
ofPfo~8tio n
""r~ .......... b<>ve)OMIt .(f<>lk>w;"I! lhodofin;lioftnl''''
........·hf.oouhf)P«>f>lI.. "ontJ,. ' bor<.ula,laye .. .",/Ic
~=~ino=~':'=n =!':r~::
~===~~;,:~:::~m<mal(y.t_
.
_~"""'Ylak"rl ...
..
:~t:.-:dh".:~~ ~1:;, ~::':d'~ :'/~r":;
=rf:~E~:;:~~,5:~~::::~~
!boa ~ 10 '~ m at.o.e ,he ...... fw;I. lbe ,...... "~k
:=='~~~·:,~"':;~h~=~~n.::
.......... ilalHl;'yofnndo<n" ........ r"Ieo;n . .......1X1i,.
=-E:Z~~:!:~E.';-~ =~=~~.:::t~o.:=:::..w:-;
.... flof....,.;p'pm<1ra' ..... da"'tnodpo-.
2 .1
"".~ ~." ..."-".-'"_ .. "':..:; I
.. ....
f,rq .... n<ies,boi:ou .. , 1><
!t"t'I,,·hlchndcpondcn'
~lord' ;'~;nde.oon'o;n. 1
up<>n ' I>< .....
~n~::~~ili~',:, r::~~:%.,;:~ 7,., '~r~
l moot'll of wa,., '· o
p<>u,
Tropospheric propagation The radiorefrllctlv8 Index of ai r

The propagation of light
Th<...re.wo~..icme'l>od.uoed,ode.. rm;ne'l><mru'; ..
indc. of . I,;"""n,omea,ur. i, rooreorldsdlr«:tlyu. lna
It may b< f""nd b<lpful to b<sin 'hi. "udy oX "ol'O$plw'H:
pr"","p'iOft b" <onokkrinl r.NI oome """,,,,,,,ble as.,.., ..
of ,be pco",p'ion of lilh" ln mool<a ... ,be . naloc i•• ~~~~~;,¥,r,E~:~=~if;~~;:=;:'
Tl><y.re ...... lly.i,bor""o, •• 'her<>dbon"""·t>o.... d<vices
~.:,,: =i~d~~If:~~i·:~I~";~!.~;;;:~<;; '(:"i~
~~::'d~~"'b~1;" ~'~'dl!~ ~\o~be..:!:n~u~f.. =' oo""ruct«l . ndol'."" '«lbyl. ''''~.,..,ho,..''";u'io'''
.nd mool of .. h . ... had many Y...Bof .. porier><e WO<Iri ...

;i,t!!~':':~:on:~":"~ ~~i;i:: :':i~.~~, ~;':~n!.
... "ertbe ..... . nd . n'I>< pon u,blnl.lfea.IOwhich.radio
~~7:~!:::~:~:::;:~:~:
otp ..... u"'.'<mper. tu .. . ndhumidl'YPro.iJrdb)'mo,oo,o-
:;~';:~~~~h :i~~~:~ :r':~:;:~i1\:;~l::;Y vil",,1
..
lop:a l .. rvice>.Jlovc"M""",ld.I" ... ",U y on . ,..'ice4>ily
bo.", . , midni' h' and midd.y, J'I", Thi. ;.f""",.,i"" n
~±~§!g§~2~~t~~~~~~ ~~= ~:" .;=~~. ~;~~ ~,I~::O,::"'",~~~

.. """ . borUybefo""hesccondWOfldwa,
"",I"',rodlnwa''' . Ppo. B'obeben'./XbYJ"m"i''lu
from ,I>< du>t In a ,haf, of sunlilhl con.ider«! a rlier ;~J.~r::;:~~i·:;7I£~~~,~~~~~:
prof""nd.lTect on
~:'~:~lr=":~'::;I'~ :;:Or':: ;:,~u:::":,~~~j:"nd"! propoa.a,lon ", udl .. . nd may h." • • ,I><
dts"n • •ion of ...dio .... ,.,. Tobri ... """hl.importor><e.
~rylm_~nlfil'.''''h''h''''''''n''''u'''lIyi.providedl>)'
I 1a)'O,of""'nt in II>< uppor o"r'KlSllhe<e whICh p!'C\'.n" ~'1,::i~~l i %r~~,~~~~~:l<,~~~~~' :~~u~~~,f~,~r;.:
:~2~;;~~~·:U;:i:;:~;;;:;;;'~;
ofh,h. I, ;, ",r"'<lion ..'hich plO"io.los II>< len. "i,h lIS "dl· ~r§~~Ig~~¥ji~~~
~~~~~¥££:~~~r~~~i~§?Si Me1eorologicaluniu
~':: ~~<l~"".':~: :':~~ =n!::n:'70~:tI;,~~J>O'::;
gi:~;:vi~~:~~~n~~ =~~£ .
Ch>nllO$;.,d"'<Ii,·.,ndt~ o lso<>«ur;o ' l><o'mOlpl>< .. ,
TbcollmnL UniLOfIl\"C$lUfC;' lho milli\nr (mb),.qui>"lknl
~:'~~:n~i~·~~:,:,~·~'t.i~, :'7~reC;l,:?,
~:~~oft;;;.:-;'~~'~n~.::e:n ~:.!~ ~,:'~'~,,~
C;lnbemodcona.lldt-rule.k"""'in" ha,19'SJin _ l.iXnnb.
~~~.£~~~~~~~~~~,:?~~.:;~i ~~::;J~'~
=:,'~~;:'."~:~~.:, ,:~W::;~~:~:~. ~;::.:~'~
f~~~;F;:~~?%~::(=~~?~='~~
In ,I><tlooon o"om<1lmes brsid. ,1>< ..... I Ii ... of ..... , i'fnsuredt<"'.......i'hl><;. h'in .n . pp<OJlUn:o.dy
direc'ed do"'n"',"'.
I. ",fra<lod u",,~'d .. ..,·1•• on \Uf. Ne.. tl>< ,""'nd II>< ..,eofch.anae i.
Iopri,hmic mo,., ... r.
;E:~l~~,~~;;i:;:~: .~Sl;~:i,k~i:£
~~f~;~~~~~§T~~~~
2.2
~~~~l~~~~~~~if~~
T."'......... .
ID .ri...U6<_it ........IIy...."...."..o ...,.,...,,""..,Ufn
~~TI;t~i0~~~~~E
..1... : ,My ,,, nat ;<lto,IooI, bu, lhe lIi!lh'
IIO_UC_""'" . ~jlf.,.r.ce is 0(
1I11..""'h"mlcll'Y
Tt.nil._ol,I'Ir._dmoio,o", ""...., """"""
in.oampkof.ir.npraocdu._,... 01,,,,"t«a1
~::::'=-:~=f~.!,:'~~~~;~!'::'''n::~=
~~~. ='~Th.~h.:::t· :I~~od~ l~'ah':~:::
rn:rcnob/y.,.,looW;nar"'f'C.I,".nl".. odocl'ftn. T I><
~,If.rencc be, .. « ... hc:,"'Q .... dlnpi.,""..". ...t.ml>/'~
..... '/M.Ib• • r.d .... pert>M ....... Ia",.h .. mio<li',"'nbtf""od
r"""' .... d...."m.Fi.l.l.lf'ho'ho...nom.' ..... r<:cahh..'td
=~~:.E":~~;,.~=:::.:= :::
O.w·polnt
~~,::.:'::~.:: ~~1:'-~ ~~~~:."::~~:":::,:.,:
.~
=,=~~~.:,:~~..t;::~""~~i:'::I1~~'=
,':':.r:~:~~::,ld~~,:::,,::~~:=.:
"" "yof .. prtMi ... ' ....."-n'of .... I<t ... pour""" ..i ..... in
...""""of ..... M""uPf!<,al,reron'_'adol"iIoow'luo
u • ....,.....".•..-. , .... d,tr~ ................ dory-bWb
:::=:~::~.!:~:'u'"!:,:::,,"!.:.~
::.:::':.."::!': =:,~'=~~.:!';.d!a". F.. l.J. <all
oaI."'."""'pllomak.thcm"'I>o .... ;s. .. il1"""'pliaI'.
=.
_llycoo"nien, ..Ia'"",""i", b<y<>nd beh.f. t. ,<q.ita
,ha,
oomc . ~j ... t ..... ", of ide,... not lho ...... boina ""i,hl is
' .. 4,tk>noll,""' .... rtdopWllrd.f,""" ..... 'ound."h<, ....
u:,'::.~~f=~'::.::.:c~'=::!'",:;,~;:;
:.'~"'"'.;;=::::~. ~roc;.nl~,'" ~::.~!n~:, i: :
.,
,is
g~·~~~y~~~~~i~~
1hc",loIluempts'ol.noJ,("'Iht)'."rullyharOITIfIm
:'Z':~r:t~ ~~i':;'::::~I~:...~1t of r.., Ct _rei ;. "cad of
A," ~mpitruitorthumblli. ""lth .. momberi"I'ha.
'"
". ~~~§~~~~;~1~
2.3
_,.;/'_.-:1_» _7<:1' _ ~. 0' .1O·.20· .. llf .....
",
f-- r- -: --
":.-- .--
_ f-- e--f-- r- c:!
.-- .-- I-:: ..--::::- F::::
--
'--v f--: f-::: :::::=:::;:: p--E::::IT
Il
"/' .--'-- :'-:r:-:: r:::: 8 t::::::::::::
"/:: :::-::: :::::1;:::: p- V' I--:f-:: V
",
:::::: /'---: I;::::-f--: I--: I--: I--:~
::-:::: ::.- e--I-:: V' V'f-:: 1--::'
'"
Va po .., 1" "''''. "The .. '_"hi<h ... "" from' .......·rrco...,"·.,.k"Q~"

=:::r~~T~:.!~~£;,!:~~
~ ... 'o ... olen .... of ___ 'u"" ....' _ '...n
..'"n...... '......pour_~canbcf""""'b)',....,-..
from'hI,OCI .. -".'''"d.,.-bulb ..... p<n' .. ~.'''''' .....
""'k,pIyi... by'ho~ .. 'i,~h.."kI"ye>.~ ••• deo""'"
~~~0=~~~;~~~~
......... 1IIy"'~ ... 'oboo._'40N....
ni,~...... W_,.._ ..
ilUThI;km' ... ou".. '.... of'honyil . .......... , ... ,o(
'.i.""',;..,.
~;~,~~~iF,E!~i~~~;~:~~= ~;:;J~""i::~=,r.2::~nc:~::n~~~
'h< .."h.Lo_ .... ,.,"h.nU7NIIc"' .....
_""pondi ... 'o'h<dcw-poon" .... pn.'uK, ... 'n ......

.houkoll-l,2.I(d) ...i!':,'='" ',om !woe md d.ta
noml'le ..,. ..", .. lilion
P _ 9OOmII.T ~_ ) ·C(l1O''''J.Oew-poinI~ ~ rc.
n.e.d_' ... .....,..n'io - I'·C..""' ....
_~
... _~"'""' .. f"""'Fi.2.I(<I)ill"..,b. Hm<e
N _'Hl~\IOO , )1)~~~o;~l.6 In; l) - l7I
"'h.rcp ~ ' ... u''''''"''''"'i<pr ..... rc('''b) .
• , ....... ,.,. .... po... _ .... ("'bJ. CausH oftropo -d"
."", T ~ ' . . . i,I<mp<n' .. rcno H• .,.;"' ..... blishtd' ........ hodof""'.in''''rtf'KI'''':i~
It io on..._"""...,n....' w ..po."'" ,lIioinlO ......... r.-mo<.IanIlrIOIcorolotIaIobIcn'_"I$ •
... , .. ""pt<>tra...... o ... pIy, ....k_·I«IF'o.""""of,IIo
N ~ ~ +H)) ~}O'.e .... of'IIo.'_ho .... """' ........... rl<edtros-ph<ric
-<>peninl··.for.lro .. f....... ' .... ;,.ptObobly' ....... in""' .....
bocou .. i" ...... oepa ... ' ... ""'''~;.ntlyin'o.··<lry··tnm, ~hyvhf.nd uhfopen.,o .. ... k~an1
in' .... ' inndio_p·
,;.",.,.II! For"'"PUrpOl< ,.,,,",b<1,.,occooionan""
~~~::~m:~~~~~~::~::~':~~~,:. co .. ide"hon' ... e>.nlnlof20J.n ... .,.,974 ...... nlr"""
ron .. ctt .... rcmaderill" .. roosEutope.p<ovNIinl.""h.
2 .4
'_fIT ...........
IIotldlll .... ~j . . . . . . I ....... 1 ....
~:~§~{t§~~~~~~
IooI< ....
_ _ .. boit\I,beir'-'-c>W .. ptn<ralll,ba,_oIdJ;.
Fit U ' - " . cr-.-...... 01 , ....,"""'*'" IIp.O.
::"~n~.',:km~~~~=/e~~~n:::j':.
...... I ... ,.... or .. r... C1i.i'f ........ inN·uni".T ... "' .. n"
mio.. kin. ,hc """""""" , ;.,. lotm«Iln 'hclo .... ' PO" III
..... d..... m.Thilindoca'....... pflollolrtffK1i ... lt>du '..!'=:..r.. ~'~~~'.:,~.'!~,~·~"<;'".":i':~'~~'
.
F""h .......... ' .......If <eolly<1f,""' ... "udrlll"opoo..... ric
:'::~y.·:~;:!"Id..,=..::~:':~ ':~~ I"...,.,-.. 'hc ....u;,.;,;""ofuPf!«•
_tbo . .
• _'II<IIorimoo.~·rtf....
_ i ...
..,.,""hiI"""prod......
nhin' ....... IlIboohaoccnd, .... and
"""""",.. ons..lIoca_ ....."'io._loendoIo<rr'"
•_,io<ophM
". . . .....,..,....1.........
do ..
ref....;..., i...... 1O.xcr- ""'h ....... ' n... otreco ...... rIy
Ei~~~~f.~:~£~~~fu:~;~
_11"..,...... ,o.sI.............. nd .... KCOUn .. for 'II<
,.......'......,<On>m...a';.,.,Io .....llyposs;bltb<yOfloJ'...
~~~!~~:0"E.::.7.~a~£~i~j
:O:,,::ba..........,,"or .....I ........ 'hotin<1UiCinWOrkjn.
INd. 10 oi""" ... h.nce" .. n,'Why dooon>e h,.h·prc>o .. rc
')'>I.m,\),in •• b<>"'.11<>Il «>nd," ""•• "", 01"'" ''''''
1..... n...·.r'oq......... " • • , ..... , ... in . . . Nlrecio'.,.,
~ff=~~:::~:~:
::.:......~!'!/=.::h=::!~:.:=-.:::
~....~..:i,;;.:~~;:"~:::':-..:=
:~~~r~~·~I~:;~~~:~:.::~~:;~
ci~'::~~~ ':7;!":,'U::,::.::;~~; .~~!~:~ ~~
....... , ................"...,..)...;'h •• ,.... irIo;Iina,,,,,, ,,,.,... nls, ...
~~;b~~~~~~~::;,:~
,''' """tr,,.
bo.I, .. "h. sli"", .....,""' .... "'.
N"....nOf'!'OOioc
.ff«"ak.. pboc_A.'.... i•• pI •• IsOlOlwanloi'ha.'obo
..,'bowlb~ r""h q.... MItie! d","·~ from ~1so\I.'''''re.and once
.pi "'II<""'yoo~""' ... lof'.r<'"lli ... ' hi.,i""'in.down.
~;.s;:h;lh_rc.,.I«TIS ....SIoOCio' o<lWi' h
Adi .ba ticch.ng ••

" ..... ,""ic>I....."..,.,<llan... lnbolh...,. .. ""'.ni.lII<eao<I,.
~~~;5.E~~~;~§;~;i
~~~ '~~: ~n.!:I'1 ::.!.,~ '1O~:~l".h~.:~""~~~~
'on,p<"""~.Qt"","Jo'·... . ''''''·o'"''''''o.pp:.o, •••
i"",.,..., in I<mp<ra'u",. Th~•• • Ii",n I t. of."
.. ".11
.
~~:~,,:,:...=; ~~ ~'"l. ~~;'.;:~':",r.::,,~
=~~;:.~==~~n':::=
2.5
=:~~~~~~~~~~§:T~:§
' ' ' Iod ..
ql; ...... ,DC'h ....... oI ..... -.'''"y .. 'h .... 1o.-c
~~r£F:£l~!~:::n:::~:til~" ::::::.~
:~·:,,;::,:,!;.,:tP..:...t.o;:1":'':'~ ::":".:!s.rrl:,::
en"q-.o ...... I"',ind ... hlCh,""ludool.h.o ••"',,'ful."'",".
ol20J.nwryI914 0.. 11oe ..... ' rA,loediovam moy b< .....
• t<lIc'-i".,he_mollt>.,loo, " 'hot:h«fUlM ,,,,_
~%~~~~~~~~~
fowod '"0CCI.l' ' ' towlo"hot:h.", "'Jh« ,101 .. -...ol.
,ndico" ... oI'II<""""",''',I".""", •• «I .. i.h •..-adepra-
oio"."'lIKhl'C:ll)CClj...clypl'tCfdldllldfoll&oalthiolWP-
_poriolIn-K.ioopla"' . . . .-ery ...... " ...
Potenti,lrefr.ctiveinde"
R.fcrrlnsblM;k 10 Fi,Z.• i,,,.11 bel«ll'ha'."",~ . po.n
from'lI<oq,o .. rA,II1«co,,......,.,,'o .... h. ....II<"';. •
.. nonl bock.roond of f.,dy ""u"lly",,"«<1 iooIIlc1l><
"hich_... '''' _ _ 1 f.n-<oll' of rrf....;." i"du ,,·..h
...,p',.n.....t>errAmnd',.,.' ..... ,",he ... ndtor.l.,.".,..Ju ...
fu, ,,,kul.,i,,. ",r"c,"'.,ndr.,ha",b<cn p«>p<»<dfrom
""'" to ,i",", Oil "Mh 'II< ,.".... _ rA m,nom"",. , .... otr<Cl
:~!f§~fiE:Ef;:~':;· ~;
=~~:.:::: =':.."'7...rA,.~n.u~:,.:~
n«N"y.,.""'II<'d',..d.a" ..... h.o.b«"n'hed,llkulryor
~i::-(:~~~;;!I="~,."..r=~~:~ ..'.':;
~;r~~§~t~~~;~~
..
=-;~)"I,,"<lI., I"nlIk"o".n ... _ ....t.J"ft.<lI..
I. "'n beoln.ined from u",,",.;,me.ro-rolotico'suul\<lin.
~:~~~;;~~~;~~;~i2 -.-,e.'
." u. ;~::.:':"c':.:..:~';:.~.'..;:'"):~=:.'~l~.'.oe" ••
2.6
_oonof_' .... l ..... "'" in ,....""""'f>/Itt ••"" ,...
".tlem. "" _ _ ........... ,......--._ ..... on an
boundorylo)v·IonI' .... _po'hillFoal.~""".,.-.
i... ovcr .... -,.p<riod.'en ... Ioy ............. iIIF"oaU,
_"......'h...,_
~
,"'-"d_·_'_ ........ ~i.con-
........... c ...m..dI'"' ..·hiclt_ldbo
.. fonnodolto..ally'Ioc.ame .. ol K.... ,uosi'""l'<"'i'"
::':....I0:..:i~~~'~.~=t!~:;,:.;,.~-:,:
_of'ho;"l<fUli ... ' .. 'u""obIef'~""diqrs ... _
.. Fill.S.,.."",'hoftin""'i,y.bu, ...,,,-. in"""'-l
by'ho ......... 'lEi ............. !
~~:~~~~%¥?1~
:::="'ofheWt' ...hl<hll...)'S lppalrsind...........
To ........... '... ,."""""."" ... <......-:'.,..in'e'... of
N.badyconoido=l(Fi.2.')wi'hi"coo n .... pon'n .. "'" 1f ...,.... cl.'moopho'lCp .... u"'."'U'O-"·n( •• ''''''
ofK.fi.l.6, No'efi",.ho, ,,,,,"' ....''''''',11 ... .,.
,he . ,,,.. ys.,,,"''''',,, 'ho "'f,Kli.... Indicel h... boenalcu",cd
poten""
§~!~ft~:fi~~~E;:~;!S]~
mrac1i", index di.,ram. inodo, in, ,h., ,he
.......... ,f.II-olfor ...rru.i.-.:ir.da."·i'h",,i.h' .........n
""""idmlb'yrtd"",,,.AI ,ho"ocp.la ........... 'hoconoo ...
'ra ...... oIioapklholuo.l>oen.,eadyempl\a.i.... inFil l.6
OIIdi'i.lmpOfUll' ,o_'ha,"""ha.nolboen ., ,...
=.of=~,~n~,:,:::,::,;~''''''',.h''''''';''h
__ oit~odiobo ' ''''''''_l\a.-',",-",
lO .. rryl ....., ... o l _.. lm........ "'i"""'"lontwilh~,

IIIIlNnerol\a,ilslIMI,ltohouldllOlbtsu""",,,,UU'lhc
2.1
:::...~;::.,:,:,:: !.~' ~'!..~~,o":!.:!,~: Ta bl e 2.1
:=. .
uni,.r", ,ay.,ra<;ln,pu,pooohlna VCfy";mplo .... nncr
"'";;.:"':.'°bobo!.~, ,:,,;,;,;:y.J~~~',:~
pmsu .. i _... ofN-ooni .. andbe .... ' • .-....,... _ . , .
Suo,,,,,,,,, uP, ...... ,htr'c.""".. '0 be roo, .. "" ... 'n
:'~"t.j;~~;:.:.~~':::'ei:::~~~1
.~,
• T I>< ~ .. (iotIofc ...... O«t..-and ' - - ' _ "

0._
X""""""""",
__ GfL
(n,»
OIlP
••..,., • •J"" ..
7.UO. ".6Jl(dl ....
OFS It.1IIO(d)
2JO(d~t.,I)5(.J
jUt"~ '.''''In)
Ntnc>I;f\odby( ...... ~of""""'oflbe ..<!"UC,~ lt XX 1.(.J. I •.9tO(d). I HH(d~"'O'H(.'
.:~~~~~~;~~
'.ll". 1._. II .• '.
·.~'OI.I
I.on. 'Z.lIIO(4~ • .015(0)
.....
::.:~~.....~",:~~~~~ -~
t~~:[~~t~;~~;
pt ......... ~it)' bef.... pia ....... , ...... to ........ 'N' ,IN:
r«!un'e1.l'nf""""'..,., ...jllbea'..il.ble .. IN:"r«!uiro.l.r.,.
_c"'"ntnna... '·...,.......,"betI..... ,,·;,h'IN:orKroloP:al
... nyonc wi,hnty"""" ra:<pI..,.,r.dl"inn;..
....."ionotN" ... _'O.e<>nI'''...,....IHI-w'.... bIe
' ' ' '1'1'1'
lupplyol"""ooroIoaic:oldl'.oI.lldeo<,i"' ....... ''''rwnitted
,,"hina'OO"'i.... oI'..........'ioM ....... _ .T..... :.'
""es de .. ilo of. r.... ot'IN: broo.datm "'hich i""l""" tIN:
Acqu ir ing meteoro logica l data ..,"oI""".'.. 110 ..hich.....-...""'lIubccll~lIne:
Tht"'."'lh ......lll""'K<lu'n... ~ldo .. of tho,.. .......... , 01"""
,... _'.-I«lf.,..'....'''''yofuPl'tr...,,'''fra<;h''''lndo~
~~~:~~~~~~~;]~
d;'l,ibu,""" T ... y ...
(,jbyu"".labul:o.,coJda,.,...bh,hOdbyna,..,...I,,"'be,
(n)by'h<_"",of ...~.,.'.ltrrIn'.r("'y)l>r~m
(iii)byl ... """'pliortol,...... io r_ .... "'lr.. )~ ....
~;::~~~I=;:.:,r;:.:.I('~~':~~~ ........ bet ..... nOlOOZO:!OOZ.ndDOOZ-I400Z,inclnd'n'

b.,..,lablet.nd"""-ad.oyon,y.ndr","'",, ..ranICrlIO
::rfJu:(":,::::~u::na7r=~~~;=,,:.r .~ ~
!~~~~;~§:~~~::~~ _tlion< 01 ,......;" ... ,""'"lilcd110 booofin'_ar&
:;:;.,"" ' ·,.1...... hOChtanboo ....... inpt.. nin1o.......
g~2~~~I~~3~~!S~
A""'""IruIR""'J.publO>hOd(........ lty.t>oo.o, .fonni*'>t
!i;~r=;i~~~~~~~i=:
Tht"""" ..... ruIC""" ....n.. ,ll<'blloa'' ' ' .. '..
r.fkltn
Wm...,J/t." (W50 OIf.oboollJ"",". F"'nkr...... So, Ill, ~~~!~~rtACI< ."d. s...,u m>O'1otOlO8z..omz
~;~IS=,~~~;2;]::::E
~~t:,,·,:::-:ri~:'~I.:,':. ~:~,;.;'::t~
r.b~'i~,~~.!fi.':~i~'"!:,'~":. '::::~~:.:. ~i€[~Ef§f&§~
2.8
Table 2.Q
IdentificatiO~r~~!~i':sior::seteorOIOgiCal
M.' ...'.. :<....

(fi,2.')
I,.all~ ItlTY,...<'I ... S.. ,100
l< ...·ic~ 6("' I(II'2 W lISU K'. UKUK' 0)00'
s.o,no"~ ''':;OBWlISlIK'.UKlIK'O)016
S"n~<11 Sli1j02-7W USUK', UKUK' 0)170
Au,h'""
H<m.by
'J-6IOJ<9W USUK'.lIKUK' O1l2Z
,HJOl-7E USU K1.UKlIK' 0).<%
en..·..,. ,1-1 /OO ZW USUK', lIKlIK' Oln4
C . .. bo..... "H,' (IH W USUKI. UKUK' OlM
Lon,K«I> '4-I,I06- 'W USUK'.UKUK' 0)911)
V."n,i. S"9110·ZW US'U. UK I ~' O)9lJ
Copen",_SHI'Z·,E USDl-Il.UKDH'0)6'!1
0. ~,,, 'IIi'I/O'!E USHL'. U"NL' 06.l60
U«1c ~H ,'04JE USB"', UKBX' 06447
l'1Iy.... 0(i·1.'06-9~ USSW1.UKS"', ~,o
a ..., <I-,.-1,... WUSFR'.UKf R , 07110
T"pr><1- <I'7m·OE USfR',UKf R I 0710
N • ..". 'HI0)6'2E USFRI.UKFRI 071110
tko,.,,,,.., .. -1 00·1'" USFR',UKfRl (1)'0
Nt.,.. ")-0,(>4'"'' lIUR,.U KFR' 0764S
[~;. ~]~j! !!Imm: :~

E§~r E!~~~ ~~~i: ~~~1! iffii To i<xnlil)' the 'PI"<lP.ia,c SCClion look f<ll mncWO'
...... ,,," 1I'""pS.",,hlhal ,I>< fo .., be,i", 00. 'I><fou"h 8'
. nd' ....'·.nlh70,'Oe:ndoc<O<le . s . oo'"
In'l><oeconJm<<<>¥c ...·hiehbtiin' .. i'h'l><k'' ... TTDB
croup'", n be'rlil in,opoi,. h~"i""'l><rorm
I~ !~~~'~ '~~~n~d~,~~~!n<mi"«l
NNPPP Tn-nn
in '''0 1"'''' ,."11< .. NN :1:.~":;~7~~'!";d~nli", 'Oe: k,~I. 100 is
:'~!:b~;~r"'dbY'1>< p,,,-tb.<>.nd ... toonnumMn st,o,.n
ppp i•• I"n'un:a' ~hieh ' .... t<mp<r>Iu .. l.pser.o'.
~2i2~f=~:'" ::!:.'i~~·n,~ ;~~d~~ ~~..T.!-~~: elt.n~
TTrno ha" ...... n""illniflCO.""" •• b<fon:
,.!':;:~"J:~ ~~ ~";:~oi~~ ::~~'i~'';:;U~~
lion '0 I.... Dail}"A<"roiol ;n>1 RR«d(U"'ekn<1l Me'eoro-
IoiicoI Officd.Allcooco ineur"""u ..... e'pl.ir>Od i.,t-.<
:::~~~;";;~s:;~'''''~. p,,,,
II: Cook,.>t4,p«i/i<a
Th a tephigra m
M<'co<ol~";"'u. llyp'''',..d,'''''n<k: .... nl<la .. ''".
""Oe:,eomplox'l><rmodyn3 mieclt.nk"""'n ... "phig,,,m.
ond •• ,h;",u>«l •• a"""n,ofcaku,.,inlp"'cnll.1
1>O<'e!.".,.
refrac';"< ;n<k:~ il .. ill be 10 ,nl10<110«'''''''''''
rocaocc or ,I>< ,·.'iou.,.,.,I ... Fii2.9.I\oVo· • • • ou,hned ...
~~m';"~';"~;~:n~ ~:f:~~i~~i:~!" ,:~~~!~~
in"'l ~i"ll,am "hieh i';'nl;OO , .. ,-.riou' "''''' ., , .... ~
OPr<"··"I><I.OOOt-nb,OCinICI'>C<Il0n
P_P ... i"'ba".o,!i .... ofcon .. 'nlpre< .....
T_Ta,.'SQII><,"",orli"""ofcon".n"cmi'O""'U"
2.9
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
1l 1l ... I"... oIC1On .... "'''''''...... ''''.I1 ...... fol_by foll_ ..... ,ed
A_A ~:I=:r.,:,,~~~~n!:~!:::.:-:.folkwo~
by 'he lot ,......... , ... dufI .... n od .. bo''''dLo .....
...,
will ca ... ,he 'emp«;l'." '0 of'.....' ...
..,.. bo'ics....,h •• CW.beoI .... .,,'... libcnl;.,.,of ..,cn'
'o.l..,iabo""... htc~""'I;_'h< ..... pen.
_fol_
W-Wio . .. '" ...
...... i n _ ' o ........,f1'ho ~=:::~e:t~i:1::~~:"I~d==

, .... <I... b y _ '..... ,,.,,,o.l.,,
~':!.:::iio_
,...""odop,ed .......
~~",~:::and_ ... n' ......... ,ed ",,10
I. CO""' .. 'nqnlltl'lOrically ...... , ...
i •• he eumplr for calcu .. ,,,,,, N.P - 9OOmb,T
_-j)Oi"'~ _ "C(<OCkJ).''-d'.... ,Jevo_ _
lC,
,
....~":'...:f..::hu.:,:.!: =~~i<r":~ I::I~D~ - 1I"c' U",,* ,hetepho ....... '0 ............. ,he ' J.IOCIn>b
""1 .... (F.. 2.IOC.)),T_ ... J 'C21. ·A• • IIII'h<
Co>modorI .. 2.10(.). .. ~i<. '-" '_
1ano,--"",, _ICm!><"'."'"
.....
n"""'h<9OOmb
JCalllla,Jevo.poin, ::·=::...~.;:f,~':"'s!'=.;;~~~!.:~==.::'?:
." - I I·C. l f'ha' .......... of.,, .... k.... 'o.~of ,hel<;<q""""' ..'a
1.~ld .. b.aIQJI)','h<lCnlpen1Ul~ .. illfolJo...lhI:
...,.....,.,..1 I,,. CA. Ind ,he _-fIOin, ...11 '011000 CO A, N, _ _ K ~+ J·'n;; " H 219 lJ 19l
~~!!Et=:=~;:::'~~ z."IlI<<UI'WIICIOI<n'..l m......."'n<bh......hellod

K - :!9(I. K - JOO.ctcllll".. ! _9 ... ..,~'h..I1'he ...
=~'r'...!:':''':''':~=.:'~
of ....
dl'Oplou btI,n '0 __a, u okNd.
kr hn,nr ~'"r'h<r
~=:~r.~~~~~=~:~;D~~~:'~
2.10
~.::::,~,:..~!i::"..-.lI I ", informo'iooo
_ry,o~'."'.i><o/\le\.. lIt>o'o"nd
A profile . • uch .. ,tit Oil< sho"n in fi, l.lI. ~\"Uk
"nm.dial<IYlht~U<C1I«of,,-arm,dry.kwo.m11lCli"ily,ir
OI'«iY'''''ar""nd·l>ooedla,:rol."whochitto<>l.moiS!.
2.11
~~~~,t~~~~~f1C _,",oon 1<1 ... brioIIT
. . _ ....... on
.... m' ... ' ......... " .. ""'''''''o(,~_,
lJ.~I1l •. COO\inll"""lJlk.i""""homFnna:.•• ~ Microwaves
S~§!;~:~!E~!S~r-:~~j§
lay.,.\>oYeC .... "ky("h;.,h ...... "",.'~p.>'"'_..,...
!~p~~\=:m=;:;·::"~n~~,:h::i'':k:.~
Ircq ... nc ... ,n,l>c.hl."duhlbaftds.Wbc,locran:oun<l.''''
.""'ndo,.""'ftd·'..... '.lIh •• W 1ico " ........ bori.. """ •
• tK!in..., .... ""'''''"I>ccn.lo('~P<nodo(mho,,''......'' ~'IIo""",..ni .... rem., .......... ""'b .. depen.Joon,on
~.~:~hc2:gl~isf~ : . r:~~!==...:'!~:..-:.:;: ~::.::-!of.'ra"""'''ed ... '''' .... '''''''lady.'_ .......

A'h' ..... frcq......, ...... _ ........ I... an<I-...
:':.,ai~='~.~~:~~:'~~,:~ .-o:d"o<uo... I. ........ "".. ho.'obo,;''"'''o'heIr.u,...
'0 obLo,,,
~~id~;~'; ':!':,"!."f,~o;;:~: =':!~':'~'!: ...... , '" order muimum .. """. I, is poooibk ,hoI
.."'".. ma<ku ........ normal.'''-pl>c'ic.:oodj'Kono ... no
k,~. noc", ,,~,. ,.nJo:ncy 10""" '" ho_" on n i21
Septombc,i" ,ho diolrdm. bu,. in
,h., ,,,".nce.
<",,",h 0(
' hela)'C,~in<.J . ....... nd'5Omb'omai",.inJ.i .... " ~~"£~~:~~E=,;J~~c£~:
WhM ,he .... ~~ ""'" rn~h ,tic pwn;l ,he 1Ic:I~11
...•...!:.!::)" ..:~~~~n ~"i"n:u~~~~;o! ::
~~~[~€~~~~]
"."u<k.pho.... naIoofa'ri .. l an<lpoIo ..... 'ioa.F.... het
...... """ .....1, from boalll OCI" ....."Whictl mar""_
::..~::!:=,~~,:~';"::n~~;.::.=
......o-..d'... of.lletoo.nil.:ood"ionI ... """"h... ho
::::~'''rieo"""""",,IH)'O'~'lIofuSll'''''-of
2.12
Ab<»... bo""G ll z' .... a".n".''''n~".'op=ipi
• Ioudand a,,,,,,,pI,,,,ic_1loi:om<o an i",poo-,an' ""n
..'ion . Ionospheric propagation at
vhf and uhf
bOGl,""n,l<d""lOoxy.. f"'m'h;.ca
Iide ... AbootP'""n
lDlGIl<on.ocoun1o( .....
... ;.cx'rcmelyh,,ha'
'.r •• poor,.nd.p'n.'.bou'
n.W ..... ' .... I,m'''ofl«hl>O\oJybavc
j;~?I§ii~;i~~~~~i
on 11Ieillilt bt1~'te!1llle fIOlh di..."iona"" the horilOnl.l.l
Inonkr'o.'mpl,(y' .... cok;u\a',on.'''''.Il'''''''ved, ... ncef'''
~~..:..'trr~!,:,,~ .~~!:I;r'::::t!:.':t!~..~~ '::p; : :
byonelu..'nlc""'lanldcn.;ly'eo.hin'.""'.."'.f<Om,....
~,~::;:, ~:r;!.~~.~~~r':"";';'k~~.:t;:;, ;h'7;
';"'",,,,,,,, .. icol ,., ..1 onc· ..... y.".n ... "on d ... '0 I""
oombi1'l<d <If",,, of 0')" • • "" "",I..·vapour """"'~."" ..
f~~z ~n](~:81'~~~, i~':~; ~d~~..,~!:<j,.~8(~~
:!,:,!::I~~::i:::!:~~~~ ~!.~m~':. .~::::
~~,~~~!~~~~~n~rl~:~~~;~O~:,: ::1:::
qurnoyand ,.I,koly,o • ..wJ l .... comb,1'I<d.lToc"of~.. ,.r·
:=~~~:~~~%I§:~~f:fJ~~
Sporadic . Ei o nization
. !.':,='~~:.:~~':,':';::."=nh ~~n:;::..::~:~
~~;~~+:~:~~~::~r~~~?:~:~
Iu<li.... '. .
oicsup'o •• nd, .... 4m.ma'cufl,ond.u'O"I""""·
~!§~~i~~;~~~~;~~:
". T)'fIi<aI Ill."" Of. o-OI~\l/km II lGIII_ and O'~8,' km
., IOGIl, f", . ""nf.1I "',. of lSmm/ll. 'ne .....'.' 10
:is:~~:~r~~~\~~&~,I,~~~~~!~~;E~~.
",moon,. li"".n.n. . 'i""."'h"h.,,,.bou, '''"''
(l""m ilk y,·.il"hOchofl"'rrod~haloo; ..oundl"" ... n
ofdcrs of
:::".:,~U:::::~:~t;::;,,~.~~~~;.:"" ... I., '. . d,IT"....
~~~~.,~~.::·:~~n'::-~~: ~~ :-:"h·.~=~
In .. ,.l1il''''OIk .bnormol ",y·bc:ndi ... ""'yltad lodiffi ~~:ly,;,~~;,.7~.:"~·r~f·~~~'~;~:;:',..~~,=:
IUI;"""ry_ II ha.bot. daimed lhat ,,,,,,,= ;~a ,.,.. ... , ,..,d
:!\': ~~ ~:~i~":"n ~~~~~~ o~~:b~~':~~~(~
.. mooi>llt"' ..... "hcS'.,und . Forll\a' .... "'ncfro.. duc:IO
.....<tt<1oon."' .....'...' . ''''''yl''''''.nllo<.ndllloyd,min;.h ~~~~::=~~:~E:::·~:~:!~;l::
bu"hose.", .. ",. lIothsea".rilliondrd'lo<.1.ionmodcoa",
f§flo:?~~~:·~f~~7J§1~;~~;7d~
""",blc,nlhc:.poradio·EIlI)'c....
Abo,,,,J()MIl,po,M.IOEs'on'ul'ona«ra,,,lylc,,,ban
~m. The "",. imum "nlllc·hor "'nil< " lim.,ed ,he by
..
.... ;n.',;f11I ... "h
r.".::'~:..~,
...'io .. h,ihonmOl.ln.. '.. 'nonkr.o
dtnse>l'nd"",,'''OUble<omcpa''Of'hc =n!i:""i£,r."';~I=:~;.:.;:::n=~:
Asrqardl II>c calcullll00n of ',"II)mi'Uon ,,,,,,1 m"'o- 1I>c",ojlOinil olrdlttt'OQ,n.o-lIopupropoil1l,ioni1mon:
lik.ly from ''''0 I<pora l~ 51\«" .. pa",led by .... ,han
::~ ~t:,r:";~,! :~!':h~: ::t!'~;:h:'."Z~':'~ ;:::::,,,'honIhc""",bltma.'mum ....I1<;. .... nded'0
;~~=~~~~\~;~~,F.:~::E~f~ ro;::.~i:~~~o'~u~'~~ 1~~:"i.~~."'T~·;:;';7,~

~'~~~~~~~"~~~~:'I~PE7n~:::~.!:.~:=~ :,~~~,"::;:~Ji~klcnn~~ ~r~ro::P=
2.13
Thra:mIjOrSporad""r.l;OllOl"'f'tWII"tcd M" .... ,oqe .. hod< ilsllJy """IIft,,,,ble Ipin OIl«! idtnh·
tI<.\ A"",her <hal'OoC"l"'''ic;. , .... , .~"""'!y Pf'O!I>.pled
f-<l .., .. IIII, «IO,,,,,n.of.t><h,,.n, M,I ,,,,, bemacnt1 ..
~"'or.ndCJ;l<nd'I\II._'60(m>.J"O,io;d,p"".i'''''r
""" "'1'1'<",,, .....,,I><io"''''''o(''''.,n ill."u<I<.,-...,'.d
.odc. Thi.beh form<,qular1y"" ,I>< day Ude 01 ,he
.."h. !>I'O"idi.... h f _..'ionby .....
ioooOOjII>trt,QIIooJ''''cqua,,,... I.locIro,..
II"
• . - ....... ,," . _ o l ......,.<:UrKII'IIow,",I><
".ri....
~"·""ion.F"""IJ
~~~":''''!.~':::'''':r~...
tff«I4"...""......."h.....-reo .....
·=r:':..'~''::
.... II,o'''',-,''of'bed,,,,,,,,,,'h,T''''''
r~.bocomo ...
T_,•.
i.;;?l'~!~~~~~:l!,:;:~
bn...-._"""oet.6.ndW' """... nd
.... 'h...,....,cne<.... "'_. In , .... rqion ''''''''''ycr ..
oft." <knl< 4~"nl ,I>< llay'imo. an<l'I><..... 'cnd<ncy
fo<. """""I peak '" occur ."",,,d 1000 10<-0) "me
~i~~~~¥Egi~
(espeo;iallyinlho,ummtfJ.""II.GmlIIOMIIy.'''''''''<!
='~.~"-r~~":,"':",:;:",;,,..:r~":!
sr=F:~~~:~~~nl<lf""'~;'= ,ho, ....
...... ~'nl ",..,.-idinl AIe .... ,1J ...... numb« 0(
g;g::t~~::=:=~~~u~
A ......I. '.."'''Tin.......... ''''<d 1oya1'" probably
f _ b y ' ... _,poI.. _ol<ho,...lpon..... '~
by daU"N~S 011 ,be IoIIn. 1,.,. ",mmm;mI: peak ...
_in''''''".....I< .. ,~OO'''d'm;.,~ •• ,... au'''''''
..
:.7::-=-=~: ,;.,,;:!....~"':.~;::..::!';
,n lbe de"""of , ....m'oicn'.""'ron!leld. Whic ....'.. il
P.:l~~~=: ~'~:'.'i:',n:,~,;~~.;:""~!~~;~ mlyt.e.,,,,, .. is ... n<lm<yf,,,,he,,,lII>:,,nlrqi,,n""."1f\
:=~~! II:::..,::".=~~~~!"~~~~::~
oI~~~.:....s:::::~~!~ ~~~::."':',:bo~~
brnoopolbooo.by' ... ""'''''"oI''.... nh· .......... '''lioeIdoll
.."''O)'oI ... ilJ ........ ~.madoebet_OI!OOlnd :::..,~.,:,;:::~~:;;r::c:::d!~:.=.:::
l)OOloaol l..... ,Apnl ,,,O<1ober...;,h," ,......... 01 OIhers._'''''is'''''''''r in ..'hich ,hoy d,,..... f,,,,,, , ...
~;::k.::~~':~~~.~:~~d~:.~=.fi::!
• " ... ldisploY' .. hictoOlnbe ... n'n .. b....'... .,.,tlofl...
",y ,hoy"'I'I'<",o"""ur ...-ca'hcr".rmi'''nl.of~ ...1
,0 l5llU In some QI(!I. Tile monlh shov.'inlllWimum Thi ..... y be 0IIt ~pllo"'lion ofw~.,I101-.y .·;....,1 'u",",
... mberofOllOS ... !lOIl bcI~«tI May . "" A"",,, ....... .
&I_""'h. .. ~f..... &1 .... y.. r.'he""""hol ...... _ i·;::..'";'~-.::r..':.7':::.,:.s':!,.i-=i:y
_,h...
<l;:"'""':ha~f!~=:';'~~'!::'";~
.bo<... fI1' - . . . . . ' " ... "udc """~ .1><1 ~Iun
fSt>ondio;·E.", "'" . ~II """",,,<><>n,in.'1\1 ""'''''' 01 C> i. 1... ...,r\d.-.. i<Ie
~::~ ~w~]:: ...""'::' ~=.~,:..~
... moinly.ni.hI"",,,phenomonOft.bu,wllh ,,,,, .....1 of
=:
......·"rtofionMonolo ... llon ...'.. io; ...."" .. lyn""' .... '1Ie
heoah'.ndln' .... "yofbolhrqulara""SIXnd .. ~o( :=~~,.:-:.:~~~;~~ '::':~~'h::~"~O""~":
' ... ~b, ........ o(puliln'.."""i"«1...."icali)'
upoo_.i'Nd""""" .... I"",ledr.... ' ........ ""nIOSCt.o(
.,..,...<If'.. d'''urtoo''''''.ProI ''......
~
... y. -ell ...... ft ,,, ....""'''' r........
oI~U.,;_·
,,",,~rco "" ....,
=:'~':".:":=.::;'oi;:a!..:..~,"=
1I"IlP<~lmlltm,hlllS"rNlCdlhlllheprob;lbilllyof
• rad", .~ron "","',,n"ll if, n>utlhly l><Of'OI"ional '" , ....
"""".,.'n.lIoroisscopof......... '... rporticl""'ion,.fl<1 ""'.n"oodeal'be~il\llmocnt1io;4i".rtoo_. Tho
,,·h .. h .. """",i>«.l by ...·~ .. l of ,he ....;or ..,io ...1
lOtio"....·oo«KJilOll'."" . ni",.ma'ion.oI ....... n...... i. ~~."~~~~~~ ":.i'i".:.,""'",:,";::c~:~~;~,I',,:~
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Au . o •• I- E
A~·t:ioniza'ionlllal_u""""ood,han't.e
o.pon4iof_ ... hiohha .... ,lIoor.",.,nito't.e''''''''''''''IC
_ ...... 'on.olrqKJrllo('..... nh
';~u~:',7: :;;'n-:.z;, -:~ : ... ~h :'~~ ~1..'t."::r':"'~~,~'=k"o<mioa.lobo.lr.a\Ur.

id.n, ... , rh«><><n<n>,Tho'i' ,he pn><ipi •• 'i<>n of",..,
q"""';I ... o(._io.~ha,...tpor1"'lo!in'ooeru'npon.
.u~~,~ X'~~lOon=·~":ft~~,'~::,=
~=!:~=::::~:.:::= ofd"'u........,.. ............. '._imal<lyl1-<1ayiftwrvak
d ... "" ........ '."""'.... lpcnod .... " .. IO' ..... nh.",.
~r::",~~~,:"":,,,:':::.:~""'=.'~~~:: ::.y.:-:;:.='~~':':=~:i<~b':"::r.~ ,~~~ ..
2 .14
;..T=:~~"'::''=~':~(~
qUI" ................. wi,,, I~'''..,.ad ;" ..-. 5,.........""
mooionoel.bout6OOrnj....... bceII ........ ..,._work. . .
p:.7~7:!Ft~~' ::h~3~~
from.sa<dolilh'beam •• i,I ••""' ...... l)ldly""""' ...
bo .. ofacloud.)T....""" ..... 'rnodo.... .-ia~ ..';'h
!i~'::',~~.=~:!'i~~..:~"!:.:. ~~:f~=~.i
in ,,,,, ..,Iymorni,,..TI>t,,,, • • i.ionf,,,,,,"""dif«1IO"'"
i.:':\:=~~lmldnlah'.OOI""idi","';'h. minimum
T ........ ~i . . . IOOci.I..,..,,,i'hOl ... rphe"""
m<na.n.c: ...~in.diK....,och".. wnh''''~won,l"""ioo
lmd"'be""""",~""",,,,,,,,,",i';"'''''''''lic''''lurtloo'''''''
=+:--~~~=\~~T!:w~::
:=~~~~'C,;~.=..:
;,_rol_;_"!dyI!)l.<Mio.~"",.,,·_.ifi'
_II<Y'".,...
"' .... ., ... y"" ..... ""... ....... w . . . radoo
~'o ... dda)'e<l"nlil'''''n.., .. ,If.... O<''''KIo'·''Y .....
Amat eur auro r al studies

::~;"·= ;:=i~~::,~!n:::~l(=
rcsca",h. l'i>i6tally .. ilN to ""'IIoP ....l&loon ... Iys .. f".
. - :.:~.!.ion~::I~':..:!:=:-~~= .~
... II' ... ,i<~ul~;nthcfi'"
1«\I... ,.lyr<o«><dod"me
I-"[M""-""-
....""".n.c:Of>Iyi~OII'hnbo~"."""'_
.. ,too pmcn' ,imo" aft --..note ~ ""
of_''''''.or~hIy''-''"''"'te\>cO.ri_
'''''''re<tlOa
.. k...
:=:::t.;:~.'~';::;'!bIo~;:'" :'::....-.!'::::;
""'Bofbca"..p ..........."tooyOllCn'·_···..""'1
I ••• ~ • , • , I •••• , •
:t...:~:..~;;:~:: ':.«I:1 ':.a~:= ..
To,;V<aft ... mpleof' ... '"."'ofareful ...."' •. ",...
"~--.<-'-""
..'''.- :!:,rd~:h~l~=::":=:::M';'/,':"'';'s.i~
dl .. onl. d"ri"* " .....1>oIc of 197(). su ............ t work on , ...
>C ........ q"'n,I,;.s 1f1.p/>«lln fl. 2.1)(1) Inv<>lw.! , ... vou"''''
,_,herol,"'4..ain,hroth<>utlypcriod •• o.o,Ita,,"<Y
I-. .-
"""ldbo"""vcncd'opetOtll'.... a n d _u.Jdl....,lIy
,..;' h _ _ k:d.o .. 'roml<: .... Ic:I<Obtava,ory.Shtt .. ttd •
• 'iIIFi!LI4(a).lI i1 inleralinllOnoo.'..... mllarity
!:',,:;~~~:.~i:rr.:~I~':;:'~~"::!
..... oIic:onceolthio isunceno"'"t"'_'imo.
E...,- ................ lObe...,;q.,.in _ _ .bu'
, . ' •• 0 ' . ' •• ' 0' , . ,... ~_< ... _ i c " . l 1 ....... '"·hicl>_ ..... Io"y.n.u.
lo)' ...... hern ... ' _ _ ..
~l1 attd.-.,.._ ...
' .......t ... ord;tf.... eII<n .. wIticIl.rcf"'l_'lyol<tO<ted
"'l." '_"' ~·:",,":,,,,,_h~_' lrI_a\lfOnl ')'lIicaIIy_Wll<lrnlyIrl .................. i.
2.15
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
:~~~~~~~:.~.r=~~=~
:nJ ' 0 lOOI<m r.n .... -..h. FituoDy...·.......m.y_
T.the ..""'_"'1
ICOOndphaocaenrnlb'booti.... fol ........
_ , ... btfOK.bulllon•• po ... lltl,racl.pOrboPl
~;,:.:.l~7.c~..!:"~~If ':t'~ ..
h ...... not<d.;n'he~_"OII.,II.a,'II< ... , .... , ..
O<n'"", "'JlOn<ibie r.". ".tOr1II'fOPOP''''''.re"""",
:~~~~.~~;!:~"~~~ +~~~ ~~= ~"";:,;\;';In~ :::
1:~.'
d;recI"""frnm"·h"'h"""' ... m;';htb<e..pe<~.""""""
n,.,.n.,II.a,''''' ... dio .. y ...... 'boIOPIace.l ••• onwt,he
... nh·.~icfi<lolli""'..,.,.....ITen:., ......'""s/l1
In&l< •• _ _ ...y. ..,."'h," SO. Eart .....ud... bod
:6' . . . ...:.;:"
: .. ~ / ' •
'
::..-:: la)
~'II.a"I>n_'ho ....r<r,lCriOIIin<lro""",.'n,
..hnhor"''''''_I_,lOII
s:7.~-::~~::E,~$.~\~
bo1 ....... ' _ ".....
«."""
""', ."..... ''''''' ".",hn !Tho"" ... 2' 0/1'. ~' ••
'he
.......1'._......"'"ndptO~ioninFi.l,". ~
t.O" ~T"'"'' . _ .... '''''n "''hie~b)o"''nl.onodel!.OCh •• Fl.2.16,
:.h~~.::' :~~~":.:~':i=n~...:.~::,~~
1~:~'" . .Lllior!.IOWif lhoy.""ioI<.<X>fTVnOII.oIu .... in ... hT<h
p~' [~~ftj.r;~~t~E:~~:]
~~¥ift.~~;;;;;;;;
... Wlajrted.bca."~lhcevtnIOO:U'mJdur;n •• ""'"".. nd
:'»eoo,.. '.AnOP!'OllfO'_"""iono.,paac.din'hopo...
O(~C_;"""".~'inlI9rqoon.f"""IOJ
... ' .... (F.. 2.ln'owhio;h ...·~..... ltTadded .... "1oll....
"""ta<1...,inclivid... Dybyltll..... """,I,cllea..uPfOTliclod
by ,he lop.. F .. l . ..... !YCJ"ofll.. -.....'iono
o<Q . . . .
==:.::~=;!::.~i!=Ia~.-;:;
2.16
~&I:rl\
.O ~ ~ '("1
"
~----.- ~~
'L~I I,~M~',ljl LVI~ 1~~III_~1

_ N"
....
_ ... _ ............ -:'_ ..:::': _ _ _ _ ...
~~~ ':":::;..-..::;'=.~~:.~-:=.,:,.;.,,;,:.r:=~=.o:=---=
r .. _
2.17
T.e ol-equeto. ie' p.opeg eti oo
M""ho(thek"""~",rt .. n~u .. ",,i.1 p~ption hu
"""",.bouta•• ""ultof""",k ..."itd""'br<>dioa....,otcul1
u'in,SOMlh pollho ....... h .. NOflh Soulh"_. Mrica_
Eu,opo a nd h pon"u .. ",t".Tho_'-""" ..-h.,hr._rt
NonhSou.h ..""Iein,ac ..... ,he .... ,.....,<"1..,"' ......
:r:E":~~:o~~~rn~:::~:::~,'::
'ha'~Jlf_'"", .....Id-..,., . . . . ". . . of'' 'da1
:-;r:='7.:~;a~~~~tfE·~
~~~;;';~:;:;.;:~
"urin" ... da,-liah.lIotJn •• nd.r.. 'ul'Cknown .....,••" ....1
,p..-..dF,'nilht
Meteortrei l propegetlon
•~~.i~,~
___r... ....~~,:: ~~I~":r'~:::~h:
ofoolidrn'ot'.r.n'er'l\II
"""ltof ...... III>I<!;,; ...
.
'he .. rth· ••"""""""• •...,....,.",,,"...... 'td"'i""'n_
.....,....,.brfriction.n..,- ........... ,I , - _nocdbr ..... ko
:.~( =~~ !::~ ~t":':!. .~ .."'=.
r_ _ i...~:.,......::.::':'=".!:!-::.';.!.~=
i=n":'o nd~O<biu...nd_ _ _ _ _,.
whic:h follow ....,..-1 ~,ho aM ... praen' at all t .....
"'~":'~':nof~~
*""respom.iblt.renoob;al~~~
t'han~.!.
.....'n=~~
of .."".""
'beybu.fflup""""J>l<td ,i n''''~PP<r a'~o..:a..or.·
.llyla.....-"""''''rvi.. ' ... da<cn'.ndna'''''''''ol'''''''''
:~:::;.~"::..:-t~":':!'~i~ -njn -- ....
~~~§~gf?t~~f:~~~f~~~~
=~ 10. muimum a' 0(,I)(l1oco1 limo."" . minimum.,
T... init.. J' .. ilofioni ... tIonltln'hor"""of ........ ' ......

pmcil-libqoli ........ I>trhapo.,'olObo'lin ...... h."._
!~,~,:.r=~""!::,:c:.ndu.:=.~ i~o=
~'":~:-= s:.~=:;;-?:L~E
2.18
PROPAGATION
Table 2.3 Solar/ geophysical precuraors

ThcrdllionshipbcIWtt1l.ev<:nls0nll"oes.unand . 'SOO;iole(1
Princ ipal meteo r showe rs .. rr"",. in lheeanh·. ionosphere ha. '-n dull wi,h al 10nath
Ap.ll
M.y J
()w,d ran'ids
Aprill,.y,kI.
E,aAquarid.
,_ .
Deol4 G<minid.
in ,I>< Pf"Ol'IIp,ion chapler of lhe Radia C""""""i<tll;""
:~i.3!~i~~~~~~:h;:~I~r1rea~ha':'~7 ~~
radio bu,,".1>d .mi",ion. ofhia:/l-ener8Y protons. T ho$e
J ~ly 27
Au,l3
DtU. Aquarid.
Eu~:Hl~'~~r;5~~f::E!r:~:~~
in lhe ""ichbourhood"flhe poles (exl.ndina al ,ime:s '0 ,he
suHuroral,one) 20min lo .. v.ral hou" afl~r"" ... in flare< .
• 1'h<>ughsomelime:s l."i". ......"' ldays; and kMo.pIo ..i<
&lD'''''."'hkh .... acoompanicd by ...,..,... IIW'RIcnelk
oo:u'f,omlimc,o'imt. Thc:du ... lion.
(and'l><frequ~ di"urba""", .,."i>linl for 0"" or mo ... days
ofocc"rre~)<kcreaoewilhincreaoein .~lf~uency Afle1"la...,fIa= a _"""ic 5'ormwddencornmence..
Conside"'li"".ofplta.. ooIIerc~kad'ou ..pec\ men,maybeexP«1cdl<>becin w ilhinoneorlwodays. The
arnsi,ivily .... hichf.vours radi.llionmectittilhclr:l.illli<!: prOOa.bilityi~gmoICSI"lIOIIllhefla",OCC\lt5nearlhemllral
~:.i~I~·~O~:d";:'.!~~::n'::rO~".:r.~~i~~~~r,~~~ meridian. According 1<> one aUlhorily vny la .... Slormt

::;':~:;;'r,:rrest><>nd '<> fIa= .... n on ,I>< . un·. nonhem
'l><aerials;.ofron.iderable;mpol1a~btc.o.u .. i'de'Of·
miDC>,l><l><ich' andposi,ionof'hcmainr<fkctionpoinl n.. polar ca P I bson>li<>n'III!n<r:l.llyfollow wilhin 611 of
Mee'i".,l><rich'-ana!erequiremcnlfrombo,hel>d, ofa
' ... nsmi .. ionpa,hdemand.slhallhelrailmuSlhe;n . w:ha
waylhali,i' lanlll!n'i. 1 loan .. llipsoid of rev<>lulion ha.i".
an;':";': :'7t•
:"~i::'n~::fwh~~~ ~~=: :"'::~:~
ofsola""'ivi'yOfl v.riDU, freqne",,;"a' <>b«rva'orieo
: = : : 'u";: =:':i:~~I!'~.f:a~=~; :~~ around I"'wodd. Thc~:ni",ion. show marl:ed chs..,.. in
ampli,u"".lll><,imcsofsola rfla=.andknowkdl"of
whichi .... i'hin80.nd 12Okm abovc,l><lround . 1t folio .... them oan be uscd '0 f<><e<a<lgeOmllcne'ic d",urbo,.,...
'halJ • ...,numbenof""'leon""l.. r lhe .. nh·. llmosp~ TI><,..,i.olmdcocyforsola,even",orecur af, ... p<n.:.n
alo".p.alh,,,·hkhcan ""'''''SI,isfyl he lanl''nlcondilion of .pproxima1ely 27 days. ,he ,ime ,ol<.n for ,he 'un to
wi'hin'l><~ribo:dlimil1orl><ichlandinconsequ<:~do ......1.UR1illhe .. meme'idianfaotSlhe .. nh.aperiod
no'CO<I'ribUI"opropap'i""alonlla~'·.npath
"The<en>quilftllef1" _ ' ,'u,i, is unwi .. lodin:c' .... oy ~,!~:~ 'l~"f~ ~~:;'..t~i:~~~:"e:.~~·:"~~::~';.
.... rrow·beam lr:l.nlmiUin. and r=ivi". •• rials (10 be used mbit. The valu<: of 27 days is a mean. bcatU<e lhe.un .
for"""CO' .... ll.r ... OIk) a lonli lhestric:"in.-of... i.'" bei". p seou<. does nOi rotale UI.ifonnly as a solid body
\><:'".....,'bc ....'ion•. 1"heonb'lrails"·hk hcan ... lanl"n'ial would. andlh.period ... ,;"wilhsolarlaliludca.ha.been
,o,l><elliplOidofrevolulioninlltaldireclion a,.."hooelyi".
par. lId '0 ,bc lround. and lhis i • • n unlikely I llil_'O I>< .h~~rb~'~o:"=~O: :r~.~~u:~~:red for ~r
... km up by a solid body .. nl.rinlltl><earlh's atmospl>< ... lOOyears. Fia 2.21 i•• urr,,",n,'ydc:lli1cd 1o Ii •., he ... an
from in'.rplatlWlry.pace. The mosl likely beam din:c'iOl>$ appro.imateiDdical;.,noflhe".ninada,esofallrOlalions
~~:~~oh':r:~ :u~':":~t~ ~.:::.:;":;
f.lIi". wilhin lhe period I J.nuary 1~15 and 11 December
1980. whkh may be fouDd useful for projclCli", f........ rd
"'"",$kI •• <>f""" .... ). and , ..... optimum beadinpmay haYC oboe"'cd period. tlfsolar or magne1k acli,ily. Accuntte
tobedc'crmir>edbyca ... ful ..xperi""'nl.WIlere'he ..... iats comme~""'nllimesaDdIo".il"""'oflheeenlralmeridiaa
.... less direclio .... l ,I>< smt...,ird. palh bc1.....,n '1.a,iOl>$
maybefound'08i""b","resul".h",,~.,r.btc.o.""' .• llhoug1t
~1Ik: " likelY'ober=ived .. lort&lbedireclpathbeadinl,
~~=~n':::2~:~U:i~~~·k"'.,}O,~ ~Z~
Ibeao::q>ta""".".~of ' l><.eJia1smaybewidc""""IhIO
;t>eludelbelonF,bu'mQ1"elikely"..,hsonbo1h,ides Geomagnetic data
n...ltortbu.-suof . i",. , "'hich result from mt (""'Ioor SoI.r~".nd.ssoci .. cdio"",pherio::di$'Drbanc:csauof
rc:aller)canb<$,beobservcdonstalions.iluate<ll.OOO,o le$l.direc'jn'."""'oll><,hf..... hfope ... 'or,lutn.re~.
2.000km a_yo In $OU'l><m Ensland ..,..,...1 huDd.eullh'o ...... rul.nl .... i'hF... . nd' •
.u)l:W fm brOlOdcul ' ... n...,ill~r al Gdan,k. Poland. On T hesc . ... compa.ison.whkh fall wi'hin ,he IICope IlDd
7(I·1I MHz..G EGood,.in.Gl M.NQ, Ita.described recordi",
appa"'''.< for motcor "",".robse",alions. toaether wilh I n ~::'\:i'7: ~~,::,~~~ ..=.~ma:~~::. '::'1~..:!
~=,,~,="'III. in II>< AUlust 1969 issu<: of Rodio fromconven'ional man""" on 'I>< ~DbjcICI
In ,he " udiesca.rricd <>u'oo auron.l p"'l\Oplioo by lhe
Table 2.1 lives. britf.l.Immary of ,I>< main "",ICOf RSGD ,he rqion ofinle",,'is Idmit1lbly"'presenlcd by a
.ho...,,, acti .... in ,I>< n.onh.,." hemisphe .... Full <letaits.
inclooina Ii ...... or, ... nsil and 1I><direclionsf.om ... hkhlbe t::~~':':o:;:rf~~. o~;~ =~"'~.::
l... iI. appear '0 ... diale (an ~If"", or pttSpotIi",,) •• ppear W"""h1.a,i,odc.ofi.,,<>.perienc:essp«:taculardi.p!aysof
~':t=~,~,,:curren, Handb<>olcof,I><Srili,hA.1<onomi· vi ..... lauror:l..Valuable •• pe,;.~w.. pir>edlhe ... dDri".
lhe ,n'erna'io .... , Quic:t Sun Years, 196J...o\. when ,be
2. 19
fl'[fl;!:rl~·IIJ~·I·~
~;:"':=~'::~'~=f;'~:=~:'':~ =v.
~l~~7k.~;:::;~::J:
_I> 41,-,_1 _ _ , or .he forte du.int ei",'
tJutt.holM'1)'periooIsof_bllAy ...... ' ... !Iif'-oftho
''''''''n~mb<'nro<-'' ...''o''.,.,''.,..P«Iinlwo_d
fiiiji
'f'."':l"! ,""..,.,ihonoltullba..q . .. l-.20.2+.
Adaily ............. I'Io ....... "...ro.C........... in ..... f.,.
.,..r""!r.""8'"f)',....,ho_'"'0<)'
~p1iY&of'h
..... ioodtod ....
....""'ribi. . . ~."'.
... _ _ tof'''''..,.·.OCIi.;11. 0;f;1
iti'-..-.....,. __.... lifi'
I
i."'...
woo YCr'f <lio' ~ tt>ed , Tbo ..... 1 ....... Ire .. my _ .
" ,U on Indu C~ ' 1>0 .,.""'.. 10 one dot, ...., piKe of C-
fIIu ... from • ....,....,.willtllOl_'tofcollaboratj .. observ.·
~~,~..:::;~=;.::ct:.::;:!i
5~~1~~g~~~~£
;:;::::O~~tr,f....... O 'o9in~of' ... do<.... lran..
Table 2.4
K. figur •• for l erwick
2.20
Th< .... m.nd ..;'h,no<'Oc n..."ot,h«"hl 'hr«-hourly
~·fi",.,,, p":"""'fu"h<'c'p«>S;", .. of~,,lya''''''')· ''hich
'"'impk:and",,wmi<n' '0 obIain.·. h<y.'""01•• ld<.1
'''1Ie
h""'·c>·<r.~"",'h< " ·!iClli<i,.log'''''h",ocon«
doc,bclscai<) •• nd'lIe.ri'hm""'.'<"'''''''',,,,'l><lop,,,hm
~:g ~~~~'~~;~~g~~~'Ef:L7{~~~;~
qUI<1 doy. "h<re., .... ....,.,.,..j "'""Id be ""n.....r«l. hi.hly
~~;!~~~~=!~~::'~~;~!~~.:~.1~:::: ,,~~
K 0 I 2 J ·1 5 ~ 7 8 9
.~ 0 l 7 IS 27 -Ill 110 1-10 240 400
:~~~,~.~)~,~~~"::i~nd,~~ '~'::~~~7. :;:....J~

~;~~~~~'~r~I,~~;,2!:~2~~:i~~
f'OOlIOcm, if l«luin:<l,by",,,,,,,,of.facl,,,"(,,hoch;n,h<
""",ofl<""ic~ i,41, .,"'" [lailyA"'rlih""'Ak;"Oo"''''1!< Per so nal resea rc h
,",t..:f'fo=i'fllIpaiCS ,he"ha'cbox"n"mt:rou'n:f<=
¥~~i~J;~~~~:~:~~::~~
'o'h<f'O"ibi'''yof.m'''<""participa''",;"variou'prop.a·
p';on>ludic<. " i.ofton '"U''''cd, bypropk:"'lIoou,h"o
~""'" bctto,. ,ha, ",d,ch., boxn ~ilh "" f.". '" lona
evct),h,.,i>kn"", ••!)O)U"h<,ub;.c'aod ,ha, ••
,ha,
y ~"Ofk~.
§~;j~~;~f~~~~:t.~E~~~~
~~h\r::,~ .• ~ .. ,,, II"" 'h""·ho,,,'y EQ,,;, .. )en, I~."" ..'l'
K . ()OO I 101 1 2 202 1- ' ).0' 4 "". S-

IP 0 Z ) 4 ~ h 7 9 12 15 I~ 22 27 32 )~
K, So 5· ~ 60 6 1 7 7" 7 8 ij" 8· 9 % k:dl~:':!~ ~:!l~:~~'"~'~!~":::~;:~~:'ion'
~~~¥*!~!!~~~~~
.p 48 16 67 9-t III U11}l 179::oJ7D6 JOO 400
!r()
T he Daily LqUl,-.i<nt ''''".,ary Amph'u<l<. "P.

iiffi'i'
j, , ...
oV<rng<of,h<<lMh''''.I ,u<>"r.pfu"lI<doy
~.
C·
Ur·
""'0 ~;~~:2~t~t~~~~~~~~t~~~~~
=~~~,'~;~:~U~~~.:~~> :~~:r,,:,~~~,~.~':'~~
=~"::::;,'n''''r;ih'h.nd''ha,canbea'·.'l'"",,,·.tfu'
~!!~~~;.:" CG' tnK<

( 1 177Y /l:aJi<JC6_"iru'""' lIu~.S'hed i' ion'
121~Ei~:~;Z~~~~6::~'j (T,a«,"UUIM
2.21
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
~_" ...
I)] C'C'//! XII,. ""-T A.......&J.r. N~ DnIII. 1m.
1.............. _
[6] en/!
' 1000
Xllt, " " - , A.......w,. N~ lHIIti. l~lrJ
1""'- II. """ I (~_ Or ......n d _ ) , 1'_11.,..,'1(1-....1<_""").0.-.11.
Gono>1I. IT U. 1910. ITU.191O.
I'] :'=~;'-:''''~~-=,~''';':, m~..:.-:
~~""")'''''''II/(e...,.".~_plw" ...). SoIo<... ......orlol ...'ioMIo ....
[1] IUo<bIJt. J I!. ........ 1;"'''' _ _• World Uft"~OY
(ll ~~7.1:~~~~';'~~:!;{'1~~~ Llbr.I.,..191'O

[I] n... I/a" ' -' ofl~t /lrl''''' A"~I A.-.,,""
01' h:illllbooh. tCll..toooh. chIn •• CIC. tCLoHt\I to :~.;shcd.nnUIIllyin(A'ubcr.Id:lltn'lOl~fOIlO,.itll
.....,«>«>Iofy.,
2.22
3 TUNED CIRCUITS
r~~f2=o;,~~=:E.S
ud capAC''''') at 10, 144 and poosibIJ .1lMH" I., ),_, ~ ~~~-~D----~-
rn;:'~'~"::~':.':l~::;;;';':!" -in '0_
....... dq\cnd"".hc_In'Ol.' ..·ho<hthc • ..",.;' .. to
=!!r.~~~:'50<~!=
..1HIl.'_;.'mlcp<lIn';nu...... 'i....'"mI".,'44lo1 lh
btcalM, ... i ...""'lCinpO ..... ou'pu" .. ""i.. r...,..,h'.....
==~~~T~~=~i='!:';~,~~:,:::::;':;:;
...... hc .. 'po"." ... or' ..n""""."'bo,n.u...J
h,.... I,....
In.""h .....
_..._
<1." ;,.of'~ ' ''"'''''pu''''_i'.''''''i.4"''.
""', ttl .1\>, ",'jlh .,",.".,... '~p< old":",, (rool) I, "'",,1<1 be
:"'!'~~"=U:~ ::":,,,,~~~;,;,:,;:; ~~"::

_ot
_ . ,• .. ._
,.. d "ionr.'oll<"""
_ tuber""heanooJe ......... b... 'ho
_
......... ._..
==. .........
Ct»Un«8rCIr(u,1 (1-Uo11-_ .... W.,.l
"""'.... od'''...... ot ..... 'yp<d''''''''' .. ...., "an
_ponolU.. cooI .....,..tcmand'h;. .. .,r ............. bIc
... O('''''._
o
,Yl'CO .. _~oooI
In ,t.:"IItUIJl"<o(e>I'CU" i'iJofknanod,ulIl<'O...e
;.:r;,-:"=~~,"!~==m";"~q=:;~ CJ
~';S::~F.~rr.::~~~:",!,~~:~7.~ ~~ ..
;'~~~~~rE~=:: ~': ::~~nd .
~::''i,'::;:;''V:."fn'':':~~.:~.:,:,::;,:;~i,:~
be=/=';L~::i':.:-:"~'i~":·~~
S~~'=~~I:'=~':'~~:::'''''':
Ef;;r~~@~;:E:
m Gj
.....'''''t.~~.-...
... u.
(.. ~
! ~~
(d
_'~...::;::::::;~':...:_. ,._ ,...
3.1
V HF/ UH F M A NU AL
............ <i.<U1I "'hOOh ~.I"'ilaf'O ,... .,..i,yi., ... ,rouah .... u-·ntllF... l .'.CO(""').houklbo"'1 .. J'oC, In
~'~'~i~~",:':-'::~nis~~~:~~ 'hl<<3S< fC5OftO""" m"" bo
obuinod by Id.o~"",," at ,.
. _.. oootlon ....,y ,noJl'<lo<oronl<l<!i'ional!"<'OOf\a'ln.ao.,..."Otoc..-i'
"""OCI""I ""'ue atc, ,,·iII ...,-. 10 bcequal '0'''"'''''
""''''I>iah..-r''''lUOfl<o<f..""",~'lon>l'"''inlClpacI'''''
~r~':~::::=: ::~::':
.... "lIcT,~_'Of,oo ..... "'"" ... n .... lly.Ofbolll.
~is!','::k: =~':..J~::;'=-bon:.::,:!:
f~~:~ci""i"''''''''''bI<
.."...,. o.a,. 1
..... , • ...,.~
ror_ ........ ,... ~"' ...
.... ""'*""' __ .. io obu,nod ~
•""np:d ........ '...... r... 'hcma"""""'o"""'... ot_1I'
." ..... 'n ... ~Of"'" I ....... il ... '''"I<-I«loI'''''·'n......
r....... u.noode ""'puI. n..,.",,~ • .....J"""m'••"Iy.o rol=~~~~==~,=:=~:':~=
~-!~ru:..:f"!~~ ::,"::.'[..,':'::'" ""..... ~,~~~~'=~;:::t.d7~r=~
...
~;:o:;'':: ''.':~=~~ . be ~ ........1. .................. III F,.
;,.a ~~!!~ ! ~~ )t~~ ~ I~~ methoW of

'un' .... c.'·'"c< or 'TOulh h_
«I*"""'.
:":':,!:.!~,~~~F:~ ::::::: =::::::. llI<l (~).-
~I/ 1/1 )1 11
3.2
1••I.'_' ... ctn'..,fi.... '....... b)'ond_U._•
..... , ......... oxca........f1enioisOOll1lOflicfto'O .... ' ... 1inot
=,OftoU..,. is..,.~b)' ."'foI""""wdl-l; __
... ......,. ........ rR<jOOODC)'lhonthl'dOllttl' .... ·fId

_ .. bJ·'n"'n" .... Cllpac:itece. ln' ............. ~ ... is
--..Id,RCt!y'" .... c:avityortrouah.'borh ...... n".
~ _ z. ... ~
1........ .,..'.1(e).ndlft)'ofU....... pI... ...u.o.;k_·n
",,,,",,,h..-d-",,,,,lNYbe_ .. h<,., f is .he'requcncy
Cis .... """'... apocita_
~~~~~~;~~~~~:~S:'9 ~ is ........ '''' ...... h

Lis'IIt'; ... ....,'h
7... isll>ectli"'Clt:rislicimrlCd;l1nor'hoh~
~~;:::f.:;n~oo:::';~ I'::~::!~"~~!.:"~ "OIe chlracl«;";,,;"'I'N>nce Is Ih",nby
Design of transmission line

reson ators
.......... del, ...I.., . ........'or'obe_ .....ftkC>mll,"is
_I"
_ _,<.otnowfi
i l . < : a...
pa _lonatom&kc''''~_'''''
c i ... i>dy _ _ .... ~
_of .... ;""',,,,,,,,,,,,,,...
f.............,l;"..,.;.hi<l>id<rad, ... ot ' he_D ...d"" .. ide
r«<ioruh...ebcetl
f,;'~ ~n~" .he farm elf .he 0,,,,,,,,, Id elf at"", ""","'", ,.
'n II>< .,...phsfl ..... bun plo,,0<1 ... i .... rer... ~,fI"mI(
f<><."""",,·.'ife~ ...
'o-oMlf< <pOoOirt.°
• "ho;on<Jll<lordia ...... d.ndoenl ...
=:;::~,:s::r:=i0~B?E:::r:f:':.!":
71
/ I·..•
fr"z: / ~
/ .;
1/V/
/ 1/ 'J' ~,x. ~ '-
F,·
/)(" 1/
1/ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~
I:'"
I~: <;. ..,;

fIotU._._.
~-= . =-:...=:
3.4
... in: Ii .... (1he ri!h,.hand "'" of c~rves) r i. ,he ", ' io of
<:enl"'"'o-cenln:",.c;nj; lo)cn~d...-r"rdI3~ler
Q"~<i:!~ini~~.mpIesShOOld mod. the u"" oflhe ","ph.
_.m
rc - 4J5 x 2
_ 8·7 >< 10'
The .... 'io. r. ofliflCspa.in~ t"di.m<'~r is
Exampl e 1 r - o:J - S-O
;=:;:;~~I~i~~~~:!:ifrc;'~~~
(lilt "PI>'o,ima le ""' ''''' co pocila_ . in ,..,.ct~. of a
Then. u.in& 'hecun.., marked Jl'Irallel.wirelines r _ S·Q
in Fi •. )_8,rrojcclupw.rd,f"""S·7 >< 100Qn,he,."ic.1
QQH131O (6252 ) pu!otI·pull o.... ..-""'nl)! f >< C ",ale '0 ,he iraph and p«>ja:lacro>,fromthepoinl
on th<&n.phsofoundlo ' hehori,onLOlf >< l",,,k.obl.ininll
fl _ 2.800
'b<r<fore. l _ ~ 6'4ScmapPf""inllllcly
I', ."''' ' ' '"."....,''

'-'
The a node: pin. "'ould ob,· iQlJ.lyabso'bquil~'lood ,leal
of , hi. Ii .... len,lh b\l •• if 'h< lines ",.",mad. 6<m Ion,. ,,·;th
~:i . . . "'.; ..~.::.....'"'. . a n adju"ablesl>o<lin_bar , h<,,,ouldbc«rtain 10 bcl"".
~"""ih
;~
"
11M .~
I'IE
.-..."""""..... ...,~.(~)".-
.. .-
:
VI'
I' . ., ,. , . , '
~®] 'o-".'Oh ~
I U,Mf1 1
VI
r~~L ''' '''''~
1 " . ' )' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
'0"
:[ 1V 111111 1111 1
3. 5
VHF/ UHF MAN U AL
e..mpl.2 ' ~ S><C _ '. HO

"'~II"-"':"'of.,.i<of l ""_ C _ I . HO ~ '45
.. ;,.. ..,.....I II ••"""_ .. . . . . . . to ... _ . , ..... of _ 1t>lpF.
.... .-Iankcirnoltof. QQ\·(\(o.4(IA(5I'U) ,......t
•• 5.\II LL I ..... ....,..,ut .. CO'PM'I"'.... _ .... ..w..t . t Nowlhe 01111"'1 ",.-il.nce of. QQv06-4O UH4) "",h·
pulI.,ageisa...,...nd'rFjnprac1~.so a _17rFI,"'CI"'1'C>J
the •• I<ettldofthtll ... to _",hIo .hi.! Inaddj,jon."'l, . tlpl'.plil.l:i lor",pac;tot . houkl , hc<o>
Fot a poir or wi,..,. .1'P.",d"",~ly lin dian'l<1n, .po~ ~",~~j:,:,!.rac1oty,.iVinl ' 2 101'P FC>I"'.ln'I""_
' in.rn abou.S.Alsof x I. ncq .... lloI4' x 10.;"1,4$0
e:~':;.~ ~~g"!~ion.~~,:": ; ~C:'7~:' .:~'"!= Ex.mple3
I"'x 10'... I.HO. II • ....,.hc'OIalcaPK>\aDOt Cftq .. ind
iI,;"eftby: ~~::-: :1':.:: ':":. .'"::..:::\:::=~.=:
3.6
_ ....1 _ ... tI;.-w) fot • 4X l SOA ot 401:2508
..........i""""1Iw1On. ..... ' .... Iooo .... W..IIftoI;I. ol
"'h~oIrft1
""
Pil<:h{spaci.... beI..ttnlutm)p _ ffiin
CharaclcriSlicimpcda_ z. - '¥[!o
f xC _ 4J5 x4'6 , ,
Tllc!ieformula'onume ' ha ' 'ij - O' Ho"" 1) - I·S
_ 2.()01
,,=~~==':':"i.!I~,:~~ha~=,":~
r x t:~~ +4" 10 .""""'" '''''ina
;"i!':.~(X)is_ll)o""""""'<d
- lo-6cMaPl)o'OAima'cly.
ThilknJlh"'wldi",,llOdelhelcnllhorlhe.nodcand
in Example I ••
"11
cooler of , be 4XI50A of COlI ..... bUI. u
~~Q::::::~=i~':~~I~nbcl::~:~~~~~~~~
Q""I"" bylbe "",nufael""'''' for lbe v.l"". lheci'focli""
caflaCi"_boil\l_'~I.",alc,jnl>l'aclica.lcil'Clli".A
jJ
~:-=.:.!~caP.dlorol>ouldbcUKd for'udjl\l
O.ligning for maltimum unloaded Q

Tbe • .....sccucujld6cierqilli_br·
udlooo<lalQ _ Ioa<kd Q
EI!ic:ICn<y(y') - x 100
III. obvious ,~, , he hi i\hcsl pouibk unloaded Q is

_ IOI'/'lhe lVCO'os'.nlXle ci .... ilcfl\cicn<y.TheQil
.... 1.rror"'d.iaI.ndcoa... I_l on'~ nforcomparabic
",..bc
r-:allol ... i .. cin:uits.,oolbefor ...... 'ypcs .......ld ....
' - .. hen=possibic. It !J>oukipaNopibeapLoiDCdINo,
_ Q ; , ' ... Qoltbe ........ d""'i' ... nhlbe."l\ocin
=r«l . .
poollion...J..llvol...... nddrovcpclOl'Cl".pplicd.bu' ..i 'h
"' _ _ pIod up 10 it. ThcIo<Wcd Qi>.ol_ ..... lhal
htnlbeloadisCOl1'tlCllywup!cdIOlheat>Ode
Thol ....... duclorad .. ,ion"hich .re lik.lywilhoprn
l.... cin;uitlare.pprociabk .ndscm:ni"•• h<JUld be used
........ lbe ",..imum cfl\cicncy is l'C<Iuired. In fillitlll suct\
oemn, ... <.re must be 'ak.n It> .",ure 1h.Jllhere il an
=-~::-,~~i~~";''iu'!t''''I=Iopc.• '''' Ih.JI lhe
Helical resonators
l'1Ii$is.h' .... Ocircui' .. hi<h indfcctc:ombincslbelumpcd
_nll~ircutt,,·ilhlbe .... ily.It".. noIbcert.-IO
ony"lmlinama'ou,applica.lionsbutol'fcrsmcchadal
oolr.waaeswhichju>lify ilSronsioknlion.es"""",lIy ra<
fil'tn. IICOO,isllof.nind l>ClOr in. d""'" ""m:n. u olIo,,'n
'::,i;~"n~r::";: ·uilablcfa<use . '.lIfl'C<l""""iesinlllc
Thto_mayha'~ci'hcr.ci"",Laroroq ... rec .......
Mtlioot •• llowlt"""bei~madcforlbelallcr."TheWlIoadCltl
o $Ol)(1 ..,ht:R O is lhed ........ cr 01 lhe."..,..,.and fit
~ID"i:".'.:'lf!:.~ in MH ... For • "'Iuare JCfOM "'"
3. 7
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
n.. ...,...I""I"...(.he."", ... al'"",h,.. ""IIdq>en<i<>n Clracita ..... 'o"""""'.el. 1741.1 11<;' I·.~I'
.he~"l1In,fr«lu~no;YJnd.he ran~ ()\O~r "hich it il 14B MII 'KHpl'
roqul,m'O""""" ••• hecireul ... Probol>ly . hem<>llSUI,.b .. Unloo.ded Q.pprn.ima,dy 750.
Z':'::=~Co;;'r.e""he"'fe ...... n~" ... apaa.on.
The.qul,..... n.....'C"ic:al .. n.'hoflhecireul •• houldbc
• bou.9}pe'cen.oIlf,... IP""' ...... h.lnd'he ... ual
;~~f~~:";~~~:,~~:1:~
....... ial.bu ......... nlrul.,.isbel •• 'lou.,liuli, .....,...
cond"".or .. n~hnln.herqionoll.8pefcm.ol.hef..... "' ~-apossiblt..
~Dv~lIh. Sony apoci ....... is ."",... Ima •• '" .qual.o S,"-a .... 'in.nf.he In.i<koflhe..,rccnlnd ,he hell. is
deo,rab... ce ••• ,nlyMoo'<IOOMIt l.S,I'<' .... hn.nf.<l<qu.'.
Desig n u amp les

(I) 7l) ~I11 ~ ~,"... H>.ed "roquetIC)'
lh:neos~:~:.:::~~3...,:::::~~:::
_iblcand fi,«I.o ,he ,ide of ,he..,rccn. A,""""n I"
~:!;~::I~~I~nn~in.Klc); !:::!:,':..:,":..,c::.oI>ouklbefiMoJ.d;"...... O/4from<Xh
Wire of heh. I ....,,·.; A,mrn.ionod ... ,lior.«>upl;n.,oorfrom.hera<>f\ll'or

lI.li, len,'h lin w"h no end trlmnlO', and ,,-i.h ,il •• , Clnbcl>y.nyof.he ... u.lmo.n" .."'h .... I'.IooI'.po"obc
or._. uu. Whenloopis.....Ji. ohouldbe."""'.im'''<ty
~) 1~~~5:.'!~L~~Z.~~~:~;~~~:::,: pnpen<Iic:uIo"o.hen""r."" heli. and u"';'-dydooc 10

.hebol1om,umol'heheli• • pur....bIy.,. •• I.. I.oI,
s.:;~~:(;~~;~: :I'""i"::tH,; Material for tuned circuits

In'heClieo(.;""* ......... cin:ui ... copper ..".. ;.nonnally
_,.ilbcrba .. "'''''''m.IIro. • nd .. u..... llyqu; ••• deqU.I<'.
O .. """.,ofheli";n Thc •• i<li " leadv.n'~lP'in" I ,... rpla.in.",,,,,,,,a • •he hi ...... .
L"".,hnfheh.lin; rrcq ...... ico.,. ••• proIOCl,""wnace.T.......... 'ton....
ni.."
.. ..
~
..
~
:: : iii
..
_ "" N
.--------
: ~--
.---- --------
3 .8
TUN ED CIRC UITS
~
:
................. be.......J"~In""""ca..,.,heind...;1"' .."'lbe
....._l'Il"'1in.and ....... k1'~_bem«h:r.nicIIllymbir.
r ....... <:OI'I't" ..i .. i< ........ 'L$r..' oryd ... lOi... h'lh rf
"';'t;";,y.
l inee r ci rcuiU
n...c ..... ybe .....<kr"""ropror"'...a... "''''..,n.I......'n'um
..'hm,httel ...."'p,,con<i<k""ions
A. ,hnc , ... ,~ri.h I .. ~ut.;.c, '" oorrooioo In moil'
"",""PIl<rc:< • • ih, •• pl.o,in.(a Oldinspeci"ca.n).h"",Wbe
, Ol.'oc'''''
....,;I .,.p'OI«th'octlO lin,1. ~ Itlooulh 111<.., i, lillie ~,Iv~n'
(;""no< .. "g.~~
:~~":. '::, ::'~ic~ rr;::u::~ "iew. O."""i",,, pla,in,
Cevitilll end trough li nlll

1I........in._r«""'... .."bemos' ... i,.b\e ..... ' .... ,..
pb,ed .. ino.!;"",ed a""'". Anyjoin" ....... W bo....t.kled Of
~~:'~~n~;7nd~~'=:<>S~:~::
!~=;;~::~~:rMlpr=,::i1:,::~~~c:~'1.;
.il.... pI.otin .. olIouklbou.al
InC<lfl ...... i<>n .. i'hco"<>Sion,i'i.importan"" •• goi,J,he
....., r.r •• ".,..,bleofdissim,l.rm<lah.b«au.. inlhe
prt><~"rn",,,,,,..,(wa,"r,·apo"rld""'rol).iccor ...~ion
oon be ~ui, ....eno,,,,,. A • • n< .. mple . boa .. serew. u!oed'o
fuc . l"minium "·ill.oowcon.i<lerablec,,rrosion .ftc.only
.r...· ...·""k.in'he avnage.,,,>ow"" .... lIi. tll<rcr"'"
&d\lSabIeIQU~pbltdfilinl!iCTtWS .. ho:rcpo:ulbk . • I'houch
'l&;:,~:'~:.'.:==b"'~'1 be r""no.!
M.n""I .•, ,he md ofCllape ... 7.
Ia'.r ,n 'h..
Ea rth returns
Microst ripline c ircuits A. ,he f~"""'" of """,or .mphlknt it ... iocd. ,he q.-_
~=nI~u""of'he'u~tI"""rbo<:ome>'''''..... inaIY
A, r.............,. .""'" abou' JCJOM"~ uhf .oaoon. mioml-
~~":'..circui... rcu...rul.otrerinc ..... lland . .. blctl.CU"
ll\ace'n:ui..... con .. ructedr"""doublec .. dCOllP<.

,~. ~::..:..1!:t"':~·~~r"7=;,::'·c':: ~::::=~~~~
Fi,l.IS(.),he,u n i". Cl pilcilor1'Ol«i'''lumedd"..."lyro
bMnI.,beul'(>tl"lid<boina<nchod'ofQl"m l heind"",o«') ch ... i<and ,he bypa.. cal""'i,,,r ,,, , he san .. pOin'. Ideally
""'Iuire<l."·i,h.II<Io ..." •• i<k ..,,,,,,ininga<:<>n.,n,,,,,,. ohe<l
('~P' "he ... ele~ ... "", holes • .., ne«l<dl. The I.....,.ioo
' hi< ,hou,d be , he same poi"' 10 which the "",!><>de i,
cooneo.ed. ln(b),beb)'powt"" p;>c"o.il,"""'nin",.ies""ilh
IrcfQrn~rpufllO>C'.<:<>n"""cd l "F'''''r3'''n.lbecd,"<)r
Ibeboonl •• lllu<lnucdin Fill'l.16and.l.17
SO ..... "bed""'i lh... rea"""ablyhidlQ .• rMl'beloil ...
::=,.,k~P:.e":;..~IY hi.h , .... de ..... 1~r .. l .... h .. f,brql...
C.IcuIa'iOfIoflbe ......'h ..... W,ph""ind""''''''r.i ..y

"""'JII<~ and " .. ",ificanrly .tr«t<d boIh by I'" If'KC
('bid: ..... ofl ....... 'o<lbel ........ ' ..... rip.nd, ... .,ound
.,.......rMl' ... dicl«;t.icc""nlClen..icof'bepilnicu...
llllruialbc .... uocd
W"h.n .... oon.t ... 'hi........ 'bedidcct<ic'hebelr .... bcau..
~!:!k=Ie=~~in~· t;,~..:~~~r : :
..
..." ..blt. Trim ....... ""pocilOn can be added '0 resonale
~"~~:::..~q rr ... "'.. ,cQl" .... lf ..... ' ·.) .. ;nd;..,,'od
3.9
w
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
lhelunin, C1If"Cil0r'OIOt«NInec,ion .• "",'hodwhich

Ihhoolh il'UO""I Iow •• voll l 8C' ""inllunin,Cll"lcilur,
moyleadlolroubleunless lhcbypu.tapod,or i. k"",,'nlO
be of tui1&bly low ind"",.noo.
n..""""'pull ltnlll&er"cnlOlI/>oIIo'ninF.l.l9(alan<l(b)
are.kccrically .. milulhooah_ni<::olly,-erydilf...... '
~
In.i' ..... C1IXlhclUni ... C1IPK.'o •. o(' ..... ' p!" f lttlor'y;><
may be.aflhcd or nOl a. required. I I,hoo.h '" ""'"yc.....
~k"rbalana:ca nbecau ... l.l1i. u'ually"ndO$i"'bkl0
ea"h,hcrOlorinlhc:circuil oI~l.l.l9(b)"hm ,hc: u .. of
,unod hnes;'inlendedloobl.ln,helM:s, flU»it>lo:i .... "".. na:
'01" he"""o<"Iorfrcq......,.
bel~c:,",~"";-"~'~h~':'::ff~.~~:!:.'!'!
lhc: mul'i~C1I"h'h"'craled"'illcau"'ch... ilcirrolo'in.
c"r~n" " nd""n'«i""nllO!$S
In Ihcci",uh of Fi. 1. I9(b) the rf chol<e . l>uuklalwly. be ffchokes
In Ihcsecirroi .. ,he may be.i,her . q""".'
01'
::'~~~~:i';:-a:'"~ :::;:~by the lunod , i""';1 all<l OIIO-lhird"-a'-eimllhof""ift.bulformouPUfl'OStliow
.. Iuo " 'ire-wound railton ,,-m be found very drett"....
------
~ ---- - - -
~ -----
3.10
Varicap diodes
The ""ricar diode i. a diode which <J<hibiu I ~hantpO of
alpocl1ancc"'lIen. thantpO of f'e\Ii: ..... _ollose;' I ppliN 10
iI."' ...........ricapdiOOesarema<lebyd,m..,... ""joJroc1ion•
... 101 silicon.lice..ndby.pooc:ial 1.... lmcnlofl ... j"roc1ion
d,i'rerenl oapKIII...,.. lreobtlincd. A diodt .."lhl ..... n
c:opoc;lInccct....n,..(B:I)Iu•• n.btupl,iunction, ..'hi.. .
d!Odow'lh.Ia ....... pacilanCCtha.... t:u:IJ ..... hYJlC1".
, l~
IbnJpljuroc1ion.\'lrical"'usedaL.'hflllhff.llinlhecaL<"COIl'
oI.brupl .... ncLiOfIlypesand ......,.his/l ...I... ofQ.ll .....
'mj..neiea.allhouahlhecapoelllncc .... i,,'i.......11
n....Ia';.""hiphe.w.,.nV.f.ndC,"·hereV;..he.ppliN
:,;.::,:II'i<'.ri.'hef.~, .....,.,.ndClhecapaci.ancci'
{E,
•
c,, ~
VCD.
O"""IIIILf::: lie asV lie
~~t. 1~_V' _ ~ 1'hc."' .... oflhe ... rillbleca".a' .... loF.. J.2 1 .. .,.Ler.
m,nod byl ... requ'n:d""ndcm~ .. I""" ... IUL.t.U.y
cin:ull ."pacit.ncc (indOO, ... LM C••• of , he ... riable
This ,...aLions!Iip shO\\~ .h... for a 1'\'ft\.J\' 1.....,". (:O.f!O\C:it.,..j.A •• nv.ampk L.k.LheCO... "'''''''C.,. 20pF
=L~~~ Jfand lherefOR I Iln'lhl line freq ... ncy law ~~d: l C.... - $OpF. Th~ "'fl"""Cnl> a cap;><:i, • ....,. raLIO of
vltica pdioo... "'r.tp;.llynndin8 11.. i.".. yin lo.«<i.·... Wi,h VC l ",pia""" by venl •• in Fi, l,n Lhe .." ..
• nd.....:ilen.rq>lacinl,heairlndlOliddick:cLric')·"" caPII~;'.ncc r... i<>mu"bccmpl~lorna;n'.in''''' .. n..
luninlco!'>dtors..l'hysically. 'hry ... ....,. ..... II .nd...,busl. band«>,O-cr.ose·n.. .... p.ad •• ncc."""of . '·•• icapdiodeit
.1U(Iflef1I(underlirp:1(mptBl urc: ... rialioos .... irmtunc Ilc:lfnniool by 1.. 0 fKlan. Wile,.. V. iPPfO;K"i'>o 0 (C...)
f"""d ..... dlfL.nd .... """hydroKOpo:. , ... dlOde,,·;lIintrodooo_.lone''''yin'o,hedrcu'I.V.
A.will be_n Liley'''' id<al for """'*roIILroI.pplJcl· """.(c...)n ..'by'hcrevnw .......kdownvol ..... ofL...
Lionoi,,/Ued .porlableormobr"equipmenL.Tho~· dlOde.loOlha" he ... np""'_'he... L.....,'oIta ...... """""11y
C<*Iuctor'ronLend <lesi""", ....."' .. flt'l ideal for ,tro :,,,:wvror<*kr ' ypedoodos. ILOI'I,",,,,",hip«brnk"""lI
prxLiClllppllCluonoflhe"",icapdio<lc:."....p:,u/lOd ..... 1~'nrno<ko'n dro<lel ..,'".nc.'.nsion'o3OVf'''
alClJlt.orpo"",f",._ki ... '''''''or """",e,n:uiL' C .... ' . . . her .... i'han;mp<ovtdQf""lor.Lh'.hf"""'"""ics
Fi.l.l l ."""".lypical'm..ddn:ull ... i.... nonh<r<l<»: I'UrLhe'mor<,. " '.rylow .. ,,,rw
vol'.1Ift.lo1t,,,nccof
Luni ... copecilor. l nFi.l.:l,tro'uninlcopod'or n repl,<ed <apOd,ancc btI ....,.n limila. '''';''-"1* """""'" .ppa ... nL
by ..... ricapdl~.Ttro""".<i''''C l p''''''nL.'hedcC(ln'rol up .,,± 10pc.cClIl of lhe"""" .... lv.I .... . """"'paniodby.
..... 11a.. lo'hediodebo:io •• honodbyind..:lort.!'oeha!oln foil In Q f.e,,,..
A p",coical fron' .nd<i",.i, u~in. '"'n,,, is il!ul'nlod
;':~'L~h:'~I~i~,~I~"':tat!:.!:t.'~~~iNco:.~ In Fi. l.23.A. in Fi.l .22,C I.O lnd Cll"'<''''llhorli...
dll_beln •• bsoIu'.f.,...,."...". .... ,,".. " ....... Lion oulof . ""COOlroivol' • ..,.Tlw:ClIIK.."" .... I... slIooldbe
Table 3.1
Characteris t ic. of aome commercia ll v a vai lab le va ricap di o des
Tl,.
1).,1"
No lM11I
"''111)4 J7 .... )pl'.V. _ JV
Q_I.
100."00"' ''.
c . ........ u
• ,IMI"
BIN
1._...u·c
._._)l)mA
s.n~ · M"109 2611pl'.V. _ )\' 210., "'M il. H)Is-6 100.. ...
Sidpl
Sioai<1
8810M )-)2·'pl'.V. 2JV
~810jll H_HpP.Vo _ 2JV
m.,'OOM IL •
llJ .. HIO),I , ..
_-0:,-0
•. j,,,-O _A. .
~
Srll&\<f 8110$0 11-2:·)pF.". _ 2JV 'J(I."OO1ol Ib .-0,,-0 JoOmA
All ,I><>< ,y.......... ~. b" f.om Moton>l.a Semicond ... ,,,"- .1'1IouP uKt «Iui •• I.........
proll..cmby$io .... ....
-.hfm..
3.11
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
alcula,"'.opraen""U)'Iow_~a.'hernoquencyoi .ndmtlllbe .... beforeca .. br;o'ion;s.'ttmptcd . ... ""'Io:,

OflCfI.'ioa.l"ractindUCI,"U.UandU .. "hLrimontn fK.", ..'lIichcon.rohV.n1,nit ,he OKi.,.lorlllnk''lIltaJe
C I.C2 an<lCl.",uocd,olo<' band..o",<qc;C4 in para llel .mpll'udc,A .... ,,.,.pdia<k ... illbcha,.., ••• no',JI,,.ry . H""'n
with the "",iU.to, lank ~ircuit i, usc..! r.,.. .ny necessary ~~,;'';'".~vt."rd biaoe.J (Normal """ 'o(latIC" bet"..",
, .... pentU"'compcnoa,""'. IU . IU .nd Rl.'he .... .".rood.
...... , ...... J'i'O"itX rf,<OIallon between """h ,unod <imoic tory..,..,.. '...
Duri... ' ... ""'.'.. tank'...."'.. (.. yl·SVnns)
l ·he ...I..e>houIJ .......ftiacnllyhilh'op!'e\_'paral .. ' ",ill'" . I'.".... 'tl y""'i'i~ and ntpl".., abou' ,he'~ncd
tlompinllhu.n:ducinlllhe ...o,kinIQ,.,~'rf,,,-,,,,,;'non.
rifOC:li.'dy oIIunl,he l"nodclI'~''''
~rc>-.:""leab.",cu,,,,,,'ola ... ri<:apdiodc.nonnolly
"""""'·(.... ' ... nl .,A.,an.mbOttI.'.... pen'u .. ol
=. ~;';:S~~~n",::-~I.a::-..!,='~:fl :~~
dn;ult, 'I'h"" if V. - O 'hc ",neap dIode will"" r",. .."rd
p~.desnld .... Ii""'n.y.ndinc"'.... nl'he""rmonic

,d." ... '0 ,""
~~~,:.' .~~~~~=n~~ '~~:': !a~i~~::.
coolon' funobm<n'al r.C<lUC1>C)I amp"rudc
V.mini<.n,oprtVCfl,rorw:ilrdb ..sinl.'''''>'Ol,... b<i",
fKl<>ryf",vhr...'hiit: .,uhr ... lucsuIowIl510I<llare <kpm<Im.onlhelank""Il)... ~diodemuotbcm"enO
_ I . Pot",,,,,,,,.,,.rRV I okIiYdyboc:omct,he,uni", biI .... du.in.,herornplelcosci.laloryt)'clc.l'hcocf.."...
con,roI for , ... rett ..'.... by YlIryinl .he con,roI >'Ol'.", ,,,,he .1so'o1.tc 'o'he "",ial a .... rfcirnlll •. panicu .. rly ..'hcn
.... iapo.,andcan ... ofca,bon.prayed ' rackormoul<kd
arbon Iype. i\CC\lI'II~ mcu"bili,y i$ or IlItl'lrnoun' ;mpon •
• ~.panicu ... lyin.n .. brett"..,' ... hc .. ahclialpoo .... ,...
~~~~~.~"'3~'7n~~~~'b1=:~ =: ~k:
' •• ap"""itica'ion ..·i'h<'OlUlOquert'dqrada'ionof ...... ivcr
OlCIer ttQUIIltII 10 'utlU f,om m,n ........ to ",,,,mum ...1,,". perform.~
~1I'" "'jlh • • uil.ble.lowmollond,i." ..m ... I>'I<k ....l'}' Thcpmble""''''''iaMd ",i,h ,ill1lleonded ",",apd""'".
$II ,Maclory mean. oC'uninll. Nnl., ... ,.i",plel/tL1,1I wi .. ""nicu",ly ..'hc:n ul<dwi,h.'oI'.i'Ooper;uod..""icon<lul:lOf
..-oundconlrolo ••"noc ....;I.bkf"' ... ' .... p.pp'ia'ionsd ... .mpl.r...... mi,..., and """Iblon can be "'''''''''''''' by .......
'o'hc ....
ea ....
"."Iy ...... 'u.n-lo-lum>"Oll:l...
i'orQ$(I-(I.,t-l ..."'ideI.fdecoupl, .... min;",iri ...
lhe Nd-to-bock (hm:afterroferrcd to udual) .... nc:ap
d.oo..Thisdiode .. rormodl»'di/f"",n"""juoc'"""on,be
humpickup •• I\d.l>ouldbe ... nl.lum"rpoly ..,.,capaci,or same I llicon ..."ro. (monoI"hocchipcooSl"""ion) .. i,h ,be
T he$e tytlQ ....... nqo:li.,b .. leak • .., c"'_I.,ifties. Tho ca,hode bci",com,,,on to each .""""'. Si&nal ,...,,,foo;:o'ior!
...-."",cntiomtter""",robV.min(normaUyllolY) ...i"... IIy .......",l<d.udur.... nypanOCanrf ....'donn
'10<:;.' ·2"."", ••• ,,011.. ,.,,,...

•• ' ........ _1 ..... _
3.12
TUNED CIRCUI T S
Table 3.2 Appendix 1

Suitable voltage na bilize rs for use wit h Design formula for calculation of micro.trip
..aricapdiode. circuit e lements
IncakuL.. in.micrOSlrip ... moilclc .....nliitil ...........,.".
T," 1) ) . - """bli>hlh<dicloc1ric:cons•• n'(otlh< ...... n.I.lltilcanbc
IlTlSTC
(., (11)
done by mea<W"inl 1110 ca.,...o,y 0(. lypiotJol j,Ompie
• _ I ll)( C)( .;.

10-12
lTKll
2TKll whe,.CI,lnp!'
lTK 21
IT)OJ W -U : ~~ ~~k:'..Jiml
') ~
_.ot..
T..., ..... lu'. .ocfII<i<n'of""r< ..
)tT6r c.
I<.' I . - ~A 1I•• in.(oond.hodielcc.ric:ron •• a nlilil ..... ln«C«olry.O
oI_.
;' - 1( - 10. calcu .. ", 1110 "'id'hor.ho ... 'tui........ nl f"'l ... dcs.i ....
11K.. In; of roll'" ",h.. manu(o<' .""" .. ~~ _ i ....'"
impedance
W ....
I..... W 0·1136 + 1ot.o1 0(l(l4991)(Z)( Ve T 1' 1•
.. ~.is.""'hick .... oIdlclect.lc(mrn)
cy<1o, ,.hon"""diodc'"(,...",anJbia.al.ho ... herdioJois
m-cnc: boa<cd. A dnad'.,. .......,o(lhod... ldiodcis.hal lho ~:is~~~~(U)
d1"«1,..,capactta_ofcxhdiodcarei n krics.lhuoad ... '
""ricapo(l XC"!';Srequi.-ed,oreplatcthcsin.Ic,.,,ric:ap
byll::::;.;nd=:,d:~~~=.'h~~':;::~-C:
~1:, .. in""'tcrial.typi<:ol .... idIM(or.dirlectric:C<)nI •• n.
l'71mmf",~
of 1,':1 .re<.,,,,mon. In Fi, ).241110 d ... , diodes repbot 1·5Smmf",?,o
I..... in'" diode ..1II ,he <Ie: blodin, capad'ors. AI,hou." O·6'mmfu,IOOtl
d",'d,<>dI:s.remore<.ptn"~ 'he,."·illbe",,,'''CO>I .... in •
.. I""" o:apadlors . ... ""Ionll"' ..... ui...,d. Wher. pouiblo. Inor<ktlocalcu .. ' ''.lIeoircuj.c1.'''''"llonllh;' is ......1
d... ldOodos .... I"d.'...,dIO.IIe.i.we.nd<dIYpo.A lis'ol" ,..,.,.,.....-ylocalcd •••• hc""'odtyr""'o<
~Ilr.!/: •• l:,f ~::::.:~~lu.l .... r ",ilh lilt: m.l.nuflKlurm
lhtron"ot,ooll .... fOf V""",,, diodosmus, bedori><>l V..... ~, "00<1... .. VO~75 "" ~ 9-6J
f.oml,"Cf)"h .. h ••• l>oh., ... pply ...... ""lyinwrmsol'.......... TypIcaJ ,.,,1 ... ,,1 Velocity FKIOr (0< ma ... ial ofdir\cctrk
but a.... lCm\IH&.u.... A oIm"'"""'"'"uabili.ml ... ppty,.,'1 cons.an,(dot,OioO·SH.
_"-.,lber""lu,rcmero,.bullbeacldilionofa'O"aMisIOf I rom ,his ,lIeciKui. clcmml aen.th iI found by "",I,iplyi...
tofonnIJCriosOfWLR.voIta.. otabiliLa"",·illim"""",,l_ lhor"",..,..,.lenl'hby ,"",docityfKlOr
..........cnsla.Sernicondoo><:tmanura<:"lu.......... ,in.... ...
~u,,.,,,.,..,IS ... ~prodUCtds ... bil""" ..i .hC>.CeIIen' ..... II .. uo,,,,,,," in ai'~ ro< 1.191M II . - n ·.......
... bilily .nd ...... i&obk kmI'CI1"un: o::o-d!itom •• 'Thac
... bil, ......."" of inlqr1Olod circui'O(JnSllUC1ion in either
puormouklodencal"u... ion. andolfc,.hocoru,,,,,,,orl n ror .mcro.trj,,;fror 1,2\ll MH ~ .. SJ·'mm" >"Cloci.yf..,.Of
ioIul.if ..... chcal'....lu'joo 1o vol ...... and lomP<"'lure
.... bili... ion. A hll o(Sui .. bklypoo i'li,-cn in Table l.l
3.13
4 RECEIVERS
T~~ ~:"'~C;:"::I;~~~~":: ~;::! ""~::!n";:'aof~~ =..!e".":.*::::::

~=;;;'he=.!.':"~ ~~:~.n!~'~=."=i
u...... nl<>.l li"",,,, whi<:h occu, at ~If lhe in'"""","'t<:
f_uer>C)'.Aprd"crrcdi.f. ...\"lifoe'f~uer>C)' ..·,lIbtone
<OA1r()llodronw"~r .ho'''ofit.
8Y''';';mcan<a .hfullt ch<><om ,,, .limi ..,,,,, tile in ...., """""",". T ... I'I>MII,
'=" "'" ~y1'crn <Jo n ""'<lily be
"., up. wi,h a ~hoO;:c: of ...l'On.w<a .... ~ry..,i.3ble ... l"""'iallya'''f)'> .. Ir.'''' .. fOJ<
.i~ ·:':r'1l>=t~':'I:..,,..,.~.".': ."u';:!~~~M !>.>nd. 2MII.
tuni",ranac ,<> . "n'h<':"",crlcrou'pu' fr«i".""yany-
,.-here .. ;.h,. the r~n","ollhc lor""",;"".
II i. <:>fen"",,, """.;hk 'n .r.. n~< ror (he l<><:al "",,113'0' wiJcbu,will<uffCT.imilaroJi ... d.lnllp •• 4"k ll, .wh<n
<""'",'l<'
~Ei~ ~~;: ~~ ~~b.:;·f. ::~1r. ~~l ~~~~~~~
in the 10 be ,unat-Ie an<! uSC" r,.cd rmjuen<:y
""in, "" ,he .... in """';"",. bullh;, raj"", problems of
::l::."'': .. ab,li'y a nd n:r><~l.l>ilily or .he _....,~r
s.,,,,,;oc'Qf)' 1"""bIe <*'illa,on c:on ofcou"," be .... <Io; bo~~~h!!'1 ~:~J ~~~~i~,;}';:'=
"",'htyr-.l"''''"'~rob<.o>llyCQn$t<U(:l<d . nd._kI diff~lb.ond.h;'th«riore!\ClCOOUl"'o"",,,promi ..... nd
be., ..... Lably .....c, r~,oency ,han.ho n;q"im! final if.l ·I>MII,i.r. i. a<loptedbolhlto.:4m.nd2mbondswili
'''''Iucncyinon.ln"'o .. ..,'hc ..... <:.......,.,ofobuini... ' ... bcdoarofi""'.. .--\i'rould_lIy""'IIt>e.......J
.....,...ry . llIbo."y. u..:.I.. ,ors . nY"'·hen:b<t"...,.,a.nd r..... IOmJ.ndwclo ••>"'"I\ ...""kla' Iu't t>ebtl1 ... t~n
Jllollt, ha"" boorn..."...fully t...d'"n.luwdand'hcfil\lll ... i'ha""""i.r.A .. huuaI>i .............. theU. Ii.-eoanimPfO''e-
f""l<>mC)' •• m'Od . ,br .... ofr~mul'ipliert.ln """"ini..........joeIian.'trNuccslhe.d....,...tclu"nol
'h .. ~u.':oIl.,""' for,..., .. '-e<IoeaI..,;I .. 'oror' ..R$- """"".i'y•• nd it;. n<a:!."'" to inc=.. tho: Rumt>e, of
moll .. ron'ml • ..,'ho ...... e>.tCplfortho ...""lfn;q...""". ,uncde,,,,,,i,, ',,""""-.:r.h ..... kc' .. "y .
A"",he< poi ... 'u t>e rememt>ered i. tl»' tho: pin of.
• ndpor< .... po'ho"""'c'oulpu'
o.lIil.ol'.. ri~f""""ofVJri.l>I<rre<loency.nde<y>I.1 ' ,nPt=" . ... all-I>M l lz-..illbelu .."rlhltnon•• t . .. y.4Hk ll ..
:::~~~~i~~~~::."" , "on under.ho h..di~o.cilla""" ..., I"ot>ta,n ,he .. mc:o'...... 11 ",in f"••" the i.f. omphfie<'.
When . .."",,.1 <~r.>1I" IIf OJ< a"",l~ur bond ,=i~r i. i. ~t!.,~~~:h": a,~':~tt[;,~s:.~r:,~~~~"~";.w
ulCdil$ a lunabk:i,f. amplifle,lh<tinalinlcrn""halcf* f",<in,'" sideband. butiftllCSe"'" ""t utcd. a Q.multirlier
Qu<nq mu.1 t>e ta~.n inl" con,i<i<r.>.ion_ G.no",lIy tho
...~f:~,:.~~'..i::.f~":":t ,«cive, f'" ~hf . nd uhf ",·iII.
~~S£~;~~~~~~~~~~~::~~::?::~ """"lhoobao>oJ."",ofd,f("",n' "'Klth.t>e.comp.om.... Tbc

.w,"1 f~..ency """" f'" tho: mai .. I.f. al"ploflc, ,..,11 depend
tu ... bIoi.f.f..... 2m""""'rI':rthoi""' ... f~uer>C)',,·iI1t>e
9XJkII<(2 " ...;oI,I I')rrom'herunda .......... lf~........,.. lnd :~~""',t!.:~~e~~":I~~~i~t;'~::"~
tho<d"ore."t"'nt ... lUni ... "'.... oft""..uo'~. _ ..,e s ystem f.... ac:h bond
JIoe_oll-I>MHz,..,IIIi'.. f""'OO""fromi ............. '"
(..... ,ho: 2m b.ond ...... ,hi!; i> pano:ularly imponan, .il~ ,he
....y Jo>b"!>C""iunhu;,..,n;"tcd_'ly ••·"h ' he .... ol
~
:':;'-..len a. I"-lI5olu<in1 hfb.ondC<lu'pn'>Cntontbil
I\nyrecei."'buih"""'u.lIyf"".' .... ''''._lnthllhi.....

frequent)' rqioo """'Id, as .. it~ any mu<krn recei •••, be
'''4.1.11o< ~ .t ......... Owl......"..''........ _ _ capable of r=;"'inl 011 ,be usual f"."", of.<>i<;e m<Klu"",ioo'
4 .1
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
-'mp,'udcmodu\lnion;
SoIid .... ' ercc:e; ....... pa., ....... rIy' ...... HOinabipolo,
"mj~ 0< />hue modula,,,,,,;
dev .... in'horf.mplofoc,.lIIIrniMr .......... ntg.cpoor
SinaleoOdoband.mpli".... modula'ion
biocti", ."" mIOIorI'IOdllb'inn ~tg.....m,ia.. Condnioos
n •• irocrcaocd rompleAny of ,ho incl.....,.. of. "mctor •.......... """""·hcn
.",,~
...:.rfpinmn"oIorllcll)'od".. io
f.,. ••",.modooofmodula"ooisjuRif\od• • ndlJ>Quklbe.
fQ'u ... of.IIIICWQlu,prnm,.This part ... ula.IjI'~Io,ho rhcaddi,;""nlaeoot,,,ner.,,'hilc.ppc:ori,,,IO __ I,;,,
corr«l.ndadcq ... '.de'<'C1ionotr~ ... ncyn""'ula'od "h'!lh><nSi,iY<ty'y<lem. Qn mJ_ ,hcdy ... mic"anaI
"~b..The"''''''''_bc'ha'''''''of'ho''''''''''' .. by handlinl "'''II<loa ... Ia,"~Jy ...... ~ ... re. Uoinl '''''uample
~~;Ic,;:;,;:, :!::"i~~!'~~~w~~":'':: nfron"Crte1' qUOloo . bcw. "j,h. biJ'lOla. ''''''".. or=e;,.....
,he .i,1II1 blod,nll",,,1 an be ..... uc.;.J rrom. for u.mplc.
lk'O<:'IH" . .., 0",,"'''" Ita,·c ....... , .., 10 . ron,,,...,,,i,,, IOm vwi' hou"hc:con ..... e. '05O/%<Va •• com I'ICI".ysl<n\
::'~":'~":~~~kl~'~~~~::~~ld~~~':: ,~~;:,t:~::~;
-' oimp", boa ...1."... lyn""Mi'~mc1hnd ofoon'",IIi",
, he .i,n.1 .....1 ino"
,he ~orwc.'.' is'Q U'>C a COIl$'an' ,m-
Or ""w l'C«iYin")'<'."",(d<scribcd 1".,1
Thel>loo:l<d ... .. mot'l'M:im""'~ yb{, uhf "'c......
,hown;n ...... 2~"".i!ces .. n' .. I""""i' ...n, .... .,.ot. :::= ~~=::; ~'~n~:':':~;. ~::~y ~~;-=.';:
"""""""";,;,a,oo ( Indc:~".",;").ys,.m"'Q "",a Tor
..1II.blc l n.lm!.-'"'bc ..' ....o ... uni .. lICIOdloOmCdQori"'ion pi.....:!ion PI N donde ..... nu..orOpc""od by delayed ....
• nd , hne.illbcdnl,,,,,IIindivid ... 11jI dcn'"O;I~oon,,,r1U.
While ,he Idd~ion 0/" a """...,cr. u..... lljlcrys .. 1 C()n. IIoIh,)1>C:Snl . , ........ I<>r ..nbeimcr1<dintheMriaJ
'n:.II.d,lO.mI'{hf-...mu ...... ,;.",.~''e1"is.'''Ia',.-dy cou .. lf«<lbcf""',"""",,'........ . "" .. nimpro'o'.'hc:upp<f
.. mpIc ..... """ provid,,,. vhf' uhfco-·e n..,co'" lJ>Quid be I,mit ot ,"" " &nal handlin....... by """" ,han 1O!lR
.. k.... inopeno"'" 'ho ..... in "'";'''''(:110 a ,u ... bIo i.f.) in tho
fon:.;., ... IIy _ _ed
....
(IOOunl.s1Con'...,cr·"" ..... j"~' "'"Crloodis'here-
....,8..... ''''''
ModemCOn>nlllna'-.....:ei'",..I... chI~by
hiPloenSi,;v;'Ybo'doODtD<CeSSlrilypoooaaP>Odbloclr,,,. 'i~OO::~:I~~ ::=~~"!!':;::':':'nd~~;
• nd c.".., modu,",ion o:b.orxt ............ "" .Nn ,he "ron.
Ii.Jnalpen"",,,,_aon be..,.ptC1e>"n •• • bo.sic~i,'e1" =~~~.:~.,.:~ ::':-~n'::' SOfI/IIflQ,..t and ....,. ...
Theaddi'ionof.coovcrtcrl'fO>"""' ..yl6d lt ot .......
venk>n pin beh.·.. n K .ial and ,he main m:ci,·•• inJlU'. "'III t..!:.Q:":;;,,~~ :;":,~~j~'::"~~~~.•:'~~~
lIcpt.de,fie II"'"l1.iJnalpcnonn."""ot, i!cma ,,,"ui,.... ~~~'::;~~ an atl<" ... ,o. U. inl , ...... dc.ka is ",ru;nly
bY'he Mn",,,, ,io, lf.foruamplc.IOOmvot.ollllllnp,,,i.
mjui ...... '0 P<Om<>1C blodin. wi,nou, ,heron ... " .... ooly "de:<cription rM' heron~"""ion Ind Qpc""ion of PIN
'mV",illbercquired .. ,he """ ..... crinpu'for,heblodin. diolks ,.,he. ""h.hcir.tl1)lka1lon in ""en... ,or oin:uilS
lO~mc_.Thcdy ... micoi&nalhan'IIi"'ao""bm'ynf isai_in a..pto.JO.
tJwoompktcl)'I,.millhmconsido:<abl,ored..-l(1Oumct),
Opcra ............ ""II·k_·n vll,-.rcc:e;,,, ............
-'RU.IIRO.Edd,s,.,.,etc .. 'WIlIhlci.f.donot ....... 11y
IUlJcrttonlblodti... or~ula''''''.TheA R8I'' Converters
...,enJIjIQpabienlocc:epli", UPIO IV., lhe;n"", The units may be oi,boo- bco.~.in or plu •. ;" Ind ,he ... uaJ
ThemUcr"' ''''ron'''''......iII br: ..."""" '0'''''""''''''_ mjui .............·m ' .. ry ""...........1>1, ftonl ..... .,.,....ror 10
::::':'':'==<»noJi'ionl..''''.iU,htmcn "ODtboo-.lldcndc:ad",,'he<lnaihofl""""uniu,i, is
imporun, ,o<krid< ,hofUlllbic rUM Lt. ...,.ion
4.2
"""""III. 1·6MBz main i.f.• mptit.... and ,~_ oIa
'unlnc "'n.,.0I1MlIz( ± lM ll ubou',~m.anf_U<n<)'J.
Table 4.1
"-",n be.'..-eor ..... ny fmjumcy ,1>0 cQn<1",,:tor
... ;,I,es.hi.desi",bIe,lIa" his.houldbe.,.fmj<><1><Yol
... hi<hb~ak'h""'lhi.nOllroublaom<. F_ ...""iosbcl ..""n
2to'M H... Dd28'o.lOMHzha"'beonu~wi'houltrotlble.
t>ula'IIIe"""'rf........ """'" lhe"' ie lIkely 10 be.vealer
dlanceolbre.>k'l>rooJghf"""' .......".' tlleLf.
""tlleu..... ,imtOSCilb,or-'Labili,yiebct'n.llhe\ooo<tt
_
4m
f" - Y
70-) )01 11 0
Oocillo'"
4'·)
'-C.,·".I
IHiSorlH
.....,...
Mol".
20<)
rrcqtltllcicrand'hertf""''''' ...... ''"~''''''in'hisl"CSf'ClCl }.. 14SMII< 120 :tGoriO 40<11
iI~ .. _ ......... b~rrr<QUmcy. ,.",. US)oIHz 410 JOoSo<lNn 2Oor1l
Ucm 1.~)oIHz
_delO<>Dftt .....
Thc-teionore.>"", ..·hy,1>o,unabkfinti.f.ohouklnotbc
ohhepopu .. rhrbandtif'hisisdco.iml.
but """" 11>0 luni", ... n.,. io 2M lb Iho. ..... 11y is only
I.UO
.... ilablo for u,",a' 28M ilL N"'~"hclao .... ith.IOod.lidt

",Ie t~pe ,"ni", di.1 and ouilable hf b<lnd con'·utc:". ,he
arrtnp:lTlrnl am bc ulCd for IIIe lower rmjUcncics, bUI Field df"", 1...... iSl.".,. I>o..'.ver, I''I''I~ 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,i>eoe
"",·inll<, the 1\lO"..,... frcqLK;nq bond. Il>ell»oun, of band· di .. d""n' ...... nd.,..,a .. li.flClory.".rru&li,c'Ollocv"l~
."read on lhe ~1.I ... ill be limit<d 10 85 percenl "" 10m.
2l·5percenlonlSmand I7'S percen, on 20m
The ""'i.,. delailed i. booN
'ypical •• "' ......... nl ,,·hich his
on 1'''''"''''
va"'." and i.
'n)'
""COl'"
"'''f"",,'''1.
Wllenllle'unabloLf.i.Io""I'isprcl.... bIe ' o"'"'double J=~lionlnlo.semioond.."or«>l.,.isr.irlY"""""·
oon ............. nd'his>houklbedonc ...i"' ...n&k<"f)"Slll.I'o
• .-...din...~I .. 'OfSf>Un".....""I.. This ..... ofdQuble If.spcaal,ltd....,.,~ iolObe1>uil,for.he''''nnon tellly
oonl'ft$>(Ntis......,...ryIOJq>llrale..xq",,,,Iy ,heoipu.land ~.. tcd :lO:m.""ZJcm bAnch." Ihoukl bebascdon.1Ie
='~~~='::""':~I~npanicula'ly _""'",,""Ie rOf ::::;:....'"':f':t:'!-~ 1·6Ml bmaln i.f.• n~ficr. and lhe
The c:onununicalion
pa,1 01 the bondo isin ......... 1 con·
:£~~r:S~~:f:~;i,,~4:=~~~~::~~~ fined.o i IMlb . ndllnd"on:lhc:lunabiefinli.r. ahead
Tho u,",,,f l ... n.i5l0l'5 for f'''''1 end COn,'crtcn i. p.or1i<u· :~'i~~ ~ln~:~f~~P~~':;"w~!c';,"l~'7t:! ';h:'''~~2~~~~
,'ertc:rlcanbe.,,,,l>£CdloollOfllOr"''''.lInaJecrySlal.,hul
:~~::.:= ~.~ :r.:~ ::,;:'"~~p~:~~ ~~I~:;~ .voidin• •ny cha"", of inl........:ilblOf .puriou. be>1
bill"". "'lltrNh.el~ •• Suiuble I'M)WH ""'~ can of rounoe fmjumct5.Namrlllly ... ilh,heptttilCfTalum:yrequire.
:~:1=?;:i:~ya~be,=i~=~~=
:"'.:.~~~ 0I~1 f_lICnCICIlhal mo~ be wed
F",,4.1iU""... """he~lIcipIcs;n'"Oh<edinthisarn ......
'0 ...... '" 1111, .~ is • mlrumum poc:k-up of unwan.ed
...... Is .. i'hinll>el"""blclirstl.r. ..,nae.
.......1 and Table 4.1 I""" de,,"h
oI""Labio Cf}'SUI1s and ,ho
loci":'""1~Ia~,:,x!'ioo~~":;~ !":::;r:im7.::';
it~:..~::f.~ ~",~r=":7he~~~~:~!~
freq""""indonolappea,inlllep"Slbolldof,hc:,unabl<
:on::.: :;:.~~~~~;:~~.~~~i:'r ~!.:= i~':~I>e"'1mba~
fi ... ILI.oec.i<>n. ldealty.thc:cry>lalf'OIIIICncy.houldbeabo...., ...,rt.,hofo",pa~,irl$on in,o,IIeI~""blc:li"l i.L ... II<'. n",
the hlthc:<, f_umcy 10 wMch IIIe ,unin...·ill ~h. AI· $<'1ec.ors"'iICbS .bouldbcofatypewhi<hd.... nolinlroducc
ItrNI'n"dy.• crySLaI close 10Ille iowetlrequency .. i1I be .nyloCrioulmisma'chOfl\OlSeinlo ll>eltnmi... $La ....
fowodu"$fA<''''1
T.bIe •. I ......... oometypical<"f)"Slll.lf............,;. ... hicb.....,
bo ...... 10 ..",. ,unable Lf. of 2' '0 26 MHL
~--1§h~~~
The m a in receiver
~
ComPfio'1II11>o IU .... bIe fi ... , i.f.. moin u .• m~ifler.<I<1ect.".,
and audio amplin.r.
Thi.moyberon~n'ional.p.or.f"""'Il>einclu.ionor.
IUII.l>Iefl"etluPpOr'c;d by. Q-mul.iplier •• required. ,0-
Flhtr ..'i,h<l<1ce.""forlt.;,lh....,II><I<IesOC"''''''' 'ra .....
rruuiono .... n Iddilional r-.Ii"" ..... nt ..'hi<h is "'ry dairable is
.ml'l,f.ed • .,:-th;"invol,,,. only ...... " iOlO"OlK in com-
p!w'y.ndilwdl ... onbindudi ....
~':"~.::\::~:=;:is~!:::i=:
<icprnrJen'on_lprefcrenoc..ln'lIei.f.lmplifoer ......
:~~~<>B. pin will be .n"""
Iowet lhan "'hrn""J~ ' •• _~ III"",." ... ' .....1""1-'<001. '~,"."'nd---"'''-''
4.3
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
l ' belowc$tollbebanoll~ta1i .. 'beman ... l"",ybr
Table 4 .2 rtprlledat.boJO.I1I ... ,ntM"ionr~ .. ,....... ,he<ha...
Oatails of crys tal frequencies suitable for o'.. rf.o"' .. and.rd....,'IM>d. 'n"",.. reIin<d '''''h"iq ....
use In con ve"a rs bccomesl"lCl:'eUary.(fhisDf"""""OO'Onot"...,... ho ••
otIddmcha _ _ fromlhe"""',.." ...... I~in:uil " rn ......
no""IOIOli'\Cuorc,,, i'''''io....,.,,...ry- lhi.doesnOl .... 11y
17
)l
lj
1~1
19"
~7 J61 """""""ncao... 'yunlilfrcq ........ ies.round@, SOOMlh
.rereached.)An"'lionIO,""",lIl1cui"bccomesi~
IH IlO 115·1 important. l.eod Icnllh~ l nd.clf.i""""I."'" of leads. lPO"
=,a::,"ibuti",,,,,"",, ...... y...no....lyIIJ..,,,,he<tmI~
m ....
In order '0 "'"'~. u'" or radio siJIlaJo it ;, """"'1)" 1o
1.151 1.151 I.U2 1.151 In>plifylbem .. ill''''''.''tN: ....... I1....,in'I'<><Iuc>''' ... y _
noisclha"is.MoI"I...,......,....f)'.oo"ioDfprime;mpon._
·1""""" ..... . 0 . t.a',... u,«<lr..... be7O<mmi"', In.c~ic,,~a.hiJl> •• ;gnul/noiscpcrfo"""n«: .. polSlb ... 'ro
tn.....r"q ... n<''''' ... ,lIp..,.,,''«<P...... 'Ih<bouomban.J
<"d ... lo<al"....II .. ~I_... a'I .... 4l2.ndl.196MH,. noiw.GencraIIy.""oourao.of . . . .
do ,hisi,;' impoorl.1nl'o.l>JWciolcl""f""',," •• hic~<o ....
can1>ed"'idedinio:
Alft'lOSi'beri<1
"J""hern\al_f"""'''''ea"h
SnIa,andCO$m",""'''''
1"h"""",,,,,,,,,,,, maybe """"goo.!b)' u.''''~'cxI<s fo' ,he
..,.,..,..j,,,, any pfObkm I:w:i"' ... .....a by
~,n:" ;,."· ;'ch;,, ..
..... oI.m«"""""IIyQl)Or.l'od."ilcb. ~~?~~~.("~;'~)
~~~r~~:::~":;~;~~':~~~~
'bebloc~d"'Cf1Im
Undoob'odly'bebo>l.fl1>I"OKhl0 ' be~,ha'<blK>rale :::;:~~:';;':'~~':"ta,,:!,~d n"""
mulli·bo.nd'hfl"hrr....,,,'end~'ou .. flc:kl<IT"".' ... nliown
f",.,llbe .. _1 r..........,..mplifi«.ndmi..........IIn.
11,,,.,..rlyrel ... m.istOf!l.ndfor~,,..:IQfd;..,de<a"'.ui'.bIe
LI<.'"
,be
"Ie .... be_in..,.pcctof~XI ......I"""",.C""'f'Iin
of lbe n>.n·"",dc ""p"lsc.nd oll",r."".\: ""'....
fur ,,,. in Ihc mcillalGrl mullipl;"r ",..,.. I" Ih" n'IIln""r Eff«1i,cnoisccancdl;n•• y._"nbede><i.allndd<tlih
~~;::r:: :::::~~~ he~dc':

,be ..''''' .. uni, ..... bcbuil,'nlo a ...."vdy5maIi'''''".
~~~~y;:~~t.::I::,:n:~:::;:i~:I=I: .""in_lnoioe(......., ........ ' ...... ,thin'he~u;rment)b)'

""reful"""i.... It "imp(>rtanl lu knnw ho ... ,hi•• riOiCt.oo
::::=I.:::::i: It;:is :.~:t from ,he ,,,,,otIS unito .he .... riow ,~pcs Ire bri<fl.I' d<><rlbtd b<k>w
Res istive nois e

Thk'1P<of......., ..... _dby.lI...;..on.'oc<1 ...... w"~lho
........""-...oI,nclllCUnce.n<lcapocolance.TiIc""'....1
Noi se ~":':.eof.=::;,... noiscdq"'nd'On'heIYP<lnd""'''''IC'ioo
In'he,hfanduhr ..'ion. 'hefoclor<"hichaff«1lbe.....,.e;'...
.... formao,ws.n:diff...... 'from'l'Iooe.....,.,..m....... on ,he ".............,lcdi<lcal,...;.'orof'hemcl:lnic l)......·m
hf ... nd •. I' .. ......",.,.ry'npoy"""'MlenI>le.II.n'''''''o
nni", "",""'ion ,,' il hin the~uiprnen' ;I",lf since •• ''''' ~.:.="':.t;i~1 ~~"'=lalrtN: ~= ':-:''''''~I,~
..
in ...
f.......,qo .. i"""'ucdfrom ....... ndIOOMIl, • ......., ......... 'od
1>-01;. $anioondUCI ...... ..,..., ...... ind"" ...... and k-ado
bo<:<>mt<nri""..asi".imrortan«:
tianen' .• ndsince'be"".ivllyof'_ • ...,."""'isdcpendent
~;~=~,;.u",. lbe ~I of ""'''' wifl .... ry ,,'i,h ~h.ns<' in
"
- ~I I 'umll.IOI$l ~~ ~ llUIIlIIl1( I IUI(fI~II .IIIf -"
.... Ill' " ' ' to. ". lOoo ,.,10. 1($1111111011( 1tc. l ] •• n,.
I I I I I' I I I I I
4.4
Somequalilicalionoflheforesoinll ,cmp<r.uun: vn"*,,,
stalcm<n' is howev<:r necded. M<>Sl~is'ors0f'<,,"ea,a
,.mpomt.urein.heregionofI J· C.or290' K unlc»Sj>Q<ial
cooIinll i, undcnaken. Sincci'isunlyal absolul.'U'ro
(21l- KbelowOOCjlhal.hemo.ionoflherandomckctrDnS
~~~:''':~~':'~:~:"ons in IlK>dtClron ,lream emitted flom
otO .... and lhe rc$i"or w""ld become ".ilenl", il will be
Ippra:ia ....,ha, OVCT .he norm.1 ,,·orl:.ing lemperalure
...oae any changcs in Icmpemwre ",ill be rroponionalcly .hol>o.calhode-_u."I_i......... inJ>U$lni·hro~lho
,rid.IrI.l.;<ureonlhe"'a,lIIO.he.r><>de.wili indLlC< a noi$<
:Z.';.';I~h":.~"":,~he"';!:;~~ ~:':.:t!;;;,~na"~~= voliallCon 1o the grid from Iheclcc1<OSI.'icchatJeClln'ied
Je:li"orsdoe>n<>1 chans<:'·cry.rrm:iably"".r.hc .... ngeur bylhoeleclron •• hem"'I .....
The magni'lld. oflhis will dcp<n<ion freql><ncy. Al low
1·~~~n<':':II":,U~~=:',"~"a~:~:;~~I~ and nlCdi~m fre<!".""ies Ihis noi .. will ~5Clf·".",rali2.ed
rtt>bc<,heoldcarboncomposihunlypcS. Thenoi",charae- as ,he ~()I"'tIC indlOCCd by the clee.""" I PI'roa<hinll tile
llridwilibecar'lOl:lk:dbyanequalandopposilCvol",llC
=:~~~in~~':::~~";,:::":'7'::='~h':~'hr~~ induccdby,hosen:cedinlfrom,hellrid.A.hillherfreq"",,·
'itS. ho,,· ... r. 2QMlll and UPWIN$. the IK."~I .imdc 10 anodc "'iII be an
al hi", and/or low ,empera.urc:<. are a~ail.t.k r,.,. usc,.. apl"'C<labl< f...,ion of ,he oper.olinll cycle. lhe f"",.ion
""'sc."'''':... forC<luipmentc .... lua'ion in<rca,inllwilhfre<!ucncy.Thi'lTan3# ,im<'. as i. i.kno".".
,....,1"inaditT.... nccinpha$cbel .....,n'ho.kclron.
approaching lhe,rid, and.hose m:edingfrom i' . T he"",,!!
is lhaln01all lheindue<:dVOila", is ""ncclled
Sho'no i•• A.lhef""l""ncyi.rai""'.lhemagni,ud<oflhecU"",,1
Shot I\oi$e ari<n (rom lhe random .mission of ekclrons induced in IheJ,rld.1>o ri .... Thi •• ppro,jma,cs 1o. ""....
from. hOlcathodewithin.~al'."ruc"'re. live lhermal n"'", ,,,,,,,no loropomtt;ng al ,, ... lati,·clyhi,,,
There are Iwu da$$iflCO.tion, ufcmi ..ion from lheatlhode lempe"'.lu .... This elf"'" is normally ICrmed """';, I;""
«filamenl ofa val>'<'. 0"" being <lnignatC<l sa'"",'ro """,f""Qf1('r.lhevalucof,,·hichisproporliO<la\.Olhe
~""lJid" "nd lheoth<r"""""'/JTaIM~mi..i<m.lnlhcfDnn<r.
sq~~~!rt::=:i::::"~.":r~Y'''h.for r~v<rpu1']>OSU
~.:;~~i=:~:;!;d~E:~:~S~U~i~Z~~~;: ~~: :::'j,,:.~~,.",e oftcn qno.ed: #lw;,,,,knl ""i" ,~,i"Q'r"
m"m.lheanodewilll.k.urallthe.leetro... avai labl<from
~~~~::e:=7"~~:f='::n~iL~~~~
.han.ha.wh;ohisbeinJ,dra""·nby.lleanO<l<.This ,i"",,
~h~~~ea~a~ i~ir~~u'!~h:~~"~~~inl3ined
., . normaIOf!<la.inll'<mpomtlun:,,,·ouldifrlae<:dinthe
rise.o a 'llOce cha""bet .....,n lhefllamcnland.hc anode. J,ridofanoioc .... v.lve.prooLlC<anO<l<currenlnUCIUllion.
Ind ho.,ttM:ctTe<1 of $1T\OOIhin.l! oul some of lhe ftUC,ua,iOM ::.':~~,'~h:~~~~:nilion ~ of an aCl". 1 vol •• or
in.nodecu"""'cau~by'he.h01eIfOC1
Mool v.l .... emrloyed in cquipmenl are uperal<:d ut>dcr Thi.method of.s...s.men, ho..bcenu>Od for manyyea. ...
:: ~~;:, C;::~':!..ie.:~:~u,:,,:,,:;,":~:: :scl~
'he ..,uno,.... miss"'" diode used in noi .. t<n<ra,o ...
on,htconli""nl.bu.i'isonly ..allyof ... lueinillef~
quencyraJ\£< SOI: H .'o2(l)d H~. hio< oflitlleornov.l .... in
equ3I inj:".alvcforsuilabilityin¥hforuhfap!>11ca.ion.
Flkk. rnol .. va~';:ca~"~""c.~'u~~"as';!;~::" for va,iou. types of
Th .. l3k .... hefonnofla""ampliludcpu ..... and is pro-
d~inSQIIIClypnof'~I""allowf""lLICQC ... , being
~lymosl1roub1esomeinlhefreq""ncyran .. IOOH.'O
In high lo1in.udio.mplifie .... ,hel"""<"""'of'hi'noi..

form ismosl dclrimenlal 1o 5IIli,faclOf)' opera, ion. and led
1o 'ho dc.elopmenl ofSJlOCial lownoi .. val""" for this
::'rl:~:lication.TheEFB6andilSaSSOCia'ed'ypes R.. - l.~\, x (E + ~) n
Triode .. I. ... (.hOlnoisconly)
P." i, lonnolse
~=~ .:~ t~n~i.;;::nv~~ ':,~at~=:;.re~: R.. - ;O
subjOC1 ,Olhefl...:1ualionsatulCdby sIIoleft'«lS. In lum.
lhese addition.1 electrode! will. by a process .imilar 10
:':.':'..lcau.. in<rulCdrandomftuctuation.inlhe
4.5
V HF/ UHF MAN UAL
In ,he fore"";n. rormulao:. ,he ... l... o( I, an.ll .. ku· lot.OOOMIiLbut_lioonsror,nul."timecnon ..
q:: :::m:U:~:~:i:O<~::7:',:::~: be madc 100 il K for Ih,. "",son tt.al Ihcpo d",cllluJCb
u....Uy t. \ .. 0 .....
oqui""lm, noM ~'a_. ,he betler ,he ""he. While Ihk

kl .....lrreq,omaoo ..'hen:lheindl>Cedarid""".knoi
lroubl••"",•.• nd while val'"e$ wi,h a hi,h ... .. ,II prod"'"
f~.:,::!:~~S !~!~~~:!3;:':'rri'--:
lhe)oo,,"e$ItqU.valminoiscraisu_.I .... doco""'.u' ...
maticallymak.lhcmlhel1lOO4ou'I.blefor .... ryapplica'ion
Transit time co nductance and
induced g rid noise
Noise f actor Abo'.20MHz'l><indOl(Qjpidnoisc<fl"cc"~
Thcre is more 00 Icsta ......d:ord melhod oIQllftS$<n, ,he '........"'. """'I ronducta_Kf'OSO ,l><inpu' .'lWrt 01,
rc<f'ormanooola ...r.... intC1l<k<l for ....... i<:o •• an rfamplific. ampliflot. T hisolruntcond""Ilnoo. 0 •. an btcalculol«i
Oft fmjuc""ics"oo....:!(IM llz; 'his is qUOIN a, i" "O/N rollowt
1«_. A_midi: tho ••1>< II"'.~ hat .doqwI'. p.n. thlt
:~,~~~ tttCd 10 Slltle the pertOMla_ of """,h'." and o. - I~'•.S,(~~~)' (I + 1 :.~:~) (A/V)
Thcrncasu........,tolnoi!o&factorka'ricd""Iusin•• "Ius .. Latronoh"'.'''' ..... ,I>< fol",""',,,,
: : :ca~: :'1c':1a~:hr:;,~he A:!(I8J lOt..... noi... rorfonn. (.)lhcval,........... ltyisl'lIr ... '
(b):::-rf=~I"'''''.':'~I'''''ol lhedcctronl1ca''n'Ihccalhoc
F - 2i:T I• R, (e) tb<.miMionis.pacceha..,.,lr",itcd
(dt lbe ,,,dpl;lneanbccom.dcrod •• cqu;l'o...,,,al
""here c _ thedoc"on""'''F _ 1·'9 >< 10 "('()\110mb (."I>< .. , .. lueisLa ......
k _ ~It:unann·.<"''''.nl (·)72 >< IO ",io<r1co/ (fjll><loi""'I"ol"'... onsrid.ndanodcaR ...... 1I
(a) tho I"' .... ' ....... Ihl"OU$h ,I>< ca'iIM-' o-and ..
,rid.t... lnodc'I'OCCIare,rnall
~ : ~£~~~r.re:7~tC~ ('K)
Wherc~~ : ~~ll:..:Ir:.:J=,/-:I~) , .. 1>~ under ,b
Inaoes ",_.he normalos><"'ton& temp<",ture io of ,I>< " •• nO/ll'rltinICOfldilioM(A/V)
ortkrOrI7·C(l9O'K)rltefOr'Mula ~anbc.lmplir,"" '" .islhc&rit!calhodcspKi"'(..... )
bklhcpid.IMMIc'flK'n&(cm)
F ;!01.R...... ';o ri. ,I>< ft'C<!lICI"IC)'(H>.)
Or F _ l010i(ZO I. R.)d R
V. il tl><anodc..-ol".. (V)
NoiIc diodcs . . . ., .. iLable for rreq.....nc. up to abolIL J.Klhecolltoo<.leo:u"a.. <knsityol'I>< ... I'~undtr""
~ ..nILM "".bul ..'l><nm<a."r<'nICn .. I"'made.'ornc.r 1i·.nos><..,i",eondilion!.{A/"","
lilemaximum frequmcy 01,1>< """" .....,,:•• &OnIO prc.
COu,ioM are ne<e$$ll)' tOI'-oKI prodOl(i ... Ol'tJmio1tc """lit.
ond_"oml",of, ... n.Nod. Formool""rpt>OCS, TI><di<>denoi>c~nc",'orio.n.nl;",lyrdiable f'uocd "'Ih II>< "'un' (Ondu<1a""" pI,.;cd a(.01$ the input
.nd ... bIe ..... _produci"''''l'e;... bIe''''''I'... nd .. 1Icft ","",nahol .... mpllfier"""t.'ni.... ....1""• .;ll><r in I'"
uscdup lO."""t I50MHLI"'leorllOrotroctionkrocedcd ,mundcd".thO<kor,.""n<Ic.t"idCOflne<'ion
providcd'lIala.uil.blediotleis~ In'he ~oI t he,roundcdcalltoo<.letoflllCCliorl."'-'nia
Thccitalilol.diode ... I,.. nor.e_tor,,~ ...... in Fi,4.'.IheintcrllC1lO11bct"'CmII>< .. I"".ndthccalhocio
CbaplcrIO.Thk ... illpcrformin'I><' ..... requirni,l()nmool lead indu<1.noo p.oduceoa<ondllCla"""G"p/aoodarnia
.mateur equipment for fmtueno;;cs ~bo.e 101.1111, and Ihca",pI,liocrln""t.oI ..alue~_t.,.
possew:o.hi&ltdqneo!oI~"'bili.y",.... ~J>trio<1o.h
.houklbcnotcd llu,;r .CV2J9IId,odci,u<edin pl.""o(
'beA2087.1M>r'beALa"",nt ~uwlymu"bci"""",oedl06V ..'I><",
For oomlM"I;"'~ 1<$'" and "M>r "'pc;I"'briity ",.r • ...,S,I>< mu, ... loonductanoo 01 ,1>< ... 1,.., (A/V)
,lion pcriodioadcq"..~. Il><n II><"mrler .. rman,umdiodc r k ' heOf'C .. "n.fr«t~""Y( lIl)
noi.., .. nc .. lo'li .... ninChapt.rIO ..mbcr""ndqui'. L. istl><colhodcl<a<l 'nd...... nr:c(II)
..,iJ/"octOl}'. C._."'bepidcalhodccapor('i,,,ru(F)
Full det.ibolll><"""muctionind u",orn.".., ..""",lotl HeR .pin.
may bcf""ndin Chapt.rUorlhcRSGBR-OOC_ _ ·
..
~':t.!/= ndChaptcr6olT'Il~"""'" 0, don DOl tofItribu, .. a..,. nnioe to ,I>< .mplifier bul it
<ioe< IC"''' '0 I pply ex'" dompin, ,,,,I>< inpu' or II>< ampli.
A,rrequ..."icsot~MII •• nd.bo'•. i!is ....... I!"fintI 1Icr... hir;hk""' ...... llydoi..bIe.
Ilia! OA inn!. po diKhI ... lube is employed .. II>< noito In.he (a>e 01,1>< VOOn<lcd p;d (on,*,ion . • thunt
..... tce..Some.peci.l ....... drodn_rcanbcuscdup rond ..... noo '.rm 0,.;" applied .<1'OSf ,be inpul. IlkI",
4.6
iDIolOl'OWlllhe""~,lhofnl,...'timot;On<lucUo...,.G •• nd
lheloood.""lied,olhooulpuloflhe ...""'<:in;uil ~!}!~~nd,~!~:!~!~~7JO duo '0 its randoM.nd
'ftdorIC1"minlteproren.... II""., ...... bcnodcspccttuM
G•• _ G. + . ! .rnCh) • .....,iI '«!w;Ih agenoraledrfca ........ ipalcanbedi .. i<kd
In,o,h_nlljorco",,,.,,,,,n .. ; lowf""l,,,,n<ynoi.. {l/f).
'1><<nIIln oi!IC.nd'ho,noi", .Eacbo""'*'di ft<~"ypetl
of"",!lChal"lo,.-nr"'.'i""'hip'o ' ... ""'inrfca....... nd
can I><idc:n,ifoal in ,bc'oIJo-,o"n. man"" •
........ r"«!ucncy ........ pn:dorn, ... ,.,. ... .,.tIoo<,o, ... ca ....
r ...... nd".Mpllludc.II.""'"ed to ,.,.,.10",,,,,,,,,",_
'IIan2~ 1 ...."yfrom'he"' .... rfrequmc)'.A.an ..... MpIt.
in. lei, pte cu~' .... ~ ... cautcd by ... rfKe conti","""
,,,,,, .. ill,..........,.I(noioc,
In. he <qoon frorn ,he low f""lutllC)'noi!IC <l<cay"."n'
'o~ppr"""""cly :!Ok H ~frorn .ht""'rierfn:qu=t)'........... 1
not.., p",do.,.""", ... It ;,. ",,,any .>~o,,, ..ed ",'h """"...... ,
rtf,lta""". b«OII1'n. tile well kntl.... ~ (4KT~k )l ""tlt ,he
cq""'
.lcn' "n, n"'" ,.. I".
ShoInoi>cur"Me"",... ><>callc<lbtt.uwofi.. ,ypically
Noise in transistors ~n~r= f~::::!'~.;..."..~..:!:('" bc)'ond :!Ok H, Ind ;,.
NoiseinlnMistorscanbebroodfyd ..'odtdin10lh .....
.......... hldI.~"mi\arlOl_.tf«l,,'.... hu.n.e.e.'" 'n I I),,;c.l O'iCilb,or " 'Iokh prod,,"". ne;:rr .. nllSOidal
:::h f~:Jl:: ,~""':=.:c:".:~.~"':.::".!
Fli<kcrnoioc;
Thfflnal noioc; and
Shot....;...
tlidc.r IIOi$e occ~ ..... , low f",qllCl1Cics.nd ;" ,..........111'
iDc'"sed .I 'hefrequ=t)'i'....,,,,.scd, lIlht ......~i.only
:!:.";."~""~:,:,:~,:~~of~~n::'oc:..
:!,":~~::. ~:kl ':'':n.':,~c:t>C,.,. ,hen fairly
=;
..,.,.,rI,.
likoly 1o be "fCO<l(ern in .udio.",plitl...... U<haomicrQ. L..... frequency nO, .. ;1 ,I>< predon,in.,,' '.m. node
pbone.nd .poecham!'iit;".... in l... n.""UmI. OI'lhc Lf. an~ rompon<n,.l)out." rfc..."". "i,h ' .... rmal.nd.ho' "oi..
.udio".,.,."f ....... i'.... =i,:"~in .. "'ifican'It... I<itl'htirr<>p«'i •• r«<lU<ncy
Thermal noise isClIMJ b~ l henndom moIioo ofchirza
An_il\a'OI.;"',.'u .. n.anf.. ;n ....... ndedp' ••"he
::;~~~~o":'~!';:,=-::~":'~~.!:".: ~'"'ef"""tt.cl<Iemm'can.i,,,.,'<l)'....,.J.,..,.,....._
in te ..... of Jo-,o,' noitcw" • .,eron,nbu'ion. A suillblo f..
.. idlh.The noioc ,-oIIaF(rmJ·)"hi<h._.....,,,""" ,he
""'·icc't""'... h .. ""7~~:'_WII' •.
k _ RoI,unaM·,corulan, _ I·jI w IO "jouIcf K
for.h ...""lica'ion ...... '''''''''"'''.h'.hr'''''.. rd' ......
rondllC!."""."heopC11l"n.f~''','h'hc .. ''
main,aioo.! ."round pot ... , .. I•• nd il<'unc:<ic,rcu"muSl
ha~. hi.h unklolded Q ,,, .. ,, • • • • n ctr..., .... ~l'.r fot
T _ Absolu'.~.,...-a'u",(K)
R _ k ..illa"",,(n) tidcNndnoi ....""1"J1
f.. _ frequcncyband",d,h( U.)
Nf~IIa~~,= :;.:~.~:".!' ~~:::-o~~~%'-::;·":'·!~"1l''' Interference

CUI'mI' ""'" may be ",,"u<cd by. field ... In ,"'ca... in • A•• ,"""It of it>Craoin,u",of ,1Io"IIf/u h' ""ntis fM
......"orb)'dilfusion... in'hc""..,of' ... nli>'on. h .. causcd I.. """Mion.""....,.ptionof".... Is.I .... bili'yof' ... 'u .....
bylhe .. n<Jom""u~of ' he.ni""oI ' '''~ha ..... if,hq In'hcto<<i,..,.,opidou,wa~''.n'od ...... I<,ft 'hc pra.
am,...!unifonnly•• ".f...........,,"""ldbe,..........1Cd ...... ofSl ...... 'nterfcri.,. ...... I>~' I. ""'1,,,,,,.,....n,
Tho""" ....... m<1"IY ....oclmcd .. ,.,h ...
r<1Imofcharle<
(arrien)-lhedc:cur ...... '_ .. propor1lo... I'o'hecllarpof
pcrl........ """"'ikJion
, n~'""".o .."'D,al ... t'II .. canbc ... cnedin'hef"""
..... by,heofl'..,,,"-rihNb<Iow
an~:'.:s~";"ordc:i:;;·7,'.~;n:.,.:.:'1 :~~I~:,.intd
noioo ......... 'o .... ",ilhin'hed.vicc
Spuriou s responses
~~~;:.,'~ ~i'::ebar:~~.~:~~ 1'1", ....,.,p,ion ofa wan,ed , i",al ~an be: ok.radal by on
Sl>otnoi.. in,hc«JIloolorba..,Jun<1ion in' •• (.. ,n.,''''"l.oo. r""llltncy 'n"hich ,he '.""'00'
f,onl"""," simultanc:oujJy ..".".,"".... In, ..forin. , i","'
In.p..~ofl~"""*",,,.hernotlmt'''''''''or•• nd fn:q......,oos"'hi<hcanpromole""""",,,_ ... 'hc
---
apeoialfy ,he flekl ctr«t.),,,,,,,.,,11 in ........ ' """"", • """fmtlltn<)'.'...
;n'.......... i""'ae'''''I......"andrcpeal
_""""'rf.mplifiorOl'reai'.... r""" ..... 'l\o.n'.,.t.u,
bu' .." , M.... beIlUn.OI'f'C"Cft'ac:ci<IM'.I ....·erloood _ _ .o..
."."r........."..The ..,..".'."."orholfi.f. rreqooency.."...
tta' ........ lfy'hcmos.!IC"""'r"""«
octurri .... s..r... noa.dtqUl.d)' rl.' prfM<1, ......... "'" llal in'nf.~.,.,i'''mo.. 'mportatl''o.n ... '''..Joquo.c
.u"""rnoionof.i..... I>on'h .. rreq,1tf'I<)'
4 .7
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Intermodu lat ion ..... ' problem. 11''-'-'' ~ ...... ti.

10 bear rn fNnG III
When 'WO or more ,mm...,,,, loIIf\ils oombinl: in. "' ' 1'
or n:~I"'.ldi"tyon fm:jumcte!.C"tOetM,.f. btl6 .. (... "hl~
""",11"0' on ,he Io",,"<le) o,abo,..,(" hcn ,he w;ilb.,or ,
~ransi .. or \.."n • """Ii ....... 'ran,f.r chlru,~ri"", .h.y can
,n' ''''''1 ", !)rOO""" ...... I'.n' in'.rininl w"",l on ,he 'bo:"<"he ":;r.,,,o:d ........ f""l"'J>C)'1
...... ted .......1.Thisin"rmodoula,ionan otaI.in.i,herOl For~m ....... i,h.1m"""' .. er .... r.n.""""&Od"lII
boIhlhc rflJlll>imer ODd mucr.tI.",..antl deI ...""na ,he ,hcIocoIOlCOIIa,oron,heknr.a.ode(ln·J lo11H),Ai
m. .,mumlOlnablelt>.l of ,n'.ri.,i",.,,,,"1 Traffic Con'rol .. "",11 rn.he I1n", I:J·~ '0 12S - ~MHl<Ou
bc"""'i.ed. lf'hemcrll.'orjl pIaO«1on'hchiah .....
(I~ 7 '0 '56-1M lIlj. ho"..,,~. ,hen i, ..",,1tI he fr« fron
Crossmodulation ,h"l'Inocul.. in .. rren,,,,,,,.
Crossmodula.ionCLtl""""'.onlyl'hen.nin.. ri.nn." ....1 ""mi!:o, pmbIerna"... ..'".,n . . .mpieCOOl~<f ... "1
hu;u"pli,lKk.ar;",ionduel<"f1Insf•• func1ittnl'tOnIH..ari . ~" osciUa,o. a, 120 Mlh and an OUlput i,f. of 24 ' 0 26M II~
.ies. If only p.. re ri .......b ... prncn' ,hc ... can hel'tO .. uood.""""u .. 'bcr ...."'in'.'f..."""I... 'con'hert . 'iot
•.....r•• ofmoclul."onlOlhc .... nlCdsi""'lfrom.nin'... nSO ~HIl""""- lh;,. ... IId .. OOC\lpocdt.,. ...... lbror.tku
(fn,,>I;;o,;o.,.
f............1
U~ ••. RL.ntll4b .. analJ .."'h'""t>doo' ...... 'he A.""'n'ioned .. rI.,'.'hcu .. of.,nlieCOOl~io'ob<
ama'CUr bot>d. will ob.iou.1y be presen' Ind ""nno, be
iaooml.f'Ms'tnabQlnlht:rrlon:lCquin:l.m.compotltnls ~r~:.d .~·:'o"!~~f:"l::::"':':""~ : : . I~~ri;:::
beca_oI,hetrlocauonon ,he dope 01 ,he 'uneror fron, lO ..... blr ... u lobe raoI.ed
cndrfbo.ntl _ _ .IO,...,.Ixy .. ...
f':::.":; =-~~~~r-,,~!!,,: ~~"~'=~~i~'~~~orc~,~
nhe~
l,o'IIdb)'.urerim~in lerf•• io>&lmpli'IKk'nodula""n
~=::,~~~~;~~~'~isc! '::;;::~
Mu l'i-(""h """,p,ion can .b<>cou... r<JUmndubnon.on
_ .. 'ofsi""'Io...,.'>uldir«'lyfr.....,.',......"iunlntl
~':,::-;;:'YN '11 • rd\ec1,,,,
objcoct. 'n'roducio>& phno comnoonf....,..'oacnal.r>d"'.nlybothr>«ds
p~o:; ~u;h,:~,,:/.~~ ~;:~~~=

n
,,';:I ••
~t..oop;o"c""plodporr ......... 'lyn\llChedr ... o'he _ _
Oscillator pu llin g
':i':':. ~ :~c!.:~==~~~~ ~:::' ,~o,~~ ::~::,,,!::,·,:=':~t'::'~t!:~~:::!.:::
;mpedl"""~io>&'horf ... &<i.rewnlrnc:nded.F.".
maYI{f""" he loca. l _ill.t.,or frcqocJ>C)'.l'httpull in,oI ,hc ..ample. up ' 0 6O<\U of iO\l&<ItlI'l'fCOSi.on,... n beobtairtiN
oocilb'Ofinlurocuro ...... un .... ntedamplr.u.I<mocIub'ion
'0 freqU<DC)'mocIula,_of ' hc_nle<l siltlli. ::;'':..'':~in~;:'-:'~::=~~'"'' I .... COUJII~
Tbcd)·namocnnaeofTClCril.-edulIIIlstm't"hsisuu.",ely
Ia.&< on ,I>e .n\l'eu r b&n<h Ind li ....1 Ie,." as hith IS
JOOm V or mor.a' ,he ICrial """k • • ( ........ Uy 50 or 7j1l)may
be lIl'ici,,",IId. It is a&en,ial ,herd"", ,ha, inlCrfermr:c T he rf amplifier
df"""d ... 'ollron....... b .... co'<mlforb)'aoodla....
...... I ... ntllin.lbilr ' yin'hefron •• nd
Ba s ic f o rm .
Ill' 4.~ 10 4.10.how ,lie eorto<c'ion' or ....1..., '.iode. field
Repeat spot interference eff.... 'f1IMIIlor.nd "'"","r'.. n_orinboth...,.,ndcd
I.\'Itcn ""..,><>nics of ' he...,;IIa'or ....,.l miI .. 'th harmonocs (rommon) arid at>d aroun<led {oomn'lOfll co,1to<Io COlI'
of ....un......I$ljlRltl.• " .... I.t;n'.rmcdia'.f""lu<"ni;)l fi.u ... '..",•• IId'herrcqutl'. "'nlS.Tbcbi....... 'r>r R is
at n l1!lult. In ,hiscumpleofrcpca' spot in,.,f.reooe 'Oa b)'''"$$Odbyatltp,ltcr' .... CrnOf\Jcr'o.ff.... ""Iy.roundlhe
1m...a;vcr.• heO$<:illa,orf_ioUinrespro.,othe ....... n' .1u'rO<lt or '0 .......... ,ha, ,,,.,.. iI. ma"imum
...... l ff'Cl(l......".t.,. ... in'ennod .. t.freqU<DC)'ofICHM II,.. I..n...... of rf • ......,.'0 'ho .ppn>p< .....lulrotle..
s . . _ "n un.... n'ed ..... I ...... lofI311·6$MH ... p<Qen' In~;"' l he .... lue'M'hcb)'pouC:O'I\I<"or;'!Jw>uldbe
lbesccondharmonkof.hillian.liI27l1·J MH>.1'h",ianal ""'... ,n mrnd 1"", mo<'capOci,,, .. ha'~. n Itll .... nlindltCl·
harmonic"illmi~ ... ilh lht:!«OndI"'n'IOfI.,oI'ht:oocllb'or . ncc. "hieh 'llF1her ..·,'hconncc"n....d.atn prod""".
......1 Z6S-6.M H ~ (the fuDdamnttlJ f_
U 4·J M Hz;) 10 ai'''' lo-7Mlh . The J}4·J MH. OSCIIIa'or
he.,.. ........ n'.in:ui' "IOOr> F c:o.~''''''''h'''2Srn'''ds .. ,"
benlo... ....,'r~.II44M H .'han.Oi)I~I'. Rcferenoe'o
.;.,...I _p<>nd.to.n • • rialli .... l of I4S M. II.'hus .. hm 1'ltbIeS.6!Jw>uldbemlttle
lhe""",ivcril ,uned ,,, 14' MJI~ ' I>e" .... la' 1J9-6$M ll z
..·m.lsobe...,.ivtd. U,,·iUbe .... li=l thatthed,If<ft1OCe V.!lIes . u itabl e f o r rfamplifi ers
freqomcy is S-JS MII,.. or half •.f .• f.om ..'hoch ,he..,...., AI.ntlt<:aled from ' hed...",...,., .... 'hec:o. ..... oflOOioe.'-
flmilar",",,/omfI.f.h,u"f"~ilderi'·1Id of,heflCton. ,1I;t'dll. '0 "".. ;" ..... melIM.1>e ,rlode iI.bc
(>fIIY ' Ullllble,ypt. I'<n!<><ln ... ,oon<>ily forlown"""
.mphr...... e=pt p<>!Aibly "" 7O.\I 1I ~"'hen: ,hey mlty be
Front en d selectivity
h iI ..............' '0 l"'O"ide ... nic:lcn' ........ivity in ,he rf =-..:r,,~~'~~'I I'~:~"':t.o.~.:.~.:::-iI :!=
~n':':.:.::,;..r>d mi..... Ill", ' 0 .n... « fOftdom from ;mIt&< l'hc"gna' ,onoisof1l ,iQiI .hcmM"mporlanlfK1orfor
W!ocnusinllahiahLf. ouch llS lo-7 MH .thililu....1I7no
.nr ...,.i"iO>&C<juipmen'Moo
tM>OM
i, n n-' rksi ..bIe 'ba',,,,
factor 01 m<a1uml. Equipmon, 10 do lhn isq,,,'"
4.8
simplo•• Dd.;' ........ '''.. ICld 'htrmionicd~.f.om.-hoo:h
~~ou~::.:.x~:~Io~.:~"":==
-.ohouldbcoomofl;Orlof . htllOriouo.ma ....... 'co,
.... pmenI . tlot,.ill;of.sui... blenoise_.or."'Ji,~
OIIpIO.ll.AfI;On frornkt ..... , ................. n ... ifan;lOCI"a..
in ....... canbedc1«.ed ........ 'htaerill .. conncaed'h<
"".""ner ...... nocupl.Obler.oioc fac'or
AI' hou.h'htnoi .. pe'f"'n"'nooof.nrf.mpl' ........ '·~
1a... lycon""'ledby'htval~~ployW.'h<cin;ui.;'S<'r
shouldbe a' ioodasi ' ca nbe made
~'" ...... <in;ui Llh .... k1h .. ,""" h i"' Q .. P<>S'ibk: . nd
both ,h<u.i. ,.nd ,h< . mp,ific.cor.-..:"yma,ched .... ,ho,
.. much .....p' •• pol.ib .. is .. amrc.redfrom'htaerial,,,
,he amplif... il>df.
"' ... " l befouDdf""" ....... "'... r.ooo.-, ..... 'hebe!.'ooiw
facio< .',11Il0l coincide .. ,.h ,ho maximum ....... ' .. in, bu,
pod''''.... ry . unina: of,ht C1n:ui, (or maximum 01_' ou'pu'
=1d...:::.:.:;::~.. lIY•• Dd' ..... ' .. rioJ;n .......'nh)r.he
ThclhfftC<ll"lWn, ....... ,C1n:uiocoofipr.o.ions ... aroundod
"".hode....--pld.todCtUOO<le.'heir ..... 'i~.d ......
~~=:~:=~:~~' !~~ ho", hWo
m.. ' .... """"UCII"""'.nd •• k>wCllpoci ... """' .............. . n
....." ... ,he """",'conJUCIa""'" il .. impon.n, '0 "'.. '"
'hio ' 0 ,ht ... Ddln •• no.k.",,,,n,.nd it .. ,heref..... in
'tmIS nr ",A IY per ",A of anode: cur"""
~-. ~--
. . !t • .I . • ' ..... ftd ................ ,,,., ' ...... n'.,
~~~o., ..., t
' '·, ,~ • t
.:;' ~u'
JE!
c
".v' : _": b
fl • . •.•. Ao' .....-oolrl •• ' .. . f.mpl;.;.,- " . '. 'O, A ...... nd ... b.M ....... It,••
4.9
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 4.3 inducta ...... neu' .. li,,in. (Fi,4.11 . )

capa<iI.""'bri<.!g.;( Fi,4.1 1b)
Relative merits of the three principal valve Thel."er i. ,.ne.. lly""her.implc:r,oarran,..nd adju",
configurations used in rfamplifiers
Cln:"i,
u,hO<lt
fOd
A~'"."" Oi,....I>"n'"1<
Groun<l«l ll i&hp""crpin: Requi...
k>win"",
cond ... ,. ......
(i,oundod WHScb.nd
chanIC1<';"...
.... ,r.)itinl
L."..po~..
A'plka ' ....
N or"'-"'·"nd
. ... p'if\c".p'o
300Mliz
r p in WHSc"nd
a mplifI<R'too,..
~~~~~i~i~¥~;::~j~~~~
v. ,.'CSr""Bro'mdedca'h"""oper."i""a'~hfanduhf . ..
b'.:
""ry ...
k>winpu'
,'10M". =:':r:'::.,:i'~~,~~::.!:r:: ~;;":.=..:::,,;:.~::
C.ocod. S•• bleh;ahp""u R.qui"" ....., ~:i~;:' '~~~Ii~ ';;,,~I~~"':u"~li~;~~~Ii~~ ~~.:.:'!"~~
" ..... ."...,or
~'~ ~':~',: ::~:~~::/;;"':n~7~p<C::'::::';,':u~
p in, . mplifl<"Up
'01O'inpu' a nd whichrequi ....
O.'P.' ...,.". hlinl 3OO;~~tlh
~~::;:~:;;I"ion i. or wu"" """"""'Y as ror neulralikd
Val, ... inle",le<.t prin",r i l~ fnr U,," undcr these oondil;o",
are~ilhe ' fino<! wi,lI. number ofle.1d. In.fIe i rk•. or ....
In anrf amp!ifocr, ,,·h.iohtvcrcircui'KmonXCmcnl i,u,.;d,
:::,,~7J:'a=1 ~:;:C';~i=:~n~Ognrid'h~~.~~n~~..',~?
~~01;~'S:~ ~U=n~ii~~' ,:,::da~ros~~al:~SQCo~ somodifficullyinm:lloh;ng. he ;npu"",helowimpe,ta"""
. nd $houk! be a n:asonabl~ <lose fi, 10 Iht pro1ile or ,I>c: oftfleval,.., ...·hioh;,vnerally ;n,he resinnof . !>out loon
oocl<<l . Care'ul pooi' ioniniwillprovide, ... "",~im"m ; ",Ia. MindicalooinFi84 _11 (c)lht~a l ... m.ybcta"ped"0""nl he
:~R ~~:7"<:~:::\:n;'i'"ou, in' .....~n. "'i,1I ,I>c: ..,.rin"o
A . me,,, ione<! earl ..... triodes ope""i., ,",'i,1I , rounded
ca,lIO<kneed '0 be neu,ralizcd ,op..,.. n, .. lr<*:illa,iond ...
~~~~;:1 :0:?=-:~~~:~:~~£,~~~'~:~~
10'..... llIi.'elyhiahanodelo!Vidf<:edbackcapacilan<:C
Thereare'wononn.lmc'"odsbywhioh'hi.canbeachie.~
=:~,':; ~ ~'...~~~~jec:,;;:t8~i:. '.~'~~='~!
4.10
In Fi'4.11an .... mpi<of'JK,amplir.e'g;""n in FiIl4.11(.1 Noi .. (oIU= for .. miconduc,ors a,e now $isnifican,ly
~ ~ho"'n ~ing a field elTocl tr:ln~llO' in pl."" of the ,,"I~ 10"'''''''''n ,hose a\'ailable from \'Ilvt$. bUl~ncnllly,My
ThehiJllcrinpu'irnptda""""f,hiS,ypeofse m """"dL>C1or .~ .. s"yda",a~bY II>e"""'I""d."'h"'hv .I_ ....,uld
.... blcsi'1<'bosub$'i'u'wf""hov;ll,""wi'''''''-''.grea'''''.1 wi,h"and "'i,hou, ,rouble. It i, im"",tonl, 'h<refo ... '0
of~-dni,nin,of'he'unroci""" i' 'nS"'" ,h. t 'he",i.adequ.,. "role<'ionapin"ovc,lQad
In Fip4,Il(d)and 4.II(eln.<I\Qwn'ypicol""",,<><l. i,:';.':~i~_~~,~,n:~::yn: .. any ~h.n<.'" <>f poO.- ;.oialion in.
::~~::'~. J;n 'i:s~:,:rIC:"'~C~:~:' ~~~~' i~:~S: Ma.rhead ",..,.amplifiers. p"",ided , "i,abl< o,tt·lQad
~~,:::.r;;$~~\\;-!~~'::,!'!,fic~~ ;:: ~~'~:~,-: ;:';,'':';
p,otccrn",iI: provided.• nabl< ... pc:,i", rt:tti,'e,pc:rf"""""""
' obcoblaincdan" ."Oicicmp;ni, ..adilyavoilabl<,omorc:
::'~::hCOpOci"'i.,..rr.'m..,,",,nt>ha''''bern """"in<ome Ih.n ",,,,,,,,,,,,, , I>e """""",,"ibu'edby.hefcederc:ablc
C(KI,pIc'.p~a",plir.... "'i'ha s.malilonglif.balltry"",nbc
i~~~,i:!o,:;,sh~;.r ;!f~!,!;!i:~S low ""'''' wi.h .. ,i•. !~~~~2~~~"~E~€~~~~~2i~~=~~

r""''''Ystag.gain.n:f,celyavaibbl<.nd<ui,.bl<fo,rnos,
r=i,,., pn:-.:>mplifie.. o,con""rt.rs, Eq".'lIy'I>ey .... ui'.
'b~~r!~ 1=1,,~~I~~~k:n!17~:if!',~~ an: enlirely Design principles
:i~,:'~'.";o~~~~;i. in ,he d.. ign of an rf amplir"" may be
~:;"'~:,~~~~.~ ~ ~~~; ~~~;·~~tb~~:~~~.bl~'~~~'~~
S"l!' gain. more import.nlly ".bili'y lim;'ed gain:
~~c ~:/'.':~;:l:.:,.'~.~:.:,~~ """i"akn, pe,fo""""""
::;; :,,:,~:; ltaan"<lj~~:i:;~b;I,~yOi""ooi'" ra'io; and
Dt<ign,an:alsog.."nf<>rflCld.lT«'tr''''''''''"''''''''''
'HIeS ho.·•• ilnif>Can' ad,'.nlOg<:! o''''''hebi~a',yf'O'
~2~~~~~qF;~~!;;;;1~~~~~r~;~
.."""i.lly ",.., far a. ,1\<")1, II~ C ,... 1>"",. On: "01'0.., ope .... 'od
de\ll<es and.n: ufsubs'.n'ially simi!>, inp", iml>«la"""
The birola'".n,i",,,byco"'P'l,,soni...... n,i.lly.cu,,,,n'
orc .... '.d <l<"iccofl(J,,· impedancc
Oneof,he n >aJo'I"ob .. n .. "f,hebil'Oia't .... n.i"o,i . ,i>."
ili... 'hot"an.pa~nt.i.,,-;u .. =p(ard.mpliryunw"nl<-d ~,:::::;.!'o<t,o;:~;,: <~u~,:f gain, no' ,nclud,ng ,lie
si&n~11 onen far n:m"'~ from ,lie JUned circuil resonant RipolaranJr.. IJdf""".-.n.;"'o... """",Jily.·'.ibb.. for
freq""ncy.Thi.i<J""laf'iC'yl,,'helack<>fisolali<>nbc''''tt n
~r~~~u':n;;~,:,'':''~';nC:~i~i~'d elf,,,,,'yr><S ,~o ..' •
When ,he devic. i. of low im"..da""" it i."".. n,i.l I<>,ap
:~=:S;n;:!£;~=:h~~::;~!~t~h,r;~
Ihef..:dpoin .. downonlhelUnroci",ui,inordc,'ooi>lain
....son.ble Q. and hencc •• ufficicn'ly na.rowbandwid'h
~m":::~~=:I~:';~.:!:~ ~~~~ (~~':T~it'i':;:'
::"=~~~ .;~c~r~~~~~'~r':::J..h::: ~;~~;: :":'r:"m~":':~heg~~~.~~nO=~~~~,~~~:!r~;~~r
Field .lTc<:' Ir~",i"o".' ,f amplif..... gi,·. simila , re'·
!:i':~~o~~': ~.:;~~~::,:: compo""n" ore qui'e fo,ma""""ob'I'OIM'Yf'O'in ,e,,,"ofooi<c.,.,fo,maocclnd
~~, 'l."~~,~':: a~~i.i~"':::;t,:~:~:,;::~rao.;.;~~~
4 .11
i'inh<rcn,d",'olI .. i'''Iua",lawfun<lio'L lt ilho,der
~:,I'::~~~~~:'~!;i.,U~j~~~;:-"~,,, o~:!!;",,~:~~~
bipola, <kvke whi<:h na. an o'('I(KI<nlial lran,f~, oharao_
I.... ;st'" and I...... fon: a I.,&er magnitude of hi,hc, or<l~'
~~=::C~"ro~n ,;I:nl~~i~l.<cS~~~/JII~~t; (~~u~~:';~
Ill'245(Mulia"" ••dTlSl:l~(Tc.a,).Anyofthc,;e'YI""""· ill
~;~i::S=f:'~:::.':"~~OU~h:::::,:':l:~:a~o~:
be.",«" >amr>les. to pm,idc""".. forn.ufcurrcnl f..:dlxtck
10"abilif<:,h<opcralionofll>c<lc,·ke.Thi'i. u,,,,,IIYrnr
~:~:E~;(:i~~:';'~I~I~I;~~~~::..:itl'~~~';=~
1.,,,la'ed 11>" m<>sf.... o~iJ~ , ilicon fel< .• nd igfot<
=::<:~:~~ :~~~:~~~~Ii~:tfo"~~i~~~~
a'ju"cli<mfel£. bulp""<CS'."'1'JI high ,tc in"," ""peJa n""
(gal<'O.O'''",,).Galecurrenl i, hmiIWlulo.kag<cu,,,,nl.
u'U.lly~lh."lnA . Olde,'y"""""(.""",,,,I'JI 'ubjtc.
10 pIC·SOU,,,,, b","~du"'n due: to "ati<: or hip ,ollage
:~~~2~~:~7:i<:~~:::?:£:~Ef!~~~:-~:
.. ,,::;-l~r:,,",
~~~ia;":::~~,::: """(e".,,, mo",J ill'",,,I. 10 destroy Ihan
::....J,,~"L:::
T ..'o,ingk:'galcf... , hoo ldhe"<C'dincao.coJc<"nf,gu", ,
,iUOl' 1o reali<e high $Iabk: gain (g,oundcd >ouruilrO\'n,led
& "'. o""ralOon). AI''''na,i,,,ly. ,,,,. dual ga•• «."odel
m... fc' <anbeu.ru lo""'li"' ...... mc""rf"fl".""". S"il~ble
It""" ... 40673 (RCM. 3N:!OO CReAl. MI'F 121 / 1l1
(Moloo'<)la) or lN204 (T", .. I. SU;I.bk: .i",u'" ror .hi , ' ;._601' . ooe_ O·'.,m.
tn.. oflransi<lor- a "' B""nunde,C".,'","fH, ;,,,,
FO ••. -., B.,.""... ,;". """"~I"or
Thl.'y .. of"'I • •".Io...... V"'" 'o~, «Y"" ~Iod ...
<op"bl • •oC<o.. """'~I ..;., ••• d.o
" •..,. ...
•• ' ...... fo''''''of ..... 'Io~. P.""docl ... . ..' ... w"h •
•••• <>' . bo".~Od •• ".<... _ ;.'hl. fo.mofml'. r""" bo ..... ,•
• ~I.h·",.'o.m."" • • " •• o. ' .......0. """""'"
Mixers and local o sc illato rs
Mixers
fl>t: "",(urn",,,,,,, «il.f'a o( lhe ,,~"'" ,'.n be <:"oIlO,i",d
inlO '.,.0 main pac .. - corw ....ion gainjfof,,'.rJ "an,fe,
ehliracl.ri"i<: .nd no ... pe,fo,n,"""". Con, .... ion ga,n
(,ian"fr<:q",,,,,,y 10 inlormcdialc f..,.ueocy) i. a fUn<;Iio" of
~~••~~nrli'"~" of local """ill.,or .ollage injeclion 10 Ille
UiPOta' mi , ers (r(!, IIFJ14) fl'll"jre a f.i,ly low ,.tue of

",dllalorinjoction.mu.llyal'f'lic<l in"'ies"i,h'ho.i&n.1
inpoll<>I"'bosc "" ySOlo H mVfocadeqU.'C",,",·crsion
p in. II ""~..,,. Inc inlfi",icc.poncnli.1 forwafd I.... f.,
eh'''''''.'';'1''' ollhis Iype of de,keoe>'<rcly limi" I.,..
.ig".lh.ndling. llloclillg i.ea.i1yr.ali,c<l.pani<:ularlyif
c~iv<:'f ga ini'.n'''oyc<lbefo'''he'ni.cr
''''~~~~'~~~::~:;i~i::~~rm~~e~~:'rv:;.'f~~::Z ~~a~~
4067l.lN20I,MrFlnl ljl""ZNZ05'f •• uilable,Replace.
n,",,, ofa bipol'f with.n fet Iype""n gi,,, up 10 JOjD
rcdlJCl>onof"""" ' PQlSlJppression. lto,,·.,=.lnejunc,ion
:~:!~~~f~,n:'f"r:I~<l:i~U= ~~~:~:,t~i~C:~$I~ud:
4.12
AhcCl.".choice"'mi>erwithhip.cr~_· pill it.
~
. '''',~n=,~,
d... 1 PiC 1lQ/C\ IfI'ilh.M .......I.ppI..... '0 pIC I ."" ,,,.
10001 oocilla,or '0 pIe 2. Thit l rnon_. Ji_a hip
~ofbola'ionbotw .. n'hc".""I"""OKilla.orinpu".
~":':n':.i~~o;;:,:::~~ :~~':;.'I~;:r.:r o.dllato<

FET mlurs d<> OO-~r ffljui .. on.,.h hilher oscllLllor
BH25.tc ~ W>I'q<<I,;"ctlppro. O·7V"""for junclioor... ud l .jlV

''''''f..........
r... )forcom:ctwon''er'Jionp;n
Loc.loscillators
~ dnip of the Io<al <>Ocilla.", .. inft.--l to,. two.noJot
ronlidmo' ions,'hrw .... ou'''''' _.ncI(~ .... t.;U'y
:D " ." Il0l1> btpoLor and 6dd..rr..,. .ranslt'<ln.re ... ilable and
ho,'.""'·.'....,;wand ..... tn .llo billt'.l\antbov.N.,duc'0
Io"·.. """no 'in,."",pcn,ure
015$ 1\ Q$l;iIl.lo,nrcprdtrml ba;a" ... "f 'hc_,k"clo
"r",,,,,,,, 'odhormonil;s.Typ;cal ooci lialorcircuil.a.. . hown
0fIp4. 14. Whik"""",,,Oono(,hcoscillaloron,ho(undlmtfl.
f ••• 17.'...........lIh_II.'o""'.........o ........ ,"
,.1 rtquiml (K<!IJC:""Y is passible. it i. often.....,....ry to
::;==:w!~~.:,='::i::'':''J.:!.:..:.,'': .... haUor.hinl tho fr"OQloenoy in .heintnesl "rrmj.... ncy
Illbiloty.nd (oIlowi,"'i'lI. r......... <')' doublcr or 'ripler
Vllve: mi~ (6CW4. ECCU.e.~)"""i",. hiaherOlciIIl·
.00 .. 'i.,.>'O!bI..... y2-lV'rm.AlI.ypcsofmi.let.hould
ha •.,.lIiahd}'... miclooldimpodancc(i.t. •ransforn .... pri·
"",ry.hi&!oLC,..ioI.TlIcmillCf.bI.. producn.hehi,hft,
noiMoln'he......,i ....... nd i'i. 'he ... f....,mootimponan"ha'
~~~::::i:7:: ::~;::::~::::,m::m~:
fOl"",r.ocof.heIocaIOllcilb',,,io,,roonoide,"bkimpona_
h ••labih,y il of prime importlnce bocoUKi i will.,,,,,,,.
invariablybeusoJ"'ilh_nllll lC*o(mullipli(2li(1nlo
rach.heworkw..freqtoM<J
Un.il r=tIlly tiled ayotll OIciIL",on ha~ b<en used fOO"
oprnu;""inlhe~h(.nduhfrqion.bul'hereil_."'
nffican.eha .... I","",,,,,,,,,,, form of "",riablo:""u... bk
OIciI"'OO".8andpllnnincbu .o''',,,ulen'b<en~ul
and the ..... not the same nftd 10 opora.~ on. """,mOIl
frcq .... ncyl.lhe ... il onnbOO"hfhanoJs
H.,......." . ... bope .. lion .. nolU .. lly inc:re;uin. on , htot:
hilhe, frcq .... nc:y baoo...... COIl'"' ' ' f'eq .... ncy w<>rkinl
i,beinlpne'iK<i. Inlhemai" lheequil''''tn'il ba<edonhf
ba .... . !'P'I... Iu...i'h ....... form of I,. ....... illtrcom-ener.
Iltforcdecidi ... ,heformof_illI''''''obeuKd.i,ioll
wtll 'o~'hea<l""nbl","nddisad""n ...... of ' he
fi><"dOKilbuOfcompar-td .. ith. ""rioblo.,.. I.....bIouni'.
Crysts l controlled os.cillator

Ad ~.n t .g ..
~::n"'!.:r .':'~~~he(.~::.-~~'::,~7jtch;
Nc,'i,ibklho" ,crm orwa'mup doirt:
DI~:~~~~::''':OCY location In ,... band
~':.~~ m""be"""' .I 'OI>'Oldspuriouooi""h
TlIc ....... likdylobe..-.: ".1JeO n«<IcdlO",""" , he
IiAalfl'fll .... ncy:
~~t:!~Jt~~_"':~:'"fICJ ",hen in'tri"~ from
4 .13
~;:!~~~:.~rynal oscillator (VXO) Thc'h ..... d;o..;,;c".,.'. I _il .. 'OfS ..,, ' l>c: M,ller.Colp;'"
V~riabk ""I 1'''';lw IUni... .an.. ; :!t:~~~~I~t,~~'~;:=~nm:~==
a.."""'''lf.un' .......... _ _ pea,; Ad ..... of''''' .. ido''''' .. tyolOlCiI .. 'ors.P\>C.lr1inO!lopeer
Sh<H. «nn .nd " ..... ,.""drifo can bc:mo'nl.inecl. Reli.ble .0rA_r~.. , Hadi<>T"'Ir~i_J
D[=':I~~~':'ti,",'n'l>c:blnd Squier oacillator

"'ore """"pie. and mj"ira..-e."...,..ndl medIIni. l ' h'."'m'i'is",i.ahle ro< ~ ..-i'hCf)'l .. boflhef"tHla.
cally.oodd .. lfo'raeui .... ca'l'IQ' m.nlaltypc.~t>df«<lboocl:~''''''''n'''.Jridand.l>Odeby
SimiLorn"mbc:,of,nullipher.t.... roet<k<I'oruch/ino 1 .......... ol~; ..... t iI'ldUCI,,",,couplilll- Thc .moontolcoup!' ....
fmjllenC)'. ...
..~'n" dbr.hc""';,ionO( .hehtfeeoJ poin'on'ho
indUCI",_ .hef«<l""ct-inc,c>'IeO •• 'he,a~i."",vIOd ..... ,
r...... .he .rid ~nd
~~::~E::=:~:~:CI::~
F .... c""l<'Ooff~lI<ncy l"ninlrangeto.ui. mj""eme .. t• •
Wl>c: .. hiBh f.eqll<ncy ,,!Cd f.... r freqll<f>C)' m.. lliplie,
.11... ......ted 10 "","chfi ... ,fmjll<ncy
DJ•• dwantl,,"
~~~.':I:tY-oftCn d;I'IkI,1l '0 ,cduce I..... '.m, drif' ' 0 10..
E~~; ~:::.:::~'::. "f: ::~~:~:

V.IYe ... 'n".....orchltn.. """""""'1eS ..,.~bn.tion
.",:
Types o f c ryst a l osc ill a t o r
TlIer~I" o;erymanyl" i'3bled"",ilSforcf)'S," I OICilla,orl
but tho.... p..'ia llyllli' ablef"' ...,..,..' i... ""....-ics •••
_llymjuircd for,hclocalooc;l"torinICO/l\'Mnor
cornrolol •• M .... uhflnnsmitter.C<yollhin'heTlJllC'
61012 MII .... " .... lIy .. sed .. ilho.Up"tfmjucnciafro"'
lhe ,,,.. Itipliers lO .... i'Ihe botnd in use. In ....... I••1I thc
~i~:.~;t~t~~n.ialoutptlt.rrom.lioclc""h~.
m:
=,
I------
'00" __ •
c ....., -
~~
4.14
m
Wlleno,.. "oneCfYSI.b.", "sed lhe amounl of feedback
~illmalle'lhanw;lh fulldamenUltYJ)H. TMindlJelO<
"H,." ~i~ 1~:: ~ .1!:",~::I~o"::.~~~~i 1~::'':: 1=~~h
fttdback,olllerwi ... ,IleClY>lal"'ililoseoonlroi.lnaddilion
:: L t-- Ou'~'"
(he ",up." fmjuency may no1 be an .""., ha.monk of lhe
c.-y.talfrequency
l00Qp __
Variable frequency crysta l

controll ed osc ill ators
In r=nl years circui,. whkh .....bIt. crystal to be pullt<l
from' .. funda"'.nl.lfreq .... ncyha'·cbe<:naCl;v¢lyde>'eloptd
and ..,.ral reliable circuil' ar. ,",w •• lemiv¢ly used
~~t~:;:~~ ~;::~~~al or wilh. bankof ...·;'.II.d crystal.
In mos,,'hfo, uhf band., ,he cryslal used i,usu.1ty of
,.lo, ;,.. ly low frequency soxh ao61o 12Mlb. SO I ro;,ly
hillh deillft or rrequer.cy m"hiplicali"" i.needed!o' .... "
,lIeopenOli".rrequency
Typicalfreq .... ncy.hifl.ofupl0200-lOOkll •• '144MI I·.
a",common, bu. beu.'OI.bilitywill .... ul' jflheran~i .
limited'O lbootIOOlctl •. l.arseroroma llerfre",leJ\CY shifIS
willb.oo",• • vailable""lIl&herorl~rr. ... lfrequcnc:ies.
If. for .... mp1e. II isde.ire<l lo c,,,.. r lhe"'ooleof lhe
I44MI-I. boon<!. 14~ 10 I46MHz. lben a simple <w;lclled
bonlcofcryslal'I~lllerwilhafrequclIC)'.lIiflin&dl'C\lil
wi!lprovide.sali.faClotymeansofacllievinlllllis,,,ilh
PtoboblyIOcrrsl.ls. The oclualnu",t.rwilloJepend""lhe
oJell=ofmbililyandclea....... ofnotedeoi!'ed
There are 0 lara. numberofarranae.lCnl. fottnOVlna llle
c,),$I.alfrequclIC)'.Therorrec1 valuC$oflllefrequcnc:y.hiflina
componenlswilivaryandarebeOimadelosuilllleporlicuiar
cryslalor~'la1sbe;nll .... d
4 .15
V H F/ U HF MAN U AL
d
6.a.U6
''''~'''' ....... 0111'0\
I ::
=: I " 0.000
.:"~ , .- ,l::; ,~.
~"
faJ
OO'-
00'
5. 50" '7Of'
10K 5IOt"I ::
l'.'_~
Thool>jocl .houldbc lokctplheoicna1q"""lyclean.nd

Ihio u ....... liontd .... 'w..I..-eI.,...;.. blyme.1m'.. uicl;n.
Ihefreq ... ...". ... riIlt;""l<>arnw>dIOOkH ... "J"hcxoocillalont
~ =-:.:~:,;.;"., for tiel ........ i... or in ..lOCi.·
Whne"'ilkrfrcqumcy t1tRJe'a", f'e(lu;~ a """mal
•• riablefreq\OtllO oocillalorshouklbcuxd and.h"isbesl
openueda.I",I.tivetylow'_t>C)'folio",.d bylhe
f'e(lulredfre<lumcymulliplia..;".,lol ... r....1fre<lutnC)'
The K.lialron12MHzoscilla.orolfen.""' .... ' .pp."..,h
to.hioproblem.nd;"IIW, ....i.hlll ftriable( ...... bIe)
".id
0Ici1 ... <>r1. """,hanIeaICOlll."""lon is.,...n. ;al
!Opt"'" ";.h adequa.e ••mpenuu", .,.,.".,.....lton • •0
...,un.~."""""Tefft<: .. """....Jby t .... OCIi...,tompOncn ..
~~,:~:or oemiooondUClorand ..... c~ in ambient
...... indiocriminal..... "' ..... .. blefre<lumcyoocillalont

.bouldbcoJiacooraacdandd.... adheffncc lo.hebo.nd
pia ..... illmalrcrorlhcbesl .... ofthef..... UO't'ICia .... ilabie
4,16
A K. li.tron oscilla tor for 72M Hz iJIUU ..·ot1hha,in.. _ ably ' o . hoocr><.fectiooi,,,,,'ho
Tho rUndo .... nl.lfmj .....",ofopont_ n 7210 llM llu .... ~~Iu':::'"",~~ un.jllh<yho.vedet.IOj'OdIheu"equ,pmonllo
~ " ",".blefor«W<'ri ... fuNy (helm boond(loU '0 14l\MIIl)
Thoi .... ""'ot is fotmcd from 10.... <of'I>e1" ..','" '0 the
~;,= :::7..: i:'::-~I !:~:."':U:i~~~:':'::"~~ ~
f"""~" Of.llhoe"""I"'.~Kh'''IJ'I<>$i.ionofC2.hoold
CI.cult
A.ina . upcrhelrcui .... . ....... ""'.. oc.mplifocrrc:liaon.
f"'moffreq...,""Y .... n.in.f"' i.. opcMlon.Whoenohlo .... inl
beJon'N'I.poin'on ' hoecl"",II""""I"'f~ ... ncy
••• .,.i.linlil«l 1o 72- 7J MIIz.Th;" linlil "'U", be slricl ly :~I'~~; ;~;': r::~"':~. ,:y~ ~~-.J"":"'~\:~;r':da :~::::~
<llo$<r>'«Ilop"'v.nli""d"'r1c:nlou. 'O(·ba .... """ralioo i.f.lnp.:l"'mc1ricpr.ocli«:.lhe""",IIaI",i'lonnc:dlh.puonp
ThoOUtpulaM'plin,1oop iJ"-,,,,ed lin Itorimnllily _illalotot pump""''''''. and Ihe .um ",diff.",,,,,,,, fno-
be~lhe.unod .. ,....ilatl .... hlr-'end. COUpli .... ho<old q .....",produoodbymi,i.... h;"pump f~uencywilhlhe
be u looK a. """;blewmio'cnl wil h obLaini",.hc ~Ulred .. IMlfmjUCIK"Ti<k ......... ... heidlcrfreqllCftC)'. Gencrally
oul ..... 'od ..... ,he followi ... - . . .. h;,;h lhould be a bulf... lho hiVocr lho pump """ilia,,,," fmjuc""y.,hoe Jo,.-er will
• mplitlcr lsoillion MiF. 1\ valve _h u . (;VI» 91" M M6 bethono;.. oulpu•. AfTo"'oI ... t" ...... nlimcslho ..""'1
is ....".bIe.mplmer r~ucncy ....."""Mao. monimum.and I"""'"""
01"""1,,,,, from IoU 10 l.JOOMII~ iJ r"'l'''rcd. l hoe pump
if
",nJIC",llho""IO".endrromiIMt07.800MII .. Thi,roukl
bemod,rocda lilllcirl44M lb f.dlol .... rc:di'p<"nsNwilh,
" I.. n""o",.uoff.r . he"'~p<"rformanceA'! h;'fre-
4U."CY. Allcrna'i,.. ly. a fi,«I I"""P ("""""ncy, u.y
7,~\HI ,.oouldheu-.J.implyi", ..... !')'ingidlcrwilhin
RF amplifi ers
MU l tiband parametriC .mplifier
~~~'t~:: ;:.?~~~~~~ ~:I:~: !~~'i~~::r~
E,'efI lhouah , ........ .".,. and apocially fn .. COn .laim :~~~I :':"d~~ ~0J.:::!~lIr .t d<pcn.J, ... on .. hoel .....
rftnII ..:ably""""_facton.• luhf'hoe".. ........ ic.mpli6.r
t:an.IIII hold ......... in I"" f_oflhiJ..,..,.,.-ti'ion. T",
.mprot..... "1 is bt<omin...... .. nal...... equilibrium h:u
t-nall<lined.t loUMH,.tKo. , .... belle. uhf"""" factor
4.17
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Mi\45(l.nd 1'.".. n. i7.CZOC.Con>ll'..<1Inn"f, .... H~nll'''nr .,lCainl ~ly .. 1'OfI <laboll,y. T", ""'q,,iok ;" """,,,,<oJ
(1',.4.34). i. r"""."WalN .... t<oJ In roIk>oda'.",,,,,~e ooIidly"" '<> , ... """'.'"ni'ch......, """""'• .,,.n, ..
"·h",haft.. t:>ot ... dnedi>dorod",·,,hdea,.d'ulooe.nd perrni>tibie. 1'1.. U)'>Iron n........ """'n in 1'; 14.)4 "'"
;:'pr;:,:"" ........"b)'"""""''',.be'''·....".''''.lI&ft rern<t''OI.Ir,,,,,,,,,"rpl,,,, ",,\a. ",••k., uAli oo' .... ,<c,...·
''''0'''''' ben..do by ,lri'htlll "". pin4<>r"" ,n,.rn" ..on.1
TMll»"on ""........ pply,~ buill "" . ,to"d.,d 12,n by oc""'"aI,.. I>o~"oc""""'kly<lro"",""".aJlllbo..JI'"
'.n b)'2fin ......,,.. .. i'h...s...opre'o'C'II' .. "'ydnou.h.. .... ".bIe....,..."r"""'lin.~''''.'.I.The ..... al...-of
Ihel<I)'t""" .h<lu1J be ,......... <oJ ,,·ilh """",""", ... a..J ,hc:
probemoun'<oJ""h,'" n.... lpan llel'o'hci",i<lc:af,'"
" .. ,·•• uidc
...... H ..... _ _ o.......... , 0 0 " _ " , T... v.' .... ,..

tI ••• nbo_n .'''' ..... '.. 'h'o... h....... '" ' h......'''... w ...
4 .18
V HF/ UH F MANUAL
M.lChina.hewa.qui<\e"';1I possibly bt.ho 1l'I0II' dillloult Converter designs

opera.ion. Howcver. by carerully 8rint;ll..,a hacksow\>1&1lc
'0 Illlin wKlth IllId mounti .... he sa", "". wood",nrker-a
IUi<klbe.pproprialecuts .. n"'made..Careruliy~
70MHz convene r with
burn from tM iMide of ''''' ..... vquldc.nd ' ....rfile , ""
neutraliled rf stage
of.heoutside ... ,ha. solder can tIIn a!>d make a sound n.laconvtner has. hi'" pal'orm,u.:..IJIdcan ho~l ...
•
join. "i.h thc braM illlCMS "'hic:h .... cu. aDd lhaped ftOnl
1/l2iDbtuslh<e1.
:::""'mo!i:::.:.':""' .......
raultat .. nuoefullyho .....
~~~:~~t~~7!~~~I~=:Z'.\:~ co!::::;:f'ho"t~~~= :::t:!:~~;,,!:~,:!

bias.ndis""'indi~COfltac1 .. ithtbctmualLThcCOfl1aCl .looiDdlM:li.-elycoup/cd.o . ... ~.For.heCOfl_
f« t"" diode 1;1' is made..,.
tanO'o'i .... """"n.~ftOnl. . n S.'nUlzPrl-flCl')'1\llliot>OCd,t .... OOi:illa.or ........
circui.hoinl tunedto.hofounhbatmonlcoft .... ayocaI
DcW ...·l«roui.l _ket.T"""'.. ".JlIi<iei.pos;.ioned .nd
formlyd.mped to lbe top 01 tho appr""';'lC";anal tanlc. frcq......,.. Thc ou. p.lloithis ....,.iscapaci_"""'*'"
........... pin""mechanical_~.ispermilsiDie. to.hollridol'hoE...,ldouble ........ tho ..... or .. hidoil
~~:: ;.t~':.~ (Of 63·6 10111 •• hus ]>I"Odueini .n 1.1.
ThccilQlilis1howlliaFiI4.J9 • .;.hmcdlamldelaill
in ..o.
F~4 .
Tuning up
mor-cn«dho .. Thcacdiqn. ..... a", .. lroapiana.ory.nd lillie
id.COildet.i~a"' ai~ninT'.bIo •.•
To.Iian ..... COfl_,d~·_t .... h.su""lyf"""VI ,
Alktcb<d<i"l:'bcpoweruai .... iri... (F.... l&).lwilCb .... _.hocallSftOnl L7andU.ndfirota<ljuo'Uf",
::~-;jJ~~~~=~:5'~~:a~~
maximum indica.ion on tho rf~hcdti ........ er(Fi ••. 40)
Then a<lj .... L7in .simila.rna n...... Thc.un' ......... 01
=hcoilis"""b .hatonlylbe..,quiredha"""",,,,.-Jdbe
_ _ CIOVdr;or .... )'o'bobiuli.... fluretnOYi ... 'bo: oeIoctodbut it is wise .o"ha:k.he"", ...1 rrequatCies .. ilh.n
DOfIJICICIOf.Wi. bd ....... 'I>e . "fnl&lllorfromlhc:"'"vquidc .btorption_vcmc.... o r Jdo if ..... i•• vailab".1"hecano
AIijU'llbe purnpeavl,ytunin&. KI )'II'''''elCl ~"",1 tuni ... thouldthen ... .....,laadonL7aDdU.nd.ho.woODta
and~rvoll.qOr(Wma";rnum .... d""Depcndi ... OII rea~formaximumrf(MltlK/'lftOnlthocoupl; ... lintU.
thedlOdc:lhiocanboupI07V,buttheva .... isllOl;"'ponanl. 'Thc output obould.hcn hcCOl'lJOtlClod to tho commum.
RepIaoetho diode with ,he V.,....."..nd "'"••u ,he,unin. •!omreceiYff lunedlol, 8MH •. Uwill ... . ppro.ima .. iy
proocdu ..,noIinalll••• hepumpaovilywill.......Jmuni ... C<>mICI. A<iju$t 0 for maximum hlta: two pOIitioni "';11
and.hevoleqoOlrtp.nwillbowrylow, ....... U'Ioss.haaIV. befOlUld, tbeot>e.,.;th.ho ...... lIer .. paciu."""boi.... ho
l....n,hepirl""r"ltyintotbo:cavityll\dloklwlywiIWr1Iw rorrcdone.AS1I'0111Siatll l il ll1en l't!<luired(r""".loc:Il
i•• when at IOMC poOnl Ihediodtvol.l",sho;Jld Jlwwu I..... miner Or liana llCf>Cl1l'or) fed,o'be aerial ooctn.
iD<naSe.indicilinloocillltionl'or .... r""-lf~. A<lj,," C I and C2 follo_..,. 0 ..... U for _ . _
Nowis,bclimetocotlncdl"",,_ • .er:ei_lndaerill. ~.pu'""",,.dj .... Cn •• ho ........ lizi"'''l*'itor.''';th ..
h iladvisablelOu... 6dB j)IIdbet_ .he lrnplilioorand 'lISula.ed KteWdriverror minimum oulpu' . (In Pr&clia:lhis
""" ....n.r.A vo:ryroulh"", •• hooklbe """-,d ;i(noI.rotI- i....... lly found to be nca •• '" minimum ""pIloei"''''''' 01
~~.':.:.':. :':.:.:!~!'" u~:"'''"*~I=

a..)Thc ht may tbm be ruonnecIed to VI aDd ;nm.1
.dj.... mcnl1."'comp!ete.
".",...ConllCCt lbc bluli .... ndlun<in •• i""",oroon....:.
" 1oi"",1 amnator, and ad....... he trOU&h for _ _ .
()cQuselne"ualionuotiloociUotionaJm<II$lsuons.and Table 4,4
.,q""lheidleruotili'docs; ...... i_ .he."... uation
= ..:
l ulficlendy 10 lIop the os,eilLII1"" (.h .... rWl>Cln. pump
_).~uncc/.. OdIc1".ndreadjUS •• Mln>u&b •....,; .....
~~~ho'=.,r:ct""w:. ~ LI ~i~~::::j!u~-:::~.~~=.'~l. '-~

=::::'~.~~~hoca~~~~= u :!.::':':ia!="'~....-=d:.J:'--""
=~I:ho~".:.M(i~~":!iorO~:~ry~:disc:~ u ~~~~n. ~."'::-- _nd 011 ,J,I~ _rd.
~;::h~u=~:r~".:~~Iy~
(~.;~)'i7~::t~lf=:~~!!fru~:=;:::;.i
ptOYida"",_pin.at this is .ho prKticalliMiI aDd any
LA
L5
U
~M.-:,~
:. ,'._:~_:~.:_' '.u.,.....:. ~,'-,'__u."N.~.~_u,.~
.. .• .~ .n:."""
r. .:..~!!.....
'. ~..;..:..,.~.~_•. ~~.. _.
... _ - __ __
IttcmpI to prod....,_p;n will raul. in I_bilily.

NormaUy. if 'M .mplifier i. "",""lied at bel ...... n 20 and L1 IO.u,....~6s_lmarnclwoulM1on.llnll1Ilnr.,.....r .• lul
:!'!:~~,~"'"r".,:.=:,.f:;:!'..:.. ~ ~~=I~~pc,.;OlICOU1),
. .
Itrcl
~~~~ =:.~...:: ~h.~ouit,... :::i':.han5$, ~ ~~~I::,~_IodODlin_. _..-.
4.20
"\~ltJ
'
'1,° 0"
.....~.IJ. ..
. ."'te:~':.'!:;d""'••
4 .21
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Ifll'lm: is.'OJKI.ener for otellLo..jon, Cn i. II'ICO<Tt>C.ly ",.I>od.cirati.of,he ..I..,.Oscilla,ioni.indcpendenlof

IdjuslCd; tbe minimum llO'ilion referred '0 is very lharp IIIe .nOO'cin:uiltun;n •• hustheI1T4n.......... ditplay ••
IndtoaClCf1llncncn'adjustmer!t;'in,w.k.,..,.scn,with hilhordotofll<lbili.y.Th.C1}Olllf~ .. .!0-09MIt'-
C2andCI.N<ldim.:ulty'hoo.lIdbeupnimced,~.
inobcainina,hco:orncllldjutlJllllnt. Forfinal!ldjulttnentsl
~~.::a~~o";d~J:.~ . . "..
9·~.0 lo-mM lIl for
noire ....... 'o<itdesi.. blcbu'if.h;,itnot .vaillo bk,Cl.
C2,CJandU(aloo l 7.ndU)lhouldbcldjustcdfor
maximum ou . ~t on . local ';"'11. n.. Q"",~i,ance of C I
.houldlhen belne"""ed,lilhllyJO.ha • •hc.une<idrcui. il Con" 'uc!ion
cletunedtowardt7(lMHz andlheOU'p"' jus.drOl)l. Thit ;, The '''''''''«0" be buill in.o a 3jin b)' 41i. d"""," bu~
...... ,0 .hcOCltimum pooi.ion fo<thcbcsl ...... I.• o-noI$c
:,':;!~:iee. noise faciO< of be".. ,han }·5<l9 should
!!:n~~,,:~~ha.::,~~r.;....;, i,;f:,::.1.~":.:'"~:.";'~
.heIinaJ......,bly. •MC ........... "'OU."nj.o.hc Ji<l1»'6BA
boI .. and .... nd-otrpilla ... ThiJt formof .. nd"ictt~ruc-
h""rc<ul,.jn .trlheh! and l.,,,,jn.~rtic""!.ine<l,,·i.hln
. "'rttne<l an:a.andallo .... lhi. "irinl 10 bc run 1o lh<
Nuvi. tor converter for 70M Hz rujuiMJpoinlbylheshOrt"'po$I,bkro.uc"",hou';'
Thc:rfSUlCoflhisdeslpemployJl6CW.Nor;;sll)1"inl paw", Ihrooa/t any of the ......1 ~in:uil compar ...... ftt ..
<:On_'ionalindU(1ivdy ...... ' .. I~COfIfiJu .. tion. l. it tltil
~ur~~tt~":t.."';'::':="''"'":'~ :.:.:.-....!~=
==.w:=,w:::~~":.r;'~.~:~ hQIo,nlhecha.. ispla.e.
c:lrcui.of.hitvalvcfonnsoneof.hein-linecin:ui".h,t. may t;achof.hecorcu,lIcmplQ)"«i in.hero,,,e"er 'hal ;'.
beleCnfrom.hc ....... nljtm<'1l.ofLJ. u a ndlSinFi.4,41 ,he rfl1aiC. "",.. ... Ijt.and 1"",IQlCiJla.o,-~recon •• lnotl
The: miMr tmplo~ . 7$87 Nu,;'.or in a "n.,.h.fo..wud ... "hin """",ned romparlmc:nll ConI!ruc:'ctJ f.om ~1~in
....... npncnl. I """II fiMd biat ~n. deve\op<olJ ""roou .he .ho<troppe •. n....,rttn • • robol,nj'O lhecha..,;.p!a••• nd
thmM>ldortedIOlClhcr
::""":"7~~~~:'=::=~~'f;i:'1~
filuration. Feedbtodcto......;noocilla.ionitprovidoodby. fU::!:.::':':'~~ :,--=.. 1.,~~~:.~~:::~
ciTQIil ' une<iIO.hc rundarnr;n.alfrequen<yfi"N in ,he C I.Cl.O.C'.l2.l6and La .obc ad)ustN f.om ......"'"
4.22
Wl,hrqoro'o,ben..un.lizi",oI'ho:rf"• . ,' lbouldbe P!aoollborlacrouL'. Conn<ctaIliJ!lI"l$i$ll...,.""I, .
IIOIed ,I\&"ho: neuualirin. coil isli' .... tcd in ,be miur mtt~,. 2O.0000/V Ofb~".r IC1<* lbo 27kO ....... or in ,he
:;:-c::;:'''....d'h,Ui'i:oposi'ion«la'riJ!l'.nJk:<,O,he h'''''pplr·o ' heoscilla.OfI''''''''.Con''''''''hepo ...... ''''pplict.
Tune ,1M: """~ of UI whil< ""'t~hi", ,he voll_'er, II \Vii!
TOll&rJII/"",,,,'.'beprrforma_or'hc:CO<I.·~r'erdeptnd. be found ,hal ,he ooltO,£ewiUf. U lio ...1y'0' minimum, . nd
OOI 'hemi_~ir<"Uil$_ A$wi llbe..,.nfrom'hc:i\h"'n.lion • •ben'iS<!J1Ipid ly loamaximum.S<:'!he~ofUlso'l!&'
;~:=~~:r:.7::~~~So::.2:.;~=; : :·,~.::'1:~~::I ~~~":n~~~:';

'ht vol"Jll/iS some 20 ptreon"!>o'-clhe minimum ""I"ae
rf.nodclO~tridlin.mi_Irid'ooodllatoo-a.....se
110 Im.""- , pOII:ina:< should "'" be ,rated .. absolu'~. ~1 ... Inr;utn.Ii.<.a'ioonol'''''rfamplif\l:ritbe>laceompli:ohed
boIIare ..... r1;"'~"'prio'lOther.d.J .... mtn.. described on.1ICry"r-onali,paJ.Ca ........ 'obe .. kenlOcn«I ... 'ha'
.... tbe )0(1;", ~flu.,..". TM roils may ho: COfIAtuetcd III ''''' ...... llo'''"''''''''"'Mr.i_eomi",rrom,bt
....If-taWOrli .... blJttheuseolajind;".... 'erpuol,n acrial •• ndlha ........ ofil.bei ... pod<eduobylbe-._
tuboll;n !ona;merted into tho: coil. duri", thc: .. ni", up is it .. lf.Forthio, ..."",.a.oo""""uillbkf"",hisopen.lion
.lIcIpinen.uri", . ha'tbcy.",.1Ion 'be ........ i. Afit:,havin, round. "" a,n.na;ed • • uch I "r"O<lJ.oipal.and
tuned il In, the h'lboukl l>edioconneclcd f"""tlM:rf ......
hulnlluplndlllllnment oflhecon~"er. No","dj ... t lhe """,,,fU lo.bepoint
Thelimplcs'mcthodofadjuslmcnl i' lOali", lhearcul .. "'herelhil.i",,,1 i.1I ill minimunl. Thi.adjustmern iI 1>01
Ippro1ilNllely 10 lbecom:cl freq""nc)' ... ith 1.00. c.", "",l)'coitical.bIJ'ilesoen'i.lforoptimumperf""",,nce
IIIouldbcl.kentocnsu""I\&"he.lloi:oC04JploJoniy'o'be Onoothea~ad,jd$lmenll""""~ncompletcd.'herf
<ifcuilbci",l<\iwlcd.aD<l,NI.n""I>-uI",inposilioalO .ndmi_ ....... canbtpeahd .. p ....... idernir....tweak
thaI thci,un.yapaatanccs.", liken in,o KCOUnt. with all 4m:Liana1. In lhese .dj.........'n .. CI is ,uned for muimum
-~~b,,:,:a..:.::.: ~t~~m~~. ::::t cathode oftbe
OIcillatorcircui,by.«juotmentofthe«IRofl8'oei'bcr
ou.pu,."""the • .-a... t.o. ......... UlndU .... ricdlO .. '"
besI ...,..J-w-..",.. .. tlO.wllh.he.dJU!-lmtnU'oU.""
U.if,hell*'i ... i:oma<leIOOare;tI.lboomJi""'illbo:ome
,hc",,1I1 freqllmCY.Olir . noYc<loneC2)'S .. l i:obci ... Quitc ..... ,ply.unod."""'hcpin w illd'op.N3IuJ1IUywl>a\
omployed.lolhedes.ired~n""",l'hfn'u .... heoodlla'OI" LJ!U.read,ju"ed.CJ.ndC(willrcquirepeaki""butlbt
IDOdecir<"Uil bymea ... ofC4 '0 the Onal injection frequen<y. :::~'i"o"illr<1ain'hebroad~haracteroftl>eresonanl
1\Inc,lM:rfJ,riddT<ui'.CI.llM:rfln<>decircui'. C2.lnd
,be nIi~r pid. C). 10 7(lMH:t. Unsolder """end of ,he
10000040mp;"' .... i:ot01";lCI'QS$.helunodcircul1in ' he.n.o<I<
oIll1emiur.• IId~OIllU!lhiJdrcu;llo1hectnlreoflhe
Lt. ~1Id.. kc=o""", ,he Im-.O ....;,.'Of. S<1 ,he c<:U of
'he ...... noli.<i... roil.L2.hall_yintO'he .. indi ..... 144MHz converter with neutralized rf
stage
rn.h .. con.,""er.'Io<<ireu"foilovo~'bosa"",_1
.na"-"""t......r f.".,1o<1OMlb ...."..ner.lreadydel-
aibed.Thclocaloodllalor.inlhi5ca .. i:ofollowedbylwo
multiplier ...... 'o reach , he "",nired freqllmCY. r Of the
~i~;,~":"",;;~~~~:. ~~:!:,~!~~~~·~=ic~; :::
"",1111. T hco"tISoq""n,12AT7donbl<tri<><ki."""""",od
in <:UCIdc • • nd doublin, in each halfprodllCel a finll
rrequenc)'ofI4~M H ."'hich"""'lllinlni.f.oI2'o4.'.l 1h..
::.::;e";:%.~.llowin'erferen<crrom~
TM a!itnmcnt oIlhiI -.....,., ... is "milar 10 'hal a!ready
1Ii'~ rorlhl: 1O~nb«l!l'"Cncr.CI(lCpt 11Ia1.~_it:I·
,0- AOei_ it srt 10 JM lb. comspondJ ... lOa .......1
f"",IM;....,. oII4~M H ,. (If G1UVHF on 144·~~tII .. i:o ......r
uln.li",men"i"",l.tlo<""",i",rahouklbollell02·S MII L)
Fi,.". power it applied and h,di""",,,,,,,,od r"""VI.TM
cani,,,,mo>,,,,,fromL9.ndtheslulli:o.djustcdfor m..imum
rrindi<:a'ion.followedbyCj.rfindica'ionboi~ob$t:"''''''
all)tandU"""""'i>clr.nd'lK:nCf .... pin.theluni ...
:~~~::~:=~.':~!~I.:~~~
freqllmcia ...;lh.n.bsorption""_er.".l'k>ifl.... ~
.ble.U• ..."id!is¥el)'fIa'in;lI.uni..... IbouId"""""'~
on lMIb.CI.O.ndCl • ..,thenadjustedformI";mum
OUlpu' on. "'~ local li,nli. en".djusted fOf minimum
OU.pU .... ilh.ni ..... Ia'ed!oCreWd.i ...... lheeot'ftoClsettlnt
I)o;n .... l)'c.;'i<:aI.Tloenh. lhouklbcreslQn>d'oVland.""
4.23
..~~,'i:..•
..... Q. C."'pt ••••• rcul ........... tI .... I-CW.oon_ ... ' ' .. ... MH.
4.24
Table 4.5
Simple converter for 144MHz

T ki.con,"'rte'ron'ist.o(aarool><kdaridrf ...."lif..... tlF.
rcedilllin'oldoub1elriodcopcn.lOiluamiur·i.r.alhode
rollo""""·"hl 2SMlh Lr. <IU'pul. AnoIhn-doubie.riodc
............ aym.loocil .... Of.... ulliploer ... UC. IOMH~or
JOMH~ ayml. The circui. illhowft in F~ •.• S
Thoinpo." .. rOilin.".heinpulluni ... c:itcuil~.n
itoIa" .... capoc:iIOf'''.'ap''''.hoeinductor.ancI'heinput
II, ,he ... Ioode o(.he ,f Implilia" nlve VI. a 6CW4. it
timib.lyconr.oc1od,,,,heinpu.cirnri •. n...apolhouklbe
Idjllflodf"'''''''''oen.i,ivi'y andnoi .. performance,andln
nIIkin. ,....,k lIdju~lm.n" il should ~ mnembeRd lUI
'hn-e ..-irlbesomcdiff.",ncebo ...~nlhelappinaPOinlf",
mlOIimum.i''''''''",~'kand 'NI1 f",Io...esllOOioerar;'or
rlOl&"OfIbec~n.heinpullndlnodeci"",i .. ol . herf
1~"'~mtt;:'==nl==I~~tw=o
IUPOfllheroiI.DmIoJplin... ",,,,,i<kdb,-lhe.-..i<'orand
Ihefftd.tIroutJocap;ociIOf.Qri'",'olhomi.wrisachievedby
:':!-::.eooopli.... bo:rwcenlhelnodcODit.odaridODil ol
::=~~;7£~~~.~=~==.\J~,=t~
4.25
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
In the prototype. 2'),.111,. was used, u has bcert used 1»'

Ihedc:sitDClforaUlhcpreviouleon\1.'fIns.lndlltl\outll l
...,..,.1 ............ !"O(:C'i_ilused,..;t~limi'edba""'''''*'
l~ iI has not ....... found 10 be any real disadYllnu.pI. Ct..
~;~:KiE:~~~1~)~:=t(,~~.,:
Conl,ru ct lo n
ASs!IowniJIFiaU,-thowboleoonvat<t'ilbuiltiJI'ol
mediwn.ueE.<id)'lt ..... di«:aSl boll. With ,his ... boo
:::::..a;:,.:'""106"IIC.ariouI;~IDto'htil
Under,heljd of.heboll on w1>k"l»<Qponentslre 6..d
'0
is moun,ed a rcrecn PfO"ide isoIa'ien f""lhe_inl"".
A'u.:heoI,nlhili. tbeoaunmounted:lCl'OSll,herfSlqO
...1"'so<k... 'Theseocrcon.ptm'ideasuilablemounli... f""
t!:d!~~U~I:.~tt~~~~ft~n I~~t:;'~7ci=
.... "" been replaced by (ctri,~ beads slipped directly 011 the
ftcd,hn)UJhapaciloricadL An HC6/UayJlallCd.. is
shown in ,he layoul dialfllm which is_a>mmonly used
,bin , he D7G 'ype used in lhe ptOIOtYJIC.
A ne utralized 6CW4 pre· ampl ifier for

144MH:I!
1ft 'Ilit .,-mplifltr .he .... t"" iI used In tile mt1d&nl
r.::.~iJI~~YI~I;'~~'::::-a:'~
,., ...... layoo,o .........." : " . : ' : ' : ' _ _ , .. 1100 . . . . . ilt"SIr.. 'c'hePliDcipkol'hemetltod~""" ... liz.atk>noll
trlodtrfamplifoer
""'OQUiYIIItn'cil'tUi'oI"'I4.4'_~rIy'hebrid ...
ron/itu.",ienolthea"""ffict,tbobrida!obei ... formedbr
As""nb...eenfromFil~.~" he_illa'or<:Oilismoun'e<I en, CPo va and elk. and il will he .... lanced ..ben
inliMWi,hlhetwo<:OilundllOprcwide$tberequircdinduc- CnJ(;p - VCl/C.... Under Ihis conncclion (tcdbKk from
,I .... injection ano<!e IOllridwilitheorctic:allybe..,ro
TheIClCOtld.riodeof V2 illlj)CfJ.te<luac,a,hode follower The p.,,<, ical an>p/'fltr is construae</in a dicast boKlnd
,I>e OClmpo<>enl posi,ions lotether wilh ,he in,~ ..-circul'
=~:'!"~:!:'~~~r:.:r:"'~~ ......,,;.... reol>ownin'hela)'OU'diqram(Fi ••. ~).... noiIo
fldo<oIappro>.m.aIe!yJdHiiobtainab!e"';thlhisampiiticr
::=~:'j~,:~:.n!.f;.:mmc>l~~:~iao~ II IOMH:., Optimum a<ijustmml of noioo CIttI only be
'ioni-aver. In addition. for the otra Lr. ampIi6erlO boa Kl\ieYedbr .... ~.noiIeJeflftllO<.
drmive. I" Ihoulcl be applied 10 if from lhemo.in recei_,
which is an a<lclitional wmpIiallien
Whenthet""",,,c:i~If.rcproperlyadjuSUdthepin~
,herfSU ... ilouftIc:imllo _ _ 'bomi1<:cnoi ...... n
ECC'Uwascbo<tnf<>r,bomi ....<athodefoliowerboau..
~~~:'2~~t:: :af:~n:':I:'::~
Iwboenused herc,bu'ifprcfttTedanotl>t1ECCa8-.ld
~used,oavcidha";n"lin>cdilf""'II)'ptSof ... r....Thc
~'~:I~..:.~~;:a:!!:~,'=~::
,blrd harmonic, lOMHr..l'bolClCOtld triode is ,uned.o
12OMH .. OtI>t1 aystal freq-o and diff...... t multi"""" .
•ien ..... ~ be used lO ... ilOlher i.f. YIII .....
4.26
....' ' ' ' _ .. • .... n·_ ..... '.,ft ...... ,ft.r... ovt...... ooc..''•
'1g • . MI.lovou'ol ......... H' ... H..,p'III ••. ' ... p ....,oIlfl.,' •
............ I ........,..oI._wL'
A. convene r usi nSl bi pOlar transistors for 2m or 4m

IQ.JIiI;eon_,""loc:aloocilla'ot.m.. lliplierisPl"O'"icIed
by ,'''' 1"010 OCI70 vhf '''''''"on. crys....
n.. l sbould
prd..... blybe<Jlahilbfreq .... ncy.IOII\a"hemulliplicris
' ...... opr .. 'odal r....on.. bIe el'IIciMc:y. which means ,""I . he Table 4 .6
...... mulliplica,ion i.limiledlo 'h ..... or four ,imes ,he
oocilla,orfrequency
Tho.ct ....1 frequency"m depend on lhei.f. requircd.Dd
if this is 4 ,0 6Mtlz.hcn . )$MHl 'meal "OIilh i (WI" limn 1_ _ "","
No'll "01-.... DIo
muhipliot";llbe ..,i .... bIc. A4<lM H ~aysII' ";,h • Ibm:
tt':-;,;,,~j~~~ ... 112Mlb would be ""table fOl".n LI
U
IS 2"' .... linf.......,.fororysW .. Mllx
4 , ..... ~~~t ...._"'• .....,... I 'u'" ror
I" ,he circui •• Ll.nd C2.", "'1O..."ed.O ,be aysIIl
fttq.....cy•• nd L2and a .. ""uned ,0 ,"" required ~nal
fttquency.eilbe, 'h""""'fou •• ima . hll O(,heayslll : :=:::::~::=::=:~::
fttq""ncy. Ou,pu, from 'his circui, is taken.o
b... vio.he'IOb..i,..capaci,orC6.
,""ntiur II =:::::=:::~:n: : ~rI06~~~ ..
1(l1f Imt .........,u mil

..... " ...... oct .... "" _ _ _ ......... ·_.,,-..o... c:............ _.lft'._ •.•
4.27
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 4.7
1- ' .. , ..... oi... 1);0

LI 2' U.w.linform<,fo,<ry"all".2'MII ..
L2 11 13swllin ~lf,uPl>Onil\Jl"'Pped I 'um fo'
101Ikwllin ..,f . upponin .... ppedl'um
I~ 1' .w.lin .. ,rwppo,hnJ'''I'p«I2'um.
L' »)/)ow.lindOK"",undfo,i.f. _ '·IIO'·7MIlz.
Thc'hird IraJl$i$1o"an AFI86or O1herlow noi .. vhf

'yp<,i."p..,ltedas'herfamplif.... Thecircui'of'hi.......
moy.or"""r;e,bercplacedby,hclltema'ivenelJ'rali!Cd
amplifier 10 be d<:s<ribed. The inpu, 'ap. from ,he in· Thc posilion of ,he lap on ,he ou,pu' circuil will dq"'nd
~U(.10', one: 'urn up from ,he earthy ~nd or ,he coil. i. "" lhe followin. "age and ,hi. i. m"" ,Ii~ely ,n bea low
r;OmmOn ",;,b ,he aerial ,ap .n~ i<><S via ,he isola,inll imped.nce inp", « ..,piing. normally fed by I n aerial. 0'
<:apaoi,o,C8 '0 ,.... bo.. of ,he Aflll& il may be lheinpo, In. lran.is'o'n>ixc •. In 1I...eca ... ,he
Theou'pu, from ,heeollector,ur><:dcircuil is.lw'aken lap.hould "Pin be_lId""'n ,,,,,.. rd. ,he low poIeRlial
rndnf.he indUCIanoo.Ahema,ively.iflhi.i'lofecd in'n
~:"i:f:~:,:;~he~~:!,?,I~~::'~~(~:)i~:::'~.Dd a val,.., mixe,.'hen ,he '"I' may be .... "",he ~i l h poIeJtlial
eooof'hed",uil.Jnanyca.. ,hcpointsnfbo,h,heinpu,
an~u~::'':~' ~;;:~::,:~Id be adjusted f", op';m"m ""oilS
lm Li 6,"ms18''"1lIindia.appedl,om
:!~e~::8~:i,~r!!~~~f~8!~Ia!O:J~he8~!:n, 1.2 6'u,ns18 ....III'ndia'appe<lllum
, .. lues a", .be lame in b<>1h.exocP"h.o. in F'i 4.S2.Iot 4m Ll IO'umsI8 ..... lindia.appe<lll"m
ICriilinpu'il~Wpk>J1(>'h<inpu'cif'Ui.Ll byacouplil18 1.2 14,umJ Ilbw.findia'nl'f)Od 21".ns
:~i.~isis....,..,...,.so ' h"bridge ... u"aU>.I"ion(:anbe
LS~I~U~::' g~.u~i;: ~~~~~'I~~~~ :~~ii::'
For";mplicily Fi.4.SJ is protferrod bu, wheneo,n:coly of , .... (nllowinl ....,i...". In
'h i~ co...,.he indUCIn, only i.
adj ... ,ed I.... neu'rali:<ed amplif~ ...';11 sive a ,uperior made adjus,abk, ...·hich i$$implc"hanlun;nglhi.oi",ui'
performance. A.....n'ionr:d previously,;1 i• ....,..,...,. 10
lap '''''inpul'OI'''''ran$i$'o,'''~ll do''''''heinpu'indUC1ance ~i'~.!he':i~C:=;"'~:::y"dt,.,t»=~'~ a~:~i~i~,:;
T he OUlpul impedance (eolkao.-) is.ufficitn" Y hW> 10 feed perf<>nnanceovc"hewholc nf'he 2m band,oo ' ,hi. is nol
ina'lhe'opof'he,unedcircu;' Ilkely'nbe.-saryon4mwherelheband ...·;d'hisleM..
4.28
RECEI VERS
Duol-gllt. fet co nvert er. for 70 a nd 144MHt , ...."""pl;"n of the tuned ~i"",i", dnaib of which ....
:"r;:.~:;::~anan-mosfetdesipmaY""dilybe l!»m;n Table U. "fbeloealO5cilbnoruleSlnOVC"OOC
Cf)"tUIlosallalorcircuit. TRJ.<>fIC1":II';"''''' )l13MH.f""
Thl,dcsi", inc:loo.s a occond mil<tT. 0 <nablo_,,·ith. 2m.OO on41·6{;JM Hz fOl'4m. On 2m 'his isrollowcd b1.
;,aMllallloCdln .............,mi.ler_ ...
Iooo-I.f.• mpl,r..... in.herqiunofJM Hl..TlM:b;onery'upply
h_.oron-
_ .. PfOPC1"bei ... lakenlllrouJ/l.coulal""" ....... ion
rom-monba .. lOiplcrTR4,.oprovillclhert«lO$SllryIIS MHz
injoccionfrcqUCllC)'.
TIH:otrondm ...........,""".j u nctionf.. typclNl .. 9.
TR, .••• hemiJIC,with.""""",illalOI' . ndinpu.lilflllsfcd
'0 lhe.ina)e p.c. Thed",in Il>ld i.pro,.-kledbynlfc .. a
ClrClilt d ...., lp. ion hia/lp;aiIWlllOlleSAl}'inthi.~.ndititca"'r.o ....
Thocircuil of the main 1.1Id 4m """W1tefS h pvcn in ..,'h
th& rcqulm! Ia .... f'CI"O'ntaac b;on ...... in .his .... y. The
F"4.jj.lldlhaIO(.heoccondmi...... I~i<'in tla4.S6.TIH: ....:illa' orfor thi.""""".ion .Ito uta a.imila,circu,1 to
If .......,fic<TRI....,..lN I40opet1Itcdln'''''''mon ...... ...... ~l'~:~z."""'''"'''' aDd TR6 prQ.idc:s . n outpul ""
Thitiscouplcd .o .... ,..;ocr TlU.alNI' I. ~mc:a ... oIa
doubictunod,,".,,,fon,,.r.n.TlM:IocaI...,ill... o, I,coupk<l 1. will bcnolioedfromt ... dl'Ctli.dial"'-m,ha.Ih&link
IOptclollhe1NI41. Theoutputal.ppro.. imat.ly29 Ml b ooibcouplinll the first and occol\d mj""rs o....,mncd .".he
illakmfronll lowimpco;lana-linkwilldi"lCOlJpk<l tot ... 1 2V~" ... ",iI"'."'rt""n,,,catth.Thitorr.llnljeftOm.
.uncdci"",ilinthednlinol.hemiut".E>.I""';,,,dccoupli"l prov;dn._~fccdoo..·n.heCOl~"'I~i"'COIbie
is provided locnsurc frocdom from Iny possib'" i"'tltMlity be,"'....
".he lwo~nit.thu.olwi&tin.'h& na;>.l to< .
"pIIl"II ••
tl"Ol.lbb. ThcIc,"aes.reidenllcalon both Z.nd 4m with _-Uload. 1ft... con ...... r I. '0 bellOOd ... i,h ... porn ••
=f~nt:::- !!a,,:,,':':'::kJbcmumed ,,,a.rth.1Id
Table 4.8
Co il wind ing ::~:~~~~~ dU1I1 gate fet
Nobl"lUIm liven ref.. ' 0 4m; I\tIores ia bra<k." ' 0 2m.

n
200q"".i.dia'u. . .
PriftIary : 2,._bI"200w,,,,,,illdia
Sotond-&Iy: 1(4) 'UmI ""CI
;;;:0s~:j~~=r~nod
:
OO'lift"wtdi.r. . . . .
~:mIIofn. ....
U ...
II 'U ..... ""du"
5 ...... lliwJl.. di&.~ 'u brCIr..
~..:::-;"':':.. ~ 01 :zo.... $cc<>ftdary: 20 ,,,,... of
~ ~;::~::::~~r::a!~·:u:byd ..'
4 .29
V HF / UHF MA N UAL
Conat ... ct ion ~.TlIcdrimnllayOUt(OT lhelid l.aISOJivtnin~l.

IIoch~tw:rnain.nd"""nd""n~"crs .... bu;hinlO'land.1rd
diol;;uc bous. The maiJI CO•.,.,c,ler is buih upon. piucof TlIc oomponenlS a", """,nle<l on ll>eboard by mcons of
WPI><'I"-dodpo.ool;n _rd"·;thoaun,formcdf"",,doub!e feedlhroulhcapacitorsatlh.point<requirinadel:oupli .....
lidedCOWC1-dad board. TIIots< oau"' ........ nTial 1o andby ... ndardLd:Ltot.iLpI. ... lypt LlOOI I .''''hcrpoinQ
.-put.Tc,beoociJIa,or.Ddloscrecn , hcin""landoutput (see Fi. ~.n fo, fi,un. dtLailsj. AU rn;O!ors.", moU"ie(I on
,crmilllOl,o(lherf.mplilkr. "uli<It'''il,of 1M cuuina.nd 1M undtnidcorlbe-.d, .. bllstlbcc:oilf.Ddcapor;:;.....
drillin, req .. i........."are"""" in FIC4.H.Th .. boord is .",pIaad.boYethe boord
tbed.o.he lid of lhe box by mcono o(6a ... oc ..."",.nd jin
' ...... . ,' ....

... "'<~Ioi ...
'
_'o'-
__
' ... con--'.... fIO'.uft .. ' •
• n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., • •
_ __",_"'_'0
• . . . . . . . Heoftd
~uc,
:=: .~':.;N·:::·..;:.;
;!oi~.
="ATEA
4 .30
Volll,lml" u," m" n"
AI1.oll.... """........ u,.dwi'h.mcl.'of ... i."'".. ~~~~~~~~e~~~o;,c~~~::~:. double con"."i""
IO,OOOIl,lV. Supply + 12V. TMoo "oil'"" can "II)'«>n' ~~~c,r~;ll pro. ide a bel1« 1'C$\l.ll 'han lbe ,inlle ron·
oicIc .. blyl. . . . . ul'of''''n~.'o''pread .. bul ".,.. rtheless
ciYlanklaofll>eorde'or ........ hlobeupectcd An"""'n'ialof'h .. 'ypooof«>nwrt.,i.,O ..... ,I>e .. n~
loo;a.lct)'llal00cill.'orrorbolhoonwrsions. FortllamJ)le.
C ... l
.n oocilla.or operali.......y be""ocn nand 15,SMII.
'",., f(lllo>o'ed b)'a .';pIe,.uncd.o bft,,'ft1> lOS and 100SMfl~
:7'of~!::.';·!~~~':n«l.ndjS5MHZand.secood
TI>e_"f • .-eIalivelyhi&hfi",Lf.rrequmcym:!""",,1>e
l ikelyou ''''''_bond.ianahr,omin''nducinl;ma~frequenc)'
4.31
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
ln~tf.......,.whichisof.en.he.,..., .....tnus.i", .... Ia';vdy Converte r for 144MHt usi ng hot carrier
..... i.f.frequcncy
Only.he fron, end "r,hcconve .. eri. ,t.own In Fi.4.S9.
Tbcayolal oocill.lOr .... 'ioni.petfeclly .. raith·for........
~I~~e!...""'n'ional C"""",.,......i".cilhe. 'ran';"OfSor
...Ivca. iliou......1,,,u,,,.nrf.mpli6cT.hc&doflhemiu. I<,
and 10 noL,hown; itconoist,ofaCf)'S'al_IIl.,or(lN106) ochicvc ...,isfilClorylownols.filClor,ilhci..,_ry ,o
.tlH MHz followed by .tripicr(. ", ..bet 2N7(6) '0 nblain OIIIIiOen,pinalJow noise 10 0 _ , h e mixe.
106-5M H z. HOVoeYef.boc"lt.....f~an_in'he
miainlprocesa. ".,.,06-5MHz~ncf<Cds.40671.......,d
'o The .""ilabi~,,01 bot carrier (or Schoi'l:)-ldiodos at.
mlAwilhincomi",I"M Hzandpr<>d""".ni.f.•'lI·JMHz IUlOnIbIocostotr... an.,I.......li""'.pproII(II t"·1UalI
:t lMHz. Thili.f., ....... bet,.;lh ,he lHM Hz(IUIptll from performanoeconvetla".
,heayst.l oscill.lor. is pu"",, 10. ICC(IIId 40671 and the Theimponanl dil'l"....""'" be' ....... n lhe hoi carrier diodes
;:"::'::.:eli~:~:~~;~9'unc on the " • • Ion ~YeJ", via .ndnormal'ypeooldlodei"hall herew .... bre.okdownvolt .
• .,e"ftheformeri.m""h .... ale •• ndiICQnduct' .......1ily
Thisdual<onversion confilura,ion, inoonjunc,ion";'h ia lhe .." ..... dim:'ion.lOilmucltquit'.ra'''''"''''I~"'t.
,he calCOdc rf.mplille. (."", 2NS2-450.klcd b)' d.... bIe- i,..vol", ...
•woedci=ilS)i •• _.helpinruluoci", .... ,-nf-boocl
pro(........ IQRM ... hidlis.ni~"'probIern""the
The comporalift dlaracteristic:s 01 ,he boI carn., diode
.ndpoialconlaCldiodc.",.howainFi.4.61
vhf_lodto,
rfi
Single moatet 144MHt co nverter 1' -'"
Inlhiscon'-mer.d ... l'IIIlI.~felis ............ If....a~Ia'.
i ... mi....nd'he_illa'Of'uni".ispc'fOl1l"oNby""":"p
diodo. The inpul. in onI .. 10 provide .... ..,....bleoclcdi""'.
~t.!=~h.:,~::-=~~n=.= -, / .,
and.n.pproximatc layou, in Fi.4.6O(b).
"'conver,.. of,hlllype.wi,hanapprop.i.,. i.f. OIIlpul
~,:~i~~!!.!ohc u.. fu l fo.u ..... lthlMCralpurpose f
4.32
Tab le 4.9
Coil wind ing de~~~Sv~~:erhot carrier diode
LI ~t~rrulOowllindia«ntretOj>~
Ll ltum.lOowllindiaeent,. .. ~~
U ltum.lOowllindiacent.. t a ~~ ... ithC<l"
U Illum.lOo ..·,lindia fo, t6 _ 16MH~
L5 2tum.zo."'I",,"ndotcanhendL4
U .lum.ZO'..·.Jindi.
L1 6 tum. lOs"'1 lin di.
LI t ."mzo.~' . ... o"nd . ..... nhe<>d L6
~FC 20tum.240wllindi.ew
Ihod<o HP2900(ma'el>«l)
X 6l·llMH. fo, 14 ' 0 16MH.U.
TronsiolO"yt>e2NJ051
woco . diode i. lI<cd as mi,cr. ,hc lacal oscilla,o, 'isna l

'"iniS ,1>0 diode vol",e . I,,,ma'dy p<>Si'i.dy and <><ga'
.i,~ly . ln'he"'8"i~dj"""'io n.wi'hin.l>o~a~downvolt .
..... ,in".lIynocu'~nt ft<>w<and 'hc,d"....ho' nQisci.
no;.:"'~'~a'.::.~~i:;~::;";'~:.:~~~ i, .. lartIC d)namie

SQ .... ,.I.".. "'n"'which...,d""""e''''''modul.'ionpro\>kmll
~~~,~~oi:E~~ t~~~~£~~~ ;:;n~"f:~:i:~

a,
.. my h'pl"'n. "'hen ".i~. e<>mmunica.ions r=i"r an
iJ.• mplillc,
An rfp",alltpItC"""'ili almo>'oxna'nly be ncc<kd to pro- 70em converter
,W,JO ~<kq ua' . . . k<li,i,y. thi~ .hould o\>.iou,ly be of a. The ea,ily constructed ctln'~ne, .hown in Fi, 4.63 will
"",· noi .. faClorupossi\>k ,i "e. pe,fo,mance which " 'ill enabk the newrome. lo,.t
' .'''''dial""n • diode f~""ncymul'ipl ic,i •• hown ,he feeloflhe band. Il i'ctlnmucled la,,,,ly of the type of
~hich may al«mali,'ely be" ... nd:ud type Iran"Slo, if ctlmponenlSu,u.lly ••,.n.bkfo,ll>ehfbandl
4.33
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
T ........ Ivc<u$e<l.r.fr.. ly ...... ilablcatJo ... """t.t ... only

ub/compone"tS are in t'" ~Iab typo in.ducton u<cd for 1..4
an.d LS.and iJillwated in Fi&4.64. T llediodc (CRI) should
be . lownoi~.ili<:on type such •• tbe:CVI02.CVIOlor
cqui ..... letlt. Altbou"h tbe oC)'$tal os<:iJl.tor and muhiplier
"qes.,..,,;'-en •• 6J6 .... 1_,anyoflh<doubJetriod...""h
~::~ :,.~~:dm~~~<\i':r!"n~~~::::~;i:: i~~~:~
may bon«o$S.Ory. notably L)and tapping poinl on U.T'"
cryS,al O$<illatl>T chain for an i.f. of 12.14MHz(L7)may bo
";,.,"
b8$od on a crys,al freque""y of.ilbe:r 7·777 O. lSM H...
Altcrnati"'lycryS'alO$<ill.'orcircui" .... ybouJedby
tt.o.e who r""faille Colpitl$or ilu,Jeros<:illa.orS,IOtM,
oflh< Squier.hown in ,lIediavsm of Fi.4. 63
~~~~:~~~~rJ;~;,~~:=~~~:~6:: :::~
(aClually23-lJIM Hz), lnd,hal0r'bc:~ondl0'hrcc1i1TlC$
,his frequency which would be almOSI70M Hz. The II¥<)
foJlowinganodccircui""'Quld ,hen be:,uDOd '0 I40M H.
and 4ZOM Hz uspe<li,-cly
CO:'i!"~It:1tO:~~~:';i~::.;~ ~~"!~~S~zu~~'~ ~
mE
~.:~~~i':!I~~ ~~'~~'i~at~ ~~~~.w,~},~~'!:t':.
of which is.h",,·n in Fi.4.56.1nlhi.c.... 'be.nod.drcui'
.oct:;-- ~I,?:OHl>
oflbe: r,rs,,,ageisluDOd 10 lhe crySlal frequency. whilt,h.o.'
VI12AT7. I•• mille """"nd i.,uned'0 WMHz. TheO<>l:CUdin,.taaos,
'i~ ~~~~:-;;in, ,be: Colpitl. rucill.,OT, Ire luned '0
,~ , T be: u>eofa conven,ional dip rucillator witt .nable
''
COlT",,' adjus'mtn' up '0 abou, 2OOMlll. bu, lbe: final
--
mullirlier will need '0 i>eIli,nod 'oi.. proper frequency
7.717 47K RfC usinllJn lMo!"!)tion "'Ivemeteror the dip DScillatordes.
.... 4~ cribedin Chapler JO
,~
!~r~~~~~~~~?.~:E~u~!f~:~<~:;~)~i~'::
'worf amplifien. T I>c:$t;,ransiltoIlha", a$uilablylownoi ..
/iaurtOfS'7dBal SOOMHz with. pin of 12·14dBwhen
O~~u~h~i~~= of,hoT1"ned luned li...., lbe:

:,n:: ~;:: tj,:;n~f ~,':;,g'~~':~ ~:Ii:it:~a:~
If
""""t ·· " ·. t- I""rfamplifienal\din,othc:mi... r
The mi •• r TR J is a TIS88A f"l ... hich i. followed by.
transistor i~lalion amplifier ,0 the iJ. OUlpu1. The iJ.
, Ll .~S~ OOlpulCOil L7 is lunod tOtbe required freq..,ncy IlIClI I.
IlM Hz,oranyo,berconvenicn,frcquency
The local oocilialorcMin compri ... foor".ges,1UDOd '0
.
)S,70. 140 and 4ZOM Hz rc:,,'.,"i,·.ly, using a J'MH.
•• 12AT7 .. 00pf cryS,.1.Tbelh"",frcq""OCJI muhiplicrSar.operatcdin,1>c
, lfO"ndedbasoo:onfi,ur."ion.
Theoo'pu'a,420MHzi"ak.nfrom •• apon ,I>c final
multiplier l"DOd eireuil and inducti",jy coupled in.o , I>c
mix.r by L5, L6 beinll coupled '0 ,be rf amp~f.. r and
conncclcd in ' hept"of therni •••.
Smlll fot<l, hrOO.h caJ'ACi.o,", of ,be: discoidal,ype are
used""cnsively.TbeyprovidclowindllClanuooupiedwith
.mall.i.. andaresui,abJefo.diroo,soIderina,otl>cchaslit,
which mayei,her i>ecopper, b....... orcopper cladbl>ard
4 .34
The IaJ'CKI' ol.hema'n<Oml"""""l. is.-... in Fi,4.69_
.h.. dra~islpp<o.""""'~ly.o""""IO.ha •• hed<ta;1ed
.".............,. and "'-can he .... dilJ' <k1ttmi_. Thei,,'er·
=n=.:"!"!.i:..~~~=-" and .he _hole unU
4.35
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
A."'nbe .... nin' ... layuu'd ....... m'IIc,f""" ...""'.nd

~~~,;~.=Id<d;~t·:'I::'..~7.:";::::r:,=
""YOO1lpj,n, b<'"em ,b<: i"pu' and o,,,put cifCtlito
Sim ple 23cm.ingle co nll... ion conllerter

f oranU.of241026MHz
n ",,,,,,,Ua'Of.mul,,pI;",cha,n s/Iooo;n i "~.71mUl' flf(l>i<k
wl\'iot:nlilljcc'l9fIlo.Uo .... Ii&h'C<lUplinllo'b<:mi~r><> ..
"'.VOtd""""" .... ,"'rrorniICObpli"'i,,'o'..... ""'I . .
""'~
In <>rtl<"om.kobo>,uoeof,b<:, .. ",,,,ors.ontyr,,,q .. ncy
douI:>Ii"K",rried""'."IIch~f_........,.,bu" ripl'",
~!f::::7;:~~~:§1~;;~~;~;
t ... open.i"'''''ltaae ' o.voiddc1 unin.of'f......
CI.cultduc.lptlon
TK I ioopenlal .... lfO\IndtdbaJoC"l")"<1.I".<iIIa'Ofwi'h
• lBJ) MHz <"....1. The OUlput from Ihrs is aPICCIVfly
Conn,octloo
Tho"'hok"""vnoer",n bee built "". 6i" \>y.in pia,. 01
"""""'"Ofb<ats .... OYCn<:<>pper<ladfib.-eiKMIrd .. "ioh .... y
~o:.:!:.!'~:;:..~.AI1emath.. ly. i, _y bee IIud i ... ide
Thoi.r.• mplffier .... y bo: builtintot .....",.bonbutoboukl
::':~L:~ ~:·,~i::!:Ie~;:!~,:.~",:
...""".ndtb<:'"nin.KI"t"'*S .... ~bIt ....
,;::rC;i;
Fi.~.7~
AlIv nm• n •
AdJ"1t the slut or LI to rive: muimum '''''''''' .....din.
~1!!~::: =.:~~~~:.:,~,,:i~"'";-.,;:
4.36
f:~7.~:&~~~~d''::~l~~fZ!~,~':"''!': ~~:.:.'~
iP .... mu.imummi.... d"""' ..." ..,,'
.. h;oh ..·j llindi<:al.'hol
::;...;;~~~;::,..':":~or~~b...~t!::"i::;
olum Ind finally for ""..mum 'iano' I
loij",~ ~Ih
1·~"'~~::.:~',:...J~~'~'i:f~c!.~~'~..", 0""'" is
,..A
~ \~m,J!;~~~~~~er::_........../0 ••
2.XIOM H.... m,ud ..'nh,M OU'pu' of.
cha," II 2.280M II>.• M a
e.,.,..a''''''''b,or
produexd bci" •• m""food by •
..'i<l<bondll<l~.mp" f"'«l\'e""a2(l101OM" '. Thee,n:u;,
"'iH>wninFi,4.77.Th<uPII".half,hovr,.,""L'.lI<Id
.ml'h... '.nd.Iso' .... """"'' >e .....mbly .. h'''hconsisl.of
~~::ndm ....... """u.nd'htfi""' ...... of'hemUllj..
Sianob •• Z.JOOMII~ .rc>lood "ja the inpu. loop II a ..
,unnl byU. C12lndcoup~ 10 ,bt:miurdiOllc MR . by
Ll . A,,,,,,,,,,plc<l '0 Mil' ... Lli"he2.280M ll tOU'pu'
of.hen'"',i,,'ic.d~MlIl. ' '''.m.rui>.Icf,.q ... ''''y,i.''"1<
prod..::edbyMRII .. '...J'o' .... i.f.head.ml"jr,...VI.Thii
i s . a t _ ................... ''''$....,.,di.oomof ..'hich ...
.... bilo-J!>yoompo"..... R).oIl6.\\r_Dd'ra"".......n
Table 4 .11
l..U Ii. ' '10, "...

d '0"",,' .. i.... . - I,n!'tom U .
I,,, <i•• , 0(."'....
2.)OJ2_nj'nd .. b.... ,od,<n<bl."r>«!6 8A ....... n""
........ U _ _ _ • • l k.. _
'al'O.'
............... «>_. I.!I
_~-IS · ·IO·
7102-2", ".d.. b .... _ ........ nl«llift ...., r__
....
".fo .....,
Ta ble 4 .1 0
Coil windinSi data for 23cm conve rter
.,... <nd.........w
' 2"'rru21 ••,.... t>r>«Il'.'.''''''' •
~ ::,i~i~~~~~~~
2J) "d,IIo ~ .. 10... «n , .. "pr>«!
I,l
U
6."""' ........-.Jj'n'.'n '..,..liolend .•;' •..-d
_.'""'r,""'l>ocmd.•
1I,"..... ,.... , ...
~ :1::::l,:::~=.~=~'::n"':~;:'""
i , .~ ~:~~ l ~~~:::':::::i:O:OO":.:;.'::"~7.
t~ ~]~~~~W.~~:~~ :::::~~~~:~~~
4 .37
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
nand T I."hich"",..,..20,oJOM Hzrapcc1i",ly..... ,chlbc:

::~: .=,MRI 10 VI and p,ovide a HO O"lput '0 the
C o mpo n.n.d. t . il .
O.Cl.C4.a.C6. C8.C9.01.CJ4.Cl9- (l.OI~Fdioc
""ramics.C1val"~UI'10IOpF lopadCI0""lpF("'I""I)
CIO""~torfonnodbc' ..'«ndio<l.mo""I.ndl"'''8h .... 1I
DiekctticpolylbeneaPfH'O.ima.elyQ.OIOin thick sekct«l 1o
, h., ,,,,pacitonce 40,,,,'lpF.CII _ linlenJ'hlI 16i n IUbc
... ilh6BAsa .... iMi<leplf.in. u iali<)n.CI4.CIS,CI7.CI8.
00. Ol. CLl. CU. ClO. cn. CJS_ I.OOOpF feo:llhrou,b
~~.~I~Kb~;.t~~. ~;~~~7~1~8~I~o:::,~::
.,.l1mkos. C19, Cl8. Cll--otntm;c lubular .,im"",,., 0.., '0
SpF. Erie l116A. RIO. Rll- mel.,in8re<i<ton 10.01000
""'I<hod ± 2.,.,,,,,n • . MRI -S1MSo,CV 21,,(S IM2 a nd
CV2114.imilarbu,re,.,rsed poia,i,y) MR2GHX/>6.
4.38
_bcooidnoddi",",l~I<>IIIe I "~_ctwsisusi ....
"':':::"....!":,;"."'ooIdettdIO ..... ""'oI'.hecbuoisIO

Kt ulhradod.,.., ...... ("," Cll and Cll. 6BA solder ....
_1Iko~di...,.ly.OI .... dIassis'o~con_i..1I
O&rtlIIqpoin".!ldI"putiallar~ ... rlhi ..... ',,"forllle
oalho<lctofV4.ftd V, (pin. l.ftd 7). In conlKlCllft. ,ho
o:ll~hoIderforV1Pl,"J.4.ftd6.!ldlho_'",""""'."
IOIdcmidir«tly'0 IIIe'f<>t4h,,-..Uand piM 1.""9,<>,,,"
IOIdcr' •• o'I .... ~n''''_nol'IIe ... I,.. boI<lo<.PTFB
... 1~1IoI<Ie ... "'_.eA~p,ror.he ....
b;liurV6
T ... diodc"""'n'i ....1d l'innly.pinsl ,lie"o...
h " .. 11 by
=n~~ ::U~:::hbi~ ftl~:r "r:: ';~~'''''::=l:::

'hic....... oI"'ItIdt(.I>P«>..;mal..,.~IOin)i.c_IO
produ«ocoPki.otl'lav;n •• , ..I... of40.o'lpl'.Thio
-'tot.Cl0... hichiobo!h' .... rfby . . . . . ll.J(JO.M II.
_.IsoI ... I..,.;... c:apaei.otfor' ... ~f)'ofTl.io
"..w.d.otho"".... 'lpf"byC7,n..""""""'otlOlho,..;-
.t;odoMR11o'............ oIIiNCSOC:I.<\.'IIe"'fei""u.. ' .....
("""wltichio.hoUiedi .. k>:aI .... ' hein ..... .,..;'b... MIU.
TIlt .......... liP on U cooMH ofl conne:.1or mno>'eCI
(""" .....o1'noetol .... to... hoIcItr.
4.39
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
...:.=,~~~=~~~.!;,:=
itlhc.....,hsoll..l."" ..... . .J .....·;'hiol · I!)Z,n.I.,"h
'hc""' .... plu .... ,R.'''''anooleei .... ''.oIVJA.VJB.V4
..... V5.,..,,~"""'o'''''ff"<q.......a..II....,jnl .... ,.b.. W''O''> ...
=,~:~:::..~';~ '!!::;::'; :=od"" ~ppI,:,:~ ,':,
=~ ~5~~,~~,~ ;,r;.:'Ii'7!r;~ ~~7;'{' ~:;'r~
~::~~~~:~:5:~~~:~~t:~7.2~~;:~
ItIO~i~I~,CI9.CII''' ..' .... , ...;lh' ... ,.P'''' L~ . nd
' .... coupl;nllink ,,, MR2 (UiI.h ... ,1d IlItn be a4i~ .. td 10
~~;1It"" .. j",um cu'''''' in MR2 (lIP '0. ",,,,mum
=~£i1~~~.:.~~:,,:-E~~~J:.;:=:~
:=~~~:::'~':~;!.'~=',::;:~::.~=
~l t;:.~'t!!:~u::':~J;~~ r.:~~ .,,:::,::,,~,r::.
r..-CI1" "umou, (fOm1<...<tllnl L2.
Thc""'''''''''''''''PVI """,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,'OmAby.lten.,.
R6andTl.ndTl.dJu&0<d"'IJI,,,,uOlformoul pu,O,"''-
lilt ...... :!(I 10 JO~ll1l.
4.40
Table 4 .12 Table 4 .13
Meterln" details f o r the 13cm converter Performance of typical (:ryttal filters for
10 '7M H!I:
T P'fTPl OCl lt l A
TI'''....,.;.
,"
Bal an<:ed mixer for 23, 13 end 8 .5c:m
._r clad""
Asimpkmlc""lripli ... bn""hed.nn.lOdBh~bridbaIaDCtd T ...... n<i'ivi'y provided b,-thi. uni,"'ill be ••lI;.f.C'01Y
mber f~ope"l;onon D. I ) or I.km bon.1I may be made for ....... 1 .,u'poseo. who". lu" .. biy hi'" p in ><rial it
::;'••I~::~I'::.,iclec!,~";_~r boar<l. ..... .,Io)'td. lf _ 'e<lI<nlifivi'yi."""ded.• nrlpreampllfler
I1a .... houkl be UO«I.hoa<I 0(,11< n,iur
J'i.U4'l\owtllltdimeMiomo(llIecil"tUiI...·hidlslloo.ld
bellKaO.... Iyet<hedin,"" _ _ ... rf""'" RFpr . .",pll li. ,
F,. 4.U . - . . ,ho ......... 1 ................ ' 0( ,ho araril Fop ~.&6 Ind 4.111"" dellils 0( ... """"",",," 2Jc:m rf
'...,.u.a,..;'h""~coupkdi.f. "reamplifioor ....·hi<hh. . . _ .....Im.ruoin&BFR90"'91 ...... 1C<Io'Id""'~(' ...... n.. it
~~-:I'~~=~~;.'!i~~,r>d2d·:inoflJ'1'«»ima'ol1 '0 be prtforred). A pin oflbou,k1I1.'. 5d H _IKlor
"""'Id be mod.ly ob\.oine\J Wllh I J>I'1'Omplifierof .his .J'fIf.
,,,=" , ; ;;'1;1' .~""

~
. . . 00 _
_ , 1-'0 '"
C • e •
;' :e:::~,,="-"
4 .41
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
bi •• probkmu";th •. m...... ltto'I\I' ......ybou

advan ..... 'o .... ilcholl"'hoa.... hc-rc'hisilpoaiblc.
Tho"""" ..,W.",orylpp_hto,hoP<Oblemof..-p-
,ion 01 fm ......", ....... u .~I .. irIa '.m . . - . _ it, 01
""".... ,'oaddthelddi.ionalcilnli...... toenCIlydaiancd
.... ptor.Thio_yri'herbo.ddod'nlcmoll,or.~ ..""".,.
~ii:E:~:'h!i~~':':::'::-:dd::
'M' """"
,.ow........ i. oma'.", com''''' nica.ions ..... only
..... ,.,.., ... ba.ndr~ ..""ymod"b.tion(nbrm),"hichmau.
no:essarya .omowha, dilf<t<"t .pproo<h IUdi..,';",ino.or
:7.::~~;I<~;:~~~h('''!,~~ ::'~~"it;:~'::~;;:~i~
boDd ,,·idlh,.imil.r '0 , .... , "",,,,,,liy uK<lln 'he .......1
purpooe commun"","o... m;c;_... )onch"id,h of
7·'I<H .. Undaub1"",,,,, •• ""h.nyrormof~.,..'.'he_
..'ior....orylypeof.-.'-eo-io.,....pe<..Uy........,.for
ruooivi",nbl"mli_"
Si.....,oon,·ersion.u""'het<l"tlil)'ll<"""""'"UJ.~.vilNt
Frequency modulated signals l'fOIICI'OI100nnow'I>I'h'.hr,........".i.f.bIod:filtcndesivoed
to ~Ye ,he bonct..id'h,bond .... pe oha ........... ie.....,....,<1
Tho.-._ror.hcpropet_lOftoff~mod ..... "'"
...,..bi...",d\<:Iln,lywtl"n=,from'nord,nary...,pI""" ~~ :~...~, "~....!!:':....!,':.':;~~:~,;. ~~
modu""""li_In>Ca',< •. Tho~,If.~I ... "....nari"'i"
,be .... oIldllCrimina'orpn><edcd by"Dtor""""r""" ••
oti.... ioin'I><.l>!enotofopurlous ...,..... "·hicltin._ble
:!.:.mpl'tit.,......"i""eadof.be"'''''•••"dopo<l<modU- ..
~~n;;~~~ '~=!:;ir~:..~~~;:o=:.,~;..t;:
Fortuna •• !y.~,'hi.danllOll'f"<"V"""be •. m
r=,ve,fromboinlu""".o<kmodul.'.fm .. p.a. .... hicha"
., ~~~'~=:~c ~=:~.~~" of COr"",' ~00iCe of i",cr.
bo<loDtby ..... or.ropede'oction.I'obouklbe"'m.mbo"'d
'1to' . tlhouc.h....,.peiQnby'hi.me'hodi.quil•• If..,'i •• for
~..= ~iiI:.~~~...::~'~~.:lh~h;,:~"?"re'!I,=
• ilnobofJOOd oam.r"",,,,'h,it /JO"'YI """,promi... "" be<ortsidne<lbt:f""'bu'khn••• pe<ial.....,." ..r.<_Fi •
looa.oon.i<knble.moun,,,rthcboDtfit,ha. eo"bc
achieved"h<nlprope.bmit.,"'iscrimil>ltoril""""
~~.;~~e~.z:\.':f..!,rc:~ ~~r~::"~': rrprodtn. (Iood-
lt il'PfllO"""fromFI$4,U'ha,by....,...lopcdet«lion
'be""""_ ilnot,,,ncdtotbep<aJ;.SCnaJ;lndanadd,,_1
poobIem;'lho''''i'hou,a<kq\Iat•• imiti~'''''''iljusI ..
Tunableosclllaton
In lhe: circui, or (be .. nlle ...... '~""'n """"..,r II>< c<1".1
"",ill. 1o. <:an or rou .... he: "'pi ....... b~ I ,"""bk """illolor
TI><"""illa'",.mayboop<.. t"" a'I"'Mlr~".""y
(10_10-7 134·JMIl.) or. by u.lnl. 'wo 11 • .., . ...... np:·
menl. ,he """ililtlo. eon be ..1 upon' """,<,rrcq""ncy"",h
~U~i~~ thud or quan. . . "" (ollowed by • (~1I<n<)"
TUI\iltlo;;anbeAI~''''Ofily~lisIlNb)I.'.ri:.lbIe
ca.,.,...,ororvaricapdiode, llthellll. . . -t"heCOD'roI
=="':~~:!"''':::::'-.!n,,::'''''IK"l,)pe''''h '
0bvxNiIy. ,o""""~.deq",,, •• tabil,'yca'" """'kl bo
Iak.... 'o....,.".,'.11'he frcq»en<y ......... 'n' ... """"poo.....
• ',.juoc""'-'.....
.,..AIso, .. r""''''''"'''1dnfi. careful
=',!.::t'....n.... ith ....;I.bIe~""..'u"'c:odIiOt:n..
4,42
.--"-~
4 .43
V HFIUHF MANUAL
'''ii57:
~
4.44
...:=.:~=~rc,w!~::n.::ip: 4091'04.95 m""ra,e ,ho ::-~~ ~=~:. or a.oembltd ft...,. .. parate ayslalt or
VollqOllabiliLItioo .. oI""" .... ..........,..bu'for_
_lhi.""qbc.,......;dedbr ...... lliodc.Formobi..
1"...un ....nytommetcialn".........ilablcforbntb9.r>d
Jo-7M Hz,.r>drOltholatler"""pli... '~,,",,""""
_ I l .. ig~blybe ......... rr'o_'wo....,.,..diodo ~=.f;j""wi'hrilhor"""_«_uaon(...,
:::,~ohowa in I'i.4.9' 1Olai:.ca"'oI'ho ..... riab ..... ppIy
Wl>ilethoprio%oIlheruter ... illhovayhilJhcom~ t C
A'ypiatl'......-wilipro.MIe26d801 .......Y<rfionp;n lhochoaply.r>dreadily.""iLohle ........ bandoeramicfiJtefS
brt_~I;npu'.r>di.f.OUlpu"...",i ... b,1SSIUIliJII
idcndc.,inpul.ndOUlputimpod.o.n<a ~~~'::!~~m~::;':~~:,':e':,,'!~:";'::,!~:i'~
"1Iara«crillig.Thcpctiorma~oflhe<=i...,rin'.rmsol
Intermediate frequency "",,,,U5<lot:!i.i'yisdeletmincdbyt:ornctchoicocfLf.
M(JO• ...-dtn,.iIl bcfamiliar"'i,h ,hoeffects oImul,ip" ftl,eremplo)'Cll
=-==,~~.r~~:::.IoJ!:~'~ ~n!w;"d.t::'i"'hIe"""""O<",,",micfiJl"'oriIIbotI> .. ,
ll is.nad ......""o ..... ......,...blyhia/tfreqllMCY...a.
.,'orlo-7M II.ore.ctl~.......... bcrinI'ba' •• ' ' - lhoU. •"" ..idlh.ndba/Ml:l.hapo ..... alI.osimplifytho
f~, .... mplir.... .. lot:ti.i'y ... Ur<qtlin! ..... ~ .,..".,.....oItho,.""'.. Lf.amplifln'.ltll>ouldbcplacedin
priaIC6~ .... Thou.... Jchoir>owill <lcpmd upoa tho fiJter .bed=It •• early .. possiblc.P<d'enb!ybn.....at.berm-
4 .45
phaoedistonionlndll<""".udiomoduliliondislo>Mion
in.o.""rrowbondfm')'llom<>'.nlllou,hpeakdcvialion
... dthcfi .. tLf. • mplil\er,taee.butthi,maYDOt .l_ys'" illimilCdto ± lkHzrromlhe<:Cfllrcfrc<1ucncy.
zi;~f;~f,iil~::~
Commotciol ayot.1 mten ",... Ity ha"" low in".".nd
bo~=~=i:::~~·~.~':.~~!~'!":'~":.·niw~:
~~:-.;:.:*~"':'" ~~...
ItOI>CI<I\nedcutolffreql>CftC.... pprwimou ... "'.U-.-
~~ie.ftIt<:r. ~~. 4.98 in ... t.... l.. tbe dilT.......,.. 01
=
o."putimpedo_(.,.470fl.tl(lpl') . ndl'f<!uireto ... fod
and matched to low 00'''''' and Iood Impedaroc:a. An Notelhal all)'.mplitu""compont"nt inlroducod bylhe
Impeda"""""n,,""~r .bould ....",ploye\l ............ the.u ...... flit .. on. cal';" will be "Iiminaled by III< limili", iJ.
~!a~~T.f!+:;c;~:::£~~~:
1"",li!kriJttbe~vcr.
ompIoyf«lmIanoothe .... ndardw;.xbondtrn_ in

bondlltunon..Tbeoutputol'hcimpedo..... _ _ • I.F. ampli fiar and limiter
,hctI"""""",odkl,/lelnpu.ofthc ... rrowbondfilten 1~.lypiaolrm""";_.usi ... ""I_o<lra.nWoton.""ht"""
Amult~""""lfi" ... i''''''Dtialln ... fm''''''';"..r<ltsip ou.polampl11ka.ion.• befirtlh,ootap areopented
iDCOfllO<llti.... nintrp1ltedcir(UiILf.ampiifie-r.Thei.f. 1I~ly.ndthelinal_ ••• limilcr . mplifier.TheHmi""
m .....;Ihin the Ic .."dccouplod in",mally and therrlore ....u.... , .... lanyfm.I ..... lJwntainina . mplilude""'iations
no ..''''fil''''el.'''.nl.Clln ... addcdtolhcso ....... llI.al arcdipped,..,,,,,,intaini,,,lhefmc:orrierlevcl"<»mtant
......... lhal all ~';'y{bondw;dlh ..,quircmmlS mDJI be amplitude. TbereC.......... Umit.r provides. hi&It ......... 01
.. uoIiedl..r_llIci.l. ...,plifier .. m . ~ioal..rore.hefmd<lOClOl'~
Tbeac:tuaJ~nd ... idlhobauldbc.forprd~lIIrrow ThtlinNrLf.• mplifiMdwKlldll'fO'o'i<khiah .. iftk'>tIISll~
~~~",:~~·!".:.,....=::;t'k;'fz'7.:= .lwIll... limilet.mpliflcrbopetati...... bmitercvmwi.h
tbela ... ehaqo:IoI ...... IIe'l'Ol.Thelimi ............ mlyof
frequcncy{0Dmi>&t"edIll'itbIllc7jklbdeviatioclolbn>oodcao, Iftfm...,.i....-b ....... llYupttUOCI .. t ... si_I ..... lrcd .... ion
li&t>abon Sand Uj ... he .....I •..",i...l_'Y'OCII .... t heOU'pul .. lhe
deteclorl0rallby)dl!(ttnnoed _ J;fBllmlrilV_lti.i,y)
Whett""l ..... lreuotd •• ln f i••. 99 lhey.renormal
....i.... ,.or .... rpcut>Oll'lypeS(oucll .. Ef9L6DH6.<tC)
~~~:'i:!:: ~.:~e.:S!:~ ..
m. and oob.....,.;~
introduooenqlia:jblo.udlomod .... tioII_ionbel"""'.hc
".,.....iDawi'hl(lwl<:ftOmvoltqt"' ........ limlllna(Ovtf.
1oad'.p."Tht ....... ypesol ... lveoperated.I_I_
"iOI_caa~ ...... ;"lheli.... ri.r.• """i/k< .......
da<aor,Glreollouklbc"'kenia<boosiaf.&Iter ..'to.ioII ..... O laiLlllIIlIificnllcsi&no:dtoUltdiuctclrt1mi11on{F"
"'.mdua:nqIifjble ..... iomodula.iondiotonioniq.n&rTOW 4.100),O\andanl npn or IlRP Moil""" l~pes .... ~1Md
band fm r=ivi ... l)'1 ..... ,.;lhoutunil,u.... I;..'ion( ....... .... lim<!)formo .. mum ...bility
SSBfilteninputieularl'OSll<Q(dependln,OfIlhenum"', .ndlimiledpln.SuI"'bIe.ypafO<lhi.lpplk:alionarc:
ofpoltsl...... ridolllrcetanlUlarcha_ril.ic:,.ha.....
.... bltantiallyflal PI_band ..itb,hatplyd<flnodcut(llf .p!llypcsBfl'U/ 19S(Mullard)DFm/;WS(MotoroIa)
~.nd .. Ptdcutolfinlhe .... n ... 'ionboond,
_.ypeDf'j(I,'411(ITI/Si<mens)
~kI_;nlherequin:dltlec:ti.;,y~ 1~tbiodesi ... O\andanllo-1/o'1 "~ Lf.I"""'_~
Hooo.-a-.lbio.n>eol.bano<l......, .... inirod""' ......... ........... and .. will~_f.-.F.. 4.JOOtbobue.nd
4,46
O>IIot\or<llCldlcnnsistor f«<linco.low_roo.""_ ,"" ..."o;. ....... ,..fini'e.l.hou&/I .... beuer'''''<Iaip<Jf
lrnpoda ...... lbeirnpeclan«$ .... loweomp.l~coc""cn ...
.morlftpuc.ndoucputi~.cU)07M H "Thif
..... ~ciolllOlc ... ;c.I>Jefor.vetyhiahlUlbi~cyU. ;:I~=~:I:'::m~:U:~~::"Ct21:
l.np!ifler...;ch.n.wenlli.f .... ino!.bouc 66d D J.d1l.Oopturcetrect;'avetyimportln'tiI>«1lObeto<t<
o.IdemJforfmmabile""". . ,""'.partlculatiyonlm"hm:
~~~~=;,."!r~I:::':r~~~J.:~~=~.
"'"Cfalllim;'i ......... iCi.icynlu.C ... <>I"lhllhor<ler('ypOoally
Capture affect and e aptura ratio
Cap!u .. ..rr(lC1~ro ... lM:nh""carricthqucncyo.llJU. ..
.... hofvaryl~II'I ... I.c .. nlllh.clhe~ri.loockelorlnr'n
ripplef"", ,oa. i<:a'C 2"kll,<lI I.f. atn,.. rr<qucncy. A
I.. Vfor )J 11)an<l'heLf."""bandohal"l<:lerillicsnlu.cbe
+
poor.lllpc:inc ... i.r.pa"bondcf .."",«:ri.lio:(.uch •• i•
fIIOt/\Ierlft~nnd_'h.~'i,,'''''wocarricrfroqucncicf;
~~~~~~i~~~~'!i~~:~~;:::~:
:-'=~~~~'!~d~~~~e::~:~=~~ :~ .
' ......... I II ..... 'h<Jf.,;'~""rrier;. ..I}'m. . boYolnd
In • ...,.;'''''<lcsilf\'OClfor.llmodaoropccchlSshovoTl;o
F,,4.89(<)ino<ial tomll'n' .... y beptOYidcd by ..... lcfti'"
~":.:~he"""~Ia~:~,:.r:ndde:'':c:!~
oIflhe~forl'CCel'liMoffnl.Thit.loae-her"'lh,,,,,,,,"e
11""Ief.hcId<lllhe<li...... ""nacor...,IJIa'ldY8ChioYoC'"
NooeCIll't""' ......... 'tm ..ill _ _ lly ... oo-oi'cd. ..J..,.".... <Jffr<edomfromi ....... be_....
c.~ _I<> 111111' rocio lIeN...... I'" relili,.., IImtC1h1 If._.for'ht...,.,..""'<lI •.m./Mbllkdai ........
!,:I:e'~=~=~I~ . ""<H":r'::.:=
.
clc:aUy.forilCro<*peu ... etre"Clchm:sI>ouId ... zero<*pellnl
0JIen'"
,notaliin Lf.n<>isebbnlerwhich n«mIlI1 in
... "'IIeI"';'hl~ori.f.lmplir"'lJOII.in lhil .... '''''fil'''''
m... ,be..-"Cdfromlhe"''''.'outpuCIOCht'''''pul<ll,''''
... 'io.bullhil..-ouJd,ndica"'UI.m.rcjo<ti<H>ca""bi~'Y'1 0." i.r.amplifler. N";"'QlUIIa,1urt m"" becatricd ""I
''''~miLe<and I"rndetcctorapproAo:hi.. inllnily. 10 prada ... fOft,hesipol passcs.h"""lh , ... odeoti«eOllcr.
4.47
VHFt UHF MANUAL
~'olheF",~d*"lI'Ii ... tortbon.io

Detectors. demodulators and dctu:tor'1fII'IIasinhe..mIlYlhiahc'rlmpli'udcre,icctiotl
discriminators
Tho .....""by .. hiehrm ...... Is."'""'.~Ninlo.ucIio .... :I'I-=::.=::.~=::-~on~,::
li&nifk:ln'l)ld,lfefen,r"",,'hooeuoedrorlmpli, _mod ... tt><tlfiedi.f.volta... lnlOl_Pln,IO,hat,hen,iocltbc
1I'<do.i"",II. T'Iterc . ",.numbo-rofd.osic')"(>OS.bu"ooomc
:":,:,,:...~~'<kpcnd""'hein, .........'i,,,erreq_ :':r:ied
tt><tiflcdvol...... isproponional'o'heralioof'heU.
10 ,he dc1""''''''rrom ..... dilcrimi .... or
Providi ... 'he.01mof'herectlf\odil .... ldCXlR<tanlby •
.... I•• blc """bod,and Iflllcirra'iomllllinIC>JI1!tanl,.1><t)
Th e FOlter-See ley discriminator ,helr>dlvid""ln:ctifled..,l1ll'1$"'ill .ko",main co"""'n'
·1'hi,il.orn•• imco""UN pha", diIT.",,,,,,, ,ypo boc.u",i' S""nllndlorlonl.e......... ri.'lon.ln ,heamrliludcor,he
<kpcndlro,' .. opora.ionon,hephaKdilf...."""o(9O" inpu,.;,nal will I.... mo'" ha .... """iJible.tTeet on 'ht
.... "ftn.he."'" ,urw:d ~i"",i" or . heeouphnl.ranl'"""",,' =tiliedou.pu'~I.Th;, .... "'.oI'.... i.n<><TI'IlIllyhtkl
(~'I~. I 02). The voll .... .cross ..... primary is il1joc.ed illlO
"""""-n'byacapac;'oro(oev<raII'F........ ..-,h.o
I ...... II .... tapof .... _ry.Tho.ol .. pdc .... lopodlCl'OU
GclodiodcioadI'C$i<Ioris(or.IIouklbe)"'Iual ..... of ~=.n}=~I"':i'::'=:''!7:;::~=
oppoliwpoia, i'y r.... an unmodU..,.... catrier. w"",,.he (0-20) iI """,Irod. The """".......... 'hil aopoci'or ...;U
vary'"""""""'ionlOlhe ....... lIipIoJamptiludcaOil
:::.-=.:~=:~~~:~~=:. _,,",adjul.'iudr.~'icanylO",,""';m01mopotalioa
..,.....
$OlbI' &IIou,PIIlproponioOll,olber~dc-'iI,ioaii
TIlii 11fII' till "".,. .,odli.arily wbm ~ by ~

IcYd. Pt-ovidi ... 'ha"he inpul ......1 '0 ,he cltl«tor ......
_rallbdowouch.lcvd_D<dbydctcrio>no~
diodccbarao::tcri!.lic.' """1nda..-..icIt ...... oIinput
7£~\::~~=~::r~~~~-:
QUI'e~mil ..(J).btni .. ""-''''.of ..... ' jvdyPOO<temi''... ,y.
lheyGcloca'TY'he ...... cu~nl

R81iodetector Thorea.illedvoltl... D<ld.oprodllOO,heooru .. n,.um
Tho raliode\"",OI" i. probobly' .... moo'tornrtlOf1 Iypo""", .ollal<' E.+1l.. Tho .. ',0 detec'Ol II ...... ili"" ""Iy 10
in rm.-i ....... I, 1.IK,(limi"nldcvioob.. ,.hOUklpre(cr•
• blybe~by a limi''''$.... p 'oobl. lnba'rcsu1t''
Tholi_ri'yi,$(I ....... ha'poo .. r'hanlhe F"" ..·Seeley
\lII. IU!CIUi'i"i,yisappm;iabIYIlU ... (Flp4.IOJ'o 1M).
~
"."
"
1~_u
- ~
4.48
:~,:,~~ ~"'~:io~i:n~t;~ ~~~".:~'::.~~i::~,;!<;~:
q""ncy'Il<"'i. ",rode'iation,TIl<"'forc'hcph~.n ,"
~:~'~r:.~i!~'i:~:.h:~ :"~'~i:':,;;..~n~
::1~~n~,:,,,~;'!~U~!~~~ia~i~~'~'~.·:I~~,:~.d!~
l""d~.~conr>ectedinre>'C""pol'"iIYlhe",,..illbt .
J]J:J
J:k
Odalos,in oudiornoo'o'eO')'.$Owll<n E, I;'ch. "...,.by o
p""n amounl.lhe audio ""'0'<0')' "'ill bt E, Eo. When
Ih<rcc,ifitdvol, • .., is nahili:<eo,lhy'h<"".-ilo, •• in Fi,
4,IOl.lh<ouIP'lI<ha"'ctcri~licc""n..,..l'or.mallde'ia'io ...
f,omconl",rf'Cquencywh<,cE, + Eoi' <oru;'anl.,hedn:ui ,
"iU ...."'Ih<,..mcou'"..' ua con .... n';olUlldi..".;mi ... ,o,
("i,hof'l¢ do""" ""."""). Wi,h Ia ...., de>'i. ,i.,..,. E, + E,
f., ... ndlhecon".n'''.bllindvol' • .., .. illimpro,.,inea,i,y
:':!:.~~o:;.;~7:...., ,he nI. . imum de';'liOfl for 0 li""n
A practical ... ,iodelect"..i. ;lIu",,,,cd in FiS4.1(J6. The
::~;Io;",":n~';':rf=~ ::~i~.:l~m:::,;;",:,hefm"'~
oeiver 'ype. ='~d 0fI 1(l-7M l ll. which will elimin ... any
,,,,nsformerOOi./lnprobl<ms_lfavat,,,,lim;leri,,,,,,,,he
primary d)'lI.tmie f!S;"311Ot: "'ill r>tedeinl-
pcda_.Thcd~.houldbc..,rmonium . III "" <on.
''''''''ioRlypcs(007}sucha.AAI190, ,he loldt>or>ded
AAl4l---malchcd pai ...... . obcprcf.'rcd, R""lorsRI.nd
R2 ...... indy""micbala""".ndmaximiz••. rn.~ion
. , .. nlre r""lt><n<:)'. Cal"Oci.o ... Cl and C2 bypar,s if.
""'"nl"i.CJ'ocha,,.;,in ,hebalanctd ph ... blidae oflhc
"'~io deI""IO'. RJ lim," .0101 diode cu,,,,nl. impro,inll
brid8<b.olance.ndfu rlherimpro,in, •. n"rcjoctiondu,rac-
«no''''. R4 1nd 01 fo,ma low pa.. filt.r '0 limil Ihchiah
.lI<iiof.... uency I1::SPOMC.
The input impedance of lhe folio"';'" .udio amplif.. ,
• ..,."dbthiJjl.notlt$$lhan:l()tll.tol""""nlunJ .... ".nu .
.,ionof 'hernoo .... rcda"dio.A'uninlm<'cr ..... nbcd,i,.. n
1»" .... 00""'0' ••• 00"'0. ;l.lill'1m.nlofthcraliodel«'o.-
i<loimple •• llho ... hba'''''lTiedou,.,alowc.rricr ......1
The ,uni ... mel., i'selfprovides indalion of ",.. imum
ou'pu'" .. nl .. rrequcncy •• ndp,imaO')'resonance" achie,.. d
byadj .... i ... ind"",.nce Lp.Acetll ...."'mct.,i' .....,.....O')'
4 .49
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
~
'-" , ., ~-,-"
, b" _
1_,. '''~_,_,
~
... ' '. ..~'.:.-
:: t
.; *c. 1000
.... oo,~ ..."""~. ~.... - ( .... )

fleU U . _ _ _ - . _ _ . . - ...........,
4.50
poni"".1 '0 frc<t ... t>CY •• nd ....... ri. lio", in frcq .... ""Y pro-
dLlOt._poooin.vol ....... ria1i"".aootR
..... OO"'·n.' ... "ircuili...1up for abou,!HXII; H. _ l0V.
k 2OmY{k Il ..... .J_ 2·~k ll ·. ok.",ion produces ± 50mV
puk. This i•• mplil\rd .bou, SO Ii....,. by T R5.oo TR6 10
""'.n"" lpu' . ui .. bkforf,."linlinlolhe="·.. r.f .....,.
T"'d~uilcanbeu .. dat.nyi.f.Uplo$OOl: II ' ''';I''''ul
.<lj""",.",. bUI for • much lovocr 1.(. (01: l00UIz). C an
wi.h.d .... n..... beraiscd '0 i""_.. I....fouI",, •. Con-
~r$Cly. ire i$ mluml rur a hiahCr i,r, lhen '''" .f OUtpUt "'ill
fall.ond.mi.crron.cninlloak>".. ,i.f.m.oybeprtfcrable
::,:~'~~:!E:~::':'i:'U:':~R4 _ 12Y~·lV
.00 f lhei .... n........ o.;.r.'''''' .....<')'
Lockad oscillator limitar discriminator H.na: . f':.~~~~ia~n~fll:l~~'O<e$ . peat-Io-
Thisly"""'''.njoycd'«>Mi<k:r~bIt",,pul.rilya ••• imrk
.... all l~qu.nl;l ics.o-e"il ... rca' i1yrnea.u'«lCKcanbe
=:'!b~::~\:'!i~:.I":1 ';::'~~~:~~ O;::.b~~ord:~~ okfincd •• ilhaocu",1<<OtrIponcnl ••• na"peakmillivol,mCI"r
can"'used,ornea,urelhedevi.,iOfl . ,TR4autpu,
, d""nl"", or rc<tuirin, a .peeio ' ""I ••. lhe 6DT6 ... Or
z~~~:~~i;~~~~,0~~(~;~,~
~
.'f"'--
is'untdlo . .... dyun"'<l'<lu!at«l,i, ...1
- " " ' 'I:

Pul. a count di sc riminator
"'n.d""n,qeorlhi"yp<ofdi"",imina,ori.,ha''''''pe<:i.1
I " '. "'
""iI,o"ra ...fo,me,..a~n«<kd
tai~ ~~~ 'ii.","ft~r·~~~:::d4i':'L'~~ ~~~r~~~he~::. ~::. ...:.., .....~ .,.,-.
::~it:.~i!~~n!.',~~~':::oi·.~:cf~~t:~:~~:
, , .,~ ..,,••
,;vinl.oquart .... ,-eofne.trly IIVamplillklt. which pro- " _ ~"" _ • •O¢> .0<>.
~~R~.~~=~~u::i:r~~~~,tt,!~f0~i~·~4i~:odil::.r;~:!~ ' 'M'''' .........
4 ,51
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
In practice i' may be coo".."itn, ,,,

find ,he de ""'PIll
".
m
R
ocro<$ ",·hen. ~.,..,.I """,,.,lIed bf" i, fed in and derive ~~
~:~!~,~:~~.~~!~~~~!;~~~~~ '~' ; ~ ~
&'"."",
::~~:~~~E":k~t-:t:'i:":::;';;k~7~~~
::..... 501' : TAM70 J .
~.
;~~:.., TRS and TR6. as ",d '" .mplifyi",. ,he oi,I\O'
1K) ,
af
l...,sc""casanaflimi'... li"""a l'I><>u.~ tbediscrimina,,,r
"",pu';."nly'iO",V_k"f."di".noiscvol... ~.,.n
prnd"""<>u,pull,,f9·SVwhcna.i,nalionear,hci.r. :
J:1":+~i:'!~;,.~I~io~'!i~;:::~ ~ ;:~kf;;=
0.' 0., IOpF >00\
0.' ~
Thtprincipk<>f'hc"""'vcr.dap'or(Fi.4.I:!o);"ha'
I 4S'kH.signal from' .... r«<iver·.fus'i.r.......
"rmi ... ris
Impliikd by TR4 and delivered ,,, ,he limi'erTR'. FOf
limplici'y and broad bll.nd_,h boIh these .... ~.~ R-C
"""pIed.Tht R -CvaI1lCS.",<h<>scnf(>rltla,,~".DCY
.... ~scin'he ... ilhbourho<>d<>f4'iS"H.ond . roll ... lfin
pin.OOvt:.ndbe"""'h;'f~ ... noy.Thtfm"""lfrom
TlUi.demndulaled by''''' diodes 0, .nd 02.Thtpol1lkl
,unedcirwi'. CJ- i..S.""djuued,olWlnlltcatlfL'"CqllC/'lC)'
oIidtllya""ve4SSk Il LA,,,,,,,,,,",,,,,,.CJ-.LSi.esscn'i.Uy
~,~;~i:,::.'t:,~::!' ~~f~'i~':;r..,~
ructive .• nd.'oome freq ... noy ... in ... scrics.....,...,,'
wi,h
04.A'.uch.'_.Ia... i.f.""'.... will ... devclope<l
.e..... 04 and,..iIl be rtCtiflod by 02. Tht rtCtiikd iJ.
",,'tqefromOI i.devcklpc<llCfOSSR2and,N.,fromOl
KfOSI Rl,T"beoetwo ""I ....... ...,oqual.nd oppooi ... ond
4.52
V HF/ UH F MANUAL
;:"~~:~4~~~.'::"...;!:'~:,,~~
.1IoYc.Hltt~lho r<e!ifi<d lianal from Ol pmIoono ... !eO.
"""" ....... IM:dc-""'pu!.n..~llil.f.,..;lio,!khopod
....... miftitorcun'C. f ... JOOCI lincari!)'. lho .. ilcrimi ... IOf
=,r:::::~~~:::~,=r",=~..!.l!:
b)' RI. n.. vol ... of RI bu <iani"',,1 inn ..."", on I""
Iin••"i' yof'ho"illCrimi ... '<>rreo_ ... ~.An&<ij"'l&blo
<le<mplwll d"",jt""""'l1 of R4. C5. C6 11><1 S2. TI>< f.1
dilr..."liol.mpliflerfeeds.mkro&m.... l.... luni ... il><lia"" •.
n...flmplillc.it I li"leun""ual,boi".'.mp.",u"o;om.
"".... lOd by RTI-.nd Iho2N498 .. ill protably III practioo
...... lIybo'.pLooodb)'."ysilkon"pn'ransi .. orof""' ..
't\lnjWdiM.iPlO'iom.An ... m..........,'ili""'Iu<IecI•• ndll.
-...ylolr<qllhopinbolowlbcli"";li... lovclwho"
lWri·inla.m.
NBFM d iKr lm inator for 455kHz

I.. ,"" ..... 'F.. 4. n l )tbe~mi ... iofellr""'lbc .. me
~:::~"'if~"":'~~~~===
...." .........'wnh.oml.. llpped........s..,.
f ..Ie1.s.....,.
wind ...... A ..... 11 • .".,.,,,' of ~ ... pplied ( loon
4.64
ud~lpF).I(~ ......,astaodanlr...,Y",of
.....
m'~ ...I _ _ _ ptIoCtiDo 'o~
(I~~~~~::.m-:.:~.:..,. i" ,ho

:"~.~~}~~~'::':!iol=:,,~:p'::' tv ~~
::J..beu.pa:tcd.ThoI'ml.... perf""""nctio,;~;ftlho
Tho noi.. limiter is;n no_yan.....,n ... 1 pal1 of ,,,,, fm
~,::nI::~\i,"t.:,~\!"<l~~~,~~=..~d=
anbio....Jln'oron<lLJ<1""'br ' ho_.I",voll .... de'ivtd
fo"""ht •. m.<kI"",o,.lrpo;n'A_", ... nhed.'ho~iodct
.·ould be cu,.ofI" un,iI ,ho nop.l""bia • .."..,hed.bou, o<}V
aDll_Idtevcf'elyclip • .-=h.Thiorondi'ioomi.h,bc
occq>Iabl<foru.'mndy",,",ysl'''''iono.bu,uD\l<,_1
~E~::"~E:=::r.~:~~=
Squelch circu its

AI,hou&i> ,ho lIQurio:h timon is one of ,ho simpler cimoi ...
ili.prn!MlbIy'ho""" ...... hio .... "clcarlyun.clrntoodb)' . hc
:.':':..~:~:~, '.:,~ onen ",ferred 10 by ouch nI ...... a.
1Ia..... llyi'i.limply.tlcviccfor.,.,i' chi"."" " ""audio

"qelwbtti fll)sI"",1 I. bclnllr=I....J.and .... i.chjn'on
whtn.volla ...... de .... opedin'horec<iverby.nincomi".
~~"".,...o( ....... communic:a. ionorec<i'""" .. t.e..'t.e..

.. an ..... li .......il.bI<. lhiscan beuscd for Opera.in ••
-,<bcomoll.bu,lnonfmrec<iver'ho i.f.amplitleto ...
......11y ........ ""'..-;.boul • ..,.Ccrtainly. one or 'wo .......
~~~~:..;"?~~,]~:.:~~~
.. ~rr.::~:~:;=~:~~.!I!,I~h:,'t..""bIo~~
..... 'dI.ToOMtft . "".tltIsrapondsonlylOnon..........11y
ollu.... fmJumcyl~nlhe\'Oioesi&nals.jlSinpul;.l&ken
'bIouah.Ili ... _6Itc,poou.i .... boY<lk liz.
Simple.quelchcltcl.lit
Thiscin:ui ••• _lIin~,. ... I U.~lwodiodnat>d""1l'
fC'wcornponenlJ.ThellOOt"";OIOfi,,_wl,h •• i1ioon
diookDlr""""t. ...... l,.,..,. .ype...,con.roIledllQ ... lch
...........-. ""I. _ _ diode (D2) pi", , ... "~'Of
Cl....-nooioolwak.hroup ..,hcn .............
bydf«:tiwdy ........ ,t. ....... ou,pu, lOarout>d
rc_, Semiconductorsque lchcircuiu
Theft ..... sItoowni" I-. . ~. I 18is' .... I ...... i"'t.I'ycQm.
Thodiodo010h0uldbeol\oW_~_oudI .... brioII'"fm'nmmi.lCt_
diod<=
.............. t ... ~dIi ... -n...udlo...ndU....!1'4>IiDerTR.. OOIMIUO:UOftIy_ ...
Inlhe._oI."inc:o............ I. •hroquokh"""'roI .U<liosl_lisapplied,othelQurio:h .."ilf""",.t.dioerimi.
iladjutI ...... . ... 'D I iobiaSllod" ..... /ybq_CUC ....; "'1Or. The .mplified ."'"" ......1 is ,,- o;oupicod 10.be
.............. I.m_'ho • .., red"""ao ...... , ' .......... VI. _ a . f........ via't.volutMconltol.t>do;oupli...
......... 't._voII.qc.oincrcne • ..,'... I DI _ ...... . ..PKilor.ln'ho.bocncxot ....""I......"noioeOftlyio
.notk_pooI.l... ' ..."i.. "'lho<Ie.n<lrond....... .pplied.o't."".... lch uni'fromlt.diw:r;minl'(W.,t.
4.55
V H F/ U H F MAN UAL
oq_ .......bi....rnplifiefis biutdbcyond_-oIrby ,ho

biMYOI .........,Iioo<!'oi.. emi"cr.Thebiao.pplioo<!'o'ho
nnltln_,hoou,pu,ftom,hodiocrim,na,orisnoisc
onbr.iooblalncdfrom''''~i ......"" .. ohown'' ' ' '
The_dio)dc.l.Obili"""ho."pplyvol.... to ' ... coonple,~
oq ...... hd""'i'''''''''''''_' .. ' ... oq .. leh ..... iuvi'y ror
=~:'~';.,::':'i~ bi~~te!: ~I"I of oq""lch t'"
ThedlalitotFi".t27m... ''''l<S''''.$Cor. t)a,l in llon
.mp~fit,"'t.i<h,,,,henbl""_b,."i,hooi .. Ic .... I'''nal
... 11 _ . 0 1 .... r'''''' ......loyooil. ... ' """", ......",,1
otrufficion' ........ hisreaived,' ... _c:om_n' ... 11
be dec.-d 110 ,boa. ,... amplillcr is able '0 ......,u. ,he
. . .,. The tlmo toMWIl of , ... oqurio;h ."*;I<h;'" CO" be
... . .121... _ _ : : : : : . - . . . . . . - _ _ _
:"~to'hoftq"_"I",by'loeri""beCOPKitanA
4.66
144M Hz sing le convers io n
receiver using integrated
circuits
Tbnreo:i_(t.. . . I29)ux:s .siDlle rfila tt.i •• hil:blbc
iop"'Md ""'put o.re lapped d""l1 t"" rapo<tivecin:ui..,
=raJ":~"t" :::'::'::-~d~':~tt~bout
",. .... llltorulhownisayowtontroliodforlh<d
f'""lIlCnC){.)wi'h~bin,,,,, ..,,..,n.J'to7l·UMH.
oriI/IitlOU,p..udrcui"untld,,,,wioelheayotltlfrooq... n()'
=~~=':.:'~":'I<e:~~kt;,~r:U:
..forfullco .... ",pofthebllnd.Al1ernali"'lyforlimi led lun' ..
IInpol'XO","YbcUocd
Tho OUtput from ,he mi ....... taken II 100 7M II~int""
tuitltbloorystllfilt ••. Mat"hinaintoonoJOUI <>f,hefilt •• I.
importlnl.r>d it ..... ybc """"""'I}" t<>add ,uilablo inpul
and ""'put .. paciton .ndlo< r~on dependin, on .hot
PO~~=:::'=<>f.CU<V<k~CAJOlSIIo
........ todein:uiltonllCl<\e'diD.<>I_i~tqrated"....i.
CIIolOl9€ .. hidliI"""" ... limit .... tle«ltlor.oqudo:hdrcuil.
Tho_put • • m,plifttdby.oinpot .. tt<6Ior.""io_
ampIi&o< ..... r""""oedby. t .. nsf.............mpliAcr
-'.
_hflt'O"ld IW outputinlo.n'.oIJOIou<l-
Cono, ..... "'" may tlth Iny """ ..... ient fonn l)I"OYldi ...
IIIatthe .C •• nd IC,hI~leods .. ....,... .. poulblo;It.
f;~t~:':'~ we oock.11 for lhese b<t:a .... i"'tability is
Altarnatlve l.f.amplifiar.
T_ .Ilerlllll,.. intqratcd circuil i.f. (1007MH.) Implii'len
... ohownin F"..... llO.ndHll
In , ... IIrst...nion 'w<> inl .... todcirnti .. an.-l.ner
lboayltal filler. tho ru... I. I sl .. ishl.mpli5er(CAlOUllo).
I........_cout>kd 10 , ... >CCOnd unil (CAJOI.) ...1Ikh
r"""'ions . . .~lffiorl'im~ ...fcrystaJdiKrimti""lor
n. __ io_lIatoimtilar.aoeptthl,.UtbcU.
• ...,tibtionio ..rriodoulbyOfll<iDtepa.edci .... it
(CAJOI9t:). In ,h .. ,hot '''nctions 01 Implitler/limi ....'
<h;riminator(...,..,,, ... )Mdsqudcho.reperfonned.IIon
.""ioICiI ..... iledwi.hthisu"itandthis.uclio.mpIifIer
c:ould.I'..,..'I .... i)'bc.-l ..i!h'hoOlherLr.• mplil'icr.
4.57
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
1(:1,....2 W 1C2,.... . I.1I A 2m portable receiver

Th .. ......n..r_~'o(mlllor'hobcolNld_
~:;-. r~ mod<m c:ircuitF)', NId Jft ...""bIt '" JOin, on ,ho.ir ..
qui<:t:1y .. poa.ibIe.A""""ftI.ioftolcon""et,'ulllblti.r.-
flMd i.f.o.rn..,........' iouoed,.nd. _ _ ·ldeoip
.d<>pocdf.... '''''IUcdi.f.
... biod::fillC</broadboon<lU. climi"",.. ,ho...,.dfOfU.
• li.nmen'whi<:hoouklbeoc"..loneddurin.poruoblt .....
• nd. I(HMH<crystJl ft h~."..,..;deo ,,," ....... i.i,y. In
:;;:c::O: item;' likely '0 be , ho rno<' .~ptBI.i"" port of
TheU"ill.~oJeIo;fiboc<.ltcponl'.11;thc""'y'bcy.~in' ....
mnnoc' edio.r.o..ninF".... I12
Converter
Thecon...net ....... IirMP'\' ... idek>wnoioc .... plificotion
cl''''' ... INId.hcrI . ......LI1e.ny ..... , ... '''"
I46MH .... nd_'o'heoq ....... Im'froq.......,.in'hoi.r.
'''''to
4 .68
oOQ.~ MH. ery,.tolro.c:
B}~~ ~.~
_ ( l l-5 ' o24·)M 'lEi .. 'hc:prooOtypO)." ....... do.hit """'roIit_idcdl>y . .. riobllO_~'orin.hc:ft .. '
lI'itlothc:milti ..... m."-'n.of""";O"' ..... ' ........ 'ion f... Tl>it .. pnMded ... ,'h ..mo llblood cu,.,.......io Rl so . ....
a..::..;' Fi. U )J . ... f., .... yboo full ycu'-o/I'
Acascodefet.f .,.... (su ..... 'cdI>yGJFP' )isuocd. Full ~m i_ ulili_ .d"" 'p..e mo&fet . T ... si ....,i.
.. pplyvol ...... ~'ion<>f ...<h''''...i.. or.I)d ..... , .. li<in. ooul>lcd to ..'.'from .... pon'lIeoutpu. coI ' of 'hc: cattOd< .
(ol.noo-<:ri.ic:al ..,;",y'of'hc:first ........... <>p<imumpin .1)d.heloca,-o'Ia.oriorouplod 'o p •• 2viaCU. A, i.f.
and~pcrlonnanoef...... thit ...... V.riabllOp'n C26..,..... _ p l t r .•n... u..8OOdp()Uttdi ... ofpre
4 .59
VHF/UHF MANUAL
2tol.[............... ~ .. incircui" ...... IIer ..·i'h' ... lnpu."'rt:W.

of~~~'":{:m.:...t;"onnd::-.:~~zpa!.,011< ~~f,:::~f~e~lon:l ci"",i. III '0..tDc:~ ,he ....der
jo",f.rrt>JfMi'uUhe,de\lils.llofU£laaaofl.f.• mpli/k:a.
=:-·i~~~h:~d l:~~• .:t..r.~ ,:~..~!~:,~: ,jonl""""'.'owhich",~"",,,i"PI>lied.A''''''''o,
<Ieto:1or.qcl ... plillor lr>dsquekh.",ino»rflOnlted.No
reon.or R1 6"",y be ........ '0 •• ..,. ,he injoclion ..... l ifdQircd. fadli'yilrmdefM.bertaptionolCWIIIl\lIa.CiTtui\
A ouond .uned","",i, •• Ill ·' i'o'I"~is.....J todean "",he ~.. 4.ll'
ooc:illa.or iotjoction w• ...rorm. Ga .. 2ot.he ""- Kfed ...... iftpul Impedr.nao of ,I>< ampIifioor II ICl-1MH...
rfOM .... p"",hio~'_eircuil. in~.obonon"""'i ...... nd;'''IUIII'SIfd.halfor
........ olliltcr impedr....., up to ll,nl ...... nIIistor R21
Tun.blai.f . oq ... l '0 ,I><dil!"""""" In resl .. IDCebd ....... ,I>< fil, .. and
...... funtlionot .... tu ...b .. ..,.is.o .. Iect •• i.... lin'hei.f. nOnK~.Any ...... i.... I"'''''pacitance .... uirod''''nbe
....... Dd"""~r1 i'do,,·n'o' ... r..edi.(.A •• I.... ' ...... I. provided byCT.l'orhiiJher ... l.... off,I' .. ,impcda"""i.i •
.", hisl>e"h.n In , ... """ ..."., no ,r"... K net<$OO.,.. To ~~fId..!t"I><malChi ... Cin:ui.<ksctibe<llnAppmdixl
1.,gjd'heph,rPc:oIJinof.'h......pn. . .pacitor •• ndi"
'ions..
....,...;"tc:I.I........... ' """,plica bo.ndpa .. pai,ot To malch to 'ho ..... iolmpiifierin uM:(. I'CS) RMisia
.unodcircui .... .....J."" ..... y' .... loc::al'*iII•• M.woed.T1wt; ... ie$ .... ith'l:Ieoolumcoonvollf.bia/linpu.i.pco.Imf;:c
ha.' .... diYdva-..' ... ' ......... II\IIs.ny..here ... '". atnpIifitr ...."ilablo.ooni. RM_m.b R66501t.fl.
btond .. n""uM:croos.rnodula'ion,""' ..... y'~i"""""'"'eIy An experimental ....... ~mi'" cilQJil is IIIdudcd in
atijaceo. to'he(la;t"<Id ...... I.Howcvct•• hioisotr... by.he fi.4.14l
roct'ho"he~ionorf .......,;.r."''''''_'Ji .... l...,... AGe .nd squelch "'" provided on ,his U .•mplifier
mo<iulo'ion ...""ldbew....... by l r..'MIWroxi .... '.ly Somoo""""ructOl"1wm.ncott"...... Ia,<Ili ..... conditioa
(, ...."'."'.....,..,..lOOhi.h.ndb"..omt' ... 'ta .....,onj
eq .... l.o'hepinofche,r .....
A d...l.p,. ml_ is apin u~ lei ...... i' V,.
4.1)4) .... hich R70 .""'-'1d pre ... n"h" bu. Idj ... 'men' ot .... lue may be
~=.;.~':~I~rdf=i:,:,~~~~Il::i~
isre.lrrom.-._rol\o"Nercon_Ifldlo''''oeo:ondaryot
, ... btond_pooirto ...... "'lowd';."impodaDCeI'"11
froqu<ftCia. (;1'" 1 is red"';'~ Ioo:tol Ofcilla,ion from .... p \urnodotfperm&JtoCnlty(iolOlkltrttoftl)''''Ukslanob).
..... heloo:toloacllla.Of'unedeircui•.• poin .....hiotllioo bu'c~ .... I:IeIaiolor\o.,"ll<n";IIC\II"C''''''''''''
pt"OWt«>n-u....for iudc:mum. ".,. .... in"'rcui, ..... squelch ionoioe"""'_led..... ho. to q_ffOM!l).
""'. ""PKi'i...1y l.ppt<I 'unedci ...... i. '0''"
inpu. 01
the
~::':"i::'': .t~-:...~=.''!Jcrom~w;,i~ldl:
fiItn.l'ormu ....... i'fettinAPI"'ooi. 1 'o .... bIo' ....... lua
~1~~.::1a::::~:~9~:=::·=
.bot.t'av onOO4i .... I(on. lotO/VmuHime1.' ).
Inter.tag.c:oupling.
An oacllla,or....,.oimila"otbio,.....Jin . ...... bk i.r.""'"
_fOUDclto p ..... ioIoct""rauJ .. ror oob
Si&naJ Pl''''' bot........
t ....... cimoi ......
ho uni .. rdy""a.paciti.-ety\.lW<d
_""Icu1a'inttllca.~"'tobo
,hol ...
4 .60
=.:;:""PKI •• n.oeorCOOncdi na C1lblcsm ..... bellhl'llft!O (i) ~~~.:;i~.. :~ .~~...: '::.(fnin. 10 OIM fCOpIc
CIl UOpF - C ..... ,

CU _ c....... _ _ C_. (ii) :r~~~I~:,~~~~:"!ir=;:;.~
Tn""•• "".... "" ................ : ~=;;'"""~::~~~.
cbeo.P«MIIliaJ: 50pFIm (iii) :~~=I:~~=~~ ~~...: •.
..
::!~j~ _.ial: =~~::: ~~~u~~;:..'" :;:=~~!:,U:::.~I?...~ '70
E,:;E'~~::,'~'::=~c:~~~.:.
Ttaio .... y_comc>IiCllOdinitially, ....li. iI...,.IO ..1
uMd'o. ThlodoaflOl ...ott.(orvuy ...... k ......Is .. ' ......
10 IlOl c"""th chona< I~.IC .01f.OlIC ,,, <klCrmi ... w .... M
CYtllOl t... "' ... ' arric,i' _ n •. N""""t.. RSmi'.""'O ....
::IC~ .... j!hl... ..."'""'i!1cr ··"".."...·I..it<llil_ift
4.61
V HFt UHF M ANUAL
~-..-------,--,."
Ali gnment
A olmplerfvol'",",e<.""h .. ,ha' ;nF,,4.140it requiml
(. 1 Con ...... ,
AdjIooICI7.for.lltbieoocilllt,ion.,40-5M lbltllOvoJ ... "r
L6"",,_adjIt$ti. . for<:r)'lta .. ordifJcrm , r~)
::::..,."";!t:,.=;~=~~:~~~~',.U~~
Ind ' lltn wi,h ,he rf ~oIl n\c1 cr ac"'" R17, I'$>no'. en
~;;: .f'~'7.:'~6.hould he&diu.,t<! ""i"" 0-5 10 I V from
A .. ""'....... lonlon.-Id ...... IIO'uned .... c:oupI ...
• .......,.1 - - . . - I'UCO"" luned in 1110 ...... n-5 '"
2,6-3MII, _ _ CU. AdjIooI Cl. C6. U for mul........,
OUI..... (u it qu"," brMd). IMoonne<t ..... end of R I and
adj ... , 1.2 for rninimum ""' ...... R «OfIIICIC1 RI .ndrqla '
peflkina of CI Ind C6 for ..".imum _in., 145 MIlz. Wilh
' herfvol'mo'. r diooonn«1t<!.~peflJ:C22Inden
(bl Tu ... bl •• nd f l. ... I.f. (. . o n . .. nlt )

Uoi .... ~I .......lOr ... UI.ndCll ,o ..... , hedeo.iml
..... iDoI ....... I,.hioit 100 omoll dcau.. ClI,i.......x LII
ondvico-......... (l""hepr-o<oo)"J><,.....dl·O U b ..i'hCJa-.----
!71'I'.ISrt U Oforrno.;m ......;n •• I0-7M II <u"_oohor.
..... q>eoi604by lhofil . ...... nuf..,'u ......
TIIO.li",mon l ofU.nd 1.9 now 1ItJ:a pl&<:c.
Connect. lk (ldompi"'~itlo,acf"Ol.Ulnd"",,,k l9
for "",ximum reop<>M<!'" 14S MH. (2J·S MI I< II U.). T .. _
~E~;~~~E~!~=~~E
UodDOtioc lbc_"ha"hc ..... pea ... ialn' ......, • • ' _
f~F1n111Ii&t1. &d,iustmtft., oU.ndUmo.f_
bemadoi f "",uircd. lncru.. ",ordtauoJ""hebwllJOtan<e
otbolhwiJl.hin'he ..·hoIernpon.. cu ....... haft,.. ot
mo'i"" inductl ..... wl ll a llt"lItrcsporuecun-e,haj)C
14;.';"M';;7 peolu on ,he 1>I'Ot01)"J>< ,,~ .. I I 144" I nd Co n. truc tion
II iI DOl I'f'OIIOOCd 10 ..,100 much herelboul lhollo)'<lUlot
No IMijuummt iI mluiml in lhe /bed 1.(. (oqudcio iI • incIiYiduaJuni ...... i"'"""'iDoI _ _ will ......... _
f...... paod"""'roQ ....-clbei' _"iIkoo • .........,.;", ' hio
4 ,62
~n!!!:~o: ....i...bk for .. ...-IIh ..... , .........~ ..........
:;!~~f::::~r:~~~:::: tribe<! in I II T .......... ,,,","rorm. ponabk .ranscoi.,.",.
....... blt:r"'lowc:onsumr>lionbol1etyopora.ion.U~
:;:'~I:!i~==:'~~~~CIr'=:,=:; ~,~lcuof i:~~I:~=:S;'l~"'i:! -:~""=:

d ,ho aorode._ ••• r",u.'hro<oah.r.,1Iroup ........ readily .... i .. bk .•nd ....i ... blellll ... winlla"' .... Ily
caPKI,CIr ."., ..... t>-"'jn •• lu~ ge11i"'...... pI""lIOC~ot PII" a-I porlonnana:..... bI'''' weak oi&nah Qui.e do.e.o
i$ ..... fo •• ipalinpu •. OnlyU.".,U ... "'coilf<;>rrr><nin .. """(bu...... O>Un"IOdu .. '... ) ...... ls.o bo ........ ~
1"" _I_.a llhou'h.fonnt.is~" ... inloL2'ohold luolibk. A lil' orlil .... i •• i",n h. Appondi. 2
,,,,, .1,,, Tho porfOO"ma"""or.he ...... i.,...."" ...... k.ipai$ will
ThellJiourolrllotunablcif.iI;lIOtnilk"al.prov;dtdlh11 ~on,ht!bandwitllhorrhcflllcrinux.ThnoilC
coilt.~t.rr'l.raso""blo~isll"""'part fI"' ...... illbo .. aood •• "-'''''''''.......... i .. bk'oday
toy~ ' : ' t:~~~:;;il~ ,:~:ly~:;'''"i!
ohotrninF".. '.l)9. ..""cnlypoi... ofllOleill"" ........... '"
1l)is.2W''''nl.i$tor'ranomi'' ... .....,,;_inlt4tMi>
C_ _""loIr Dtarnbo. 1969; III is /If,.n",.J TfflwII<oaI
C . . - . .... Vol 10 No'l. PI"> I... %').
=
... lrooancIrbciDpu'tO'befil' ... : .... pointinl~ol l
'hoooodcoi_of." ...... tioft ...... y.10 'hcrd
In lhiocon'''''''''' 1!Idfiudi.r.° ,""","oftoppcr"-dad
I:'.:'!':~s~::, :,!..~:.==n:'=::
..,,. In'ho:i.f.tho:t ... ~ .. on.re,,,,,,,nlNupsidedo'''nin
Ippropril lc llilCd holcll in l!loroppc....:Lad "millllc. lbul
Ji.in,.lmkcJu ... """"""rtieally ~~'\"'...
Tbo:ovenU .. Y"".d' ... ' ' ' "uni......ybejudgo:.dfn>m
s:~~
.hiopIIot""""hin [Ij.Theonly onq"'ilhIMs ....".,.....nl
1o ''''' •....,;Ua'or ...~.,.''"n''''.i'''o ..... ''''''_ancI
~~..:.:~:~~;~~::
=:"'"':::':..t.;'.-::: circuit (q - d. rot ....,;'.. Ior) ...
,. ,.... ~ ..........-... ___
4 .63
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 4.14 rteri .... ""'n ... "o•••orU<lCdinthe ..""' .... a ........ CO!O.
' _.... F".. 4.14ot.""""' ... bIo<t"diaP1lmol'lwfrontmd
~"'::or~~n.::;:':::!";;'~'.':.t~ : : , :
bondp. . . .erialcln:uil~I ........ rflncpllller.Thl •
•,t......'orcan ... u,.., ••• n\4nu.llyt>p<n'«lrf .. ln C<)ll',ol
=: '''01\1 oil"""
UIo I_~
L Tw. ~ (_)s.,..-. t - l P'lfliotlbrly for from local '.m. Ind ub
I 1 Ir T C . 11 .... 'iQm.The PIN diodcs (MPNJ.4 I I) .... Ifranpdin ...
DOoIII.ura'ion .... IW ... upI., 6Od 1l oIo,,,,n ... ,ion.A boand·
:1: ~ pt. .. rfcimli'coupko' .... rf.",plifIor(MPfIJlldllll ....
7 "UTe •
.. ""'i...... tu . . . ..
::{.:.";~f':.c .::;r::~.!I;~;t;;-...:~IId~
IOp...,.IIo'_"""'--'>p....
Avcry ... bleCOOltrol>'O!' • ..,isdtri>edfrom ...... I .....
bot'«lnd
I I ' UTe • ..n:u".lIbililtt,pnwidln.voI.....nd'empmolu ......bility
for' .... ""nc.p tunm •. II ..- ... i'l>oul ..yi . . 'ha'vay ... rdul
un .... f.-.q ... ""y .... ri.liOtl. The oscil",or.nd
<lcsi"'.ndlay""'o(l .... """llatori..... ndaIOf}'IOPf."..,,1
n'«l bull".r
.m plifior.houklbe""n lllr.od ln . dic.caoll>ox,fo<m"'mum
=::~:~ .;~~ .~':.:=~~ ~~~ f~M·I~.~;:
O&CiIIil.orfrrq~rorl~rtUiw ... illtu ... bd"«n
2m and 4m sing le conversion
receiver
II.d......... , . , . . _ ... litri.lhioc ... p\<.lOlheoi ..... =:}~~~~'~'70~~or~~~~~~bot.::;
"""........ re<;eiwr ... hir;hio • .,;"blepropooitionwi!hlhc It is m""h"""""...,..,.lon...,.,IO<bol ....bill','o_u
addodforcw ........
..... i\abi~1101hf_6ItcrJfor •. m ...... ndftbfmmodoet
o(_lon.Anoddi'ionolftlte< ... n ...
"";1..,,,, • • ""If ftnol r........1"IC)' ,,·;Ih. doubkr P<OOtdi""
Ihobulfcr.mptiflor.A.' .... ti""lf_......,.will ... ll)-Jl0
if""t";~
!~~'l67.!~'J~z """,'''1", f""lU<1"IC)' ... 111 'unc bc' ...... n 1\6'6,
..~=;r,;,~t=«l.~ =~b~~·~md':t .~"::! Ga'.2 Injection (0 r' .... ....,,11a lor"p.al(Ga,. I ford
"'ishi.... oeoos'rucc.hi •• ypool...,.,i ..... "m""""'.... ir ";p.al.)hulhcadvanllp oI"r.oyklinlcra lulsolo.ion
_ n prd"=nce for c"""" <k\allt. "rile fron. end 01 lhe bcl .."..nlhcscsiyllb.Thisl:Onlltur.lt.iOtlOUCSlIWtmen,
4."
:~~r'~rI:":: ::I::::e:::~~_ .:
po.i< ........ Blr>dIl.·hf'fm.....,.;_I)1><'nntformer. W'tdo
bor>d"-i<llh"_lial.'lhitpoinlif.ni.f.l",.",,,..
~.:!~'::·':"':=·~~'!!h =:a..ror:;l::-':::
po.nlCUla,ly lhooe from •• hiok i",ilion .1'1....,...... no1
:!:.~'~.:.:':"~n.::~I~~~::;.;,,~....... 'row band ~I '.,
n..bl<xk<lil .... motL~i,r.deLee1or.nd.uJioS«lio".
oflhe ...,.i....... ti,~" in FiI4.14S. A bipola. , ... n.illo.
bIIfl"., I n>plifk' pn"Klnsullkienl i.f. pin 1o ofl".. , each
bIoook fil,er in .. r1k>n lou. T~ (,I,., inpuL ,.mu •• It.,.
:::t:;t:::::~~ ::,::,:;P~~=:;;~~:::
T~ •. m.h.ob ~I!" rompromI>Cln ......
I•• _ n Co 1-'''' I
11"' y flqUI .......... L. bet_ L~ '''0 moda (bon<l"'lII,h I I
6dBllo>on .. H5U l nSi ..... Ia'Iy' ... nbl"mfiloetuoedi.
_r"'I_,....'i.-.ly ...ide-rband.i""'.. tbond-ooid'h.'
}dB o.Iowto itl·)~ H,).'" ...... bI<.a"" oIoop.ocilor" con·
necIftIinr-rallel ..ilhl~fihninpullf~kIO"\'f lhe
_inpul imP<do_.Thc",,'pu' tami ..... oI ...h III,...
.... ""'Ied 'Otcplrll«MnUlJyI<nnIRlled)l.m./loll lnd
mb(mi.f.lmplifleft..
Amplitude modul",on
'The MC1 HO ... li_,.mpliflt,io p",.i<lin, S8d6 .. in Ie
UHM HLTbtlnl.'nll f"' ..... rd~flcili'Yi.dri .... nby.n
4 .66
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
U ..;Ubcn<Hodf'om,boblockdiqJam,III"h< .. ovdopo A,";' ch"""""od"",hcr..,." ..... I""",rohlm . nd41D

. ._ .. iUpt<Widcs.., ..... s.m.. .. dt;''''''' ..... AIWItch """"";.",.Ar"" ... poIo.' ...... wolunit, ... th.."........,KCtiofts
"" , ... ..,~ .... can intfOd.- ...12.1>10 "'" ....-'<ri<Iia, it routa:I ......... I;npu«r".mrf.' ....""'Of).2- U . OUIpUl
1Ioon.'tack.nd ..... _ , ' o'helino.llIiI ...i .. h ..... ion 'oj.r. • mp/ffiCf:l - 12YrliI'o~:4-I·lYrliltofint
C:t.nbtrnoch&nicaJb'~_'o'h<_I.... lCh...;....""'hCf .,..;u.'ooj'bufrerunpli.....
:~'t.~::"~"':;~=~~~=.,."'r:
poI<'ol..;tdlllabililodh,tothe ... m..i~ion.,..;II.' ....
::!':' ,~~;~f:I<d~~": :.::.~..:..= ;;....::.~~!7=""R(l~':_nlJ.' ... Ia .... isQ""tod ..

modeof...,.",ion
NBFM
Appendix 1
_-
f he."",,' "",,~fo, .bfm'.via ,be7·Sk ll~blo<kr.It" 'o'be
MCIlH it: limi'i., Lf.•mplilio ... A qu.odrat"n: do...,'.... ~i~~~tjtively tapped impedance matc hing
• nd in'.mal ... toli .... """'pk'. 'h<c;rc"i,of'hili.o. TIl<
' ...........ion ..i.of'bef'on'.nd,'heli ...... pinofthei.f. For.cin:ui,.""h .. 'ha'._·n;n~"i.4.14Ifor.perfeo:t<:Oi1
bu"" .mpl,r... and ,he i.f. pin in ,he MCU" 1N;.";n
f,,"I;m," ... d..... n''' .i.,..,Ie''eI.ofl~VCfIIUri .........;mum
• . m."'JCICI""'.nd.low<apt.."' ..'io. Tlooq....:l ..' .. '"
....""'em~.CI}1o .. ,,,.,,'....,""lo-7MH'.rtplacl ...
' - (~:,)' ..
't..""""""!.JC'u"""cimoi'.Tloo...,....lillhun'odby. 50 ,111. for,h< ~"...... here
Z _ 6700if1"" ... IItI_;,hIOpF
~ .. IId~'Opm'Cfl'riD&ina. ... ....,io.>~isoi.
h~ordor •• ptInn.i ..... IdyIOOrnV{k H<.f.'.modulat"'" ""'pu'rcsio.."""oI ....... '.. _ lOkG _ J004(O.)
f _ o l l k H.. AJ"i'hoolt ...... lsthe ... 'dopod<t«t .... T.kt:<:OiI,obcl-07"H
dn_'h<s.m..or. No"",iI""",odtdon nb(m C*oOC<$. the
1ut:hlimit.... lofd$itivi'y.ndhilh ...... IIe\"'capac,'yolth<
XQ : ~(:,~20
f,....".ndptO"i<kfor.Ia'lt"dy""mic ..n.. ofoit:no'int>U' Rp _ QXL _ 1•• kG _ 6'HpSIO,)
1'01., condl>C\2.""" at drlin _ 119'41'5 (0, + 0,)
Audio 1'01...... i$lancc - 8·J7kO (0, ~ oJ
R<ocov<~.u<lio.; ..... ls.rcro".t<lto'h<amplilio,,'ia'he
modt ....;tchandaftpOincon,rol, The MFCJOIOic:.u.dio
.mpli,.,.,. ... illprovide IWou,pu' in'o' ao load f"," ,,,,.1
hlrmonicd~oniot1ofl perctn,fromI12Vh"uppb".A
(~ + I)' -1- a~6: :~ :.;:.J
h ...... _.mplir;., .... ,bell>t<lifdesi.w.. l '... ',«t...

""Y
r<Sj>OIlICislimi'od in ...... 'os..-hr,equ...d .. "".low,
paqtll,.. lA'h<lApu"o,h<ic.ndlow ... iuaofcouplinl
~ _ UJ
capacitor.,tcn ... ,.frcquenciesbclow.lOO+ t..
bul fh':7b. ~ ~:~~:::F
Poweraupply
Tloooomplete,..,...;_ ..... bcpooo'Cfodfrom.12Yooult'C, • CI _ l9OpF
A .... 'nHlPOAtodltabotizodsupp/ycaa bt""'" "·ttha.d'.... · Cl _ 7IJpFa_ (~ _ H)
..... forlhod .... 'i.on ...... H~.'headrl;lional""h ...
.... bililcn.bothdilo:ft... ndin'h<int"""tod .. rcuJ ............ AJ ~Iter nocdo IOpF ,...runa,ion. I......... Cl 10 7lSpF
thlt''''''''''';'",canbopooo...-.dbr.C*,boucf)'formohilo Cal>locapaci'..... isHpF
.... porUt .... ()fItn,ion. , CJJ _ 68OpF •• ndCJ2 _ l9OpF(Fl,4.1l4)
In'hiscon ...'i' .houklbenotod'hI"he,..,...;" .. .."pIoyI
.nop'i.....,,"}cha.i •• }'$'=
Appendix 2
Semiconduc tor. Somecryatalfilte raa tl0 .7MHI.
Tloo'rlnsIo,on,dlodesand ;n' ..... 'odc:im.rill.rcMIoc'«! Make Ty,.So I.,~ 1' . _ StopbaM
f"""t ... Motoroia rI"",wi,h,hon<;opl ionof,hoZTK9 o ,F kll l @.dll kll.@<ID
and MI4)...hiclI .... manu'aClum:t by ITT. 11 0"'' ''''. STC 4H LQU90IC no U ± HS) ± B·U70
RllIIJI"'he"ypos.rc .... ilab .... nd' ... ft""'ci ...."',.;11 4H LQU9NC 9102O(T1) 1: H J ± IBSJ
tIqoondon ' '''individ""J~",·• • hoior! 910 H(fl)
4nLQU9 140 .1OU 1: 6 l ± 1I 70
Conatruction 'HLQU904Al.l'OOU :l 1O 6 ± 'S 80
SEI QCII21D J6II U :l HS 1 ::I: IHSS
Tloo .. y""lof ' ... printedc:i""'i.board(rnf... bI)'~btqIuI
1amiDa.. )m .... beoptimilod.panicularly • .......:i ,he ICl..
to.¥OId r-lbod,ather .......... ion.n4/.,.. ...... J i .......
bili\1. OnI)" ,... Itl&ha, qwo.li,y""",,,...,...,, Ihould beuood.
MEL ffi~,t :: : :::: : ±::I:I::: :
";th .. nicular."en.ionpolid'o.he~droiooof
capari'or r.,..' ...... Ie»a.1I <im.ti'"
N"",:TlteOO'li!lsion of. tilt.. from
i .. " ..... itabi'i.y,
t"'. liot .... ""'implJ'
4 .66
5 TRANSMITTERS
T~~~~':;: ~:,:~,:"W:;:::!~"t'~ ~.:;:;:r

n:quired.,abihlyof ••.,iobiern:q".ncyosciTIatorbe<ome<
more ~illic"', 10 . ".in •• lhe frequency i. rai<ed, "'herea.
:.1~~~~' ,':.:saofry,~ra:~:::':','!;.I1';'~ ~:'i:;~
" ·i.hc')'". I•• hi.i'Fner. IlY""'"p<"oblcmptovidedlhey .,,,
op,,,.,<dwilhin.heir,,,.in,
CQI1Ipie.e circui" are lliv<n, sh".,jnc praclical_)', oirca Sornell'loulllll.l'Iouldal<.obeli,·en.olheaclualf,cqucn.
~~~'£a~:'~~:i:·:f:~~%'I~~tn!i~~;:::
cles'h.I''''lobeu~"o'''''''''lh.li('he'.i ... yradia.iOOl
f"""lhe~'h<ydonotcau~inl.,f.... nce.ln'h;'<;onr>e<'ion
i.i •• lway •• d.ioabl.,0ope ..'.exdl.r .... IFS"lo w l'0.....
Tho"""'Ondpanof,hi,chaple,l.dcvo,edIO",""pl.,. I<.-d.vcnif'hi.nuke."""" .... rylhe.<ldllionofad,i,·.'/
co""ruc'j"".ldel.il'for.wi\lenl"l$Cof'nlMmi..;OtI"'Iuip- Implilier.Such.n.mplifier"·illnoionlypro,·""'.nino,,,...
monl. a<c<>mpan.ied in many ""... b~ "orkiq J",winp, inpOWerbul.l""'''''linatt.n"ui".inilS,unedci","i''
~~~~~::~~:f{RrJ:~§;~:~:
pbot.,.",ph •. aoofulliRSlruc1iOtl$fo.-c""""""ioo
Design conside ...ations

n.e ...,ly".""ofa lron<rniller, of.en refem,d lo a, the
~: ~~:f:r~;~~~~:::~~~=~:':::::!: =":'~",;~',:~a~t;'3~~;I~: ,:~h ;~~~~~ aa~~~;

1rcb1en'0 ","eh I2%MI11. Al1hi .... ttinl fn:qu.noy ~pora·
forl"roolrolfr<:qu<""Y'obc:mullipli<dlo~hlllefi",,1
1iOOlof harmonlcsl llllehi,hfn:q" •.,d•• i•• n.uyma".r
frtque""yond 'obIJikluplhepo"'~rl".. IIO ' valu<.uitable
tO~:;:IIe..!~I~~~~::r I>y frequel'lC)' multiplyinl 51ares Oscillators

ond ;"",udin, amp!;f",,. if MCnsary, which a .. ...."., likely Inbolhr«:ci •• r(o,con,,,,,er)and'ran,lIlju<r . localoscjJ.
,obtr.telleJ."""hi.he"""Iuencieodue,olo...<,dliciency
•• ,herr<:quencyi,inc,,,..ed ~~~'i~=~:.:!: ~~,~.:~~~oi:":r';~)~ ~~';:I~~='~~
n.e.ctu.lnumbe'of".ces"'ill.of""" ..... d.pon<.lonthe ;,willalmo;, in,"'riably beu.c./wltl'l,",vctal".FSofmul,j.
Slor,'", frequuICY (oo<illa,,,,,) . nod , .... final frtqumer r-e- plica ljon ,or<a<:h ,he "o'kin, f,CG"<noy
qui«<l'<>a<,herwjlhlhemul,iplica,ionf.o,oru<edinuch Unlilt"C<'e<1llyn.ed f",qu.""y <ry"alosciUo<orsha,e
"·IF_(kncraUylhi.;.<;onfined'odoobli .... nd.rcblin. b«n"o<dforOl'"ra.ionjn'he'-hfanduhf",~,bul'he ..
.ld'loolhllOn'l<1i""" q".<lruph"llI."~ .. I<>Weffn:q~o<;.".. "nl.
i. now a ,i. njficanlcl>anp: 10.. >Om< form of ""ria ble
.,.. ,unable osciU.,O,. B.lnd pl.nni.,. I>a.,o" la..,,,,,,.nl
In.ddilionIO.hea.clualm"llipllerf"nheramplifi<r".C'"
""'Y loOlIIelimes be ffilulrtd, fur ..ample" an i~:d;l1ioo bct:n~"land1he",i,nQllhe~mcne«lloopenl'CHl
omplifierfbulr.,jlx1" ........ rioblefn:que:noyosciltaIOfand 0$ ,her< i. on S$bor Mband.
arosnmon frequ<ncy
Ihef<>llo.'ing"'S<lopr<ven,fn:q~nooypullinll,or "'R Ho""'....... bOpcratklnj'nalur.Uyi"""'•• inIOR lhesc
:..r~~~m~'I~:h< fin.l fn:q".ncy mulliplicalion.o <lri .... lhe hj,he,rn:quenooy band,andcommon frequenooy "",kin, is
bei~. pfll<li!i<d. In ,he main the equipment i. ba<ed on hf
Dtci$ionOfllheosciTIalorlndolller."dlerSl'ses"illbe band'PI"'r:,,".wi,h>Om<formoflran,mill.rcon""'.'
Befor<<ltcidjnl lhe (o,m of oscillator to "" u<ed. il is ••
~~": :::ai:~I«~ ~:,.,:~ ':r"~r~"::~ ""II 10 con,id., 1he . d,... n'ajICS and dioad~an'a.". of ,be
Iroimayrequi",.diff.r<nl".n inlfrtGO>e1>CY . incelhe fiudosciU"0rrompa,ed,,·j,h . . . , .. bleo,,"ru.b)eunj,
5.1
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
TableS,1
Showing how oscillator. at vario us frequ encies ca n be u sed on different be nd s, by
su itabl e multiplication
x. (" 1 ~ 1)
14.005-14'1.0 "--4_1&-_
x 6( x l "J) 71_7N
xl(Xl,,1x1)
xHx)"J) 7·711_7-1"
,, 10( ,,'x2)
x 11( ,, ) >< 2 >< 2)
xIHxlx2xlx1)
x II( >< ' , , ' x 1)
>< 10( ,, ' ,, 2 >< 11
x :M( x ] " l x l x l)
xJl ( x 2 ,, 2 x l x l x1l
x)6 ( x',,)x2X 1)
>< ~( x ' '' 2 x 2 '' 2)
x4l(x]><4x 4)
><601(".,,2x1>< 2 x 2)
Crystal contro ll ed Ot:cill ator Varia bl e frequ ency oscillator (vfo)

""....11... D .............. Ad.......... DIgd'UII ...
Froq......,.chob_bo Ditec:tr_cali!xto· or.... dillioultlortduct

......... to."'"" ...........
oipabialhe _ _ lioapouiblo.. ~lUmdrifllOlow
F. . cIooioeolr_
n..n..~likolylObc_
U .... .-dedloruchlbc
~U;.:....~ '0 ....11 ....
1Inll (""1"II<)'.
NqJiJjble sbor1 I...... or
wumupdrifi I nlbilily 10 mo", fre- C~.-lod lO ...... re
-,.
~~he~ in.:'.::":
elea4r>Olor_fromlU>-
.... ltdmodulllio<l.
VarlablacryltalolCiliator(vlloj
"'- ........
Morc~andre
quiRt_,,*," and.
-
"""'haalcally ...... diaJror
.....lli... aotUrK)'. Sim-
Crysta l osc illator types
n.....,.. "Of)' ....nyowtablc Qrcuitsror<f)'tl&l ooriIb.lon
"""hoMapcc:ially .... tablc for...-.ti ... aw-i<:o.,..
.........nyrequitedl.. ' l>is lpplicatioftforlotaiotdlllloriG.
_=orco.urolol¥hforuhr'no ...... Utt. U1..aDy
CfyS ... l.in lho: no .... 6 '0 12MH • • ", lI$ed,.nd OUlpUI
~:.,;um~' ,:,:II~ f""1 .. ncia ... I«ft'romlhemultipl ...... IO.uillheblondin
1IH. l n lC.....1. UlhepOpUllr. irtui .. """ ' ubl ... ntlll'..npul,
fiIIIlr..... ......,. f.OftIl linll<valve,oI U,.Irdorftfihha,monia
Thc litrftclusictt)'llaI";Ib.""" . .. ,he Millor,CoIplclO
" "" Piorco or,..hiI;h ,/010""",_.,.. .....
mudo/JlON ... icIoIy
IIICd. AII~-=iI .. lon ..... lhe...,....II""'paraUd
5.2
. . - . Ad, ... , o(, ..... ide ""';.'yolOKi'.. ..".. ._~ In
ClIoplet.O'A_ ..... /tddlbT...........
'ot'll'<''I'''''...n ......
Thr<>""" .. o(' ... ~n ..."""'''"''''..
For full_on,"'",,""'" pe<forma ..... "'......... '"
n:""'I'OII'oCNIH~r'
.........._ _ .... ~.:::""Ioo ' .......'_ ." ....
aIJTI!I
:.1.~"l:';.:.::::~.5...~.::-.:..-:'! ~·';-~..l,': .~::,~E',';:.:. . -:'::. ~
6.3
VHF/ UHF MAN UAL
~t!r~:l°mril"",," an
~
.. ""'o~."' be buil' fo« Open.'ioo .,
q.u .. h;pfrut... ndoo.'""-" ..... cotI1fI< ....'ionilol\ed.
Lediousand'i~_i ... job
"" Tbcmi..r'ype ..... bIor~ .... il ... " .. r""' ...... .
r .... ',>dylowfreq.....".oariabltoocil.. ' .... mi..:d .... 'h.ho
OIOt",,' 'rom. si.nmntly his!< cryotal oocil"to< . H iI.
II 1...""iq.....·hkhhasprovcd'.. r.l;"biUty'nhf .. bl"'.....
ceiwn.lt>di.p<obablYlho"""" ... t;"octOf)l"~u''''''
" The ..... lw>di. ~ually.""' i<a blc.o"a n .mi""" • ......,;......
;';.:.,~=~:;';:,:.~~~:a::"~~~:.:,~~;:~:~~i;~~~':
,~
:!~;'~:":~:'~i~'~' ~ j, ':I~Y'~~~: :,;,:,"oi~%'
Q. " •
bitn'te""","'ture ... rialion, _ lallyforpof'ablc:rnobil<

~~ ....... n''''hkhMlY.....,,_y ... ide ... r'''ioruO(''mpon..
~~E~!n~~E~!~~~'~=::;';;;":a~~
..... ,ed. Tlr;,_""-h'homc'o.t..author.t....... i ..' ..,
=i::n~n':'~~,:-r~~7.":'.:.e"w:: : : .
<ksi,Jnpracn.ed"" •• i......... ,...... d,IIiou I"opicl::OI.I'the
..... re ..... n'ialin . nyvfobu".ean""'byittdf
.n. ur.lc .... n o"'''''' . l n . .. mplenon.l>abncedmi ........I\I
a diod< or , .... nsit,o< '''''l'<'Jsibic OU'""IJ ' u i mf, ± 111",
"'hcref, Ind f,are ,hcc,>",.' oocin" DI" frequency and do
fr~ ... ,><y. r<>r<eli'",y. a nd,~ ."~,, "'''t< from ZCfO 10 pi ...
infini'y. Tho:«.r.ob.iou,ly n..ny"""""r"rm and"whidl
will . i.-eoomu.freq".llISesciooK''''l\eoMdeii.ed(uslLllliy
f, I f,,,d, - f,)
.......
~
""
6AU6 ""-" OUT....,-
=; ; ::. 0.001
' :..~ ..... ~:~ 3100,..
5,4
Inorderloc,,'do ... nlllenumborofpossibkmiJt;~NO· It i,kno",n 'hat rrT5ba",."an,f<t (unclion "'hich ap
d"""toma~bl.prOpoO .. ion.w"",kindorbalanood po'".ima'es '0 I sq ..... law1'a'her tban'IIe"ronen'ial law
_i'hiplyde<irablc,Amodul"o.whichiobalan«<l "'hichi •• harac1..;,tic"fbipol •• de.k>eo. Thi ........ '.inn.' ...
wi'h' .. pccllO' .... carn..( .. 'l>ecf)'>.aloscllialor"u'pu' . , principl<,i(' ...".i,....
,'orfrcq""ncyf, . ndf•• r• • ppTied ' o.
O,..,uld h • ..., outpu,.idoNn<b a round odd multiple<only fe'mixer.,beOllIY""'put5wouldbe.'f,.f•. f, + f,.f, f,.
o(.hecaITie.,f, :!: f.. )f, :!: r.. Sf, :!: f•.•• c.' .... ""rr;.'.'. If,.zr,. In pra<,H;e .c.oremu" be ,ak.n '0 CfI,U",h.a"h<
inpu'sianal. are of ampii,ude sufficiently low ,1Ia1 ,lie fe,
~=:u~~~.n1~=~:I~F~~'~; op«a' .. onlileoqu.re-Ia .... pan of;"chara"eris,k.If

o •• rdri""n. a f.' .... illopcr:o.' . .. a . ...·i«h andwi'l 'htn be nO
bet'erlh'nadiode so far l1spuriousOu,p"IS.reCOtl«roe<l
~~i~~4K€fa[~:n~~~~i~~~
Aba l.fKedmJ •• rof'he'ype,no wn inFill$·14,u,;nll · rn
ba. 'ht .dd;';o .... l.d.an .... 'ba'I>o'hf, .nd2f,.rc .up...
»r"eosed and lherefor. ,IIc fiUerina requ;,."",n, reduces '0
.. be", bMh " ond m ba>e only odd ;n,tae' .aILleS. Such 'ba'of..-"..r.';n.... y.f, + f,fromf, _ f •. 2f, andf,
modulalonar • • ,'. ilablc""mmm:ially asencapsulateduni"
ma~lI<d~!~r~~~~i~';;;f:r:~...a":pc~7;..,- for
l: *J
....---. ,,-~q;;
Y. Qd~ :-~-=-~:c~'· , ~' · 220 ()., / (f,_I,'
"
.. ~.. i.U . A ..,,,. •• • : :'''~.. .." , ••0 ' fl. 5."- 00.0<.1 .".<>e."'.:.!.!:.~!:"", ring 0 ........ ".. b.I ......
5.5
VHF/ UHF MA NUAL
r---------------------- ------------------
5.6
Table 5.2 Tab le 5.3
Component deteils fo, mille, vfo (70MHz) Component det eil. for 144 t o 148M Hz vfo
Theo. c: illetor
Tho_in. ,o.apen,cs alll MIl . a nd'heci.c"i,I,sIIownin
Fi.,. I, . Tho ,ri .......... VC2.VOlnd VCllre.Uli.di·
......."' .... ioble'Ypcsll>in.conltoltJI'unin • •Inae,fud·
~. ~;-:: =~~I~t;I:"~,::
.ndp..... i<Its.n.djumbklempen'''rc......n\cienlf''''''
.j- l.OOOIO - l.OOOppm "C. F~ '-"""'Ymod"I.'ion ;"pro
duccd b~. ,.rae'''. bu, ill .Iloe, it red..,.., by loma ll ..ries
ClPoci'or.ndalaFJC.hunlcapacilor. ..... ~Il.-fl'ectbeinl
l·C variabl e oscillat or
1( • .....,.""'ory .... iobloo(~OKiIIo'or .. 'obe.tabioo
onouah (or I'dio"'" ""Iibn,;"". I••,n ccnonlly opera", ;rr:~::::~~o·:~::n,:~:,:: : :
bd ....-abou, 20MIlzind will roeed ..s.q ...,. 'empenlUrc 1.'''' ...pply.-ol'.Fby.".,....,ioldi.·icktofJJUl .j- lJU:l
tomP<'"",,""'.nd '0 be (ollowed by an 1PI'"",.iole M..chhl.her.-.I.... ""''''oriaiflally .... dbulh ..... found
'h.I.""'UC .... n""'of ....... 'o.I ... k.o ... cu"'.n',..;'h .. rnp.
ioo~":':~:~:!"'de.cnbed here fulfil, ,hose r<'Q"i.~ ....n" • ..... ,,, .. Ied ,,,.<hanacoffreq""""Y.TIlcde.ialion f",.lV
Ind i.or.-.l,y_·h l,tlabon"" IlIdlo.I .... ICln ........ nienllybed>ededbylhun1in. 'he
·------------------1 o'.~ ••,r
5.7
IO ..... J)knre$i<lorwi'h.no'hc.oroqu.ol .. I.... Thi.ehon... poIyo,y"'''''.Qd . nd''''''.ilydopedwi'hpolyo'y'''''''t• ......"
~f~~:: :,:,~,2:'~,'~'~!~ ~~~~'~~::=
The ft.oda.pldIO .. "",rea""l>oredlaoolido>b.i<c",,·ilh
A .. ldi,e,
.. tu.;h.....soloo...w,aonchoflhoooulpu,lud .. il
bemo,hr...!.C.,cis_lo_,rfbeqr<>!liftlo,"" patMd'hrouaha_iI\,he<:U1bo,..
~t:,~".:'!!:;,:i~,:,==~"::a~-!~~ The .m pl ifier
~~~=!~:Ed: ,:E:is~~::EJ~
.bou,
=
"'I\en ,he plft cofttrol of'''''....,...''''''ifio<'''''.... itd
The","in,of,hefcedbKkCllpacilorVCli'moo1impo"·
onl in achie.in.1'O'<>ili,y; no' mo~ fcedbKk
Wllh ,he fe«lbKk ..... nd Va: .nd VC'

I~F .
TheOK'ilb.loroUlpu,;"only.rewl1:tltofmilli"",,,.ndl"'.
",,..,beraiscd,oal>ou,lV.EIi,,in.amplillerdn!ansdidnoi
~ ~~: ~~~=: ~':td.,'7:.":'=,,:I!!:=

:'!:"~':!i:.:.bi="?...:,"'':~}d·~:~c!~=
f_bKk.mplilir<,'Itoe ............ R,. ....."aUirw'be......-
IldJu .. edsolhl<"""requi~luni ....ran ... ;"j"",c<>.... odby dri"" 10 lhe ba", af TR6; this ma~ be.ny ...... from «<0
'''''MlranporVCI.,hcf.oq'''l'IC)'drift,l>ouldbeo..omi'''''' up ......ds.ndin'ho .... iainal~ ..... 12l<n
;~'~~~!:~r:~:;:~ ;fi:::,id9~~~~~:d'~~~~ ;:u~~~
=
Thepower l upplv
lmin.d ... "",inlylohealin,lnlhoo ,ra""Slo •. f",IowNb)" 11tc .'fa ;,. .... , ... d.n....usi .... OA201d.iodes in a briclto
=::. ~'i:..:;-":"~::~~':':.'';'::
canbeolmoo1.n,itdyelimi... ,edbyCII.ofuladjlmmenior
~,7~ re<'iIIoo-r-...,.by.Cllpaci'.,.... ........ or..,.paci' .... Ii/tcr, Am
eatl ............... _ ......1e diode half·........ «a,Iir<b.it
prodU<od.nu.....,..,...bly ..... sh""'~.11tcoourcemit"'_
~~~;n:":~~ ;~!:'""'" lUbilily frOm boor 10 oflheluWlyllllll'hol_hin..... toradoq ... 'ely li"'i..
Ihecur~nllhra .... hlhe12vZ<II<.diodelo.booiIOmA.lht:
Durin.conSl.llCIionili...'or,hl.ki .... ca.elhoinocon· ourrcn,dr.inof,hoo.mplillerlndotl:illa,.,.bein,14mA.
_,i .... \e.ad •• ~in ....'.ofmo<:honical" .... :""'h\e.ad. Thehia/lI, ... bIe .upp/,f.... 'heOK'illal..... ndftn' bIIlf..
l1:ndlalrl<WC...;'hlimc.nddu.i.... hcalin.q.:IH ... llkhleadt .mpI'f;er ....... Cf:TIO) ... """'rolled .... ' .......tor.,ht:
to ...... Ucho,.....ofc.alibr.,jor,. Thecoil "",...ou.nili ..... ,;.1'tui' ..·ill
1i..."u""",noi.o.l1y""",,.nloulpu,unlillhebaUcryho.f.llen
'a6V . l f.9vba".ryi. uoed'o,uprlylhe.n'i~.fa.'he
~
yt-'::' ..y;' 'OlIlba"crydr:iinisllmA
~~~:;i~~;n'<:U1booo:'linbyllUoby
~- :. ;;,:. ::::J:
1in... hiI.,hellfnlllilloo-.ndpo-rcupplyeompooen"...,...
;nlsimil•• _ . lnihePfOlOlYll<.lhelWObo... ""C/'Cbo!,ed
'ot<'he'.bull.mol1ppbe"...... 'hom"'lsh''''' ... · d... n..'''
,a red""" hoa,cond ••"jor, ,,,,he oacillala.COII'Ipo"",,,
11....., ..... lheT~" .......... willtomp<Naleforbea'ins
..:: .... Cot :'I. ~~ ~ from'heeompooen ...... cl>an... ofornbien'"-"'U..
The .. rou'iI\'heoocil .. 'orboxislldchedlrtF"OSUIb.it;,.
~ 'aC~ 6~6s;.io :::"=~~=~t~':..~I:'--'" fitidI7
~II'.'" .",.'Uk,oI"'~i'
o~·
~i!1
~~" =
lJiOjl
5.8
Table 5.4 C a librat ion
CaJibn'ionol>ould _b<IIIe"'P«<i.n".,hodocanbo
.~ ... ppod ..·i'hhl1"I"'Mi.r"c:ha .... ot'f""l""""
.nd no _nett' .........., .U. I,...-Id .I..,be hoa'~
• number of ,i ....... prrlaably 1o. hi ...... l<mperlIU ... lbo"
il .. ille''et"reachinfl<XliccrMy5O''C) .. lh;',,"lpoto ... ''''''
;:c~n:':;I~~,~7ot"';~;'~' ==~ =i:
f""l ......,..nd ,ho Ii... l . dj .... """nl of ,''' 'rom""'" fot
I·)k\l f""l"""'Y and band~p"'lII ,,-i'l "",.. 10 be d ...... II)' cui . nd
Iry. In I'" final .... ses.I ... 'ld . h" 'd .. fl'mly.'''...-eda'
' K hcor""r.T"'callb ... 'I""orlllerro!O'~ ...a ....."'... bly
R odiMpua ..1,,1.. cl_I"l i.... ' .•• canbe .... nfromliJ!'.21
,.,., ...... o-l.6Y
GET10)
K'.
2Nlt1 ~
TU 2N)"~
TRS 1IC10) Exciter and low power stages
TlI; ~ 7 I15XlO TIle , .. h' .. ""'" 1.U~.bIe fot _I,; pllon.", ..... "'ny 1l1000
oIhilhmullLIlcoodOXUOnn:(hiJ/lKmlu>;lyj.S"lR" lhe &ri4
:::M~~::C~;
."".no<ktimai...... l unod ,,, . dilkreft. f....,um<').
~~~~~I::.~.:..\',;';:"'~r=~'::...:.:
YO O:.IcyT....... ' .... •
1rid...alb'or. • n_I)'J>I$Ih<-r ..... y ... oomrc""...,."
l''''aoi. i<:...alb'i<>n ... hich .." ...... lIybopr ...''nltdby
~gy1.2 [t~$of , ..".bkitoblion ot'inpul.nd """"",ejrc"ilc<)ml'<"'<""
.nd. <ltqual. by·p~.. i".
l'er!,oJn ...... llablefo,f""l",,,,;""r,,, .boul ;:(I()I>III,
bul Irio<lcs.remoch 1I1O . . . . ' I.f... 'ory.' hI.... r froqLICnoics.
T .... I)"Pnll<nenny a ... ofille r""'I~I". va l~~I .... ,,.,h
I"I'n' Q<,Ic$CVlJ8,1.f80.6 .... K5.r,80I.'76Jor l.io<\n 6J6
a.
Tl\e,unlnlcaJ>KI,,,.,.i.bol1cddirtC11ylo,hoba.. of,ho
6C4.LCIO.O.EcaS • • !An. l nToble'.' lypicalrnul" . ...
.iven for thrueuml'leo Ind ,1Ie5c ohow ,hal q,,;I' "..,..h·
bo •• ndtlltho.i'~'rimmtn.,.,_n'Notr,ho whilo_'ou'pu, ..... III.in.b...".,.,.r. lrlyl _ _'et"
baooby2DAboI ... TRJ. 'U.aandC9., • ....,.,nled .....
i_'C<>nd~iooM
p;eo.oIo.',;"""trb<V....oI>oa'd.bou' . in ><l ..., • • ho l.>.P.... ;.'C·... h .... lU<h ... I:2:80F.n82f".U IOI .ndDl"
"""""led ..... 211A boI!..The6V ... pply, ..... io.ndrloulpu, are"...' ...... ~lydes,v-edf.,.....ickbond.ppli<ali<>ns
. .cb_lhtoupdca",.,.,.hoIo!.In lho ....... of lhe'W<I ... not ... My ... iu.blebe<:a .... ' ...... ,1If"'I."".,.,.IJIU'
bo. . .nda"'H .... rDIiledHIOP"<""" _ _ '~
capacita""'"it ... b.IMlyhip
_rd
."""i/lcr.ndlho.labiti_aremountod ....... "polv.....
Eg::.,!"·.!~~:,-- ~Iy':n'-: ~"':..:'~~ :
1_
Jlift by I I in; lho only i""""",,,,<OM«Iion i> lho rl
.. oundlolhobaoo."TRSw!liehsbouldheoho".nddit«O ,edocinJI,lie oquiptnon'sizewhich i.irnpottan. for pClnlble
n.. ""iMltlMfGtll'otl'.m:li!Wn.\.IIIOOthin.romponrnll and.....t>i .. O<Iulpmenl. The , ,,nedd,,,,,il. for ''''tlIciltf
.nd ........ diodo""""pylboraloflhobo •• ndwuld.of ........ I'...,.,.,.lIandlln.'.,.I"..~ly"""_'et" . ....,.,ldbc
rou .... bcrcplO<edby.baliety f<>rmobi .. operalion !lnllntdfor •• hWtQa.poo.lbIo.., •• IO.lvel"'mOA,mu m
.1I.nUl lionofall .. n.....n'edf""l""no;.. .• "d . lmil .. """'i>o<h
'o'hoo<propooedforpo"'.r amplllitt ..... ybeu>Cd.They
can h""",... r \>e .. lali ... ly ..... n for 11Ie\<>Y.'.r f""l". ncy
II.,.. .nd ~P'O .bou, 1001>\11> "'''' ,,,ned indLlClon Of.
'lull••"i ... bIe ..... b<»-e'hi'f... q""...", .. If.1.Ul>!IO'1ln'.oib
up 1"11Ief""luoocy li mi l ,,· ... ,.'hese ... _rnissib .. o/Io<Old
bc"""" . .... ,tllehip..!f""l ...... ""'pora l1<I~ ..... lrou.hli ....
• ndeawilics"';l1 1Ia"",,,
beempk>ycd
TIle _oIlUt.~couflJi",lSofltn • ,uitlbkmean. "f
-'P~nl cin:u~. ,.,.,.Iher '0 ma~e a eomPKIiayou' ,,·t.;ch
rnay"""""""'bodi/lio:ul1rnecllan .... ly
In buildonacin:uiu. Ihc _ _ _ oIouch compo>
_". . . capocilOn~ldbebomoeinrnin4and l ""r
.,.....,....;... IoadIonrt""oJt,ouldbo •• ....,., .. possibio .
...... _ .. ,'::.': ..... -.0
Somot~,,,,, .. lf_,,,,,;'in""lionally,,"",,.• nd
flo -.:U. 0;.".....'- ....... I., UMH . . . . ,_ t ..... . , ,..
T.bIe S., ~!IOm< eumr .... ", ..If ........ n' fnq .........
, , _...100 oI_commonlyuocdcapae;,o<1
5.9
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 5.5 Table 5.6

Soma . uitabla pentodes for multiplia,. Salf resonance frequencies o f .ome
D'l 1{U.l>I6 . ..... _ _ .. oflOO'·. commonly used capacitor.
.......... -,--,-
a..of l.lII
, .............
r _ of_.'
_ · CrilI'_
-"''- (M ilL, (M IlL) looA) UaAI (-.\ 1 (W)

60 60 "., ]'1 I·' lot
:~ )
120 120 II ·' J.l I·' ,.,
200 200 9·7 l-Z I., (H
Fnqwn<y 30 60 lo-<i HI·, •. ,
F" ' I _ r
Trip'"
"
90
20
30
IlO
.to
60
9CI
IIHI
9{J
1(10,
.IHI
J '1
]· 1
].j
)·1
'"
I·,
I ..
I·'
H
(IoI'
H
(109
:1. _ m
so 130 ~ ]. j '" (Iol
__
a.. of
~ _ _ _ ....w.r_
"*
ECCt I I~ .t.._._of_
C. .... _ C r i I C r i l r -
( Mtt.ol_Ial.IOI)Ja(...) _ (W)
(.AI UaAI (.A) _ I
I~m
,~ U fH ..,
f .. Qu....,.
,. I9.J ,., ,., ,.,
Triple,
., '"
,.-
IOridbl ..
'1(0)
~ 17·1 '~ _ , -
E:,·'~; ·~~·:~-;, :rg

F"'I"""""
oo:ur<kilftld""onumbe,offO<;'orJond ,ooomeul<n.OD
... '~Ic""ioe
RF power amplifiers
In T.bl<'.ll,i",,). ",u"' •
.u.s. ,o''''d>okcof,unod
circui'i.Ii •• n.ndUClnbc_n' ...... it""'"d... '·a"
The typc:oIpowcrampl<l'l",U$edwill'oaoktr.. d<pcndon ~ha" ... f'omone'ypcol~irc"i"or.ny
.... "ic.ll.. fnq""n<:y
U. frcq ... ncr of """",,Ion. and ,he - . . . , . will ""'" ~=:llyd<pondin ..... '''''.." ... lval ... or
o:om.idenblyo ...... ,llel'lln.. oI70.o119li MHI.
A"helowf"rtql>tncyendofthil.ratJF'lIepowcr.mpli/ior ProIMbIy,htvarietyil,...aI<"a,.nM II I.rw>loolyinlt.:
...... may ..""be ,...,.limiLar '0 ,ha, .......
on ,he I\fbo ..... ";""'i1fOfmbu'aboin'ht~hoi<"<oIlmpll",.,.,.. h". There
and ... bo... n'ially$imila.. val_or'n .............. n ...... lly ... ,_popubr..np~ficr ......"......n""""'h."""_·<I'
bc ......... l'houah_ne ' o..ncs.unodci""'i"' itolttft .............. hy...:ounoerodin.ma1eU'eq.uiprncn'oom .....
_"'bcao....,01' ........
'i...ty ....ou'pu' ""paci'''''''
.... l h e r _ o I _ _ ' ionil.incre.o ..... ..... rrom
~ha
.. r ...... yforf.""".~o .. , ... """"'''''lldoublc ... rodc
(QQvO) 'lOA)or'he~arid'riod« I)ETl4).Simila'
,... ICtJ'Ode •• odouble ,etrocle (pusIIp .. n).andon.oF1><><'ll""
p;.J,rio<Ioooltu, ... lIycrnployed.Jus' ..'...... ' beoecho_
=a~.;.:.,~ . . n"",,'l)'beobt'ined"ioh
5.10
'nhl...... _ ... "QOS'he"-'populll.io'hororood-air-
'ho .X I:!OA ....
<OOIed .. n.Io ••llock.""h •• <tCX2S0B.T... o
o('hi••
.. 1... n'
,""rnaybt"""'ln.p........ un.rran ........
1Ka.,hoci",ui,becomnra'hc«umb..."",•• nd onyway .""h
p(lw •• I••• I•• ~n01 •• nen.ny,equj'lI<Ifo, . ma •• u, purp<J$«
Power frequencv doubler.

::::~,:u':::~!..~r~= ~::;:-::'~~"":i~l~
Smlioonduclon1UClluVlnJaordiodaln:llimplcllldln
.... ,<tly rfpowa-td ...... "'o(obt.in. . ""'pr.l.........
bIoor
:.t;'"'hoi""".r""luencyal'/llpdllclnq-o(6(I,,,npe<
Ah ........ ..,.". "iplentuove_..-in""""h~
f~ ...... _.voidnl.It\ollouklbe' ..... mbered
:::~'::i:,:.~:,:~~.of~"":=":I;·.:::::':7~':
In",OI.ndldk,f,tq""""io •• rck<1>lotJlof . h.ooulpu.d«uh
bu'.I"" ....
' . nyl~ " nr"'• •lI<Ir""l""""""'.r>d,hei.
""=~ ~'i:~i~O.:[ ~~ .....row boond ...>d,h .. ,h.o

.... n.ll<lf_......"..I"eCY<n'ial.()f~, ... _o ,..bIa"
...... kdri.-; .... n.mpli6er.muclool'he_oI'he
un .... n.tdfrcqucncia .. lilc!y.obt....,......,hreduoodby
' ....""'liAto-·.ci..,..;'otIecI'.My
r.~-':;:,'::.°r: .ubo.. nri.al """eo- ko.h . , I044M Hz .nd

abo'·.arercl.ari.clyhi.hlyl"Udcon~redwirhval"..,.of
" mila'OIl,pu,_"",bu"he,willundOllblcdlyba:ome
more """,prli'i....
in ,he nca.'u'u, • . l '... y.rc.ltroc\i .... fo.
po". bIe In<! mobile u.., bu, lho, orc I'UY ..",i.i"" .o
~;~*":::.=:":..:~~ ~:ri~~,.=.::I=;~,::
_,••"lMdis.,... ....... n.boor.l :I . Thio"'npn>bobl,.bt bil,". M""')-pe:s ..illrequito ..... ' ..,".. io<rby""""ft"Om
bouomon...,JbybWldq I... " , ... ""'PU' citcun I
cIi""" ...... I -.pI..-"""""""" ' o.n ... lyd ............ in .......
::n::.'"'":";':~"" by ,hocapa<i.y b';,,! ....... hod or ocr«n
.....y,... '.."....'io<r;,;n ...rni ....... n..... 'o."" .....1< T~'ci"',;' ..... ItCtflltfIl.fOf ... '".aI;~'ionOK ....... n
.. ul<dln.recci_orl.i ... l<oI<Ic:bond, ... """itttf
C!tcuhllaitinfot ' ....... IOII.hould i""ludc:_ ...... m ~ ~i!,';:' :;"i~::"A::a~="~ciI. iso(';"=~o'=
by",hidrpa ....... 'rie05ciIl •• iooil. •• oidcd """"".coKk"r' ... 'ur.edcimri' .o ' .... r><><Ieand'hu!
(Ofm. wi,b ,ho nl"" ca ..... i.....,.. bridl • . n .. !'IC rnay be
Te tr od " .;' .....n . dj"'.. blocap..,llor ot •• uh. b.... n. 'h "f""j ..
Thedaianof.i","'Wodeslui,.ble(oruse., (requtncios
of1OMlh .ndabo... requi, ... """'.o' .... f... utak>,.
°
from lhe arid so plactd ' 0 f(H"m elIpa<ilO'
.n(b)''''ou,oQ(.ptwovol'lIt'''''lulredl, '''''. i''Cdfrom
........ '0
«>n,,01pOdcapoci ......,.In ordor,,,.vo;di", .. · 'Ile tridcirari••ndis .ho ..... hod ...""lly ...... -..t.m.pi.-
Table 5.7
"-'
('''')
I+1M U.
(2",)
5 .11
VHF/ UHF M A.NUAl
~'"
'
£fi ":: .~c
~"
.DOdoilt...., ...... IIy.ooomaU'oca .... otlf>Olcillat;OItia.

L"<OPO<Iydesi""""drcultiayoul
In thiocl ... of ... l... tbo .......n.houklM.upplitdr,,,,,,.
fi.<ed volt ..... """'00 in'.rlockod wi,h ,"" .nod. , uPl'ly.
",IaJ"'
beca .... ' ... ocrunclltmlt""'... f.irly....w.ly,d ... ' o _
datytrni<sion,and ;,oR.nrwpti.... ln.ddllion.Ull1e
freqUCllC)' iI '...:naNd" "",y be......,......, 10 ,od_.""
1""", __ertotl•• heotor"'_'uccu.i""ialCnl.ll
beau.,.
n-
Dou bletetrod• •
=~.~~~=.~~t~l~)~~~.;d~~':~~
In"'" Amtri<:an t}'110 the.1ectrode '!'It.m OCIlIWtsof
'W(>~"''''''odaln ...... n\'Olopo'';thM'';'''''''t.
=:::""lve.is
COOIVIIOnoc:reonbypaMa'-;lO<_todlnlido,and
reqwred ... um.ally. 1 ' - ......... an old
A typal.....-ot...- _ ..... tra1iri"._,
ilohowtL;ntlledi..,..ml"FlaS.ll. ltllSUlllyCOlLwlSo' .
~::~~7.tid",=.~~~~"",:~
:==~iollMd.Hi .• lsoapplk:ablo'MoeriaturlO4
bet ........ 'hc..;.., ."" '''''.DOdoad,j...clOllbybendi''' ...
iJlYe",,1);lj,y
Tho E_t"......,b .. theQQVOJ.2OAMQQV()6.
,"".......,c:imQ.
Iq (c) Sl.abilidtlorl 10 obtai<>Od by lI... i... <IOAlfCdcsicnodont""buisot._ca,lIodc.fId.
_ _ pid.Tho...,.ratc.,....... .... achicvedby
i...-hic:h.herch._iesifldutlallCCNLlndtuni.,.capac;tM
t........ otsina\eolcled .... trolpids.fId .......... Thodaip
~~~itr!.~,:..~tr!"=lO<leIda ..... indOOesthc""'t ... iI:iI\Icapac;ton
In_"""",lIydcsicnedtypesfororerltionint"" Tablc'.S(rishO li ... _of,,,,,,,,,," pOPUIarval ......t
frequcncy ra .... ISO to mM H~, I""h " ,"" ~XUOA .,.. pracntin ..... T1IdrpoweroLl'put"'''''''from IW upwarda
.ccxl$(l8.thet.ilcompit1cmechanieolisotationbtt.......
t""JridanciaDOdo.'hc>_t.e;",brou&hlOII'toanann ... Driving powe r
Iarrin.whicIt_6tl<dintolln _ _ ",,,,,,,u..mb l"a...Camplifion,'hadri_.......w ......!'IMcapabio
buiJt';qbn>MsC&llloCitM.ClUIbtlloorolq:ltlycanbcd.mh ot~oum.::iont_'o_rMu..taQOot ___
IioareqWrcdUldIO _ _ thc<OGU'OlpWdn:uit1oaota
rapetI ... rf.Thor""" .......... a...,.....".~Jridand
5.12
Ta bl e 5.8
Ratlngl for lOme commonly uled p .a . lIalllel
Mu. 0.1 ...

rr..:a.Ou, .., f. . . . . ,
'.
f. . . .,f.n ,_.-
,,- ., ~,
UooMIoII·.....
~:~ '\~ ~~ J~
..
U...
~
,c~
~,
'"
., ::: -
-
~
~ ,., ,.,
~
Illl/ U2'" -
""
~
~
OQ1I02~
~
". ~
QVOoI·1
~
Mullan!
r::: OJ 1O
•
., ::!
~
~
.".-
oovo..u
". ~
QOVO)'20A
". ~,
~
0\''''':1(1
"
UU
00\-" ,,. ~
nc
oo\'O'I·so
OIlI·lso,o. ~ ,.
"
"'-OVal,.
....,;.1 '"
,u
IS"'
5.13
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Tempen.'u •• _ .......... o( ..lvc$nrda.i.dycu'
bu"hilisbyno .......... oimplo .... u.. inlhe .... 01 ......
~.:=t~,:=~~:::"=~~"!!':::
oii,'.'ioftcon be ..... ifico ... lyimpro .... by_of.cooIi'"
r.n'oimprovethe .... '."., ... . .
Malc:nalswi.h Iq .... , ........1 «>nd1lC1Mty.,.. ,'''''-'
_.nd
... i.. blef"' ...... ' .. nb. It b_'e'... imponant to ........
''''''herci1;no oi.nificanloonl'''poI''l!ill~"",,",,'be
tbe ...... , . ink ..... ,.rial o''''''''~'kct.oIytic:
rorro:sion "ill """"r, Coolcr1 n..1It or metal other than
OO!>P<'ror.luminiu m "'ill need '0 bcof .... Wthi< ..... 'o
al""'he ...... performance
T", ,hermal
n' ... .
w ...
.If"'..... y of" .... t .Ink .....y ~e improved
~rf_ .. ro"llhentdln.J«> ..r«l",ith .... lIbl.<k
::':~i~~~t':.:Pa~~ '!~:::i~";t ~.:;~':~~:~":

.......,.ha""flft f,om bu.... "" 01"'" 1.... uLo.i' ...
The .... oI'.silicone ..... '" may bc""p(ul in , ... CO<1 .....
l:.:[~~:;;~. .:.:'::~~::
' . . ..,7. _ 0 01. OOVOS·_ .... OOVOl·. . .
Thi< i, 1"",",. I.,ly imponan. "'ben ..... mplil\c" .r.
;e:,E'~~~\:~~~~'i~~;:.bei~ ~~i~k.n~om.~:~~
--
1'''' >< 10·'
"·7 ~ 10-'
t.·l
16'"
la ~
~
~
10· '
10 · '
10· '
h~~i::!~.t~i;/:":.=':~~::::t~=,! Opon'ionofany ",diallon "",Iod po..'"val"" aI its

d.i .... i<""'''''''''.Thorfd.i.... voItqc .......,dno.bc ....... """'"",m .. ti",o(inpu' powcr,"""';'IIy .. 0.- ...., ; "
' ...n' .... mj~irod"'.i •• • bcmu.i ...... m"".pu • • nd.lIlocan "".,..frcq1>OQC)'Ii""... ;n.. rillblyrcq"i .... niIlU'UOeUt
radilybcO/lfttif._wcon •• oIis .... ilIoblein' ... dri-
1U. . .nd ... rf""'pu''''''''itor~IMO'''''''''tpu,
.iroe>Ol. . ,op.. """'o...
rbca.in.ofl ... .......,Iopo.Sinl!>k
.;r<:ui••
~
n... ....y ..I:e .... Jormor ...""'lorf ............
.....~';'~"",pu,~pli ... or._omtter ...
:.: ~~a~~1,:,~",,:~.~.zo..~::.,,:!':"":
bybei". interwnno<:Ced .. i,h,he_ ..." " " " -
Tho ... ' .. oe>OI ..... pon ...... Lor11_ryln"""'~1ien
.. hichonfullylC1'ftl>«l, .. Ihcy """"Id be ,0.WlidaRY
Ove rlol ding appru:iable'-;nlro<llKlOdbyf..... r .. dio'iorI.Adoq ... lc:
All (>lido COIled calhode an (Iirty ....ii, be danqcd if
, ...."""".n.t.rid.reaJlowed '0 beoorne .. <asivdyhot :;n~'.i~:::~~':u~r!:~~~~'Off\$U'e af....
Tho."""",for ... mplt . • hould ....... bc.Ucr..-edlobeoorne
ho' ........ hf"'i" obe.isiblyred"·hm .~in_ ..... , Modulation of double tetrodes
roomll,h" ... Satnfac' '''Ymndu l.. ioomaybe .pplledlothearl<l,,.,.....
In . mplitlt" open 'in. wilhin ,hoi. . . ,ed rondi, iQn, Of anodo ci",uits. bu, fo • ..,.,.1 ,,,,,pooeslnoMlnd ",...,n
o ........ 'i n.l.m<>I'lik .. y 'ooocur if' be •• is.f.i1ureofrf _"b ' iofti.normallyprcf. fT edfo.I .... mplilude ..... h.od
S~~g!E~i;~i~:~~~~
F.oquenoymod"' .. ,,;.n .... Y.ofcO\l"",bcuO!ld ifde5ire<l
:~.'::~=~i:sblo0:;,.,':""ion I I r.lI ",lin" "'hotm
Amr>Ii,_moduLo'ion .. n bclpplied In , .... notIe t>,>
lIlIXk.ndKfW'I""""" ..... ~.pt"""·nlO .. f.Jto,.,It.SUCh Iny of the "S ... I mrlhods.nd moat lko be awI;ro tOlbt
QO.lIodobiasrais'orm .... bcby·fW"O<Idr~ivd1tO ... i... ......... by one of''''' fono..in. melhod$ '
..lnt..... tllodo.' ... bmon'ialtyeanhpolenti.I.Al'...
... "ody ............ ve.ys<em ....y bc_ I. Sot... =- f.om,he moduIoi<d _ _ ""'...,.
CooUng 1. !i:'".:awi==.~.~'i!:'!:~"':r=
CooIi ... or ... va.mdsemicond ....onioimpooUn ••""',.. inF.. J.l8(.).n.o_ ........ d toplli"'resistot
mlkas· ............... 'ioaahouldbe~if .. 'isfoctory =:n~~·=!.requenciooonthe ... I'1' '
petformo ..... h ' obcobuioed..
6.14
1=,.-
~
<>flllc upper Ind """'"' rais,,,,, m .... bechoseft 10
"...,.' ~'hcproper.....,..~.
'. F.'.29~.'u ... IIe' ...... hodof.DDlyiqtbe""""""
e,l\CurT =1:::.~~~·OfiCthcr ..ilht"".pproprio,.
It t hould be remembered ,luI far "".imum """ •• ,;on ,lie
:':~n7~a:n i~:~:::. ;:;,~"~n :;:; .::;, ~=~~
: : : :. inonodecurrcn' ..... llIln.clI&lIp in .'''..'."
Thccircui,ofF,. LI9 DOt OIlIy_blct.ddini..... I"" 01
'0
_voItap: be sec. bu'aIsoal ....... 'he"""""".mount
of.udiolObeo.ppljod,
...:.n=:::::,v~~'":l'~.:I=~""~::.
~
~~::: 1i,'..... adeq ... '.~. R V2"""'rolsl""amoo.m'oI
•modulo,""'opplicdIO''''p'idof,h",,",,_rol'''''aval>'
""IIe_".'he ........ irl<!.II.hooldbe..tj...ledto' .....,
~~:~"':z~ren' me1erd".."".""""'eithcrupardO....,
rUNtD Th&onlydi<ad .... nUeeof\hlslMlhodil lhallhche:.ller
oupply 10 ,he valve m"" be ',om. ~1. SOWU, siftoo
tbe 1Iea •.....,.'l>o;o;ki ..... la'ion is u....Uy illSlll'l1ciMt far ,be
Ie) _ _• voI=~""::!;is""""il .......... bom-nembcrullballl
peabormodula'iontbe . DOdo.nd.,........~is .........
doooibkdond""'<itMr ....... provIdctuftl<io<M _ _
,hi! condition. Modula,ionol,bedriwris_imcsusriuJ.
W.I ... ' .... udiofrom ,he.,........ "id of the atnf)li!ier
Triode.
A.I fftqUCfICic:!labovt4J2M It t.lrioda.remoresali!raClor~
uamp l;fiersande'o'ma'4J2MIt.'he~offer •• oodal'erna.
~;;:.!~~. lcI_CIIl<>cloIlYinlhe_OUI]><lll&11Jeot
). It. tapped modula,ion •..,..r.,......,. .... y boo W«I. in
'hiscue''''''''''''''d~_,,',,",hmuslboc:ol''_'od The......:lmetbocloroon.,..;tioooitp-oundcd<<al1hcd,
Ifooen-with''''' ... p......cbob)r.puoed'o.ud ... &rid ........hen voMs or lhe pb"". Iype are _. 1110 """,.
f""l......ac.u .......... inF.. ' .2II..) lioo bcC_aridand_ ... .,od--" 'oonable .... bIe
.. !::.'~=::tl:';"~~~,:.= oponlioowill'loullrouble .. iMs .. ' .....I_i..bIJ ••J....'ued.Thedriva
5.15
""".... ~"'redis .ilmlieanllyhiVler'ha"fo.lt.lfod<.bllt
l<;<>n<kk",bleJ>f'O!'Ortionofth;'i.fedth.ou.hlnl0lhc
O",putetrcUitlndadd.'Olhcampliile<·,'Olllou''''''_·...
Sint<'hcdri",,,,,_fotmS~.tofthcou,,,,,'.i'io
IIeCc>WIty'Omodula1Cthcd'i ................... , .. 'hc.mpllt.ot.
:::"~,.':"
........ O('hiolhoyannolhcdri.~n(r<>m.r.... _
~ ............ Iva for ,h .. 'YII" ofu ... rc ,he OlT2A
-rhe tint
aoW d'ui ... ,ion) .nd2Cl9A(!OOWdis!.ipation). Tho .. t_
...h'CSlrc¥etywmilar.ocq>Ithalthcro..... ~ ... on
conduct_""'!' ... of ' ht.nod< ... htrcas'hcl\Wltr".,....mJ
5lg~~~1~E~~;1g§:§;
~2~~~;·r.:;f.1~~;::e.~ ~~~i:i';'~,': a~~:;~~~h
'hcIC "7 ••" tI)lT29m>ybt ......... 'hi.htrf,OQU<""ics
~':'~~MH,.and" i'h""''''''''bl."U'lI''t uPl0.bo" '
Trans isto rs
~n=I =:ti,~~!. oemicondutlor IIdd ha",
Plo.·NIcd ..... mtnofrdali •...,. ...... _oredu" ..... 'on
(ot ........ 'o02M II£lnd.hhou&h'ho...., .. i1IUl'Cmi ••
thooloouldbcCOR$_camul,ybcca .... U.."..,III..
...,ui_nts maY_I oK<:<.n o.",..U """""",,,,bcndh.
apcriallyforrnot!iltorpot1abiecquipmmt
, 'horc .... ,I>o...,,,,,r.a numbe:rofimporlln'l"'in" ... hioh
mullbe:bor .... lnmind"henron.iooin.'"...
• 'rI•• ""'P'" impcd.""" is • .."1",,,. and " .. ,uninl
circuli mu.' ma,ch ,hi. '0 ,he much hi,her..,.i.,,,,
O"'I""impcd."""
• O~I""d PlOI«:lion mu" be PI(>Yided '0 .""kl
deotroy!n"htde.'icc,Unlik .... I_""'ioh Clnocc<pl
<;<>n<kk ..!>Ieoverload."·i'I'IouI,,.....,.. .. n'do. ......
::n;';;.~=="ohouldbtPfOl«:ledby.Il"'tcI.
• IkallNofll\e11K1\l.i'i.ity ,oOYft'lNd.,,·IIen ' 1\ry
Irc_".mc:li,1MIe modulal<d.mphllen ,,,,,,,,.
"'i... is¥ety~ .... 'hllr...,........,.mod""·
:::';'~be:Prcf....-..:l.'h ...enabli"'.t.o"'_""" . =:~~~:1!:~,~l~~""·m:
•
wmillr
_1dI i".,."..... in I man ..... '0 QC 0< .If:..
AdcqUlICheal ........... l>efll'OYided.o h . , , _
• Tho OW"'" .... efOJm ....... be: .ubocaMiaUy r_ r.om
opIk. . .hldlcouIdCl .... .,.......I"..'linl ,he,ems-a'''''' of 11.. <ltriccand in hiP_ ... p
• ~1~:::'m ... 'beW<h'hlllhorcisnoPlnll"e"it oomt:ld"'"\QOmI1beobui"""b)'uli,..fon:cdai.
c:ooIiq
5 . 16
,· EITn whi<:hco n a=p, hillh-vOI'.....u'IP'"."(•• "ofcon';u.rabk
malniloo.wj.hOll,.ulf<rin,,,,,,ma ... ntd.ma/F.'hqmu,,
~£:cdo~'t::~:i:::"~=:i:::Ii:~n:
, =ern amplitude modul.,ion. il i, w"nhcon.idcrinl the u.. <Jf

:i'~:'~~'~'"~~~~::: .='~~;,.~~::c>n:~ u~ ..nil<
Ara" from ,·oho!l¢S,u'!I¢Sond .p;~... o.wi'h o", 'v< ,I><
~~:::~~. ~~:~~ ~:i,~'::';~:y t:u~~a~~ :~4}"::i:;~~
~i~!::;..t~d ~~~fo~II~~"::",'~'i;; ~;~:i~~~~'~a~
••"'nlil.ccly
c4}ndi'ion'.lf'l><f.ul1<4}ndjli4}",.~fo,.nYf
, E rri
~~,~~=~~:)~;~~:';~h':: I:U~~~~~u~~~;~~::~
A<kqu.t<,usin\.s mu" b< pro.i<kd. <>p<eially in
Implil\<""fsi&nitican, PO"'<f,.'in"ndj,m.y b<.-",<y
~';,,:,;~:d~L!o~:n :"~~:~~:bf;~:.~~, ~~"~~.:,... II
TI>< po_, lOin ~f If.,",i"o", i. a, prcsc:n'I<".,.lIy
:::=~'~:-':':;-;:'~":; ;:;: :~':~,n:~~:a~~
~~:.;;;,::: ,~~ ~-;";'~'!i~i::..:.,n~i~u~n1 "ny pa"ic,,'.,
Si~ ",micond"",o« If. ,ran.p'f.n, dc,''''' ond.
:~.~:~~;< ":~.~::~"t::n~n fi~'~~~~'~ho mo~~u:\\~~.'·;~~

will.tlo.strcduoe,hecl>a"""ofnldia,inl.pur;o,., .i,"al,
J~ap~O:!~,t ~rO~'~:~~ an~i~~~fi,:~~<ft~ of

po_rf,oml'ran';.'or;..."'n.i.Uy'ho"' .... a."'i'h.
~~}=·:~~r,~~n;~t::~~~~~~~~l~~~,fJ
~'i~~.i~;:.: f~~.I:::.b~~::,",j'h ,ho ' ...... istol boca..s<
".I",.mplif",r. TIH: dcvi«: impcd.""" "ill b< low and 11 n im;:.':;.r:,:: i~i~h.;.",~'~:<~ i~":~ i~~~~P'i:':."~~ :~
<.",,,f,1>< ".n.j"o,we hI'. '0".1' up '0 the f~dc.
::~',;~i:~~~;f~;n~~: ~~;:;;~~~~;,~ ~:,:;.""" and ,hi, in,'",,,,,, <oml">"'"" of """y dilr...."'
Unfurtu"a'ely. c~mpo".n. va,un cumpu't<.! by standa'd

::r::.!:en ":'~P'::i ~o6.':"'nd '::;~f~%'I:~"~~i:':,o7~
aeri., impcd.oo< of SO or 7011 Ill< co~p"r
diJl"...".r,om,I'\a,uscdfor.".,,'•• mplifi<r
will be very st;~~~~~~t;~§f~~;~·~~~:~~~~
'"~~:~~~, :~~ ~.~O~;'d,:,,,,~.:~~~iet~ ':u~::u: :~:~
tion, on tile induc'or 01 suitabieimped.oo< poin" :~~::~:r~~~~~:~f:~'~?i,;~=~~~:~~:u?~~
:@ffE~n!~;~:~~~f2~~~~~~fu:~~ ~i:~::.:~~~~~~:£~7:~:~!~o::~~~~~";.
::!~[;:~~~i~~:::r: :~F.~~~~~~U~~. :~~
~~;:~~:'::~::~~~::~§..:::
For PO"" Imp';''' 1I'"",,,,lIy. hi . h.volta~. types ar.
:~ir:~~~~~~"~::£~~dh~~~11~i~~]:~
.., ,ha' p"""i'ia
:~':~i~~ra~~:.:.;~:::~.: .1><1 o'he,
lik.lylObelllcmos' ...rul.bu' ....·i lhm"" .. mic<>ooo>C10r In moo, .rran......n" [he circui" ... a.ccoupled '0 ,I><
~.lh<y . r. . . n.i'i"".o •• C<S.V()lIa ... ,Unli~ ••• lv .. OU'p"'.nd,I><""lIce'o,;"I><"red"'j,hdc,h,,,,,,h . n,r
5 .17
V HF/ UH F M " NUAl
l - pi ci re uit
from muoh re«n! wotk , .... ..-, ..,"fK'CKy """plin,
~?~E~~:~'~:~':~?:!~7~
~:"""~~.~'~,:;,'~~~,!::~~==
, .... n' .... p; SCCIlooc<>mpo... nt.are.dded
Tho two p.ara" .. tc .. which mu", bo ~ .... mined i"i'''lly
.'.'hel...... i.... I"u'pu.c.~i •• nccor'he".".i" .... ond
i..;::i;:,~~.":.=';::'"C': .... n bo <>I>tained r,,,,,,.he
.... nu/aotuKf·.da ' •• I>tct.ndis ... ""IIY ..1IOIcdin ..... r"'mof
.,.pacitanttfreqroencycw.... r"'.-at_"""''"Ie>....
Th<ou'pu • ..,......nttRp .. _IP_b." .... nbc~cd
withwfllci<n'...,.,racyby ..... nlin • • ,....,k.opeakrl
vol ..... . "'inIOf' ... icct .... ul'l'ly.'olt.acvc
IfPi.'PIe ...... nPO"o.."ou'put.'Plen' ... oqul .... lcn''' ..'' ".1 . nY o, a 1"
TO,
reoislanttof, .... ...... il1",ItP _ y,;.
. .... ,. 1 ~-I"
Tho ...... liel .,.~I1""" Cp."" """""""" Rp.f< _
:;...nodin,ooqu,vaie'HKriescircuill._F.. ',36.n....
Equivaien, ..,ies,eli"aI>t¢R. R; ~X;P"X" TO I' . ....,.

s.:....-cc
·r... oqui.-aien'Krits •• l'&<i.i ..........""" X... 'Io a,,,. 5_.......
Noot work · .
t ...
".: o' t ... _
LOld
In\f>odo.... ,.
X. _ R~p+X~p' . RP
xp -...b;
x. _ ~
'0 ~~~~=i::'~:':.;~'~f::;'::
=~':"jr;::'bo.h<""'Iiu ..' • ." .... -..ra~
Siro:ilisdc:linlbie lhi"ht:ntl1i'Crtw.uidpro>ideJO(ld Q _ ~'ndXl' Q.R~
No""""ic
~.~
I"()«''''''
a nd ..... or'uni .... a wortinl Q of
•• nd20._ldbe<:hoo<n • • t.c;n •• ui'.bIoror .... ,he imr><da_o(.he"",,,,,", pi ... ,he induccj"" reoot • ...,.
XLI i, lI. . +J(XL I . X.) ,hu •• ,heimped.l>t¢of R.jX.",u"
S;"""XU.ndX<:/ Fi. '.J.6) .... y No"C ."'nIFQr .. I..... bc,heconjup'. ' o.,,.blish.ma,<h
::!"~~he~.!"".....?~ L~ ...."'. . ~ ....Y be otMained by a I'rom,his.byoq"",inllhc:real.ndimqi"".,.paru
..z.!::'!. '.t:::0':. indu<:ri,.. ",acta_. Xl. 'be
5.18
n.."I .... otCl.nd Rl.I in'hcLrtoet ............. '_be t·.... OofIO.'ofindtuClanceofL,
.. k:u"'cdbymoli ... 'hcoetieslOpanIItJ«>fI~ ' XI., O.R> IO><lZ ZZGG
Rl, Xc'~R>'. XC, Xc';~R>'. CI ;-h;.
T..""'"'*'.'... ...,..... or'hc .. "".. net ...... 'il .... lym»li ...
lo ........ ' . '... picirt:u>lco'''pontntsrrom ' ... r.,......,1ac
F.omX~ XL, Xs :20 IN 2ONO
Toobt.in 'hc""l .... orC,."" RL,IFl.S .1SI'hcoeries
~;:" in ,hc RSGR _ C"",mun;"",iooo 1 1 _ . 1 _ """,bin.o,lonufXc.nd R,m""beconverttd'othc"" •• I"1
OIIui ..... nt
F.om'hcrormul.x<, _ XC'~c R>'
j.2~~: ~.~ >C 10'

xc.~
2,01' ZOllO
xc.
l'tom .. h;'hC, ±. ' .' ''::'''2OI - HPF

and Rl , ""':'R>' _ Z-07'><21~ ~ Z,!'>C 10'
c, . ~.c. ~. I .. ~
T1It.ts I...... I_ot'IIe". ...... i.-erca<1.ncc.XO.ndXCl 11m DDmPI<tc< , ... l ne,,"'o..k calcu .. ,ion<."" ,"" pi
~~...;;:".~i'::rac::e"';;:dl~·taybeobl.inodby"""k,nl ,,,"...... t ... ' .... md"...,wbocak:u .. 'N I'rom , ""o.."",,,.
TlIo ..... """'io...

ot' ...... ""Ie".,'""OfI« L I Pi).re
Lclrcui....
"""....,INI ...."IIt.bylumpinIC I ot,hc i.hO
~=; ~nl t"'I ':;::I~R~;"71~":i::~:-":~·IId
ot''''pi-d",uil in "" •• ' ''1 '0 ro.m 'hc:.uni .... cttpacll .. , Cf.
C);o~~o;,:~::gl~~=:;~Ll'i ;",:oi"" n«d 001 he lilt
........ u .... 'u$«lr.... 'hcL.l<'Clion . l mp."""' ..... monk
~jeclion"iliresull"hhhi.hc ••"luesofQ
_ 1.9\~ 10'(I + JI .'n7; 10') - 156Cl
E... mpla
"lA'f' "" ...".t tk'iln "" <> u.k
INMJl ,,~
'.om ..hich C2 - ~, - ' . 1 " : :' >C 156 - NpF
_"'..... ajW_""' ~"''''QI'~T''''UMII:I'''<>

.11()'~"","'r-J s.,I, ..x11lP181'.
From I'" manuf..,'u ..... ·.da'.......'.........
i" 'hc ...... lltl
«!ui ....... ' OU'pu' ""pach y Cp .. ,1It ... ,N _~ ••nd
Xc. Xc, ft. ~ ,~ J ,.,/; '0' 2970
f<tq\lMC)'.Cp 2!l>I-
" ... IId«lu,.-aknl oulpulrni'llantX. RpI'JI.,ctIpo'1ot. ftOOt"' hirnC. - ~ - 9.1 >C ::'>c 1'I.1 - l1pF
V'" 28'
Rp - z:;. - :.1J.S - m:l
, , n. ;, (, + J::)'
Re ... ,,,..orcp ;q:; 2.r.cp
''',; ,"(, +J, ,,'; ,.),-'"''

X,,~ - XICl Combini",C,.IIdC,
Cf C, + C.- H + H - Il.04pF
n.._,L-Pi .........~_ .. idF.. H.
Simi.. tiyfo..'_lN.l6Jl' ......... _inpoanoild ocaonl.i"'.'
1l1W ....... MHztller_i ....... ...,. .."bo".Iao..1<d
R>~>CXP
~.»
~>CSO
2~";,~~:~ _~~ .•0·960
X'~>C RP :'::'''1'1 12-70 ~~:..-;J:'~'nd Li O'2i<IHorQ "
5.19
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
~Q ~~~n"!i~"i~/$t>F. Ill. - 2 jHl

C. _ 7·l,,!'
C, ')pl'
L,-0·19\<1I
~,~t2~~}!:!!~~r:unr'milia.",ma"y.$O
j'io ....... h..'hi ...... i"' . briefloot., how 'I>ey work. t-I,
!.!!..."\::,~~~";';.t;.r:::-;:.%.~::!7'~~~O:J,7:
~~~r.~L:2~:!:~'~~~~S~?!~~~:Th£~·:~
j .. n<;1io<1ln'honreaion .... ll~"""in'o'ho"··FOfI .. hc ••.
• I'te.".. nderin •• oo. , fot .,,·h i... 'l>eyromb;.... ,,'i,h ho ...
• 1Id ...... u, .. I....,;con~ .....y _ o f ' h c _ ..... 'hc
::::: ::;,~~,,= ~~'hci • .... y '0 ,ho n rqion .....
C..!~of-='~ ::,~~:.:-:~ ';:':~=' ~r'~"::·~ .c:alon wi,......,awreclablo _ _ ' fkr,o, .... bcoa .... \hc
... j~.nd ......,... ...... 'of'he
=_~::= !"!::.~ =;.~;O.: ~:~~,.~::":
.pplied.oI_~
ifl.icttcdcaniers 1M<l: ' olhe ..... f.om .. hidr.'I>ey .........
OU' ..... wo<ld._'hc .. hok'h ... _ _ lih .... pood' ot hcfotc'heyha""'i .... 'orecombi ... '"" ... OI .......... T1oio
wi1h'hodcplc'ionla~ •• ' ... d;.tcaricbet ..... n' ... ".,... ..... ' .. i" ....... i"""'" .. i"""paci .........,.;nl.ndhm<c
d...:ti ... p ..... n.cPon·· .... '..··. I' " ...ish'l)reho.acd _han.dlin'''''~IY
"'PKi,ot. bcca .... 'heeho..... p.lnU""'J>r""'" prod ...... Ir""_plot ca~' .""".pi ...(""'.... f<l<.oemi.
...
i!'=~~r,,;·~::'pol tial··ac<.... 'hojUn<;1ion,Th" rondO>Cl.,.ju""'ioft""obl.in.~ ..mila.,o'ha'._n
in Hl l ..o.•I.houJl<'ho ....."'.h.""d<j>elldson'ho .... y
If In ..,..... 1 de .... l'f'lyi.conn«1cd in wch ......... (h.'(hed~nl .. ~I.""ry ..... II... jUllC'ion.
,...,..ha ....
'o .... 'hl •• ie_ •• _ b i .. 'hcj ...... 'ion.' ... n r.... cha ... on ,he ",poti'or" iJlven by I..... p..,..;on
."...,po
,"'Inc, •• oodd..""ie r.. ld mo •• ",,";"'0"' oflhe q CV.and fill.41 slIo"". plOl ofcha,¥", Q, 'p in"
.oh.... Ir"".upocrimJI<M.n inpu' .......... ,,{char.., on
bu~~::,'~~!,~~~~.=.~::w:~~~ ~~i:he~~~ 'ho ... rvo ..... >e< ,ha"he .... I.."'V• ....,lot \1011""""_
of ......
"la'.. llcl .. lale""PKI'o ........ I..... p.lrI.Con. r"""is ""ity_ in 01"', word •• II conl.in. ha.monico. This
_ly,1'ed...,;,.. ,hc.pa<e<ha_byforwar<lbiaJ"",,,- is\hc_yinwlUch' ... ··cla5oi<:a'.. ....,'''''prod ......
V• r~
'hewkl'hof'hedtt>le'ionlayer.ndi ...........
ESn.~~~=!~~~7~~~::
i.. CIf...'.""".
::~ ",:I~ho,!:~ !.F.:~~..:~::::
~::":'~~t:;This.of""" .... ha_.I.loou'o-lV
..........._ ,he ...... ied - . . . . . - apill . -
Th ... 'hejunclion<lioOt_....... _~biucd.

"b .......... ""rio.bk""paci''''':'h<~mi .. 'othe~ .....,.
=:;:!' ..~...!t:t.!~ri.::=t...~i!=
" , . - . . , . ,........ n<Iwill rct",,,'othoir...,.oforiain
•...-in&an ..'by"""... btatt ......... oflhoju""'ioft.' ..... • """"'rinl ... briefpu ... of~CU/m"(F j.U).n.a ..
~cha, ....hidois.n"ioo_i"or<Iinat)l<lioOt
~;.:,~ ~::::!..,.-:.~~.~~: f..':·i~~~yr~!'1 ci"'.i' .ppla'io... "....,rulinV.rlClon ...... ha"".' mody
5.20
:::;~..:~~::~,~ i~~=d~~ ..rf~b':~': ... Boi;o.uwort"'ha"n...,ic""'ic>Mhipbo'~_n'he."""C<o'
J"""lIon.", ... iub!y pr,,~k<I.;' can be .,,,,nijed ,ha, ,he .1tt,,,hr"'nd.,"' • • rc,,,,,,'lyin'~.odln"lplin•.• ndFil
.. or<d.ha,... lIromesb<"'k ino ... ,ump.li.i .... """.f•• ' ,.~, .""..... 'ypical tripler <I"",i •. TIti, i. de""lopcd f,om
cu,-oIfof "'''''l'Kcu,rcn,, ' ' in ~I' '.4J. Thi.phenomenon, Fi. '.4~ ";mply to)' ,h •• ddi.ionof.n Idlerci.."I, oom",;'inl
".p ....."""... ,..
lnown .... reI' ul,.in'heproduc'i...,or •• LJ Ind O ..... ies """",.n, with ,lie diode: atl"'ci',I'ICe"
=:.=:~f.:~.:T~~ ~~X~;::"I~ .... kt.i'teinpu.frtqU(<IC)'.11lebUlruil'O< RllOO1crilial
Indlt ....... ,lychooenbo''',oco6I .nd2(JOk!l.l"ftic.. ncies
f,.,..,60,08(lper<:Cfl, ....." .inab!ewhctt.,ipli... fromIU
"'_l'.....
Inorlk1'.omokcuwof' ...... If..,..(ha""unic ........ 'ion
n_i' ...... andbr .. ""~) in.pnelical
cin:ui'. it i s _ r y '0'''.''''''0 fccd Cu, ...... , lMo,he
,,,.J2Mlh·,,ilh.1t.is 00"",; •• u..;n .....
M"i\a,d BAY 66(l2W ma,im .." inpu" SAY 96 (<<lW) or
icet'''''' ...
'hoMOIoroIa l1'«.J.81{40W),bu.i'it_qw",..,,,.b!e, .. "
he
,helnpu'f~uc:...,. •• nd,,,e>I.l1ICt.heh..,,..o..ic
V•• octor •• .,-.r"""""'••:Ii...,di...,.'o.n_ial, ........... he .......
==orl<d":'~'.1~::"'''''':''~he~ '''''"''''''.'''''ci...,..;'d<)eo_ .. o;ellUllicicnt.'....... ' ..... ol
un .......... , ismorccon.micn' for 1>iI:h _ _ " it
::!"!~:=:,.~I~i.."'!=-~;:,":..~~=':
allowo .... oid<af'he<k<a10 beoolidly"",,_ ,o .. 1QOd
IIoo,oO .. k ...... lIy'hechauiLFilten."'n<e<Icd'oitolo..
..,J.'lOorn'....
...... doublo'"nod ..... p,,'d"' ..', • can
convmirnllytXPllSill of'llub in.wa.;al at"i'y, "'i,h.
thei""",.nd",,,pu, •• nd,hcscmayoOmplybe_ies,,,ncd ocrics.unedinpu.looptakin.l.heplaa:ofU.ndCJinFi&
:"E :'5~:~:,:2:5~i:~:::::::
Cl, Cl.nd Ll .nd ,he diode: c."...i' ...... form "uned
circui, ..,iesr<$<>no ..,., ,heinp".freq ...""y,.ndCJ.C.,
U'.Wi'h......,.,.adjust"""'.,""u.iou ....... ",,·illbtrcdU<Cd
.0._._lIbe1owc:arrior,butlf,lIooddmilli""ttaf
lIK"iouo~onca_ ;nttrl....""",,,'_' 2m.ta'io ....
. n .ddi, ionl l bi8h-Qbrca~ ""'y "" "sed
U.nd'hediode:cap.ci''' ..... (u.u.l1 yq'' 'l<d ..
af'heb<ukdo ... nY<)I,.,. fo"hisp""",,")in ... ;"~
t ..... 'hir<l1
f:~'r~~ varactor powe r multiplier,

=":~::"o:':J.~::~"':?i::~~,~d1=,:f~,~
,0now""peoQaff......... t<ld,,,.,.n.,.uwo,,kI,.,,rn.
prefeo;tl, IOOd fr«lllit'llCY doubler. For 1Upn order mulli· Con. trUC1ion . ndlllg nment
plication ......'''' cfliciencYi.obutined by.hor.<ircui,in. n..cotnJ)Ieteoircu"of' .... mul'ipliook_nin~.. '46
IheY..-or."heoecond""...-icfreq~.i'h'" .ndby_shoWdltftd""r"" .......p1 ......,_.Tl\eUntlit
id ... circw',.""lh"'.IIo"..... ><>rondh."n"...,ourronts." buiI, in.OOf/IIO'tbo.>.61n k>ncby .Iinoq...... , bn.lCdor
~in.hed..,..whn-emUi .. ooou .... i.h' ... f................1 toIdttfed""from 16"'"',., ....... """"it_~linf'om
"'prod...., ...'".nddi~fr<q......,;...ln'hdw.J, .,... mel ror .... ,_ co"'"..... .......... ,"" V.I1ICtOl ...uh ...
tripli .... quadruphn.,""" oo""can bcachic¥t<l, Ihbouatl., inpu • • ""idler.unodcim>il1be>nl'""..'''odin'he .....11er
: " ,..,ytowcrdli<",ncies"",'i"..Olheid ... Clrcui. ..... "'nile ,he ....... "","po"men' r....... ,he"",,,,,. c:a.it~.
n. '.47 ........ ,lIol&)'ou•• nd .... dln. dlmenoion., ""I
5,21
VHF / UHF MANUAL
::~.:7~u~:::ris.;:.~=."'!~lor.:!:":;~;':
' _ ..... _ailal PfO'iokd,"''' ,... O\j''''''aovi'y ......... .
....... 1.... _ _ iod'oo.....,.Jo.~ ...... ,yl ...... iIcd
..... -'-~ dra"',n. is IlOl ~ ....... " 41;" by ll,n by 2i.
EcId,..."""dioa .. bo'''''ilh,heao,i,yl<><m«lbyl''''llPef
::::.. -:::.:~.::=. _i". '0 in'O/'aCIion bc1"'ftft , ...
pulllilion_ld.......".bI<dI,....,..~j ... , . . ... ,1 H•• i,.. x, .he idler '0 xric$ _ _ by 'he ..... hod
SeI,in. ~P lhe .....1,'pI..... cquirco, in add""", 'oa"",,"," .u.,..,«I .. bo..,.;, is bes' ........ Ionc •• nd wbocq...",.I,,,,.
of ,I., 2m. an a"""",iOfl " .. vemo1<T'''''''>a
~ll"'lI h. I ..... ""'" dummy Iood Q< rf _ _ lot. Wi,h
2111 ..... .... n' ton/in«l',, ' ... inpu •• nd<>ll.P<"circu" • . lf.rcI\o;.-t...
.... ' ... is ..... i.. bIo.i'maybc<Med.oadJlKlClfQ<opO'mum
,he Iood ronncco«l." ,he V"rac'o< ""'pu,•• ppty abnu. molch 10'''' f«dot""I>Ic •••• ln II IIIePf..".'_r. In
IOwot"""lIein"u •• "dr<akup'lleinpu.circui'(C2. lI prx'ico,adj",'m.n.ofCI ""hallhelm'ra"""'II"p.•
~~i~'~~.~~=~~t%:~'~'=·d":;!~~!7 ~~~.:
...... n04dc.u .. ".'lIec""ph".I""p;,bro\!.hl'n.•••" ... 10
...... " .. 188 Ml b.nd brinl a Probe. 1000ly«>upled
,~r.o be~o;f:":;;:;n"...-;odOf"""ra'i""a.full"",..~,.~ .....k.ho
~:.<l~'::;' ~~:';':'~~41~i ~':f, ;:j:::~;;~;~
loil, ..... r'o' ... juncllonof L2.Cl.ndadju"Clfo< ....... i.
mumldler""' .. ~r_""_)
T_ ' ' ' ",po c,......poi"'(ieLl.Cl
~'"
..,ois_in~ially,o
F .. " ....
be aorri«l "".
in ...
rapidly If •
moR
'heinpu'.ndidlcr ' o.IIe_'
'f""'pu •• ndwill ' ~t~bcd .... p.o.,n.,!W ......':.,
,hitdia.ipo.'''''' , lie mo';mum l'ffl";";bIe"ud temp<ra,un:
f1'Oquonrics isH)O· C.n..bo,.....,"·ninFi.' .• 1.if .... dcof l 6s~
..,,=:~u~:f!.nd,~ f:is"7.';:-:l~M"f,'; "!:: =·.:.:a~:1~~~::::.,~=.~ ::::,!':~::
'76M Ib.wl'hlheao.i"di~
· 'n.'... pb... of
....... 1000Cin""ambienI'.... pen.' ...... of13· C. Tluo.ofcou ....
O...;lIbe.boot*ioolpan. N...... ~lheroo--leI'CI is 00 1bclimi.of.bcdoicc ralillJ 100 is unromfortlbly hoi
iot--. ........... in.'....ri ........... ucfI'i ..... t.en. .... oI.11e
~_V.rac1oraoPK'i'._"·hochrQ< ..... I"''' of'lIeinpu',
id ..... ndAI1' .... ,pu""n«Icin:ui... I' ... illbcf""ndtl...
~2~:h~:~~"'~~=;;-.:a~
eor...c1.d)u<.n .... 'ofll~idlercin:u,'produ<e<a ..... kin'lIe n.."......... Ie .... """"'d.boo..,."'."..ndinfac" ...
='~~~,~ ~:~ ~..,:::~~~~:;";,!~~
~;~~1~:;~~~~:6:k:&.~:rE-:!:~:r~~~
'-rY lorW_ . hoinpu'l>O~rtrom.o l olOW inor<k1
'0 prod_ "",,,,""bly '1m""'lfnl 100 "...~, "m. This
diode. which is. Ita<le,l-junc1ion"'p r<CO""'l'device.";H.
:':~i~::'~j:~:~~.'~~ :~h~~,::!~
mon:rapidlywi'htha ..... otdri..,ieYo1.• nd_IdP<Ol>-
.%!':.,~:z.::;::.=a~'7. :·~;:.o IChiovc.nd
:=: :::.~~::a=) ~!.111=or~.!t":::":'~::':
mi"etS. Fu"~. when;, k fu~y appreciaoed bJ.mo.
:':i :~': =~~m~!': =.:';::::::-;-;':.;
~:;:E.~!~:~=~~,~:~
... I.u......... _"" ....... " ' _

...... ,..,'" v.'""... ",_
5.22
TRANSMITTERS
° 0 0 ........ ' . . . ~5 .. H •
... L .... T _ V.. oc:'o."lpl ••. ' ... u' _ .~' .. H •. ou'"..._
,"'drive is ...1d.o.b<>u'80pcraonlmnimum.n.ep.....
~:;:,,:O':n~l1in'Upandal,*"_n.isl ..... mt . . f"'ltH:
Modulation
"J"he<e.~manymtlhod.ofimpressi" •• ~"'OI ... r aud;o
frc>qucn<ioson.nrfcarrier.T"'-<>ormally....,d.~
kvel .. hik walchin, lhe demodUlaled onvel""" on an Ifmplif,.,JeMOd.WIkHt-inwhicb,he .udiofrc>qLlO""l'
"",illoooo~.lookforpea~clippinl.andf"'diooonl'nu'lios vanes,heampli,udeof'berfO"'PUI
~ s:;::::~~:: '=~7:ndc1~~'~=': Of~;:;;;;:::'::~~~~~:io~~':~'"'1 frequency

tl'mi""ledbyadjusli"lllheinpulpowerk.eI.nd ~ndi"ll'
~~~:;~;~~~;;~~;~~
=:;:n.,:~nJn~~.i:rc!...~':"!il~~~ These
.
probably ,tH:ea<iesl .y>lom to
"ron, disadvanlaae lha,
0""""" bu, i'd_ha....
il is reI.ti .... ly c~pcmi ... boIh in
~':= rronsu'ned ....... II ... si""'.nd ........ tof'he
Inaddition .• ol... ondsemkondl><lorshavetoi:>edented
lo allowf",.hepc.okyoll.",.winp ll\a,mUSt"""",. and
,hisi,porticula,lyimpoManl in ""micondl>Clors bca""" of
5.23
VHf / UHf MAN UAL
''''''r~i,i'Y 'OO_voI,,,,,'''hicltctonpe,,.... ,,,,,,,ty
cb ....... ,hcm. The ... IYCcan ....... in ... t.lan'ial .,..., ..........
..
'.....,.,..rily ...i' ...... 'beinI_nentlycb_....
Noma'o<r ...... '.yUemntmploycd.'hcPfocaoolmod...
~= :.~:" ~;~~ ~:'=:::==.~:::

""" of. b.ond Qfrtcq ",,"";es •• di!.litICI from ''''' oin ....
freq ...""" of,hc corrict. Thc bandwkl,hdt!>end. u""",hc
modula'ion'l"'emand thcfreQ ..."""ofthcmodula,lnl
silM l.
The "" ..... offreq ... ""iesprO'·id<d abo.-e.ndbelow'hc
corrltr .... '-efreque""" by complu modul"in, li",.I. (Ic
~:~:r..:,::. ~:·,::~.r~'7=':;';':n~hr:
' i.-ely). ln,hce.",,,r'mplj'udemodula'ion,hchithat
oidtbandfrequenc)';.eQ .... l.o'hc"'mol.hcctorrierfre-
q......,. ..... . hclriahc>.modula.;O"freq..ency... mlla.I)"hc
1o<O"CU oidelM .... 'req ... ncr;, 'hcdilr.renccbel ... wn ,""
""" .... f.oq..ency.nd'hehWreo·mod"Ia.;O"f""l.......,.
Th ... ,hc'otallMnd..;d,"ooarp;ed is eq ... l lO'"""," '''''
~i~~~~in~~!':':::~~=~ Moduluion power

=~rF,~E~L~i~~''::...7"t!".:..;;;;~
In'hcopecialco..oI ... nllSOidalmod .... ' ;n.IiI"alCOlTe>-
pondint,o ... ndoPUtc ' ''''''.j'unbeproved ..... hemo'jo.
:d~~:!" :"7.;i~=~nu=":u;:~ ~::.pe~=.
Modul " i ondepth Th .... jn<><der'omoduI4•• 'ho ea .rier fllllywl'~a .; n uooid.1
The .mpli,ude·modula 'ed ""'''';, .hown ..... phiar lly In
Fi, '." . II.,./.)tcjlf..... lI'''''. nmod"I.'ed corr;..w• •• :'~:ri,~:=::."~~~ t:! .~~~': ;:,~~~.!t~::
~~.;:'~i';~:::~:.:(~=i~~~~~'~p~i~~: For uampk. '" modulate fully . radio freq ... ncy".",
ope •• ,ln. w;,h . <kpo .... rinp", or UOW"ho.moumor
... hownl ' (e).T1Ii.is 'hemodu"',edearrier wa.-e.lnd ,ho . udiof,equcn<JIrrow<rreq"i...., ..·"" ldbe7JW
' wo<u,..."dlines ,o""hin"hc<;:rCSISof ,homod ula,ed corn..
_"'COt»1i'u" ' homodula,j""""vdope.Thomodula'ion
.•
lt onu,,""'be ... "mcd.~_ ha"ho ... ial<:W ... n.
oI . '"l1ymodula'ed ..... nsmission"·iI1l ......xbyJOpe.
;.n:~"'!"I0~.=:"~:.:::':..; ':'':!:=''01",;:'::,: """. The rcla.ion>./>ip bet ........ ,he modula,ed .nd unmod,,·
lated -"'I ""......" r..... int ""'~ modull ,;o" ""vcn by-
.mpli".... oI'hownmodub'ed carriet .... YCis~_·n.I'hc
modul.'iontlq>thOfmod"la.;O" f......... T"hiIn'IO ....Y·bo
,,'heno 1m .......... kot.oIrnodula'cd-'aI""'_

10 . .... ""I... of"nmodulatecl_;"I"" .......
on _ modull'ionr........
Th .... for IOO_~n. modula'ionbr· .. nllSOidal ,.;_1-
1m .. :?2~1J1
<.> Tabl e 5 .9
Effect of modulation on eeriel cu rrent
6.24
::"'~_.'''''acrialcurren, ..illinaeoscbyll"per Bandwidth of a modul at.cl wave
f'or' ... f.i'hful........,.. .......... oIO(><Ufo.ndmuoic" is
TIoopOoi'lonil .............. "itI'ua.,"""" ,... ......tu..,"'- _ry.olnl.....,;'f,..q ........ i"' ............. n.. of' ...
..... l""""""ot'''''-peaty'· ..... ¥dormot~ . '''"''''''nl .....10 """"rum (ie ._1"",•• .,..0'0 ".00011». Tho
lhI •• "" ....""dri ... '''''.~~inlOfunrnodul.. lon. IOUIlbindwid.hf.,...hisl"'~ .._'......,.".belOl;Hl
.... ll·' _ _ .i_..;lloc:<:ur.'._ .... ~ .. b\I'f.... For . """"'unia'i<>n>Y'I..... _.~i>.hoinlelljpbiij.y
=~;:'.=:i~"::..'7<~~'7!~~~::~~:
. nd .... ' ... """ily ... hich i. of ""i .... impOrto""".• nd
upcrie"""ha•• hown'ha'f.... ' .... inlclli, iblc' ''' n''''iooionof
...zla~":rloo~~=r ~hpc~~,::-nd'::~~:
i,; ~k~~u~:,.:: ••~':.'.~i;~.~:=id~~ ~~
e:<c«Vdedcondilion.
Incru.. ln .. rl.,cur ... "' •• _non • •y~ico.l.m .... 'cr ... iIl
.henlooonlyaf.... per""n. ;!:~P;=~:·,~:.::~~ro~":~·~::~·i~r.~m=~~n~:~
Modu"'ion"",p,hmoy.l,,,be •• poresoedinICfmsoflho .hani. ~/')'forin'<lliaibl<c:ommunia!io"
afpowerlC".. lly ... p~I;W . nd.hounmodu""eddc_r
.. ppiylo.hornodu .. ted ..... :.h ... Modulating impedance
T ... impeda"""'ha'.n,f .......·hicllbt>oin.rnodula'ed
~ : ~i:;E~·
p<e!i<n .. 'o'ho"""""'of' ... rnod"Ia.".. ......I ....... modu .
.. '.,...ltcal ..... ~.~hlt ....... ,io of' ....
. ....... """'. . . nd ........ curren'of' .... rl . .... .,..
~ 1Ibk: Ii>'fl ,he ...1_ ~LlIW flom lhe u;>reail>n.
ror'he ........... ot.f _ _ uftdr"'nrioorldqN ... oI
rn"duJ.uion . 1,";11 loo""""It....oprod"""1Oper ... n'
Zm ~:>C IIXlOO
rnod .... 'ion""'luiraoniy_llalfof' .... af_r""'lui~ 7-", n><><Iu ... in.irnpodoncc
~~:""'~~~~:';~==ndl ... in<rUSnin V. _ . """" ... "..,.ofrl" ...
~n :A~nod<C\Ir ... n.of.f .....
Unealitv o f modul a tion
1<lcally.for.lln.ooul""'ndet>lh.uplo IOOper""nl ,''' Mathematical represa nte tionof . id eb.nds
~ilf.... """ in the . m~li.u"" of .... rf ""'pu'be,w«n ,''' l ·.... m.'hcma.ical.qua.ion for . ". rr .. ' .... "'of".,n".n'
ota"."d lhe "",,~"'of .... modubliO<l in''''vedllhoold be freq ... ""y wnich is ampli.ude·modulated by • • i,1I&1 of
~~~::~'.:' e~..".:7!~~~de"::.\'"be'7.!~'r",ln ••1....1. ie ronsl>nlfr«luotnCyil
<r<SI~~=~u=.O:-:~=~~~·:hi.'::~::;~ .. he... ~ : ~ut:::~';;~m " loin2d'_'

..... "i..""ion . II""'ybeminimi!edbycordul ...... '""" 'm _ frcq ... noyofmoo.lu ........."""
oor""".<l.oulI_ of'hernodu ........ lIF.pon ......rI, ..;,h Ie f""'lU<ftCJofca'r ........ '"
Eo ampli''''01',,''rnod,,''.~ car''''
=~:.:~7;"'...:~~!":::":~I..."':e"
in~"'.H
m~_2r. (r< + rm)t

In,pcclionof.his •• ".ndedform . now.lha,loi.madeup
of 'h .... """"'«
'<rm$. T ... fttl'. Eosin 1 ~ fe.'. ",prc«nlS
uri"""'carrier.whilem ¥eos2,.(f~fm)tandm ~ coo2.
(fe + fm)! <orrapond 10 ( ... Iowff and upper .ideblnd
frtq<>t<o:ia...,."..,.ivdy ..'hich.,..,.bcmuhol ape>lyin ••
rnodu .. ,.......... lo1f~ ... noyfm.The''''.I ... n<Iwid'h
of'llil.mpliu.Je......w.. tal ....""nlfc .. fm) (i: fm}
~~e . .... blnd .. id'h;,.eq""'I0' ...... ' ... modub."'"
I• .-!dbc .... edfrom ......"eq... , ......""., ... ".........
....... ;,. .... fundamen .. lly .......... ,'ocornmunia'ionoi~
.11 .... ln ••m_bcon .... ned,n' ....... bando.. n.ocamoet
...."'can'.....,""'bc ... ~.nd_ .... be''''n ..
mi"~;in.r;lood; ......Ifirim •• o".. n.mi'only.,.oI ....
_nds. Thltmcl_ltof"'n"ocd.ndb~...,..., •• sin ...
5.25
V HF/ UH F MANUAL
tidriloond opcn~ioo1 (ubi. ",I,"""F> i, 'oq~n-e. """" """,pli_ n..rcnoen'~Prly ... ~hi"d,_"";"o<R .... ybo:
""edoq~ipmen"""non1i ... .,..mpli''''modu''' ;''''.i'''''.
::~:;~=;1,~~::!':':,I:-:=.in1e1~-
~==Io':i.:.7,!"=1:.:,t~!~=rle
In(lo)"....... of ...""'.. d . " b i t _ .... mcaMcf
.. p""
.f............
imprasi". lhe modulolioon "" lhe rf."'!>I ...... In I~
1 I"obtain IOO ..... oon'
mod~ .. ';.",i' it.-...y
1" ..... . - lhe ...,.......pp);ed ,,, .he mod~""" ."'!>Iilier
:.::a
wi,hfeopoc1,,,,hcmodula'or.ThititdOflCloyin$mina
~~ ~"I::.IId a. is p,,,,,ided '" by·pt... lilt .udio
l ·he""fOMo f ' IIt.'npht\c ...... ylxron"""'<dlollltpoln l
... o< . .. pp inipojnI Oonllltd"'ke.l·hi.n .. 'hod it ........ lly
<>n)yu<cdfo.lo ... ""..,,,lran>mlliers
I·lItmodulaiion ... ".fo","",.ha"omaL<hlheimpeda"",
oflheampl,r""o,hew«ifcdmodul.lorlof,dimpoda"""
. .... lha,of,heamplit\c.maybcf""ndby
"'mplffic<imp<da""",Z. ~:" 10000
~· -:.==nmA
~'=:'o:!U~:;""UIaI;""islo"""'hanaoode"'-
anodt-s<:fOM fI"I01i>o<1J.'' '
m:aind .....·u.:t beina,hat'he
:=
l)Qdy...,. ...... must be m<lUDed ... , "'1 ur>dtr muimw-n
t...,.,rsiom i,donno, e:.<:JeCnly.f.w

",,,,,.re rcquircdfor,,,..intumlllOOulalio<t
Screen (c iampUill ve ) m oduliltlon
When.tb"""""'h.i.,....J'olimi'the;npu.lo.n.mpl~
Iier ... 'he.bocn<cofdn ........ h .. mayooxu • .-.k..,.inl
condi'ionsfOftw.lhiscanbc,....JfotmooJub';.",.br
Iwiochi ... ,he<O<>lrol pid of' .... cllmpcr ",I ... rrom ,hepid
cimoi. of lhe amp~ficr '0 ,he ..... rcc ofaudio input r........
lfI<Cd>.mplilier
5 .26
SC' H n (H, in til atej m odulat ion
Probably,lIcmos''''isfIo<'lOO'JmoI_of"""",,''''''''~Io,''''
- d..'known •• oerios"'c"'od~bl1ion-isbolhs.i"""'"nd
.trco,i..,. Thtad""n,a... ot"',,",_th<KIarc
• The ,can.Jini po ....... ,,,,plin.r """"" ourra" tin be
in'c:: :t:~,~t.:">,..:,~.;·;t,~ ~~<>r"i!

• ==~-;:::,
=. .
on PIl'i';'" pe&kI oannot """".
bcaUlCthclooioinput.-o'!l&elpptjed.O llltfinl
~=-~;..;~:!,=-.:.::,,-.:
. ~::'~~by_kUPof'hc<;:aJTierd""'O<>"el"
modv..'iono" .....'i"' ...bca..l"Klloa:urboao....,
~~l=;h~~':..~.:.c ~~~:~~;~~~
n... n.of.pm:hcli"'>in.i ..... II.bkby .... illbitadju.' •
.... ntof ' lIc.oo;c,;npu'vol' .... by lhe.pecohampl;tie,
..in control and ,1Ic ' 1.Oondinl.mpl;fic,ocrcen vol_
....'b)'V RI
• ,, """be.ppliedto ...." ... cw.,..nb{m' ........ " ...
and ' 0"" linta,_lifltts. lri,hcarrior;MCr,ed._
0" I.m. "-1 isroqui.-..l
wi'h i IlcOrcui'_n.'IIc~·_of'lIcca,_
of tho oaios ...., ""1"' ....... ' .... '1Cd 'ol ..... 'i"'vohqr.
This is .-.ory '0 enablt ,he fldl Kroon vol_ of tile
amplilier'obe cal<enrrom''''tI' h<><kot"cllc-.ond,riodt
of ' lIcMrie$p' ...I ..... boaouocof 'hovol, .... d""'by ' ho
~.':;: I:~~~ ~ mosc sati.,.c,ary double ,,;<>d. rOO" ,!\is uoc
Anlltmll,i, .. un.n8t"mert' "ould bI! to Ul'< a hilbI!rbi
=:~~~i:i:::t.~~
.....
• mudI IliIh<rvol!l&eo''''''''a''''I ...... ' ..... ,1Ic tI,1Io<It ' 0
,..........mplitieronun.... itllOlol1 'he......t'crlhc ..... ';vc
'o~: =,~!.~:::.:!,'~::~fr~·,~ :i:~ :r~: .. ...

control "" I",. it ;.dtsir..... 'o.upply' ... hao' ... fm"'.n
;:~:!~"~~..::.dcr 'o •• ok! .ol ' .......... kd...... n be,,, .....
Pre cti ca l H , i. . tila te modula t or fo, a

QQV06-40A power e mplif ie,
~'":=:~~""';I~:~~~=
in ~.. 5.». VIa is a ... Ii.,..,., ......rd .f ......... ampIit\cr
reed; ... Vlb.'hi. . . . openo, ....... dcccn1ro1valvcan'hf
vol, ... amplffia-diroctty.:(lupled to Vl ,.hi<h 10<'10".
ca~':!"~~r,~~"! :::=::'..:t':~~~l~.
lidc rllln tYlowa)'l . ltlcdccoolrQl f"nc,;on and ,""afl
rnodul.1;n. rW><1ion.T1>tdc.:(lnlrol l• • tr"",ed by Vl b ..
~:~~~;~.:..:.~;:. ~1~~.~u:=I::'=:f;:;
.............. d1"Oj>oc:cun....,.. R. 6. Th ... I"".nodevol.. F
oIVlblsreduced,ol~ .......... h... appro';motdy+.lV
Iu ,"" ..ido(V2 is ditcotty """pled ' 0 , .... 0J>0de 01 Vlb
'heca'_oIVlis ..... appr...u.n.tdy + oIOVlnd ... lho
........ of Ihe_.mplifief 10., cllc ...... ""'.n'ial, ......
5.27
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
::~:~~;17f~~~~r:~::~!::~
'unymodulatod
"fealu",oflhis.ypeofmodu"'oris,he..,..,. . . . .udio
_ ..." ilabk. Til< panitu .... rin:u~ .-... here hu
boe",... odfrom20It"oIZU I,.ndil.ubot.on'ia'lylla,.
"",ric,
the ....."'" ~~y pn:-amplilic. ohould ,he inpu' '0
..
~;::''':=: ~C:~.!..~I~''I!;:'~:i~C:,=
ofVl.ncl' ...... fOI:nofl ... paw .... mplifi<.
Video modulation
VHk<>modul.'.", iseff..... ivdyanbICft$iono'''''' .... I.udio
modulalioo.bu'.hef_l><nC)'i."<f')'mu<h ........
FOO" . ma'eu, "'""' commuNca.ion • f_"""""",,,
.10010 ).SOIlHz iI _II)' Idcqua", fin ab i, is ...... Jfy
of
.... tlutnt hisl. For video ,"" ,*-";11 hi.. '0 be from do;
.....H . C _ ••• _!=._.. '.... OOVOl..... or .. IeuI.....,.k>w ...dio.upto.' ..... lM U.. FOf tbis
...... , .. ns.fOtl'l>tnoaAnO'beuocd.bu' ...... bleIl.COOI.II>Ii ...
""nber...,.."..,'hatlhe"""'_..... I....."'.pproprial<
VtCkomodttlalionil_lIylPt\liedtoe;t!lttl.... ttid«
......... vi<! of , ... final ampl.fier " - 'h ...... 7 them"",
, ... ,ftl<ilp... is low. IfnowVRlisS<1 co mui ........ raisl.l""" be.dded '0 ue-iIIi ... 1... _ " ..... """"'_U"I"",,,""
'''"''Vlbist....e.J'.... pproxim'''d,.tu'elf.'''''~f_ be~bu'rOO".ma' ...'pu._ ' hotoom;>licationof.
' .......,.,..oIl."of'his""I"" ..... "' • ......:h hip... ""I... ... Kkbondclr1:\<itilllOliut"lIed
,"'n "'......... tJy.«Jn .... uenlly ''''_.mpliflo.KfftOl "nlOddi'i<mol ..... uimnc"'fOO" ..... te<t.worl;: i.pr<Wioion
~ac"" .ppr".imlUely + l5OV.nd ....... If "ul .... , is ~:: =i:.~t~bo~~~d':'!~:.<On'e" .... ' '0 .... ....,
.""... b... ny""f)'in.VR2""".lhefun ... n. . . ..,..,.«Jn.
Fo.pr&<:Iicalp"'.,.,...'heindu.t'I:o'."-dcin:ui" ....
""nICn'and.lfCC\i""pow••• ""'roli•• ""ilable
T ....fmodula'i""".,. ...I.. in I'" fOllowin, ,nan,.... viuon ,,"mera.
(",tv) "'" "'i,f.",..)" n......~ u.....
capab .. ofpro.idi"..lIthe.i.n... 'h.'."' ..... uin:d.,,'.
ly
,,,.umo, ... " ... CridofVlbi..."" _ I VbyVR2.' ..... ' ...
de voll... on ,he ~o ..... mrlifie. "rootn ;.Iow.nd , ... If ",,,,,I "f.pp •..,.iminel)' IV ......... nu. 'Thc Yidwinpul 10
""'P", is 1100 low. Wi,h.n .fsicnal.""liod '0 CI.nd Ihemodub'or,houkthe'""ro(>riIldy' •• mina'<d
'mrlifl<db,Vl •• olhlli,isof ....I ... oI I Vpak .. ,hevi<! O"",lt. of '''-0 ... itable ampliflef 'modulalors.,.. &1_.
oIfmn.,hed>oiceof _ _ ..."oror ..l... tn", C"",
ofV lb.'IIis ..........'iII t..... bcf.... 'her.mpliflod by \lIb
• ndfod'o'he><n>mof .... _ ...."'!>Iifle<'h......p.Vl., ... .. tuaion_fol..".nonnal..,.." .......... wilhoho ..
ca,hotSo foilowa. 11Ii•• f ...... I,.;U nowmocl .. Ia .. ,he low If ....<h.nd. ""nlm"""offeedbod< loopIio..",.....llyfoll<>wina
""'pu' to._.i .... '.iy" pe.<:cfII. If, ... or"'nal is now
i~"'O;1cwn:n',.;lIf1owinvi<!ofVlb • ...,._'i..
Ihed ........ in lothelayou'. Shon .... <h."'par1itularIJ
;mpona... ........."hemodulollor_
• ha' ...... ~I ........ on04~I'othepat""I ...
:!.t':~~~~':1~bn:~~-::'~~..:..~"..
YOIllll'u,he_... ampli6er"illm.lndthelfo.npUlwiU
-=
in....... , n.."'"'-'ed.foip>aI' ... I .... ca..oedlheu.cna..
Transistor video /Iound amplifiar !
modul ator
Thtmodulalorlhcnmin i' II, ' ,YJhMlilltblcforcithct40'Of
62'1; .... ' ... _ · _ · .,heou,pu.bri....wi .. ht:dfor\'i<leo
• mpl,fIe •• uperimpoord on I'"

in ' .... r""lpu' will.lso.ppa •• , , ........... of ,''' paw ..
hiahcr me.>n POI.nliala""
, ... "'fl<.ca..... is_modula' od'o.pp.o.J .... tely'S!><'.
:::::d.. 'II<·.,.,...,iw ......... 'I .... modu .. tio".nd • ...,'o
", indicotcd in , ... di& .... on the Rnall ..".is,.,.. of .1I<
.. n'."""'R ... I""ulti •• fullymodula'.d ........ ront.o'kd modulalor ..... ui ••• ubol.n.i&1 hea' oink., n.. .'<IIo~. i. not
.hfpaw •• lmrlifier <.i'ical •• valucbe1"ftnIOO", Il .""Jn>l l ma),beuoed
n..""ly";,icalronlj>O<lmuinlhemodu"lor.",04 ond
R'(I ·'MO, ... hichde'ermir.ellleperiod''''''heinc",..od
_ ~ :"":';..;..i~;=';'::,:"f~~::~milli.",,,,.,
t<:nm..,JlI .. is .... oiood~l ... ofsicnal .... d .... _rod FOO" a <:ryIl.:II1. dy ...mic .... oimila. rcIa';vely I..... ou'pu'
.ndllWs;,impo. tanlwi'h..,....-hoi_ ... n..optimum mico-op_ilwiU~oi"'.nlOdd~ioooll'fG""'lifiet
..1....... 1"- Ii....n irl F,. '.)$.
R~ IJIIIlI be Wlod no. ,........ors.'" m licol ••"" all HCqI' ,he 6...1 pair
~ia'd,..dJK1M. 'OpinJof.heholdet'orlheQQVQ6. ....... ldbeoftoW>coI...,lotvolll.. ')'f>e.n..anh~
:::....:=J>UI load of, ... modulaIOf .......'" be~Cf""
Thc.witdtin'heca'hode .... umofVlbper"'''.'he><n>m
..,J'... oftllc_amplifioet'om.lOlhe ..... imum.""
.t*IodfOfset'i"&~POf"forcwoperal;O".~ ..... hodof Valve video/.ound ampllf lar/ modulator
opctI'ion is to 001 SI to c:w and 'un<
Ihc.Mf>I,fior i" lhot Inthis."" ............. ohownin ...la'.I10• ..,....... ",..,..
nonnalway.s..S I .ophonc.ndadjuotVR1 ' 0 ......".,......1-
.... \dJ".lIfthoflhernaximumtfoulputoOtai ..... i"'hecw ='~..:~~O:....~~ rioIoo.nd..,...... ....".
6.28
Tbr5Olln4.""'Irilt.-i<qui'.... n''''n'icDllI..,.;'h _ _ 1 In,hi.circui'''''I''",i>i<>nIu.It-nmader.....'''';rcNnl
hiah ... I",.node 1_ raisoon. In II.. oiOto .....;r,.,. ,lie mndula'l<><rfrorn"",,'ivc",....,.,i,.
_-evor,lIelo6draisoonllHonly ' .(lO(l(l.ndk>w ...I... N.... _I~~· "ypncti<e- ......1I1"""'l<dby
boaoraistots.nd'lIorofon:'...... ''''_''''''''''""'bIo
OU,n .." "'1Ien propor'y.dj .... 'od foo "fIIirn~m li .... .,i'y
• mo_..-......... 'i . . .ido<> .... ' h pooi'ivc.)'IICpUl ....
oety a".... <>u'po.r ' i.'IIe,.,..... <>f
" ........ in , ... 1I.. 'hi<
Thodi<><k O ASlin,t\<<>u'pu , f,<>m ' t\<filS' [U4itowd r<:.nodd num ...
.rKl ... _ (lIef•• rof p..... ",.~I.in'he
:m~!=:i:E-:~~=~~bs"'FW>uld
"'hoId ' l>e.y .... pu l... ,<>.n.pprnpri ... Ic-o"'I'.Ia'I'.. ' o ' ...
picrur<:""""'"'<>f ,t\< ...""'- l"ho"idto,.;.""I •...,..ld~ l y be uKdoo
_k·",.peak
5.29
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Tho_ '~RLO.ndRLL,,,,_,o""hobiaJ ifIIeff...,,,,,,, '0 I.m. r<U""" both..,.."" ..... 1< ....
:"::~,:::.R L ldoesho ..'e'''''pro.w._""",,roI rioiorr, ... ""~......,.dplaycn . nddeafaldsis
'oa)'muchmll><'ld.nd.I" ..... nyCJ.KS..lirni ... otd
O.vi.tion
Freq uency and phase modulation
AL"""""'hon!.~ .nl"""""n,"umberofOflen.on...Jn.
;;!:'~~~::;~.'::~ho~:n;:.'~::::!t"!::
'ion.r.lmon: ....,.a,llflypha.. rnotlula'lon ..equi'.
='~b&~"';:'~fi~":s,~;r;:~~~~:7.,:= di~~t~,'::.~...~:.r:t.1:.I:~::.~'n~;~~
~[~;=:,i~ot~r~f~;~ ::~~~~'~,~~
al carrier frequerocy minus l~ H l((""'ffsidebllnd.llh)lnd
'~olho, •• carr .... fre<jut""y rL ... l~H. (~Ml<" . idob..d.
u'b).'el'roduced, T~t" •• lJ1OWO'lnlh<"<l<l>and.i.holf
~~~n ~""N. il i. "'lOch I<so LiteLy '0 produce "'i<le :~c:.~;ie,po,,'e'f""OOl><r~n'modul.'ion'."ho"'nin
,u~:=n".," of 'his meo_ of modulalion "",y be Whcn.f!"«j""",,ymodul.o,edsi... ILlP,O<!uocd,,-ilhl llh

rnooJub';n, frequtncy ... <l<l>ar.l •• ,. p,oducerJ ., 1~1l.
t.) rumination of.ho bi.lh power modu~lOr.nd ,ho in' ...... "'oinfini'y(Fit:'.6l).
_ _ _ ....'i ... inequipn"o<!>t.ndNnni". .... ,.
=her~!~'!":J~~bIe~..::::'.:a.n.:
ponableormobill:opention.
(b)TlIcmoclula';.,.',.......aonbetll<d.'.ny_.... ~.
(c) Thedrivi ",_f.,.., ho_w.mplillerdoes .....
T,1"
tur>'etoal«for,hovaryin.loodrraented,o,ho
d,;'wOla,..br ,hoa ..... lifi<1"du,i""ho mocIulatioo
<)'cle. Tho _ ' " amplilkr may ho OflenlN in Alii
orA82""hOflLya.<malimlUC1ionine1l'ocic-ncy.un<ie.
E..~~~~~t;;:,it:~N~~~r~";e~~~~~~ ,J:,
(d) Thepeok""I,... in thep _'.OU'pUlci",ui'doesno,
.. ,ywi'hmodulalion,'hu'.II""in.'ho .... or.<ma11<1
.ndl.......... 'edcompo".,,"eopccl.ollym.n.i.. o"
II
(.)'l'hcou'lK'lrow<' ....... maybecturn.,..t ... i'hou' . nY
(f) Tho Iddi.ion of frequenc) modu\a,on f.,..
fffllt.letlCYbon6saonbe"",<lewi.""",d,ftkulty.;'"
hi.her
"""l'COf'Ondln..... n""'olhomodul.orl .... )'llttn
~._~,., mluc:ctho dn-;',Ion

(I> Tcko-ioion and broo4cas, interferuloo it "",,~od ly
mll><'ld .."""r'.... ucncymod ....'ionit_ ......... u.
-1,., 1, -'. J. J. J..I. ,I, ,,',.,
1a'«Iby'he ........ l ..... iIic:o'lonmeo_. C""""luently
5.30
Table 5.10
Sessel function (21. The ·ve sign indiceles Ihel the componenl is 1 80~ out of phase wIth
respecl to the olhers
...............
.......
- - - -- -
!do ...
- -- -- - - - - - -
TOO
-
------
,- :&; -=: ~~~~t~~~~~ :f~ ~ :~: .~, .........

11.--. beyond • ......,un poin' ,be _01' o f _
O>II,.lned In IIiI/'Ia" ........ oiokba...ss .. i .......itoM. The
=,~o;r,=,"!:,.~=':"'~~hc=:!.:I'7u::
,ions. It BeooeI r""",iotI,,""" ....''''' in T. bioo ' . IO.nd
iII...... 'odi" Fi,' .6f.
",.,.. ••• ~IJ"l<>in"""""tc"i' hrrlCf<"""On.'.~J .~ ...
I.)ThcClrn...p<>_rdimi"isb«douin,modul •• ion.
(b)Thc ....... Y'"k"n from 'ho"" .. riet ..... in." ,he
(e) E~~l~!:~~~~~:":~,:~
"""'"Il . mc>li'"de.""iomod"lot ;~ ... ... l orf...... .......,.
I~II, mlY JI<Od .... lickb&ndl as .......·n In Fl, '.6s.,.). Ir
'ho l mc>I1'''''" is lncreo ..... 'hof............,._rum of'he
....... 1 may.""" .. '0'''''' """""i" F"'.6S(b)",",,",,,"'"
-I.•.'. -'. ), J, ! J, J, .1, .'.. ,'...
pt"ltcfde\>;",iotI ,ha" ,"", in ~r.: ' .6'(1)
I:;
. t"""
~
';~
i;:
1:111111111111111111111111111 _.....__.
5.31
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
;~~~!-:~:;2~~:i~~O~~~S:~
d«:rea#in""" .. ,frequco<y
E.och'irnolhe"''''',pha.IQ,,,obbk<bockandf<>r1hlo
Ii) Theampli'udcof'I>cmodula'i.... il!Jlal reachlhcnewr ...."'I""i lionsdict .. odbylhc.udiomodul •.
(ii) Thtfrequer><yof . hi •• i,nal =i,'~f::.."";Z,~':.~;:,".:=::~~o7,,~'7.:~=
~d~Ci.::..":~:.,rage(requer><yoflheC."i<''''p<e«nl«l
In prodt.lCin,p!Ia"" modul.,ionof,heca ..... ' ..., ha,·.in
r"", produced indi,<ctfm. Wh>.1 .,,, . ... doin5i •• ddin'
Madulat ion index _ Audio freq*,,,:,~':'Locin. thi< . uffi<i<nlchal\l!c.ei'l>erpo. i'iveorncp,i"'. '0.fi. «I
For . m.. inLu,ncarrit'shiflofl ± ) l" lb"nd . hii ..... ' ~':~~~I~o p~~m/! I,~. c::~ '~:::C;'7.~I~i=~
~u~. '.!.n~ frequonc y of Jk H ', II>c modula'ion index _ all"ect«lat>d.hif'«Iinrespo .... 'olhemodul.'in''''ltai''
ff::.:;~~\i~~~ti::~ :~:~:F:~:,:~ :~~~

fro~':::::'I'f:~~:';~:" of II>c "d<band sci . are oblair.td
NOlelh •• aIlOO""h'I>c"'rrieri<nc"'r.hifl«lbeyond
. ignal. T ...... ktt.of it>di"",,' fm produced ,",iesdi=cly
li;,~•.·~~,·:!"=~~,~~d:~~~.~~:=r::~~.:;;~ ::~....boIh .he frequency a nd maximum ph ..... hiflof'he
,,::,~~~:,:~o~~d7:r:~;=~~ ~~'~i~:'i=
of 0·4 "·i,h an uppu . tldio limi' of 3~H. correspond, '0 a i"I'.'..:~':~~ml:::i,~~~.:~~i<~'i~..:h\~~7:~t;7'~
""",., de,·jal;onof( :t:) 1·2kth(Fi, $.64) mod"la,ion. In indirocl fm (from pm) lhe <0"'" i< nt>l
ac'''''lIy . hifl«lby'hemodul .. ion.R.' ............ cIf''''of'he
:'!~f::~~~ 1..~~ :~~:dd 10 or .ubtrat:"t (,eq""r><y va,;'·
Interference
;::~~:,:;:~.c~~~~::". ~;~~ ~~';:::~ni:.~~~'7n
:!~! ;:e:=.
~"~::f(~~~:~~~~') ~=.: ao
l~~:.:hi~~:em' Iype (I) p'od...,.. beal frequencies (.1
In fm')"$'cms 'ypeO) i. elimina,«I by limi, ... in lhe
....,.iver.bul'ype(2) .. .,illpr...n.I.,hedet«:' "...N01.
,ha, Ihi. phaoe modulo'i"" p,oduces ir.d.i"", 'm. Wilh I
2:1 ralioofdesirc<l loun ..·.n'«I .. 8l1.1 ••• maximmnplta ..
• hiftofaboul]ifi, prod...,..J
5.32
~.E!J ~.E!J
~'E5 4-·0
LL·eJ ~.eJ
5 .33
1\ 1\ 1\ f\ 1\ /\ Domination bV the st r onge r signa l
Vv\)\) Vv n'
W..... ' ....o.i .... I.a'.oon'pa'.ble in . mpli,ud •. ' .. """' ...
onc:.iln"b<w~o •• n . 1rille""'"I<""rfl"""'"
c ... n... and ' ho.1ron .. r ...... ,."'umesn.>I~.blcron'roI
E0~~::;;;~.=.l~i~~~'jn~~•.~
c........... '.." ......
k.o( .... '.y_'.m~Ii'udo.""""1r
....,," ydill'«m. f""'.......,.cn.'.7 . '
fig $.l', T......... I11 •• ' "'" at two •• nio ..... I.,,,, • .- It.~,
•.."I be,h< .. ,on.......... I.Zb<Ihoinl.,f..,;n....... ,.nd
... ",",h I•• mp"'~d . ond phI .. _ _ ' ' ' "
~,~~~,='·,:',.~:~O d~. C~~ff~'= 'i~of:::~~' ;
c ... n... ,I'U,'yinp ..."'b."i" ••·.r.1g<f, ......... y .. "m
,''', of I. .t.. "ron... , ...... 1. It..... by I:>ri..in. , t.. ,~"
Thoi""im:, fm ...""", beelimina,<d, but inwidoebancl
fm.Y' ....... i'''''nbernl"imUcd.A.'''''<dboforc.lhoindj~
fmisdirtalyproponiONl' .o,be_u"'"", (""I"""'" (in
=~~:~~n~:.:s."i"S,~:~=
d......,jby'hoi .... i...afmca ....... by ......,2inl..-in... i,h .
~j~ 'nd''''' muimum phaoe..,..k(.n nd ..... ) of carrie.
Now,uPJ>OK,ha"hointorf... in,.i,noldiff¢"by l,OOOljz

!'rom (he Ilni ,ed II,nlJ and il onl~ half IS ,'ronla! (he
~':.~~dS~~::~!E~;;!;:2::::'l~:s
in fm£y!.lem$
dc:!.iredsiJ'laI.A,no •• dbef.,.e .• ",,,,Im,,mpllue ...ifl
~:...!~·f!~~"~~j;.~~'7t:!:!f~;:~ ,:: Noi se
dcsImloi,,,,,l is In flClIOOO" o-l« 5OOllt. Tbt .... n is C..-"'ndomnoiKin.t.......,.;.-er . • nl«X<""" ......ftn
pcriodicaly."""".ndbdow,bea_'_......,.of,hc .. ndom ........ YOI,.....""'t..<a'ne..I.... im .... ct ......
..'on..... oi."..,.Thofr<q......". ......'ian< ••"f'.' ... "'or bc< ..«tIIt.. "'ndom ........·ol ...... PfOd~
I ·~,:;-::.~~,~~~~:i=: :!'G:'I"kljz ..... n.be

(I) Ampli'u<l< mOOulliion of ,he carrier
(Z) I'IIa",modulat;on(andlhu'mdiroclfm)of .hc carricr
( :!: ) $OOttl produced bYltlein.erferin.oi.nal ",00"""" an
I.di<> ,;."'" <OfI$ i <krn b I1.mal~ .l\;In lilt dnired ...dio "..,.."'pli'u<l< •• r;;'.ion. " ",.limi""N in , he limil'"
" .... 1
bu"heplta.....,;;,'ion.(in\lir.,;' fm)lliLI ICluh In ooi...
it ~:; =~...!~~~:: ::;-~=:~ ~~:I!:r!:; f~-::i~.='=:.:.'7ho~~!"!:"'.:.,~~::.:
~~:1£,;:~7~fUt"':~::~:~::::
noiKYOI ..... M:KO"O.,carrier''''''.......,.I .... incra''..
:~~~~::..~...:.:d:~"!~7.:l;!~;:~~
inlmmn,i""irect r",is prod..,.."Ind ' ''''trUIU .he .y"."". n...C1>rt1~ lrablc .......... _"mo" r"" In I.m
.)'>,.mi•• ho,,·nin(bl.No,.,hc.,ea ••• imp«> •• n... nlin,he
~:':'~f 7':::~:~~O~r::":''',;~ I~::~'~~ho'~~~,~,~ """".n, of no;.. in .hefm ,«el""""m"",.d 'oln '.m
::!i.: 'Nuced by lho bandp;... o"'rIoCl~iolia of ,ho r«ei ..... Thiocanb< • ...,..'nma'hcma'ical.y'obo I8·1Sd8
....... 'n.-ol ........ ,ioof .·6$: •
.~ ~:~-'-'-- .d::-:'f'------
CE1',
:'-,nun.. z..:~-
, ~::-: r-~-- -
.~
\~\
5.34
'"
~::lL. ~.'
_" ·.0"
/11
."..,
n"""
.........
.-
tSZ1>1
-......., I·' .......
~nc::.. ..
Anoo ..... bomdicialofre:l oldc-cmpha..n is OI)nCCmed"';,h
..:edb,-._h<t ...""I.,..lheevt"r.pmoonl
A'P<'<."""ty""'ed.'IIc~ra".rllM:dj/f......... IleIYOUtlI'"
~::, r;:,",;;::~~ 1I~~t.!n~~f·o~ .i!:m';::r. ~

wor~ ,he'," ncular .es"""", or n. ~.7J is modified 10 'he
..... pu'umofF.. '.74. n..6c~a<:tion,br,Nucin.
~~~~:::::::::-.bcwoo lkH.,.Iica 011'. «NISicIn_
FM transm itters
Ther<: .... b...ically'wodi/f....,nlt,.,...of.-ula'ioo . T1>eooo
.~Ir.!."::'~=:=,=;==:i..'wi'h'...
~:::,::.~?:t~~i%.:~~'t:.:.~.:::~:::
is p<""""iooal.o ,he moduIJlionamplj,,,,,,, mulliplitd by
the n><>dul.t;onfrt<luency
The indim:t\phaw)"""had .. nl>econ..-ened'"fr<qocl><)'
::!O!::: :~~ !~UC~~~=~':"::' an

... :"'_purpooeo, ... ,...o _ , - . ....ybt ..................
(I) 1),,..,,,
((m).This i. produced bydi,..".IICl,ooocr....
: ;.!':;~~:.::~::.:.,dn;ui '. ~in •• omo (orm
(2)!n"h,CC1(p/Iasc). 'nlh,. _111od., ... pho .. or.,wood
~"""". an ... ,he f,eq......-y lI<1 ...... n"'" .,; ..... ~. is
..,io.lby,hemodula,M>n
O,reet fm
~~£r!~~J:-:r::::E:;;i·:d~~~t ~
:,:~«1.;~ :Z~;;:~::. '.Z:!;.~ .,;n;u;, ...
«1 ..
The"",'!Ia'oris", ... IIJ'OI>C".. a,.lal;>'t"iylow
(,cq""""y...,h.s 6." 12M !!,. (01I",,-ed by f.-.qu<1><)'
Pre-emphllsis and da-emphasi.
hj.wellknownth..1I"""'lorH'...... f'I)'oh"~mo<l"I"led
mull;plier ".ces ,,,
,.~<h lhe fin.'
(roqu<l><)'. In ,he "'".
"f a cryll. 1 mc;lIa ,,,,.,hel'C$ullIPlali.ob,. lnod,,·illbe
, . _ . _ - iseoo".incdat'hoIO>o ..... udior....... Acia. "'-"y"""",!\"IOdulo''''''bca",,, j . isd.il'l>:<.tl,."ocI>ic ...
."".oJkHL ln addl,ion.i,I,."r",lhtJbernb<ooahIIO
liPt'ha'tho_'al;rrio.. ';........... ~ledislocal<d =::.rr::::: ::~~~i:':1 ~'::;.~~":
:::;.;!.H~!;..!\i'~...in.n;:' :":is':::" ~~
is ................... .,;,h.heo"......
t'or"",,, am,,,eu,pu,pooa, . .. riable"'I*=,,.. _diode
.ui,.blybi...... ""l1bo . ui .. blefor,bispu,!><*. Ihe or<ral·
t ..~~~.~:!~:~:o.~~~:;::"!:=,:~~~ in. pO,n' (bi.. ) r.h"uld btchOlCn.u<h lh., ....... rly ••
freq ....... iosabo.. lkl l.to.!>ri,.,..i.'nalvalu.es. TheOYmlIl poosii>le lhe ..,ia,ion In tlIl*="''''',
in bo,h.he up,... rd and
=:"~:~:=::'~:"1:=~i"'prOPO<'
'SO"" .... rddi....,.ion<for'heran..,of . ud;.,(r<qllCfK)'YOI' ....
is_t.ndli..... ' .
5.35
M.,.. .,.ruble .... poocI •• _ clic><Io> I"".,comicInabie ,_,,· hy,~ .... 'f""'-'d_IIoe_ .... tIIOf.fte..lblr
~""'" of .... pac,la'""c fo< rc\a'ivdy ..... 11 .udio freq"""'l' .l'...... 'ives.espooiolly .... pnw>dod'''''';'is ........... 'ly
..... ' .......;n"i.is'hcref_ ...... I'oconncd ......1I ... bIe.ndf,...,fromurocon,roIledfroquen<)'mOOu",iod
... ~'o<;n ...... ",i'h ..... d'<>oJc.focdin.'''... udiorreq ... ncy llIm:aremony_ysbywhictlfrOQuency"'"""".. mo,h·
.1."", •• ' .... junclion of'......,"""'ponen ... I' i•• dvi .. b.. 'o 1.'io<rmoybe""h_.ln ' heC&liOof •• (o l""prob!tm .... y
uliO In ,f<ho~ •• o f«d in ..... ludlo freq ... ncy ii''''''''nee well be,h.. ofkftpi""""frOQ""",,yvaria,iOlldo,"'o,o,1Ie
~~"!c~ ::~~~":"".!~'::~<::'~";"tJ.:,=7!~
. urrly.o".&<v:o.ri ..io ....... u<cfreq .. ncyc""n&<in' ....
"""m•• o<. especially", .,.rilble freq""""Y 'YP<>.";"
_.,.'o ..... .."...f"'molrqub.. cd ... pplybo'hf.,..' ....
_1I ..'o<.""' .... diodo .urr>lJ'
o<ay> .. I..Jo.' ... 'i''dy'................ '' .... yboooch'''.."
by ..... "f.""';a~<:Ipacio.""dIode( F .. S.1S).U .... A"lIot
~'rcwllJ . ... I,kely'''booob<ained;n' ......... ofay> .. 1o
Indirect fm-phe •• modut.t ion by 1nI«>d"';1l.II in _ ...... ~h ,be..,....., ....... """'.. lot'
'" 'h ......"'od.' ....ooJOf........ncymod"I,"ioois."",ied ... hi%ilSfmjlJMCycotO boo pulled GlI'iIS ...........1 opcn!'inI
froqucncy. Nno:rl .........,uflClory pule""" ..... <:In lIot
:.~~""'~~'~n~~r:::;'i. ~PC=''';,II~~~ "boa'nN by di~ ..... "f. variable CII>OCi.. _ diode ,.; ,~
....,. "''''bIe ....-il.... for .dj..........,. _ _ ,he <fylta~
or",,,,,,,, d<,unill.ll 'hII' .... n be ot>ol inN. Thtcirroi' ......1d
1>0,'•• ,""""",bly hi,,, 100<Itd O- . I>oo,.so;,. "... l1y a!l"",,,1> i. ,hQuld be ..,.""mbe..... , .... , ,h;' , ....11. in I
mi"ure"(~i,tc1.",, indireel (ph ... ) frequency modul"ion.a~.<kpcn~.""'IIc . "'O"n'ofde'uninllndon
IIIcQof' ... ..;"'ui'.Thooh;,h.,,'.... O.' .... . mal .. ,'IIc .moun' ......rd Colpi,,, ,ypc:et}I'o.] _il1o,,,, in,,, ",hldt ..
oflk1"oina nccON1OoIK1inlp...:nnumbrroldqrmof inductanccnronllCCU>din sefiesai, h ,bon)1.. I. '1Iit
pho. . ."ifi.ln,h"')l'Oofmodulo.ion.si_,""..,.uol i......... _ n .. '~_h'Q ........ 'be ......... n ' f _
f""lIOMO)".se..... 'ioni .....,._,..;'h'.... . udiofreq_
mod .... ,,,,,,. il n ..........,. '0 cu. oII"f""'l ............ boYo
J.OOOllz before """',,"""'n. "'........;". _ _. _
bond.,..;l1be,....n'cc1
Method e of obteinj ng modu ' etion

'n both diroo, and indirK,(phow)f'«I""""Ymodu"'ioni'i'
n«'CSII.,.fo"""n ..... ,,'..cd>I... 'obe f,~lo"'cdl:>y .... i'.bIe
frOQuentymul,iplico,ion.C.,..,.I.or6.10< 12M llLr.,..uw
011. ft .... lf'''''Iucncyof'44 ..... 4J2M H.... m--.lfmjlK"ncy
mul"pliao'io<I"f!4.1'.12 .• nd72.~.J6'ime>'_ivd1
A ...... "yOoc:<>epWdfre.. lOMO)"de"""_or3~Hz,,·i"rOQ";..,
• reI.ltvdy .....1I f""luetlC)'<""....,., '''''con,rotoocil..,o<
f,OQ"""'l'.I .... ormo.io<Il'1OMII',''''' ..... ''oI_il.. ' ....
f,OQoocnc:y"",,, be in ' .... rqJOfIoI'·UM .. ',."fullil'''''
mini ..... mol ' 2'; ...... f.OQ""""Y mulltpl.,.'ion. AJo ........ h'h ..
........... ' ... 'ay>.. ,ton"oIis'obe ...... 'hcrei.or"""... ""
5.36
~
~
=.. >00 ... - - :,. ......
'M _ - ..... _ -
... "':.,. os / ....,.. l...
'" .ho lirlal _ _ ' ... ,_"""1

oflhc...,....... ToOftup'ho ind _ _ jtisr><eeU.Iry.oli<kn
(144.\.111.1 ..... ro:ri>.....
~mthcd:;'hefr<qUOftCYOrl ... a)'>Ial .."'hLl>c: ind""'or
.. '.'minimum ...I""(_'OUt) .• ndad)""co~"nlil'lIc
orl;"~~= ~"''':~~:.t~,.;':,;;:::;~
.udio.mplifier ...... ; II". is aboullVw""," .''''1'1>110(
IIV Is 1IK<l. The""';'tor R ( IOU)) a nd ",,~,or C (O'I~~,
=
oroenlinlfroqutncyi.lowcmlb,-.ppro.ima'oI y~ H •. P<o.ide .... it.oblc:~""'i""o('''''hil''''r.udior~oocnrin
T""o.<ill., .... dri ..... '~IClnbcadi""Nby,he"i"'n..,.in
~~:!a~=~~:~:~;'::E~~~~:~\~
opcnI' ............. ,..,OIloilkondiodesuhib;llho.-...ry
....... ,,·j'h ,,,,,,,,,,ilia,....
inp<U . A simple a udlo 1e...1 indi·
"", .... is included., ,he o.npul ot",,,,,.""io.mplilior. ,.hls
::'':'.j=~=..,;o moNIOf ,he audio in"", 10 , he
=~:=~:!'=I~';"=':~
diodct. II"",~.f""amool ... rl""1"Otn"lkotI_~ Ph... mod ulaton
...."iftetdiodu....,h •• 'he DY100a,.., ouilab!<pr.,.;,Jcda Thc most ..,"'.... Of)'mt1""'-1 ofprodllcin, narrOW band
bod: bouofabao.l1l ,,,4V is.pplied . W1,hthis hia .....,..1 r~ .......,.modu.. 'ioft .. b)'p"-.h.ifior.'unodciml"
or.''''''ndlV_k",peok",illprod'''''''lui.. bleca~· .n."her~ ... ....,.<leI.rmjn,nllooo,ponen".HI.lmport'n1
""""CM.np:""''''hl•• ullld","lylinea,for''''.pphca'icn 'ha" ...
r~UOflCY=pOrucor'heaudioampljr;.,rl"""'dbc
A"""""'isfKlOlYraull,.nbeobl.Oir>tdulinl , uninl '<IJ<o"«i '0 pro,"'.ui,. bkIU<nu,,,ion of ,he h.i ....... udio
dk>ckt,..chu8AllO,eIC. f~ ... ncod; ' hiuhooldbcc. rrit<:loU l l1destribcdin . Laltr
"".""ioamplifier'opr",lk a sianalolOfllylVpeok,o
P<IOkc:an be Q<I'"
simplo (in 1.. '.16 ......... I1 ...."h •
..,....1mi<:r(>fJhoocio ... IIIacn'j.AdcLnllAol.ll<1beonadt
iftOfIler'ocl>tdc' ..."hor..... lItnOYcha .... "fZlkH <n
:=::;:t~% ~~~ ~:~r~::"~>a~'f."om~'l~ I':!:~ ,..
:::.:!~~ ~~'t~ ~~)rf~';~~"! :':'';i::~~' ,:u:r:: o~?,r!:;..
.-...,. '0 sdoc:I a dilftten,bla. point f.... '''''diod<. Th<
... iacapooci' .... >houldbc.d)us'N 'O "~'''''C ' )B~ II <
:.~~.~!~ ,~V~::~~ll;,')~...!f~~~
=:.~ts.;~~;:~~C::k~=::'~
5.37
VH F/ UHF MAN U AL
.
1'-i ~
_ •• :::i I:.t: _
~-, ---< - • '" * q",.
......- ~~""'... . . _ """" ,., >00 0.<>0, >00 ,.. ..l;-
-: ' ~
.f .... _
.. ,.,,'
... 'U• . ,....... _'-o._'..,"" _ ..... _ ...
5.38
6.39
::'~The~..!~~:-:"....:m.:~:o;.~~~;:::'~i
~'~, ':~ .:.~,

bodqlcl'Hlen''''''''''Q .. r,'''' cl'''''''~lndror""",'
""I'f'O'CS . ...fficlen'iy "'"" cl""'i. "" nboprovi<lcdU$inl
,:;.,1
+ ' "::'
1
n""""IIY l vai lobl<comp<KlOnto , Qe""",lIy;,i,,,..,.,..,y
1<> !>ave 1,1ea" c~hl .i ,nD ,"ul';pl;"' ,;"" rollowi." ""
"""'ull lorl .. obll in . uJ'lbledc.io,.""In Fi, J .78i •• iven
~::r~~i~::~k:,"",:,:,~'::rJ~"u~·
1lacfi'.. HClion"""'"I"' ' ' ''''crySlal"",,,U....... hicll io
raHl&nOcc:aPKiU ...... t;OUpIod' .. '''''MCOnd..."ionopera'·
,or.The
ins •• ,.............. ,_cl""';l i<_IIJ, .. ned '"
' ... .. """f~ •• I"" aocllla'or ..... I... ""'''''' iI
.. :t-~~
.....
~,,...
~,.. _ 10
rda'ivcly"'"'.b." ... _ ' .. d,i .... pcn!Oder..........,. 00 .. , ' ..... ,

mul.ipl.,..
'"'_'0:10)9.""". " sn.M~U ... zr"HI
... .,N... ".........-;r.'7"Ho. '''' _ ....01 _~ ..
2·~
5.40
·-· . ...
_ . - _ ......
-
-
. . . ..,
"'1
·1
..,...
.~
... -
.. . " " ... .. .
- -
~ ,
...
:I;
1"~II~'::''':';:'':!=~::-U~~';I~fCU;:~~~~
Anyof,l'H:usualhlahn,ulu. l tond,,,,,anoc,y,,,,,oretui,able
::~~J'l'!'liea'ion. well .. r:F9I. 611 116. lI·18l. 101801'.
In .._'.80,_')1>0:11 plwcmo<lulaoonarctbovm.
ootttht< ,..;,11 the...,.....1 oocilla.or and 1><111'.......... oIIcr
Of frequmc.")f modtiplier - . In , , - <irnul$ ' .. 0 ........ "
diodcsare"-lOpor"". . . lM:mocIula,ion.oach..,.,,,.on.
MI'*n.~ind""'or.'I'H:""'_tialof'hesodooda .. tb.N
..,..pottn'i.ldivider ... i'h'''''..,. ... lvol'...... bili.,..,..,..
=':';~·Fi:;.8':':~i.~~wa':c ;=no=m~~ c=i~:'~~
Ibclntrod""'ionnfmod"lation .............. ,finpu'
(CI)'tlalor,·fo).nd'ho"""""""'i .......... I:ithtroltheiemoy
beaj>plicd '0'. cxlot;"'...,il«
~1. j.tJ ill ........... cornpkt<: pIwc mocIulat(lc uni,
lncIudi". tho ijle«"h.mplfficr and PIcrce"'1l",looc;l\a,or
",. .... clth .. ""nicullt...";.Ia'"..aJ..,,...tho_oI.
12MII. ofo and OO.i l. of .. -eh. unit .,.11.... Ia, ...
£:.' ....i,..,'..... nd.dju!l<nen .......... """'n
will,i,..,olYmmelticaloutpul ... ilhvinu.t.IIYM .ml'htu<il'
'h.ot ,hi. "n;l
modul.,ionofthocarrlt,.ndfullmocluiation .. lthln(;t )
J~"l. ll>e """"'" fr<qutnC)! ..".. is ""'ri<1cd by 'I'H: '''0
IoIqIOIlCIll ..... ll>e"""'pu'tothofntmuhipliert .... ""ah
tl'H: ..... tli .. t"' ............... T. is ....... ' •• bein •• bou.Z~A
' ............ 4710 bio..arid "'k(apfllW,i","'dy 12V). Tho
mod ..... 'ion;,.likdy'obemist.lk... fot.~udot)'pe..rue..
th...ianal is ,W>Cd precisoIY'(I 'hocac ...... C• .., i : J _ '(I
"""'.<tlybi.. 'hop ..... modul.lo<tO."",d ..ymmotc;.",1
::':.i!,jon•• 1,000Ih wi,h Ike v.l ..... hown ,hi. II unli~.ly
Low power 144M Hz transmitters

IJoetaik of , .... 0 """'_1"'...... 0< nbfm ,........,;" .........
;::n~n ~IP j.l7.nd , . . . . nd ,hey arc 'ypoaol 01 cu..... no
Power output of 80 10 100mW

n.."'1It.lloocilll,o<.-. BMIt .cryotal.nd. IWllj
lla$i .. o:oIIc<:Ior<irroillUned'Otke_f,..q""""'.'o
which p/we modulation it.Prlied bya ""ric.apdioclolypo
IlALOJor"'lui...a...t. ",it is followedby'II .... _lti~Lier
" ' - ' 0 n:ac:h ,ke final f,..q""",,, of 144M II:<. "';n,
_ivcly BCIO? BSXI~.nd BFX44 type tran';',on
n..dreuit;'lhowninF'"J .• 7
With I power IU"ply or 1110 lJ·aVIl>troUowin."...
C\IffOnLllR lypoical
.....
oocilllto< ,-OV
UV
HmA
"
HmA
""",, II'ZV 17"mA

aP\"f<l.im.atdy9OmW
Power o utput of lW
""dai","_.lobot."••ndfo<~pIct..... inc:ludcs
the~lmplifior .. _nlnF"S.U
A IlM.H.c:rysI&lIo_wi.b,i>tmodulolioftln,todooood
bytho_or ........ pt!iodeBAI02in-x.wi' .. thccryml
n..""tpUtli"om.ke-,ILa.'ori:ICl09.wt>IcI\loun,,,nod.is
6.41
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
,.l.nlOa"amplifinl!ClCl9",i,hi.. roIlee1orcira.i"ur-' F"""t,....i' .. euen'iallo .... n.. 'I\a.

lOnt.lIlLF_toenC)'myl1~ico,ion"bydoobler.u'd>lo<
. ,he .Iod"' ...... ,tSoe.""'.""""".~
::!~~ ~~r,=~~~;:~r~= ~~;::n=
.nd~om p!il>efIl .... """.2Nl8666fticeo.lhepowe.
""'r~''''''''ni'orcdby •• imr'''diodevol'"''ler.The'r-:''
.mpl,l>efu"," ra.. "rdir'K"yC<>yplcddeviocs.lhe inpy,
"~.""BC107rollo_byl8C177<pnp),oP'ovide
.ufficien''''''pu,'''reed dire<"yin'Olhejun<:linnbo'_n
·• ~~~~i1E@f~~;£::
;~~ta.::~:~:;i.~.;."OO..,.., l<>cnrt<Ct ,he ,,,,*,,
- ..
,he ..... ,..ul .nd ,be: Yafbr dinde. ,he Ia" .. bei~ ... i,"bly
~!romrhra<lllplyby'vnlicllP<>1otf1'i:lldivillfr.Tltii
''''......,'tcrhas ...
IIki<n' .... 'pu''''dri...,aO"da'ivdyla...
_omplifioor""",I ...IYcIlOcll . . . QQ\lIJI2O" ...
~:~~7:c~;:7£~?E~~~
6.00". fo<fUcd """i"" t>p<f1I'' ' ' (.I~i~ ..-hlchl ... dyna.mic .. n ..... com.
(bl.mp,itud.,imi, .... (c"ppen)

Power amplifiers
lIothof. 'h<$e.ho~' ... itlndi'id ... lmeri ...
'·heu<cnf lin.ea. amplificrsln" .. <I<Jl,heOa"C')'J><.I.
o:rom..,.,,"""r"'u .. ,.u ••
""'ic.'iom.Whiki'i. ' ....
,he .tIicier><y" ",,",'Or wil" CIa" ABI lilan a ... c. I
the"... i<:alcfficiency<Jl66 .... """ilpouiblr.nd50'o
'Iuo' ;:~1\1~~,:;;':~':" o=..::i~J~,:;(~~~=
t",").Thebondwkllhttquitodillouldbc:kq>,_'nto
Thri.objoc'.oI
Hperanli1rc1dily .... li:eablein.~ ... ,de!.ii;n."'ho<.... lkllzbyll.!Cof.rreQuerqrantewellulOOloJ.(IOOl b

YndorClasoCln<fficiencyol6(l'olUper""";,. ...... I.T1Ie
~::,::=::;u~"nlildy 10 bosiani1lconl.""",,, ina Dyn.a mic c omprellion
T1wrea"'ad...n"'......·".,h II,nea, ompli/iet
TI\HomaYbewrnmatilec!11
au. C """",,Ion ...1uc:" obould
,,",OWl"
be..........".~ . =:;~~~~:~~~!·Z~::=
Ho.... 'n"isditl\cut"o.lI.i nlherioe.ndr.l11irn..:on.tI....
• ~~i~'::; for . 11 ~ of " ....''''''n. I.m .• Mb. nbfm =~~he~:.u'!"\'::.~i:':'~. i, i. probttblycaoier
• l\armnnic ......... 'ion ...'illbc:".rymuchl<>.."'rthonin.
a... Campliti<r!Ind
. d,i"._rtqu;lec!wiUbomuchlow.n
F."""" .. i.""nbc'PI>I'<'<iatodt"'t
. , .......... 11 bc:."anillcont .. ,i ... in_'.nd . . ., .
....... ~ ...·"h.hiahle>"'modula_noeded
r..... a. .. C.mplil>ef;
• ~2.,;.1:,S~i:~be~~~=~=1~=~
monlll: Itwi1lho...'.''' •• m~Ii'y.nyl':,,'''''''i<:sp..,..n'
In.thelnpulwa""rorm. Il """".r.aa"C.",plif,..
Y1J1 Itntta(e harmon ic$ ..i(h.7. JlUreinl'utsit'1.I.n...
::::.";n';'..=70,:,~,:!..~.n ad",ntap
. 'he."'-.dri," .. dllybc:JlfO'"id<dby.'n ..... 'ot
n ....
:::;::..:
- . . . _...
~'~-=':d~~"":
illbc:.~I~.be:i~'ci""'i •• nd
,,"h~,,,,paatl,,,,, .•hI> ' 0 PfO'lide. rea-.obly""".
",nl inpUl lo."J.IIOme_ .... 11 bc:dissip>ol ... in on
IPIl'Of"".c lo.adi ........ ,or
Speech amp lifiers
In Iny froquerq or pl\a .. mod~lalod ')~'cm ,he ,peech
.mpli/ierlho.rldpr<>_
. llodiopin.
: ~~fiIter
.
.• nd
' _ " " " " " "..............l
5.42
ori'h ... rr""'b.ondf.... f"rr ...... "ftl""'iooof' ... "'p.o- ..,..n R C ........... k..... voI'.prodoced ...fpliodoo' ...
ludio f.........,..ae. ,,'~ I be .......... ..,.. Ideally. rOf ImI.tut
tcnI<e ~tion III ....... freq.....ne. It><- Jk ll ~ "-kI arid~~~""~~~'CH"--.Of .... rit:ap d..... i'h.
""m'er. I"prac'''''''tus
beremovedbymoa ... or.bo ...... lOrol'fi..cd""";tori"-*.'''''''"reo".">eotoIddi",,,,' y
::'I:~I~~:'~!~=""~ ~H~ "n .dd,'io.>n>l6d81 KfOOS , ,,,~I(').Ihe.udiobei ... ful inlO'''';''noc\,,,,,of
, ...... rio;ap diodc and , ... ~.«loa.,...,i ' <><. Provi<ion i. made
fo<'heoot.""'bi •• 'obe applicdl" . he .... icopdinde.A •
•ho)o,o,·n;n'hedi.".n>.key .... ybe pl ...... ..,. <»S'heIOl.n
poo.,,'iornt1...
''' p«Widcfreq .......,..lhlfilcyin,. ln 'b1.
Simple speech amplifier :'~="~ ..~::~~':':'~rh~n:,=
com pressor "' ...... 01'....,;"c..- ...
it_'~ ...... lyi.,....;na _ _ ·
Thlt: lslho-al1;n F,,"' l lIIdnwillbe5tttl,hollhch VOOI\dooixorSltwltrllftKlK>IK:I.
. . . . . . . . .nda,d YlI'''bIe (remo, ....... '-o/r) pen' ode (F.pn
ofoquiYlllcn') Ind" ""Iy diJl".rcn, from I normal lP«<h
A_rom""h,,,";vclr"'n_n'''<ho..''i'''~.'.92
and in 'h .. unit' ....... i. ooovcnil pin.';';n•• n",,'pu'
ofO·'V '''t> for' ..... me Inp"'. 'floe ~I' •• <u.<>II' freq ... rw;y "
.m pii llt.in t~,pr o.i.ioni. n .. ""fo. a", .O.."p",rrom'he
pre-omplillt,i< f...J in ,,, ,he ,..,,,,,d >1all<.""""iodo..,."ion ~kll , .. , ... ql<><clI Implilltr co ........ of a ... ,. u.i n•• f.,
~ :~~!.:::"=~t~. ~~~,:::::~:
too,,1«1 '0 In Impliliotr ... hkh I""O"ideslhevlriabie pin
obtai""" from''''re<:liIin IMO'I'I<II "f ' '''O¥UlI.III'''piifict
....... red .. i'h ' ... ' ...,outl'l<l' r....... ' ... po"Mtmpli ..... ' he
_pu'oI'hiof<Cd>.dtodoovol'l.qcdou"..,.. AfI .. fil\erinJ ~=-...':.:",=.~?~~21~~~"'''':'':'~
5.43
V HFf UH F MA NU A L
bring''''' ""'pu,"v.1 back up,,, , ...... ""' u 'h< inpu, '0 In Fi~ S.9l a nd 5.94.re shown Iw<> simple speech
III< unil. [, may ",,",ully be iml>O'«l in I n ..1st;", ludio amplilierldipperl fillu circuil< wi,h de-tmpha<i< bei".
otT\lltilierloPTovid.,heoonstanlOUIPulchorllCleriSlics ob,.inedbyI1>e22kO .... islor.ndO-oII'Foap.cilorUS<d
5 .44
Fi, ' .96."""".""'hc<.,.,.n ... mtn'and in ,hose.",.
double triode limi'er Is uMd. Aparl from hi.her ""~;" .. in
lhi'(j(l:~lllslCncrlllyslmjlar10Ihal¥i'<n in filj.\l4.
Fi"."lho.... sp«<:h.mplifler Jimi""", ',,"' . . - n In
~l. '.9' but in 'his .... an i.'<vo,ed cl"",,, (CAX\ol6) is
.....,;~'op.dorm""*oI ' toer"nc'i<>ns.T"" .... ' _
, ............. okmm" TRI .nd TRl funcUooo .... mpi< ~
.mpl..... fol_by ... Kli ... fil' ....",hTR3 .. hich
.'tcn... '.. 'bcf""l.....a..boIowJOOItt..f"t'Cdbed .. _
>'idcd f.... ..,od ... biJ""ion. Th .. i . followed by , ........, ...
::;~~F,:;:'",~~~ ~~~::i'::" :'!:::~f~!!"!:'~~;~~
""i" 1"'14 all<l TR' which form. ditfe .... 'ial amplifier
ope..'ln. . . . bol.lI<'>dlimilcr,The""'p"ti..... ~
'l&aef.f"IJov,·cdbyadoublcdiodcclippc:r.,toeou'(>I.I,boin, ,h""'ih ,toe """'nd ""Ii .... ~I' ...... hkh 10. . . .10 • ." cu,""
II4lIKd 11V000""IVil&IIIe~lln abovc3t1It..Thlsfil'er.tOfCthc<wi,h,lu.t a''''''iated ... i,h
A """""oomprchenol"".mpUfi« io "-'n in 11, '.9'
I" ' hdttoeO!l«dl .....ifi«_t<of' .."' ....... ...;'hre.d.
TRJ.'_aneff«,ivcbond"".. filt«for)OO,oJ.ooo, ,,.
Tbe ........ 11 f""lu<nc)'<"""""'is'ic: io shown in Fi,")8
Nct to Impr",,, ,toe fmtlltnCY re:sponsoo. ,hac .... fol""""" An ou''''''oflV .... k'o .... k h.>·. iloble.,1licfli.......... '
b)'.<Ioublcdiodecl,pr>er. Tho,hi<dandfounh ...oaef·" 'o--.tc ......"ordioc!o"'''''lvcll'lOd"Io'OI ..... Tbe
Kli ... ~I'tn ....,,",. po..t)ond of 500 to J.OOOHz. This is muimumpina ... ilablci. 2.500 (6&dD) and is ... ".bIc for
folk>wtodby."'~mpllul'8' ..... Thi."ni' ''''.a.l",ilicanl " ..... i,hdynamkmicropho ..... The ..inc:on't"OI RVI$Iw)gk!
..i. ,i.ina an ""'PU' Of 1000V for.n inpu' of 2m V a' """d.Julledl(>,Iu.CQnlY IIi",'lim;"".""""rowi,hnOlmal
JOOO.inpu'all<lou'P<lt"""trol .... p'cwidcd _.kin.I'''~I.'''o81"dill .",,",
5.45
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
r;
~
i · ~,.~-_a
I: .,. __ .,...... or
I: 0-04'
- .. ",.'>00 •••
t~;~~~~~::.=t'~"*:
:;:':i~,:~::o!.~~~~I:'=:d"'bo~~'h odd;·
A man tlaborale bo.l>dpuo ~h... iI . - ' " In 1-. . UOI
;n.'hkhl~lIUIb3ndisobilintdbytlltoddjtion«lowr-n
a"""'lh_~t'c,-"osi...,oomiderable.t1on ... 'iC><Iou'>i<:Io
~7.h~~:10~b'!./=~\!:'': III•., .. ,u;,.bk lor use
f.ach fli .., I. b~UI on • pie<:< of \'0(0""'"<4, a"" ft"od
.i.he,~dcOr'''''''inp'''.oscreen ;na imallean; Individual
""';ons or_h r.I •• , a,c ,",,",'a,«I byltf..,ns, Conn«.io," ....~":
.... mad< by f""""h,,,,,,hconn«.o", "",u"'«1 in ,he lid .... '.'00. TMoooo_ ' ~,~:::'f;:::~: 01 , o. _ .... d ...,
~~~:=='~:!.be=:~;;!~=~or~;.::
. . J.... in.hchiah.p6S0sectionswerccak:uJa1«l.fletcll<>c.in.
:~:.:~hic.!~~;:,:!~~~ooby::.~=.:o:.:::: Resistance-capac itance

=':;~·=:.nd .. ry,""o"""""""riPJI"'bJ.fltW ~~:~~~
The N•., caa I>Indlo. muimu"';npu, or 'v peak .0
pu.k ........ ....,.t.;. . ',om .9VotII>I'Iy. U ...,.,ldboftdfront
.. . - -=tI f......-y _ _ " in otdct
'0 P'Od .......,illaclory_h , .....1 q.uolity. This iI moot
easilyearriod""'byu.. or""Ki.., ..... i<la-..apaci......
aJowIOU"",lml'OdaDCeand,he""'di",pedance.houldbo 1\I........ hich ..'n .... 'al>l)r.tt...... ,•• hehi$htr~
=~'PDl$ible.","",'IOUl.Thoe_I>I; ... capood ..... iI rrequenc.ics.Simplc""",bO""iC><I(.)of R andCprcMcliftc
6dBJ..,..'.,roll-orr...,".... lIy~butf.... """"
5.46
-~
Idti4~ _ _ _ _ NIGH--.$S _ __ _ __ _ _ .OW "~$S _ __
1-..
!
om
-'-r:--:
'~-
..._>0 ...... ".,.ur
.... ,',
\~9_"""'"
_·
~ ~..
ToC'
""'", »ON. . . N. ,'M' "'.......,"
.Jf"
nfffil
- ..
purl>O'<$,wo"asnwillbc'-,o..--,I>e,equi,emenl ...,~::., ....... , ., o~....
FiIS.IOJillu.,,.'''.. ,t>eu ..... l.hapeof.n.nUll1;Onobtain.ble
;na.ini\<.,.""inwhkb ,""ra,eofanen""tknb<oomes .. --- --- ...,
.... ~~
~:~~~. ~t7~";u~v<°~~::-;;:t~i~:: ::::; ~:.:.,,;
,~
T"simplify,his"""o,ypnlcin:ui,,HK<S_I04andS .lOS
."',i,"nforvai,,,.ndt"""'i<1or.mpli/lcninco'pora1in i •.•• ~~ 'i\l M'
,""fill." ne1wo,k .'an inlc:",'al<<<>toplin~, V.I""".""ivcn
for Mt~ frt<jI*II(Y modubli"n _lid pM$< modU'IIiOl110
.. k.c."'of' .. dilT."'n'l'Ujui"'mcn"ro,' ...... 'womothod.
of modulo.,,,,,, T tM: cal"'-'<le by·"" .. capac;l<>r$ may be
reJuoodinva'ueor.liminalcdwhcf •• ,cduchonofvoi1age ::, :::~T,.~= :~~;~.;:.:,:,:::!!~:':::~.';.~. ' ' 0·
P~~'=":!r••,'" ~..f"1for
:=:":~: :~J~.~~'.peOf m~,o.ho~'o~_
,he .".n"",i",,
of ,f at lhe
mi<;rophoneinput,oui ,able.""n""".n,s ... illus"a«d in
Fi.S.I06.rI<It!>ty."""'d.nfcou.... bcincILKlcdin'he
. mrJ;t\e,input
5.47
Circuitdeteil,
Tho cimJItd""",m is
""""on in Fi. 5. 101. Tho ~ryl.Ul
wdilltc.>lapll>nl Z77 pmlodc. Theln<xko;oil iswound
OII •• lnd.amelCfAbcIcIlnformor.I''''''''.d.... m...con=
C_<;oiI ...... ).ndisM••dbyIIOOpFt ........ capaatorCI
oflOprmi";"", llK _ •• Jad: _ _ ,ypeC1G4
ma ito
Thoct")'>lIloscil .. 'orcifCUit.....,I.~ ... bIo.nd~O)'.
::\:....:..:.:n~~~~~d:.;:.'=~I~~:.::~~
~.;:!n r;:;t~ ~":.~'!~==·t": nr~treJ:':
... <ur~ntof.bou.JOC>;<AwlTlbeindi""«I"hcn' .... <ryOt.J
.. "",ilIatin.
~~.:~!~;r~~6~~;;:;:r~:~
on'lIetransmitttTpoMlfor ...... 'u, ....... id""'rm .. intbe
"opIe-r.nd'............ Aft _ _ t ..... ry.wiIC:hCOMCClS
'hem<l.. wi'h'he'PII<oprio.., ... id<;n;W .. ;'he6~tr;plor
... ideu,ta>tbei ... indio:::okd ....... ' ....wiOcllisinpmilionJ
l ow power tra nsmitter f o r 70 ,beA.:;~~!.."::."!!..~::!!':"'~~~;;
a nd 144MHz
Th.......mplo'_nd.ranomi"n.•llebtndman..n• =~~~~:::~~:::~~isol=::
bei ... ~oobedme<dybytha ....... "')........ nd.--uJ ... Th<"""'''''.pof'.... nocIecol' .. by-pautd'olW"lh.ndh'
:::';:.~..:rt>c::'::::"1Iehl6c:ld ...... min~"i15.l07jll".t"'la ... upploedth~122OCldeooto"'i""rai.,oroThotunin.
a.paci,orCl(Ja<:bonB'DO,ypcClOI) .. ~.;mi""01"'"
,..1.••' .•_ .......... ot'... :.,..'.O""".... ' • ..,""=:~..-. . . . _ .........'-""............. '_

5.48
_in,bcooci'Ia'orano:Mkal'Wi4.bu'ilof,bt_ Ta b le 5.11
')'1IC'.,"'hich.nl...ulatcd ..... flhasbun.tkkd.Sorne .......
:::'' :' :::.i:rnoved $0 ,t\oI, .. wn'h«landK"'eft mo';'" COi l d e tail , for Fig. 5.108
T1tc.......,.,.jtnpler ...... isof 'bc-'>-""U.yP<ao><l .......
QQY02-' .......... hid> has ""Ylow ;np'''.nd''''''''''<1.1'.....
::h·~~"':: :m~':"~~"ilC;"~ ~ ,::,n,~~n:;; u
_ _ "' .... rc ....... u.... k.,..upODndjlions. Thc ..... . ..l
cwmt.ofexhhalfof.hc ........ _,btohocUdbroet'in.
tlleJrid""rrcru",.,.r .""chto""';,;"n,2 .ndl,Tht U
=,~~~';:"::' ,,:!~.:!;.~en~~~==.:
:~=~7n~~":~~"~O~~=i: tl JIO
5.49
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
~:. :;'~d:.:..~:!~c::~~&o;;rru, value by adj""in¥ Adjustment

Se. the T~"' · R"" , ""ilCh.o n._and pi .... in a .uilable
T1lep ... ~.pull.oode~i",u.i' of tbe$«:Ond 'ripkr i"uned
by . ,pli, u"orcapaci'orCl.a Jackoon Sroo'ypeC808.
crystal for 2m . Chock .ha.
lbe crysl., i. """ill.'in& by
conn«,jngamilliammt1<:rbolween 'he,es'p<>in. oooea .. h
,.1Op" ... rippeddownS<l'ha'ilh... ilh.mo,'in • • nd~.....
6. ed plate. per...,tion. Wi.h lhecap.o.d.or.hu, modii'>td in ~':ne~~'~i:'~' ~fd'he "",illalor unlil m..imum
~': ;~~~ j ..., ~'" lhe nongo noo<:ssary 1o "",,,r bolh Jrid ~urrenl n obtained In lhe 6CH6 S1&1I< with.he .... ler
'wiICh""'01.T1le'~nin~"",i'ionsho~ldbc,,·i'h'be'uninl
lbopu.lt-pullp.a...."'useo a QQV01.l01Winletrode capacilor nearly 01 min;m"m capacitance. Check lbal.be
.a"",IJa".rybi..,or l SVi.ulCdalll>oucha,malinepti,'. fI«Iuencyi'I,,·kclheerystalfrequencybyme.o.nsofon
~i .., ,upply ""ri,-cd from ,be main, could Ix uoed ins.ead ·b:<orrlion ...ave"'......
Grid c""en, in ,he t""'O hol"es of.1>< val .. may bc mca'UrN N."'"ne tl>< anooe ~i"",i, "f,be 6CH6 ...", for ma~i·
bY "l1 in • • hemet<r,,,"itch,ol><>'ihon'4andS.AT~_Ru~ mum IPid cu'renl in lheQQV02.~ fi .. llripkr " ... wi.h 1he
~;r;:p::'~ha~~~~c2~~~~n~5~~~h~~~i~~
.,,·it<:h.rranaesfo"helCf'«.""'.... oflhe'...... I,-e.obc
=!~:~~:~~~~~;;':~:n~~ ::,d;,c:e~
T1leluninicapac"'" in ,heanodeclrcui,oflhe p.•. i,of ~~~~I~~~I>e""{;.;Ii:.~~oaf~~~~~~;:~~· ~~\~
,1>< .. me,pli,s1alOr,ypc:a,inlheprevio",,,... butwilh equal, l fll><ya"'''''i~o1ydifl"U<''llry.,1Cfinllhe~alueof.he
only ,..., mo";n~and si~ fi.ed pi .... pcr """,ion. Tan); coil
!':~:!:;: ~;';i:,,:,::',abk. A "nllt 'u,n lin~ roil ;,
4.1J.~I~~':..lIcilr;:,":=0~ircui. of tl>< QQV02.6 (o<:c<>nd
lrjr ....)".'" for ",..imum Irid cum:n. in lhe p.•. v."..
:~~ ~n7~~%."~~! :t.:~~ ::,~::::;;:n·:~~~,::
lbomotlulolor.,.... u . . . . ""irofN78<inpush.pull
wi.h tro.,former inl"'1. A I2AT71",in ,riode wilh bolh
hah..,.incatc/ld.forlMlheSI><CCh . mplitier and provid<:$ ....."'.... ,.,. Sol ,be i'id cur","' 10 abool1 1 -~mA in each
:=PinIO.i.. fulimooula,ionrromaCI)'SI.lm",ro h"foflheval,·cbymca",of.heSCf'«npoton,i""", ••• in,1><
oerondlripl<:rsc,eenJridfeedd","i'
11~h~%.'dPPIYisquile .. noighlf""""'r<!.oop.ovides FjnallYlune'hep_a_'o,"""".noc"'ilhnol~dby .. ,,;"lI
~~/;~~~~~~i~~,~:"'J~~ ,:,:i:;';c~':,.OO:.":;·::.
minimumcal"'Ci'y;$Omc.dj ... ' .... n.of.becoiliooOC1" noc
maybcll<Ce>Sary."ndlh;';'ea.ilyaocompli<lI<.:IbysqUJ,h.
,-
ingll>elu'MIOIj<.herorpullin,lbemapart.S",itcbfrom
TUM1(1R"~andconllClCl1hel(l,ld,TheOUlpu.linkmaYlllcn
~~~;;r=!:::::~: :o~o7~:::~:;:
cryslal,ui'ablc f0<4m.1"beoorrec. ,unin,po;nlS"'iIl be
fouoo ... i.h lhe'uningcaP""ito,,"" nea"l>ei,,,.....imum
I mA· values.lI",'in,OIK%dclcrmined.hetunin&poinlS for 2m
I ·SmA· . nd4mmark.s""nbemadconll>efronl~nel.ooband
ehanlJ,in, .impLy """"'.. of pl"ui", in the .pprop,il"
el}1Otaland"";n&'hefo",ca~t",,'o.bc""n«:I"""k.s
5.50
RoI,lo..f,.n . . . t>OIIa._
..... 0 ..... "' ... ' ............. _
§f;~~]:;~·:~:a~~;~E
Multi-mod e transmitter for
70MHz
'llIM' ..........." ... isinttnde4f.... oroer&'ion .... rm . .... , ....
~~~::: :';:~:,';.,.be.<IcIo:I if.-Jed. by ,he
rn"';""" O!>cntiOll_.hoe ........... ditr....... _i1~
In ,he dauo sl......... ly ,he a.c:t ... l citcui" In ..o..'ed .... by ...,""'S.landS l b.(~"i".I I I)...tIichhn.poo.iOOnf....
:::'~.~..~~.:~=="td .. '1Iey •. m. ... "oct. ohouId be"""","",,< .o ....
moc1"lalor . ndspocd>.mpI.titr(ifrcqWnd).
1""". of.n •.m.
Gaoaral eireuitdelJeription SS8ge nerator
~~:~~.=nf:t~·~~.!~:=
A bkld:diaal'lmil.lHw.... in n.S. IIO.ll1e",lIoIeof ,he
ci=il;.'.. ,..;"ori"""" p 'olhe~ri~' ....... The.lIdio
~:~~=b..~'!!:~~~~:. '!"~~~~':.:;i~ f~
from lhoe mkl'OPhone .mplifi<, .. rod 10. double diode
:~~,O::":~~~, ';"~:::!."'!,i,:'.!~,i~n:: f"'IoW1thediodemodula,,,,and foo<h'he l ~ MH >.crys"'l
~~~::~~• ::;"f~:~~~:1heb~i~fl.::~:=I~~:=
molclle<l.infrt<j ... ""y, IO. ... crysla.fi., .... .lcr""" ... d"ublc
::..N;~:~::,~::,11~::~:~:::!' ~,.'7n'::~ ~~:
llIIna:o('hefi.,cr.A.,he ........ i•• , ........ td"'heni.I" .... (if .......)
AllQin<'udt>d in FiIS, ll' islho"",ric,i-.lionooc:illa""
...Mclll.r.oededfornbfm.""'.nd •. m .•
11>,-" lhe foil". ,he ou. "", is . mplitiod I" I .... , .. I..,,· A. oI\<noo·n in ,ho block djqnom I ~I 5. 11 0. II>io uNl io
siIIor.mp. ilier . The I ~M H .., b nnow .......... in.bo. ... - I fo.looo>td by,hornixer-1... -.cI mi.crjcoo-.ionwd1-
mi.cr."·,lh • .rocovcrinI4·9Io5"9M liI,prod"gn, ",, .. lorIO'""'lhclinllfffilt><nt)'.AIto.lhofmm<>d....,or
.,,_ _ • n inc:ltoded in tllildb&nm ,''' ' . 11l
.
;"oerrn<dia.. frcq_n .... of .. l ... l ·.IMII..
T'IIoo.uncdc:in:ui. ln .... .niur .. p""'"".ndlrachdwilll ~~'.l12io;n ........ tdlhe .. u...... _~kdy'obo
~.. ::: '::':'!::.'-:;::::M~7~= ~

i.f.wi... ' ... ""'''''lof.freqllCftC)'mu1tipl... wt.oeola........ '~=~~";.Id=~::~~I':"":~I~
i1lunod ... 6J7M II .. Tho ........ hen_ ....""..... ID ......... O........, ... 'i</"lCIotyCl ......... nd"" .... nledol(le.
::':=~fii::.:'~~=~:.-1Ii
ampIlflotrwi."" ...... O ' urotdcitNj. in i"coIlcct ..... The
driver c......." of I QOVO)IO. open. i... in Oau A f..... l1 be
5.51
VHF / UHF MANUAL
5.52
5.53
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
S....,r:o.l'ypesolcond""'ion.....oledlClrodcs.re ... il.ble.

Mlmt ... "h'~cot>dllCli ... ele"'""'ronni ... pO,.Orlh<vaI ....
<:n~Iopc"'hlk:OIhal require.separate heal <;OIIductili.
~k. ~~I1"1w lho.d ..ntqc 11Io.,ho healcooollCtOr
Of(otcatlbo)poroof . hoounplille, ....... bIy.t>dil.botefore
' _~lriJ.l~ ... whcreuirlbo""'''''DdllCtOrilbuil.
'fllotboval>"e,itil_edwhonlbo ..l .... r.i ..
i....,~!~~~~=:::.: :U':.'=,;:~
bo___._.......raclu ..... inwuotioni
di<pGu1 .......
With Iho.dnnccofJCrnic:onduc:too. for acitcr and
rompIote",,",po.o.oulranomit~(ItaftIDOi .....).ilil:ln
ad .... _lobuildldr"""~ioed_ompIitienwhich
.... ybeopm.lodilitillxrOalOl Cor A Rl (lintar)c:ondilion.
no. .... of.
~ ....... &mp1L6or. ~Ia. "81. 011'... oIanl&an.
~':'b':~~ic""'Pu.whcre'*"for .nymode._m ..
Table 5.13
Do~ble tetrode! M8l1imum operating
conditions for 175MHz cia .. C cw or 1m
5.54
TRAN SMITTERS
a~=r.tI'\fIli6<n. .. abilliedrcm:n.ndbio."''''''ia TbcOlN)dccin:ui'Ui.aq .... ' ........,li.... CunedbyO.

"'""""'islappod_·o ' hcli ..... >hondi$tan<er..,.,.'he
WhetI...,.n'in. . . . I"oa.• mplifier. ' hetnd
ma1he.I_.oreadl.pca~ofCOO-I~
..... . ,C
.... hich ... i1I
anodecndol'heli ..... RFoulpu'h ' .k... r..,.,..IoopLA
.. hichh"""pIed'oLJa<ijaoon"olhcohoncircuiledcnd
"'.... 111 ...... 10"0<0'eI" in.~m>Od"I. ' i"" dis.onion .han .he Tbc""lueof,hc""n:cnd,,,,,pinSresiJ,on;for Vl .ndVl
.. ..,..111.dl'<)<2..~_o arid cu""nC. I••1", lias U... (R4.ndR." .. peclively)i.c1"lo8c:noa:ordlnl,o ,ltroht
:::-="fn~;'!,O::..I:~~kval ... bo)'Ond,.hiI:~ _plO'ha"hcrcm:ndiooinlionol'ltrovat .... isltOl
n=d<d. TIte ....... ofval_.-nis ....... bkrOf~
brotwerenU.nd600. R..... on R l lnd RJi"'hc&ri<!"""
Medium power amplifier for
144MHz
..
=...;:~ ~~I~ ,~;::j~i~~~u::retlucca"1
The omphflc,lIacribcd i. Iypic:ol<>f'hc ........ fromwt.i<;:h LI 1' ... "1O . .... I .'in4ia.
fairly hiP. power""""'cffio:imcy ..... yhcobcainod f.om l2.11ImI16 s.w.• . li"dia. llin .......
LJ Z,ub<;..in ....... lin4ia . ...-!linl....,
:~!.;=;:!~=~:!~~~~
i'imporlan,.lumpcdco""'''lcimli' maybellOCdinpl,,"
:t'iR~'io~~i;';!:llin I.,.... lin ....-iIk 16 • •w .&-
oflhclinurcimU' ... i.honly ..... ll klosofctroc.i<ACY Cons t r uction

1Id".........a".. ' hc.mplillotiliscnd"ullO""""hcpower Thr:arnplillerh ""~, ....." aiaminj"",<haooiI 14in """ "
:;.:i:!,::-.M val.., wl>cn UICd UIC1aMC.mpI;fIcf !i;nwitkx3i1tdeep:t""OOlpu1oirt:uil ~r1 ....... io)lin
F""",,,"""r..urni.,,,,,ybe_n lilll.hc<fficiMcy;' ;=.,~":~:~."t.;.I,~I~.'i:,:.e::n:~~

hithcrfo<hi.lICr"n<><ltvoh. ",.ndlhallhcrei,a"",,'
oidor.lt>lcdown"'''n.~ ... hcnampl;'udcmoduIaC'''n ~:=I:~d=!~~~~~~~:::.in~~ '!:
iollOCd<;ompo,<>l,oc..-o<nbt"m ,in pil"' .... 10 ""'"hc horizontal....,..,. ... dioci ...... 'hc
var--eis ....... willt'hclOpol'lICc:ha>sU..
~;~,,~:~~~~o:.. 5.1 U. R F dri", is .ppliod '0'''''
Thr:.nod< Ionaea" be ... o.iIyf.briatled.ndconoiot<>f
Iw<>k ...'h.ot'indi ...... 'crb<u.'unin.linlo .... &poced
pu<h'pull,ridclreu;, LZ. Cl. Grid bioI ioobllinod from lin.~rI .... "hc.""ncire"il<>l. nd ltICC_ ' ''b<;..'''jaincrrJ
curren'!Io""h'~ R 2wl-cn~.u::i, .. ion .. . ppliod. For by •• "il'ofhc.o.yp\IIIC(q l l ..... ibntos.in"ltidt .....
'hi<_.'..rocIod.mp""''''V2(6V')io''''''.....,.~ drilkdl_li<ldiimnf,lIoicsCCnlnod lidlpa.I.;nlo_1IidI
~'(v':" :~) ~~ ~:~.:: !:..:!!":'=.

bot ....... ,"" amrlitier.."..,.,., """unh.1O cha''''hen ,hc
p.... isd'i ..... lhc_ti..,bi.. ~_R2;. .....
:::::::r~:Jo~:~.:'::::~I:rl:::~r:: ::!
cin:uili ..... "p. ... cadls ..."""ofl'in r'ontlhcopcna,....;ted
O~':I~~~!::.~,!~~~i:': e.: =n:~~
diameter."_'o.'lIteadtd ..
VZ&ri<!.""'lI$<>$ , hc .. ln'oOOOld"", hco.,ly ........ hi,.. inl ...a"'hioh~in.
~~Iy.t::.:!::~..!~=~TI::='.;!.~
.."dlwith,"'hc ..'eddiuil>''' .....
.T:..."":~~.::)=:::.:-atltro
.ensure omoo.h ot,hcca.,..:l,or
MO>-emetl.
.....A pia ....
1/)
<101
5.55
VHF/ UHF MAN UAL
.tIauld bo~ul ."heelld or",,,,.,...! .0 en..,. "ilh I.mall General purpose power
me,"1 blade ~>ed.o ..... nd of I 'in dian,"" pOlystyrene
'od"'hid>formslhe.".... ~roI;."".rodmaybo"',i ..._ amplifier for 144MHz
=,~~='~'t~"'!".;:rO(.ho .... dcl"J'lftlro."oribo One melhodofincrusinc_.... ou'pu ... by .... or ...
··Idd..,..·· Klr ........;n«I .mp~fiet. III ,_"II 'mr'il\er il.
1l",lIbefoundll'll'_""""""".. "'.... n'hel .. cpl .. ~ dcs; ..I>k:'" .... IIbi ... whictt;, .. ~bIoofopmt';".undcr
""yin.condr n"ns.'ha, Is 01... ADI r",
'iDOUoponlion
..... ""'"".i""'lelylin.pa".ndlhey<houldbol<!.J"'te.~~:·~"~~ '::
,,·i,h.O<><I in.«moduIOli .... perl"", ..""" ordl$lC" an
ompli"",forcwo'nbfm
Jre.l.WtIlIbly'iahll1,inlbe'Jpptdl'lok:$lOnrwn:lhil,hen: Thi$amplillcrwubaK'dool\lc:li5nU$ina·""""'..... ioro
;,nodoctricaldioconHnui,ybeewa:n.he .. _'or.ndlbo _tet . odc(_ I ~'. l l1)lha'isdlaraaeristlcally
~r:':=.::: r::.l:::~,:::':'Oboloc~N In posilion =b~:~~: s;:..~;::: :=to?~.~ '::::

Anodoronn«:Ionmu" be...edlndean c""'Wft;..n,lybe cooIcd ... I... I ... ndardooct .. wi'h .buttt·ln .......... Itoyp&M
""'de or Ain btau,nd f in 10fI1 simi'a, 10 Ih.oJeemployed .'J'a<ilo,wil1normtlllybe...ed,t"orlh<eond"",ioneook<!
for ,he 1O.;m lra""",i" ... , Copper .trlp lin wide ond 2hn vljv. i' i'~t)'lor.brlcalC.uil l blefllli npi""' ud ' ",
lon,i."ted 10;o;n .ho.nd"r.ho'inos'oochinodccon· 'hebypass"J'a<iIOf
nectO<. The.nodc cimri'li .... I"'..,ppo<t<d., lheend by I C""""",,ion itt ..... von. ionallnd only reo. dtLoi.....
jinliUolrpuolinpble." ... hicttlheshon-d""""....'ipis tICIt<Iod.n.. ........ W>it..,.y be built inlO. 17by' by
tcrno'Od •• nclby, ...'opol)"lll rcnc b!od • ...,.,mNOfIlJ> $in .... lf~.blrl r.... _ p u _ . b ... unit ..
aluminillll1 t>rlK"~~ l'Xllle<J~lin from , ... end of the II ..... """", ...i... bIr:. The anodo:circuit ' ..... he,..;' h,he ...1..
oI>ouklboh,.nenclooure I 2i n b)r'inby 4;ndo'<lI1"'" only O"""""necI.
Ioad."CS2.~""ionrnay.h<nbeIPPliedloCSlondC l
wn«l '0 ","""""",,,n-..oulptrl oflhendl.,lndcoupli. .
bo'we<n l. l ondLZ.""uld bel<\ju le<ilo ajve •• ,idcu"c.'
of 4mA. HT may . hen be applic<l ." ,"" I mp'i"", and Cl
,uned; 'hedip inanode~u''''n'.' taor'II"""lhoukirom:s-
pond 10 ma>.imuftl rl OUI"",. C~i ... bee ...... n U and U •
• nd.he ..pacila_ofC}._Id'...... be~lOload
. ........ IO'he~uin:d .. ,'n •. n ... 'Iy.I"" ...
I... or R21.r>d
R4sl1ouldbe.<!.Ju.led,oaIH.inrnnimumrrOU,,,,,I{« •
• ivendclnpul lO'he ..... ,wil """'.~i". , ... "' led
.nodelndlCnendissipa,lon of l...... " '., AO.,.he.""""
circui,ha.bHn .uned.h'YOiI....... ybeoppliodwilhoul
p;d d.i ...... ,hedamp ... t.. df«livo!y ro:I ....... heinpui
101'-lnd_orlhe",I.. ,0 ••'et)"'owYIII ...
5.56
porr_Ii&<=>,;..... La •• r • ..,ror.nlmpli/lerol'....
lar....."".lf'.... mal ....."'i,U$<d'he.noJecimo;'
.ncIOlW'C ma~ be- lOin b~ )in by 21;n ........ 'hi< don ""\lOt
:~""'orpcrf"''''''rw;e.ndlhtllr ... r.<>clo1;u ... ;...".,'''.
Whe... ""nduc'ionooolNYllvei.use<!,hen.dtq .. ,.
=k~~I~'~~:E:=*~~T~~:'7P~~~ :~
Th<pooowluppircompon••m lhookllhon MrnounlM
oi,het III f,o.u 01• .". bt\ow,,,,,.mplifioro-P'"OI>«.d<pmd.,,,
:".:::=':n~U'red."ll ..nal ..
elY.,hoy""'Ybebul";nto
r""",hecil'CUi.dia,,,,mjl" .... n' ..." .... mpl,fot.-iI
con ... n'klna'No'·io.·pao..... Vidcimu1 . nd'ht.nodo
cifCuh is.hu", red.'u ..... by. ""pachot"ppcdOfl , ....
ind"",or.TI>e"u'pu,i'lappcd on to lhe co, ..... "f ,his fo<
=:~.7;t.!~:'he,.pwill befu,,'"up 'hoindu<,{H'
400 + 400V 180m"
,. .... n . o::c:.. _ _ «:= ,.._ _. I.. n

~
...'
6') + 6·3V I ·IA
t=!~::::_I')P<J
e, H urtt .. ypeC2!ll" UlOOpO SlV,l.
~.6fiRd7mo.i"l0Gl'in.paci".
UJOOpHccd,h,oll.Jh,,,,,.,,,,n.inll
'" cr.X6<i"rs;miLa.
4CJ(2SOD or E1280 .... CCS I
.," ~:~:~~::~i:g~i
C",
~g i~~~~.... tinidlinIOfl'
~Iianoe
be
cI~ :;:~ ~':c~f.~7,,:~:~n,t;~~;; :'no~'::m~~
l<>,adin. on ,''' d,i".' . nd in ,'''' ra..,.of 100010 ZOOOCl
In ISllisfaetoryl.youllhe.m~lIfI.!'lIIouJdbtllal>le"ilh"'"
on I,," dam";n •. To minimi'" the d,;,'. uqul'fll. II
:;~~~,;!~:.::::: :~be::n:~:
Plo •. " ..... _ _ •• ::,::;::.....' _ ' .... H._ bu'ror_purpo<e<'bepo.u-..... 'ranc<mmt;s'''be
p~rC'l'ml
. . .=. ...::,7:::"
, . ... ;ro •• _ . _ .. _
~ ~
5.57
VHf/ UHF MANUAL
In ... S.IZl:''''' _ _ n'amonpmom.or''''''u ..... dmoil bu'fOl''''''''_ioncc.l~INO«>I)'l>O ....... _ I J ' n i j .

............ r.... '''''lInaIlanodcci_i'tndosuu.Wtth'hrla..... .bk ,ranorormtfolOOY +~Vwi'h.full ...... brid ..
endooure~eoo1ier.lhetei.morernom'o.pacc nottifltr.li>eocm:n ... ""Iy ~i .... ta~enfrom'l\etent ... t."
'''''ftMofUf,hetfromlhr eol'KttonCl .nd ,hoom<lplale ~.n~a~~iI<>Il by , _ _ ie.< «IfInc<1«l lSOY .... bilizft$
Wilhan.iecoolod .... I.. ""'oblobly'hoomG$lron".nienl
.............nl for OMIosins 1M "kI. wlleR;1 11«<1110 ~ l~"idbiMY<lltqei,ob!" i rlCdrfOmlwoscriaoonll«;l«l
fa;,lyaie'i$hI, is.41 by JI by lincaa' bo~ 6·lV ... indin£<fcedi .... inlo.IIOII.lICq uad'uplel'. A . I.nd.,d
Ud.I .. .or 1M &rid .nd anotk ind""'lon are &iven in .i""'IoIlaIf ...... nottifltr.m.n ........ 'rnaybc:uoedu.n
.1,.,.."vo:ooiP",,7,S-1OV.Wilh,lItvol,... multiplierordJr
:::'::"""==!:
F"j.IU(b).nd (d) f'aI>C'>Iively. l.,..tbec "'Mh a.w,able
and KlWn b)'pau""pacl,or fOl' 6oI-70V .. availabk and thi ... no(quueouflici<n"ocu' 011'
,,,,,.nodecumnland,""o/6c:Ie...,.un<ltrCLu:sCcoodl!iono
is.....-ha' p<)<)<e< t.b.alllAIot Iivm in 'ho table. H_
......edn""'0'0uJ4benquire<llO'''''dataiP_II ......
r::;:v'~'ndm>...,...t1.'I1t_·=loplinP\l' _ _
6.68
~~-, .. -.~.
m..
'I'~''' ~ Compact 150W amplifier for
~- -:- 144M Hz
.. _---,-
,
. . .,. _ ..... - In,lIilarnplilicra4CXl3OSforccdli.cooIedlelrodeiol&ood
" '''hODfO_ioNl<im>iI_'''"lndll... ndonl ... l~
oocl, .. wi'hi .. bujl'.;nocrc>rnbyfla .......... itor
The.;""",. F .. ,.I~.sI\o<Io~l ... limrllicilyoflhe
mtfIl. l1Ie.,idinoJ..,.Of U o;.o ..... "d.
«Ipptrloop
,uned.o ,he caPK'i.or C2 "'i,1I ,"" inp~' "pJ'!«l_"n from
.""".,..
, ....rid. Thc:.OO<ltci"'u;'io ...'i« ' u....t IIalr .....-.cin:u.i'

..i.".heh ' f...djoin • • t' ... .,.n''''oI.he indue'a. Ll.The
OO ,p" , ,,,,upli nICOMi.,,of.wellin.u .. ,C<lsln,Ie,u,n,wlLi<h
ioadju".I>Ic. I, .""uldbeno.ed .... rrequ<n.lyuKdK.ies
W~~~~;i~r ~~ '";"~ ~~::; ~h,~:~;" """'~ .'"

d"arly ........... i .. the dra"'i"$l and pIIOI ........ ph •. n.. ..i<I0 ... ,hecha.si!lm ... thefull1c..do."d
'o" ... ur~thecooli ....irpa"" ' hr"",,, t"'val~cooIer
T .....h· •• ndi" ....... ti<oo'lanocncloo«lb)'lhebo • • bo'o'.
Ta ble 5.14 =E:£;~~Ei~=E~,~!":~

.."._..,r""""'inl... prOlOln'.<a....sWrJI~' .. .;.... a.
Typlul performance a1 '4SMH:twith 300V lion..nd no , hod absotbcn. """'"""I"'.-Icd. I. ;,
IKrlensuppl y ....... ",edoo .ha.l ... air in .. t;,.d,ro<1lyinlo.hr; .. i<lcircu"
."""""""'undc:r,h<cha..... by • • ui ... blccutou\inth<
...........
o,.n'... _<1Ms.:'..... "........ .. _..
A _ A .... G... o..,.,UrhoJ;\1
~
(W) (W)
,8 ...
~:::.;:~~ ~~,:".-:r~t n mount..! by . simp" U .hapod
900 2.0 n _ 51 iOO ;, Tab le 5 .15

~
'"
:: '" )."5
;;; Components for 1 SOW ,mplifler
." ..
.» '" n -" '" ,.. "
-, -
" :::
,~
II) :~~::::1.::-- 'Io<".. _'io._'o ....~ k ..
..=..:..::'_,."""'ot . ~O<hio
(ll f ........ Co,.... ' .... ' ... Irid ... nemiono<' ... _
(ll :r.:.;:i.':~..:r:;.-.
5.59
VHf/ UHf MANUAL
T')ocinpu'soct.,usedn ..... n<b. .... 'Yf)'llOb... 'ho'used

for ,ho ou,"'" n a bul~hQd """'"'i,. 8",C
_""'MH' __
' .. $. .... .... _
. . ....
5.60
Alt TR ANSM ITTER S
.~i!
T able 5.16
Perform.nee of 150W .mplifier
~[~" -'~. -:: ~: l~-o (WI
¥~l::---
~,..=.:"
5.61
. .' 1 ~."--rf~IIII""
, """
6.62
6.63
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
t------ 0 .:- -----T("~~"·""'~':_r~ I

l,,,,,. ',~ . w .+I
• __ J,
..
5.64
TRANSMITTERS
A _ __
5<_YOI'_
OrldvollO"
"'...,ou,,,,,,
Table 5.17
-- ,~""
2013(..... )
]ncV)
10(mA\
-U" (V)
.... 'h.n IOO(o<A)
UO)· I7(l(W)
Coaxia l cavity for 70cm

~n;::,,,:':.::!:=~~"".:r.,:,'::~o<=~
.... Iflcanl."""'n'ofmodti"",.."k"mbc_
Fi,'.I17.""ws 'bc ........ I.rran ....... n' of,bc anod<
d",ul' andFi".1l8si_'bcmochlonkaldc'.il' or,ho
:.:::,~:;~t1:SO~)e~I~~A) Jim dimensioru for
T1>e&ndclrcu;' ....ybeoimila,'''' ... 'previousIydcocribcd
...d buU,ln,,,a.,..._. Abow,hi. . pIa,d.moun,ed.".,
~,O)pro"'bo-"""'1r""",fo<tbo."ppIy"'"
...isolai~"=j::.~:t.'isilis~:::':.:::"::"":::~~
... 'bo;npu' and ou,,,ut cimo;ta, .. ..-.l1 ..pn:Mdin •
.... h.bIo.i,ductfor'bccooli .... i,.tIio:tIm ... 'bebioom
"pf,om ' bc"nderside"f'he ... I...,_~., ."., 'h""'''''bc Tuni ... of ,he "".i,y is pt"....-ioJ«I by. dioo ,ypo .... paci,or
."""""",,Ii ... ~ns. The ........ ood.' ••
II..,hed ,,,,bco.'" l.dotall ll lndO. The adj ... ,ableclomen' (0) ,hould be
'Q~Ia!~~:~~~~
pro.ided with ""me ",.. ioni... d ••.,. ""," os. spti ...
pIoleb)'fou,cydooI...
Detail A. I, "ta<hed '0 ,he 'Ofl
,,hebotlom.""'I\en'bcln ...... 'ube
loci lln, in,,, ,l\e oc","" ' hrcld. Sinoc ,hcrc is
t........."IIeK'wopu.' .. oncol ' hcm.h<;><tldbcCOVffOd
1100 full h'
•..........,.conoi"'...
of'l>eano<ltllne(C)kooklert<lorbn:ood
'0,110 In..... 'op dioc(O) wIUdt. boIteo;I '0 ,IIoOUIel" ,,,,,dioo
~!r,"i'"bIoinouJa'inlma' ... ial 'oP~'.f'O<!$ible.hor'
(8)andisolatcdfromitby'l>eptf.......... (E).T1>efiAi ... OU' .... I from ,he""vi' y is by ,IIo _ _ tiortal_,IUI<d
bo!toof'I>e' .... lopdira."'iftoulaledfrom'IIooulertop ~ . T1>eloopopaci .... from'IoeI_~ ... sbouIdbe
dioobyptr. .......... (F).T1>e ....... aooemNJiI'''''''.tuoched ~'op,"Ctboma>i ........ ou' ..... ;'hiodoos""'_
:..:':r':~u~":::~ou, hip into .. _ . , . . - ., ,110 lop c"-CO\IP~ ... 'o'hoom' .. '"be_itsbouldb<k<p, .. f....
..... y .. _ i .... comis' ... 'wi'bJOOdcftlcimty
5.65
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
~!illXl
¥~' UI~~I ~.J
, .. , --1.1--',.....
Medium power linear amplifier

for 432MHz
~=:",:;P=:: ::~~~~ I".: ~~:~~1O: ,;:
........:1 linc.)'1)t. Altboulh.he prOiOlypewudeslardu,
Thcano<klunin.copac;lo,is'''.r<II,d.pI''''''or'YII<
wi.~ ccn.mit: end pia,., pro.idin. In insw.,ed lO«lt. n..
plale..,.a... isCHl45"(do..bIc~)""'honl" wo~
lintuompliller.l ..... 'ofcowwbc.-J .. 3 ..... C.mplilift and'womovinapla ... pcrlOOCtion.CoMecIion ... lho ........
irdairt<lbJeIwIaood".,....in.OOI>dnlonl;
Aocanb...... nrromtl>tpholCl .•"".mplitlctl..... r;.r"'1y
~\:~~~~:;:"''''"phos'''*"bfon ... foil.I''''_'ioft
...:r~ I~:~~""-:~~:': :r~nn«l
oc.-..d.r>d.horron' ""nel,owhi<hlnodo.r>docreen
wm:n' .....ns . ... . I1a<:hedi.tludlo' .....rnrlifle'box '0 Ihe wnlrol
:~b ~":r.,.r;:.,~~If:id'i~""~~~..:I~": Thccap;ociIOf'U ..... 'heou'P\I'couplin.loo!> ... i'hl
=i:t=~O(IOpF,.r>dislo<:oled~'heou''''''
'tondatdPllili",lypelrimmct
5.66
Coaxial line amplifier for
432MHz
T1Iisamplif\cr ..... a4CX2»B.'hc ..... _lridcimoi ..
or ... tuch ... botb.....u.lli... cwwdbydilcapoci1onwicb
idd"",j. . lnp",ondO<lI]>UC_p~""
"" _ _ ·roll.......1an.hrd~ioc.n<I~
or. bo. "",<kofa main U-ohapoo<l bodywilhcheendo~"*<l
."d.lCfUl1acr.... 'heb<>.r.,.. ,....,.."ci~'heV1ll""IGd.,
."dfOfilGLotionorche ......... udlridcirwil •. Theend
plalefand ' he.."..,."lIIouldprd'....bIybend ... ound.l1f""r
<daacofocili ..... fiIiqIOIl'loma.lnbody.lboendpla .. '"
whitfI'he.,......~ ... is.ctachedm ... 'boatrll"'""'fO'balicis
ou.IlY......,....blefOf .... ""~IwIIP ....
5.67
VHF/ UH F MANUAL
5.68
TRANSMITTERS
•..
~-_ .- .
ThebollIs81In\ont:ond1 Iin ........ re (ln<ldol- ,., ,..,.,~.
1 0
,,"~-
1OCIion."..;". L..... toIII>"Ofbrul. TheLklsll<>uldbobent
onIbtL ..... skIa ... ,ha" hotcil.tood-...,.beI_,bt1
t;dandthobod1
The.nodell .... F" S.LoM(n) 10 made 0( Llin<liunelc<
..
~ -~.
(outoidel tubewitIl1O ..... _ lL lbO:kncU-AtOn. .ndI2Ii"
=~:=~~~\~~~t.:'n~
~~. "'no<I.~I'" ..
..,................
I l. ..--\
...... ... . ..
nl 1.,07. l>_ O" "
5.69
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
:::::,:'""" to _ , """"""'tal COIltaC' wi.h ,he U",
lbol/id line" .... <leoflindla ....... lubeof20 .... waJl.

~~ ~n ~~ ~r ,~:~ =:.,I~~,',~ ~u::.r: ~
dir."UYI'\lCh<dlolhc",idCOMOClioDofthc ...1v<1OCkct
Aowi,h ,be anodo I ..... lbe Iioc<I pia,.oflbearid ' uni ...
capac;'o<lIlioc<Idiro:tlyon,o ,ho,ubel,l.lnfrom'ho
... h...odof'helinc,JOeFoal.I"«b)
lbo ... l...,IOCI:01Iar.Uod'o,ht".." ralllCrwt1,wi ,h,ho
IICneIIbypuscapoocilOfllan.,.fo<lbe-.koton'ho_
siMof,be ......... lftdfiMdb"tho,h_dampoP<'O"'idtd
"';,b 1OCkct. Tho pooition Ind .... of ,he input and ""''''''
"""plinJl~shown inFi.~. 1 47.
Con"..""",. 10 Iht heol .. Oi..., " de) .......... lnd bi ••
• uppliel.....,made'hrouIhu.sulated'orminalo ..... rl<:llQl. ..
~ .... _ _ · II ...........'o'''"Jricl ....... poIn'of
IrIinimumrlYOl ..... """""'i.... tdyO'.infromlhonJveOftd
,1011 Iuo..., been CUI. lht<tpC:nendsllouldeiNedown 101

d;........ ofHMnlOmak.t<>Odcoolac!'O'ht ... J.... cooIcr
Tbo!I_.ofthe·~"ohouldbedwntcnd,o ..aJM
Ikd... to'hc ... , ..... TbelUoodplaoeoftholnodc' ..... n.
""I"'<iloois.'\lCh<doentn.ay'ooneor'ht.ndfi.,.,....b"
~.:!.,~':p::::i'km of ,bl. II .mln..... '0 be OI>POfoll.
1~::.!'::~"==:U::'::i'.!:=:-:
airOllllet. l ........ 'ioabc'_lhtlineondd.. m<lpia'.
&boukI belrniao rin ....hi<:h..whh ,II hllhdJcloc:trico;on •
• lIn, ...iII provide • •ubolln,1I-1 bypass cal"'d'Qf. For
..' .. yhlldcslrr.bIc.oC<WU"ho ...... in'homdp!a'.wi'h
() ~' .... ~._ l . . . . 'I4·%.'h.·,O"g.' ..... g ......

~l _ "I4·IO"O.'h ... g .......
o
l~""lL 114:.':t:::..~~;~
T.""....... _ ~"'_. I_
5.70
"....... and.i ... Tho"'COII'-'ion'o'ho.nodcislaUr'lb)' 23cm triplers
.-"f,ho insulated Kfe'M.-d.",. U.. anode IlanlCt".ho A"h,.frcq ......,. ........... ",.,.I"""ilforallp....uc:al pw.
endplo ••• Anrichol'Shouldbtfinedn'emo.1y
It iI .. <oenI ..1.ha. boI,,~ponmm ... "' __ blr.Or.
pooClI hm,~ '0,,,'0 basic .,po.
,I>< I)~"T'""" for ...... _
"""..,,ha'.i,"rorcedlh""'lh ............nodc """"', ~... ,~9:i'f;'.~'!'.!:~;.!:,I!'?,;;,~~:'::

..... out ,,,_Jlt .....noo!e line. ZCJ9" ..... n.i,~.nodc"'IOOWra'l ....
Strip line type

T hnr.iesiJll i.p.lrticuia, ly . I1ra<.i .. boca ... ' .... moun.
384/ 1 ,152M Hz tripler
A dni&n .u;,.ble for. 'fipk, fo,. mie'o ...... band,
dri,.. , "ni, i. wown in FillS '. '~9 anJ , .I SO. T ... lIXYllA
of entintoefinJ is COI'4idmbl~ Irs$. M y,ill be ~n from tl>e
d~ui'di.l .. m.' .... inp,,' drc"i'II.li.h'l,dilf.f.n'from ' ....
"".'i',.ypc. ln,hisc ... ' ..... 'h<",kof'hc\1tI •• I. .. ppcd
,,,,,,,.,,,,<mpIO)'Cll.Iohieh iI ... ilabk""' ...... '.,."." .. ,~ ... ""' ... n ,lie ind ... ,"""" of . l'I'alkl t ~ ntd .. taLi, ,"'hieh whr"
..... n... imumln""'nt'inllofJOW."" ••• ";pk,.hQuIJ
:'.'::~n:~~ ~:,- .d... n'.,."..,..... ,nt"""""nt
r~~:!~~'t~~~Er~r~:s·~:::~,j.u:= ~.117}n'~::.!!':,;~"'iPlindi •. i'"I""' .. tltor;lo .. P

s...
;~=-~~L':~::?!E~~~~ho~t::~
U.nd U _ Anodc .. ,ipli............. 'PI"COIIPI1 ....
' ,." Ij.4
poooJbIe'' ' ' houni'' ' 'y.m"'"
,\{II~ ""' .... Tho ~pF
..... bc'uned ....... 02, 1.~
",,~.on .-I _re ."••
• !OlS-oIE.T'hiJ'ri.... c:anbc......a .... h'hodri_._'nin
:;:·.!·:!i,~,,:;'rO~:'=I7.ltiredbcin.t ... oddl'ion
Simple 13cm doubler
ThI.d<>ubk,«>n" ... "'two,,,,,,,hsUn ... ide.nd l in<k<:p
bol'«lt"F' .......... b<ln'wn«l ' <> I.' SlMIl Land ' ... ot ... ,
'0 Z.JO.IM Il /.ThoAllinn.re<d ... n" .Uyin ''''''0''""
ond're'uned byOnA " """'" ,,,nnin.,h,,,,, ... ""..
"" ... bon""'or' ... "ouJ!os.Themultiplict-diodc ....ln...
ooId<red
IN9 1 ~ (ISoU) "h",,, p>0I0<S ,",""'" • • mall ...... ",illed
,hrou ... ' ....""'mon .... llor' ... ' ~.''S,,'lIh..··d _
_ to f_~""ly. The dotJbIo< isd,;"", by. OQVOW
ampIiftora')IolMHzfol_by.BXYlK:.'ip.... 'o
1.1$1"' 11... U.. n...... di<h fed via 40(, "'Ul\61c:able
•• hido .. m"" ........ "' ....v.ldecibohl,sipoaklrta.. bom
~fi .. mi.......y.'S9p..l..
5.71
V H F/ UHF MAN U A L
Mi$~ ..~or
CJ.,-id'o .... } =~~o:e
~:::~=::n:~:..' I\Utabk~raiIl
RI'ctIo017,umsllndiallswa. TlIesrid",~ich;."'rr.."th po'en'ialitc:oonec1<d '01 lin
~;:i::::~:.:i::::~~:~
R ... I.... 'osu!'to'II&' ... lvebcatervol ...... isS·SV
ClondC) 2-6pFc:onc:enlrictrimmer(Mu ltardCClOol/EA)
C2 ... djus'.blepla'etrim"'.r .... Fi.H$4
XpOfi.ionror&ridcurT<fl,,,,,,.er
"anlo;oru><dod'o,hecbasslopIUo.Wlleni'itrequirod,o
....dIridCW"rUlI'hisconnccdonhlinodofl" ..nhlnd.
Conltruction
Tbe.tlCldccitali'h ....!oHdin ..... ndatdd_bo. _~btt....,...I'.nd ' ''''.haMilpl.a'''.The
4tinb7Hinb71Iin.T""lidittq>bcod..,..~",_ ..... l&lion 0( both U.. hi Ind sr\d brI>UI capacilon is
pb ••• tltln,ltIckwi'hIUwpalsamtot,hcAmc.maleN] 1HK>4/liinthictmiclorothtr'lmllar .... terW
ooIdcnd 10 ,be _ piau; ... shown in 'be~l...,.tiont ........ be_rtom'"..'OII.;...p/l(MOI1Ip/lFiaUSS
Fi8S. I"ondlS6
Tbeplo",rorml""""a-'eSlriplineis""""*"lin
""'inpod ......i'L.i. C
_to""'va/ve . Itbeioputoodct.
hfi' .... i~'otbetopld't.hand_
C""IOCtoo'bevahoo
.bcwo""'cbassIopla'cb7'_i..... l&tedpi ............ ,be~1 ...... ndpidit.....s.b7_oflphoop/w)rbf_1!Qerint
""1>1'11 ' 0"'h .. ~oootqundct ..... or .hcfi1inp.
throualolhotfchoke(RFO)IO""' hl bn>a>*eal*i' '''
:~~...::~~"e0ndlridplal ...n..~
:::,:~;:au':';:"'" undct the plate. .hroup "'" n..""""Pksod .....' is(lllOralod wilb"ll .. oaoded.,...,·
WII'ds. ieotandi ... "" ,be"'" In lbenonnol ..... n.....
6.72
TRANSMITTERS
~dJ"'I"""1 If •• OIOciuator is ""'... red •• r«d t.ckPl'obc";ll be

rOfMI_QPtr&li<><I.1 d,i ... _ o f l O W i l _ rcquit<d.'hisoanbeCOMCCled'o.htoa,_andpoo.....:i
n..inpu,clraiilillunedformu.imumpidcum,,""'hicb .hr"".hlhe .... ilJlOf_lhelnode.hm ...'ofwu. . be
when c:omcIly Idj ... ,ed .1>ou1d be bel ...... n lO.nd .omA 1..... Ia'edf,omtheoa.iIJI ..df.
\Vbcft lho inpu' 1Ia...... n ~ '",,"dy adjwled I pply h' of n..OUlpul"'"plin.loop ..... uld be . H. np<! '" 1, .0
lSO_UOV,o,htan<><leandlldju",heallOdc:luni .. oapaci,<>< rola,~'o!ti""J""di .. ".riolion .
.nd ""Ip"t ",,,pli,.. circuil fo, mulmum OUIP'"
Wi,h I"""," up '0 S(lWnoforood ...... i .. iI_. bu,
if'be ... l ... h lobeop....ued., i",MI inpu,ra'i"I>r<I'fisIon
The.node .olla", i. applied.1> ,ho v.lv~ by""n"""'ion
101"".nodec.. mpin.ri .... Thefecdlino • ...,uld"'..... Iof
:~'~=J:: bypoou ... paci.or ""u><c1ed 10 the oa';11
fOff""""'al, ...... i.. muu"" ........ S;"""'htdiocaslboo.
f_.oa,,;'ya.,he open..i.. frcq""""l'.anyholes .. ~ In lhe tbIIlypedisetriodnil is mMt impOfllln'Ih,u (I)
::.,-::~,:,""~~:"O=~~I:';: """' ..... doctrod< • •iplly hold ....",,1Iy lho ......... (b)
.deq""tellcotconduc:tiotor... ' ..... n<><k .. pr... idod, l n
""OP<O_.dis' u,banceoflho,fllold. lhiolJpOofuni.boththeKrcquirm>en"'.,., ............. -
1'<>< Iooal {shorl "'.... )wori<i ....... _ ' ""'p"'oan be .heklbet_I""" ...... alrin .. lnsula'edfrom ......... hy
obIalned";,hl""h,lead"""owo:ICd'o.hassis(noallOdc: (tr\d)oa.;,,-..,..suilabicmiclwuhtr.
.oh• .,)
...~,~:~::;:! ~...n:~~~.~~owin. ,he
Thedetall •• I",na,.,for val..,."f,IIeDET21.TOO)_IO.
Re-entrant cavity for 23cm

';il':; ~v~~~~~:;n:.:.!~~,!~=',~,:
:.:1owaIlt::c for their I\lJlIcr mlla..
QpacillllCCl ... 10 be
DiIc_1 triodes ......:J1y~ln coulollh.. cimIllII. bu •
.... ~I .. ntoaviI101fen ...''''' .... cifal~;i. moJbeuoed T)'JN<aIOpefItiDa;conditionoa,e
fOf a" ."",~,.... or o.cin...", in ,he ..... 7Il().2500Mlb
..;.h ... ilably-.odi_"_
n.. .nodo .u.nedcimli • •• ohowninF",'.IH(a)lakesd..
'onn of. ' ' '<;cntrc.
"dou"'nu," ",i,h ,hoval ... -.t in W;,h
~~~== ,tsdlo< l~
""....-damc>l",rinf;.ernpera.",. 7"C.
lhedimeMI ..... !tiven•• ht htip, Dis._n.o ... i •• he
f""' ......,. _"ired. Fi.S.'37(b) ......... 'herelalio ... hip :;::: ::':u~·r.':~;;\t.xrc.
'.1'7(1) •...,.... a,,, ..... with ....1•• """,lIanism
be' ...... n'hi' di"""'olon.nd'he .."'''.. nlf'''''uency
~l . bIe
""'... , .. piddle bKk_,d and fo ...... r<\ and """ich will
10
11':':'1:"~':r.~.:;u~,~.r;er..:.~~"~u::::;=of
" - ' -.. orcounl .. dial..,.Jt.o.afrcquencyoalibralion
.."beobuoinedfor'-"Ii... _ _ .
5.73
VHF/ UHF MAN UAL
Themodi6c:a';"...in.oI.-..J.", •• follo~ ·
~:;~~!:!~'!!'~!'h~ha:~~~}~~t-. 10.111 (.)The_cirwi'f)"~IM_.iallr""'''"...,..I
ond In ou'pu' up.o50w.lt ..... ""'·o\orcd rrom'he"rip. e>L<qI, ..... ' .... hid:._ot ....... kao<"' .............
'ioa
linouipiordncribed"", "".. .s.ll .......... ind\ln.. is in.he
~~,=::-;~~~.",~~i='O
.
a,,_cimai.ry.• nd.h"io.sc..:ribedin".~. Thesa ...
~::i:z..,,:,"rbe<l"'" 'OQ)'n-en "' ...... 01".,; ... ' 'ris>Inl'o (b) The: &rid is "or"""'~ dlt=lr .0 .... chaW. .;"
~n~=p~" OT·~~~:,,!~'~"\:7n<l~:=
;ncraotdpincoonparcd"i.h ...... n.llep;di.<I<.
Q)~pl<d by • ""pocilor.• nd I, II "' ....... <1 ,,,". , ...
'ripltronnfill\lrallon.lso .... ybcncH'by'hi •• hanre
=,,'t
(.)The'np<l,ci",u'lry""n.III."r.pl.nc,w<>,k .• he;nd..,.
;~w~: ':,,""~:;:: ~'=~::.',,~!=

("'."om ....1 otd."~. t. it.).,4.:1IoI:..
","...,0,
==,:::;~'~:"~':::i.'::.":nd~:=
endis<kc.ollpiedbyC. Tho wire,o'hchnter"""""""
'iaclru""hrouth,hc:,ubccoonprKi.. t • . A _
"_of .......... ,Iooepjdit lha....noo'...··...,.1n
~ .. ~.~w.\thoiMuof\ho."""'\
=~:!o<...~~;::."'~,.,: ':"r..1.:--~ '::

".",....ry .. itb_dri-u-o.TheraK10<;n'hehea' ...
~::~red,,"'he""".II&'''J'v ......
n'heh'io
low power transistor

transmitters for 144MHz
heiter for 144MHz
n.is""i'issui .. l>Ieei'........nuc;teror.low_
=:,.oil~~~pt"q' ....d bt·heMuUanlCo. •
Theci""';,o.bowninFiIS. ltSOiI"""""""",",""""",ybe
~cdin.nrrorm"""VCtIicnll<)ind"'i<luaI ...."iro-
Thect)"Olaloocil ... 1O<•• IIHIJ.".......... rflOI\ItI,
'hIrd.,....,..one4lMII~"'""al.1·heval ... o(C.lNlybc.ny
val .... I>o"'IOpF.ndiri' •• modc ...... ble60andIOOpF•
• r........ ncy,..'ia''''nofl'o.~''''''''ybcc.~.Tbe
oecond.~ .• IISX I9.opcnI"'" ••• 'r<:b ..,'o, ... ~"'"
r........ noyand lhnis r"lIo .. cI.,.coupliniS'r<:u.$<d,h,,,,,,,,,,,,.wi,h,bo
..
~~~::,;.o";::r ';':''''''!~Ir.:.~·:~~~ ~ ft"~~;:
~
n..fioal.mptiliuOpOn."" .,.cclloeto<"",,,,,,,or._,
jjrnA.' ..·hioh.nou.pu.o(up,04O(lmWlhouldbc ....i...
:!";;!:';s~'PUlcircullC'4.CI'.'ndU.no...matd>inc
Alt., .... ,v.......... .,...

BFIIS 2N9IStbouklbc.ui'.bk
BSX19 BSXlO.2Nll6&.2Nll69
BFX44 IISXI'.BSXlO.2NlJ6I.1N2J69
8ZVBf.CIO Any IOV 400mW 'ype
6.74
, "
' ....ely.1 $1 ... 1 lo~Vi .. w 'M! COPf'!R cONolICTORt 4RrSMOWN oNO •• [ ONTN£ REvU$I """o.TH • .o.t."D
5.75
V HF/ UHF MAN UAL
Table 5.18
7mmdiam ..·;,hdu" " u. ,.ppodll ," , .. r",,,, • • ,,hy_

7mmwid<di .... ... '«lI ' u"' ..,r"'poo"i. .
'mmi.. id<di ..... ""mlo<olaelr.uJ'POftinl
IOmmi",ide"iamlmmlonll<lhupoo"in.
R FC, .,.,.,.II'u,,,.2(k"'IIh,.. <k<Io",,,FXIt9lf<rr;,.b<&d

RFC, .•.•. II'"m . 2~",'h,.. _on'oFXll"r.tri' .b.. d.Se< Fia'.'6J
In ,be d,iVCf (f""nh) "3.£" I 2N)866 i. use<\ while tbe

fin., ampli .... ,.mplo,... . 2NlHlwi'h.flLYSla••• ui .. bIo
. I'ernative. Modulaticnisapplied to bc,h ,'''''' "OFS. A
heal.inkis~tyfo,'befinal.mplifie',..hkhopera ...
•,~~, i::;;"i~~;: !~.,.;,:~~ ,:,~~:;f ~=:d formers ,,'ilh

,uil.>bltluninl.lu(l:S
Table 5.19
Coil deteils for Southland transmitter
Southland 144 MHz transmitter
wa.
Iltis ' .... n. mi".' oricinally<le!;ane<!a. P<l" nr . Ira,...
cciveroflht ...... n.me by ,he lnvemt'ci" fI .... nehof :zo.,,"en.md
NZART.Onlylhtlrarumi" ...... illbedclaiied . M'hi$does :zo..,.enlmd
~~!=.:nlllClI3Cofspoci3lromponenl!alXlaprinlo:d
The rf""",iQn cfl"" , ransmi"., <:ompr;sa five"all<".
~~bfi::,:~:~~~~ ~~~iIl3l0' u.inll6MH,. Crysl.l.
Thes«:ondand'hi,d"'IF$.~bothf""'''''l>cyd''''ble'''
'c,_h,htfinalfroq... ncy,tht".",i""",uoed ar.2N7()6A
c,1lSX20in ,htscccndJl • ..,.nd . 2N412l.".flFX44in
~~~
,be,hi,d . ..",
5.76
Themodulotorwillld.. d, ;. uslaltis'-'nin t-lI'.loU
...:I is qui<c """,,,,,,,",,,,,1 willi. pt.irofQClS . ........ "...
-"'inaindaJo D.'_'......;............""""'btcdly
_ _ rily .... for''''''''''p",...,....cr''''luiml.nclif
Pfd"~"'!::~::..~=~n.~I=;;:::.!'..:~
::ta:..;:>lIM.)'IIIIuai". .... ori,;nalfC ............indin p ......
primlfY: 120 + 12OlUrnlofllb ...'. ...i re

MOOrHlo.-y: 01701120/170 '",n,ofJO,wl wi",
l'I.. ,.pson ,htKConda.-yprovW. ,htrnodul.o''''nf.,.,ht
~1fE~~;~~?i~:~~~~;d~ ~
In 1'.
tho.nllinb)r . ,intr,. 16ono1. ,uminiumor.,...."...
'.I66<kt1tllsof.lll;u.bI< miorophono.mpI,,,,.,.
~~..~".«Y'lJlmi<rorh<><>< to _in.o ' ... mod" .. 'or
n... uMillcl. . . oi....,c_k limi'..... hio;hhupsoved

<ff<cI:i""inifl<feUt",d..._&pe<dIk>'eI . 11Ie1OOC:JCNld Ro I.' ''. M ...M . ..... _iooo .. " ... _ _ " ........ " ..
... ... 11.""".... _

-...:.: . =---'
5.77
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
~~~i::::I::I:::~:au~:: ~iD
.lIeurlier . ............~ .... ..,.""1 ............... TR41md
TR'. to be driI'etI in ""..'101 wi .......' "",,,nu.. from tho
<leoi!;nQilcria"' ...... hodin.nyway.T ... .." .... ,fIO\'.. 1nd
ddi_..,.o_'......n''''~u_._f-.-.....
=::'~':U"{i~~":=:;i,';!::.-::~,~~,~"!f~~
..
;:.~':.:~~=.~.::i:'7.' :::!"bIe .0 .lIare ,'''
dri,.. powcrbyminor.dju""IC<".ofCI2IndCLJ .• 'lhouJh
... 1,117." ol",~I
,"01.. ,...............
•• , n"........... ~Io _." Indl •••• , I., ~~~:~;i:."~=~rl~;:' ~':;~::-:':in~du~i~'=i=
_".Ity. "........._0" ... _"-
,......... ...."'......... '0.......
U., ...................... ,...' Eaoh...,."", <>r,~;" """I'll'" ........ ~ .......... ,,-i,h. Q
oI".TIoe .. rialnpulimpedo..,.or ....hnl ........'p",
' .........""' .. 6-'a .....lh·c . + /l00.-""". T ... quiacenl
ooIkc1orcum:n'ofuchou.PI<""' ......."'..... ilh.he
~-...dri'.r.laI<.h ... by'hc<i""'''ronI.an .. lolIe 15mA.
A.'w' dri""(ow).hc ..... ncurren'or&do'ransislor ...... '0
=
Linear power amplifier f or 144MHz ....... ~.1Iorn.hec:ombinod""'PU."""'ldbel' .....
usingtransi.tors lOW. Ir,helUPllly ... 11 is I~ .ocom~~ for,tIt
"Thio&rl'\fllillerls ... itable.ofol ...... ri' ..... of'lIeplt.allnl
1,..,.,«Ci..... deo<tibed ...... iolltotchap"'. ~~"".::"":c'':.n~m''':..~oe;..";'PIl~':"'~'':,;
Ji''tn compIe,._n. ""kuLo''''n''''' I~ 26W .1''''''''''., ,hit Iowl hnc:oril)' ""nnot be
"iso Is ....
"'hichis.rrl;...bie . o<>lhe,.)l><Sof'n ........ :::::~~i::!. :;: ..."' ..
in In.helinc:ormodeis.,,,,,,,xi·
In .hi. 6"", dcsi.n. , ... ",lkel"" of TR4 and TRl
Th. clrcul l ."'malch.edinlo'hepi •• nl<d"'"'.,h'out/ti ..... p" ..... n.L
Thecl",uit d ..... m of .... «>rnpie ••• mpl,f\e< i. ,i,'.n In
F,.5.16'1.T"' . .. n.i:olorTRI.a2Nl866dcvice.<>I'<'..... a.a
$eC"00. in or"'"
'0 r",,,d. be".r 1",lalion be,,,un ,tit
paralkled,ra".i"oro.·"he,..rform,nc:o"f,hi• ..",ia,ionof
...... hlfo ...... 'dClusAamplif.. r.T ... inl'lll'olhe ..."" •• lhe L-pl "n~ dilf,," only """.I""lIy f'''''' lhoe <"~'·.n'ional
p;I ... IIe',~"""cifCui'h"·in,a Q«I""'.08; ' '''',,pu,imf'C' ncl"1)fk.and IMlndcpcflllcnl/, ...,:.iolU rcsuilma mu",
... _Orlhe ..... IMI .... c~ , "'lli,..bel ....... ,d.cdby'he
.pp"""'''' •• ,apson .... o;oil. ""inpu,pooo·.rot'2ClmWh
.
~::.':..,=-:;~: ...::;t,,:n'riboJ'...o ..... "f.il""fc"
.wlkien•• o drl'·.''''amt,;f\<."•• "'"lIou"u.""pabi',,ia
~ n-. .han llW on ow. Linoarit~ ;" .... in .. inod." lbou' ...~..;h~~ ~:.c"rna~
f~Yltod 'he
.~•.:"'~ ~~nf~~,:,,;,m:
_k-~ . I
... hlch ' hoe._--. ....
TIoefi ......... P'O'idesa_'p;nolIO,.,INII •• ndi.
::.!~~.,"::.. ''i..~'::c,~:'''''''''. 'OW n,;n. I'" 6Zil
.
.s..;....... 'odcli ..... 2OOmWin... 'hone> . ..... 'h'oo..h.n
inl<f>U&C""""Ii"I_or~"l>ichor.eratesIIIQoIll. Mioor ...... 'ioftoin.hesopor .......... aonbe:upeelCdnot
1II~~':=t~~;.:.;.=i~~~";'~. ;'.,:::.= =~;;:'; d~c;:;,=,:~~·=:ry~!:'.;,,~~
~'oIl~i......usawi.hdri...,'ol"""'..;fNltdy h....... nmadc.o . .... mr'hcporame.rit:..,.paci"co. H","'
~~:."i=~~=r:~~n;!~~~~;
heL-pi'.nkcifClJh"' .. ,... 'he'unin'lIe:.ibili'ycf'....
e\'C< ••
pi •• n~ • • tod no dil!\cul.ia " 'jjj he .. pcricnotd
con ..... ",,,,,,
Impcdlr.oeoofTiIl ha\.~nl.kenrr"m'hoemanur_
in ,.k.i....
uP ,hew v",i.,io", ..'hI". m;""h,nl'''' O"'PI"
"'II";n.o . SOClload
.u• ndl600resl'I"'
....·....,....... "•.... be:i"1120rcsi"i,·c. +I·,20r.".':llvc.
-j~OfC.lCII' .... rcclh'.IY ' 1144MIt'
·"helnl ... ,a"',..'w"'kl<, TR )"""" .....' .QoI ll.nd .
The po"''''' ""'Y be ,"""d .i'....
r form.. ;m"", PO"~'
OU'P",ooC",,,,fo'<>t>limumli""' rily. I,,,hlSl. ".rca;c.
..... k"""'erlevclofl-SW.S' ...... innSl<.IOtJII lbe: bes'performaoa:may beupeelCd if ..... lip""'"' i.
Tbepo •••"dri."ff"..... TRJ •• 2NJ.6J2 ........ OIor.I •• ble ~"iedo"' ...1ulo'dch"'rinalbou.IW.Olheloadoo<W
,., deliver. muimum P<>"'H oI6W.o ,he OUlpUI "aps. Under,heso""""il;oo •.• he inpu. " ..... , fNlY be: modula,'"
TR4.ndTR1;lhe qu;,.,ccn,,,,,'la1ora"n:n,oIl~
riJin,10fWtr2OOmA1lIhiioulpullt1.'d.llIeSiltepini.
apptt»i .... tdy7dB.TIoeoerieoinpulim;><da""'.111le6W
...
'0 100 "'" <ent be:f.,.. ,he ou'pu' ti,,,"nyindica'ionof
="~ ura'ion""'hc"""'i"",,,,"'of''''modulalion
.. Ii ..... md I 44M H ~hIobecn •• kcn'obe900rcsiol;'",. i-J
o>W.-ctive.lbo.h .... , ""'P<',impellanoeorrom ....
ohceI.... 7m ...... i...,. - j$OCl ...... i,"'.
da,.
TIoediodo.Ol.aopro.idod'olPl'CproMICIion,o,"-
2NJ6Jl I........... by preve,,,"" Iny.,.,... dri,,,, r",m ~t::~a~~.f ~r.~I~::~'!:':J" be: ,-ariovs
dewIori.... """" ,han ,he nlCd muimwn ....._ .... componen ....,""" . . . ..,rn •• otNIble, ... ""'.IIod.tobe
tmlllU "",..-. Simil •• diode rrOl«:tio<o. D2.D3 1nd0.. • ppliedlo",her,y""of, ... ,,,;'t<.ro
6.78
'!
~l ~~!;t:='l:o;:cr;!:~
i.
n
"
. . . . . . . . . . I~
!t ",,,,.,m!
Ii, ~mmm~!
5.79
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
=~y~~ c!~~~~: _
':;'+:;:::: r<ieto""".
~~
X,. '0
~! fe, f ! C2
I
may be found
Unless an impo<,iblyhiJ/O ,·.lu.eof ind"".ance. L,. t...
been coo.en in (be fir:;' in ,.ance. tn. "al"" of Clpaci.i,~
:"i';~~;,.~rl~::IO~~~:':::::I!:~ '~:::~J~":'~
~u;~ ~~t~::~ '.':'I:;:ore be connecled in pal'3l1el 10
Th¢cirnoi.con"anuQf.hel_pj,anxnr1l"<><""rod.,.r_ C.rtoinpraclic.al.d ..ant .... aca ... frompaddinIlCM".h;.

mi ..... u.i"8'he"""hodgil~n CM, p. S.18.".hilo,lIosefor =c;~'7:d~:~O=~~:;.~~~;:!.~~~lIj~b.~~~.r:,I~~~
~o~.I.rS'agCOOuPlingn<I"'''''~ .arodeIOtmin«! ••• h'''''n oU.pulcopacitance of the lran,i,lor•• hi,,,,,ddio\IClpaei.,,,,
~r~i~:,.~:,:sa'l: ~t~i~i~~:~"!:.:'~'m";I'i~!~
Inters t llgecouplingnet w o rk d"",othe 'Ori01io."of , ... n.;Sl""inlcrnaICl""ci .."""
T", in,cr"agCcouplingnr, ....".k .. hkh "'•• finally ch"",n
f"rall' ....... gosor' .... mplifi<.isillu" ... ledin FigS.11O.h >t~ :~~:;'~':.~t:f':"~~~!.~f:~::· X • • • nables.be
~lhconl~cifCUil"hlCh 1IlIXl\loon:qui.cmcm$ofcllickm
.nerlilY'",n,f",andi'cn'i",lyoom",,'ibk,,·i,hl"'design x, _ R"~:X"x., R,
<ri"TiaS1",ed.oo-.~. Thc,,,pcaJ>lci,,,,,,,,c<.lurlinicap.cil<>< .
",.Ila •• ho pr«i>t I'al"" "f C. may bedori,'ed by rnakinll O
~",~u~::·~~'7.:r~~;n!~:,::~I: a~\f"=~:~,o~i:: ser ... ,,,,,,, ... lIolcon,'cr,ionon.n.conjup'crnaIOhfOf"It.:
beinlcl"icdou.byinJtpondcn,alignmcntofth<c.pacitors
;m:;:::.:::. ::,!j~~~ ~'~'I;y .mall for po .... 1., 01, 1='"
C~,~..'i<.1 app,,,,,.h "'<'Jn2SOmW.th<,·.I"""fC. r.. ul.inlfrom.n.con,~"'i""
tr;;i:~~:i:~~:::.'~~::;;~:=,i;:':~ f:t~~~n'~:i.~~:~
calcula.ed a •• '" peak po,,,,,. ra.i,,~ of .he .... &< in ordcr '"
a=mrt>Oda.c.he.i,nal.dt,·c[opcddurinl·hemuimum
~:£f:~~'~Z:;~~~~~:~~~~E~~~
~~""' • • ndrendcrs lhcse, ... -paral"lcon,~n"n,...,...
outpulonc,...fn,o.al,hcpoa",ofampli'udcm<>Julati""
~:.;. :a':;~'i,~ ~~.I~~ ~~~~:;;., ~~:;:,,:~. ,:::;;:
~!~,~O~~~'~~;':c~i'~~~~=':':h"~!:,~;";l~""re~ri~~'f.;
:~!::t-2r~~:'~~~.k~~~~:=:~
ondQ.<beinl,h",valu.eP<"-,ulatedin.hedct.rmina.i""of
:~:fbyl;:":~'i~~n;;::,~~,:::~;.=, ~;I:'~n ;';:~I~ ~~~~~~~~l~~':;-,li~~~;~':,~,,~~~~~r:J:"":
"""""i,iY<: re.ct ........ bUI in p... ctice. these "~re fournl
~E~:i::::~:,;e!0C::~.:~no~~'f::U:"'=
and
~'L _ QR, ::E~~I!~~:+~=~1~~1~2::E:

::J$~:.re:::d~;':~i~'= ~':I~~~~a=!~n<r~_
in~c~~~~:: 'ff.:L:he $o<.ics resis,i,. com[>Or.on' of.""
rtSull.nloulputeireui.nC«SMIIl'." ....;, fy.heparonlClcn
Tt.:Ol>'i","'",I ... n.f.rcharaclC,i"i<softhencl_r~OttU'
=;Ii~~ 'w" ""'tion. are Cfi.ically couplod. A. cri.i<:lJ
p<»tulated
k(Q, Q.)I _ I
'hc~~r.!~i'o~~~~;~~~~.:~.~nv:)~dilYOb,ained f,om ..1Icroki.th<eocff,d.nlofc<>upliniandQ,.Q, .... lheQs
of t"" >tOti"". , The ".1"" of k i. apprmim.'cl~ equal 10
k "" C ..(C,C,)"1
1'" J\lppIY"Qlla~
•• bereC"C,are.ho.unin!;Clpaci.or$of.ho"""ion•• CM!
; "" po~~~::~;"r::,'OI,a8"
artd,n.,ho" lrc;,,,a,,,,,,.R •. cak:olal«li»'I"kin,.n.op'i_
:~~:~;'l:Er.:~; ;:£~~on~':.;;~~· ,~d~~,:~7.
di", ... »-ion,Sl.lCh a . mall ,'.lucofca""cil0.off.",.",.1I0"'
i~;~':I';;t"'I""J.R .. and.n.'r_,"'h,oro",pu're>;'lance.,.. isol.'ionb<'w.. n'··vo·"I"" •• freq""""y.p ... ,i"",>lgnaI •
R.R:~·'.
Thu. by a ,imp'" ""bs,iIU';"" in lhe 1"'.... 11<1.0 ,."...
• rnlat' ..... ""'.imc.llo...,•• b<Jc<ircdbandJ>l.. I... n'f.r
:r~~i.~~~~~~~~~~;=~~i.~~;;~~~:;;~;
5.80
<If,""
::;u""'.4..
c~.nd c ... nd.k<> b)""" ~I.<rin.artion l...."ion
nd •hcm pu. . .pOO.."""oI.II<..-q...... .
Tboin... I.qnmen.oIlhc,n' ...... lIIOeouplina ........,..t
_.l""Y'bcc:.rried"" ...... I>-ai.al eouplin .. Eodo
::':. ~ ~c':.':n~~~c::~ ':-~::.:;:~

PII1;.~ed .
..... U.hc""' .....,..k >CC1iooo,"n:0VCf..,,~1ca1l1
<O\IJ'Iool;" onl<, 10 ""'"n It.: fomil;", d",,1>Ic ~umpod
pO_nd<harxl.'I •• ic: •• n<lI .... rmy'o,;,· •• I"""'.co<>".nl
d"'tOVC1tll<fuliballll"iJlh<.>flm . •heinili.ltIo'trmhl:l'ioo
oflht,unin • •"""kl.I>obcca,ricdou"'.ulH:rl,i<J,'
',,"~Iin .. bul ., • (,eq ... ""y hf <If bal>d «nln:. AS .t.:
cou~lIn. I. i""",..od beyond It.: c,i.ril , .. I.... It.:""""'"
pnk .. ,n.rP<l, Ifofbond«n.re. T1Ie.orn:cl,,"in.oIC~
:.~:::r~:,:;,..::/~.he humpO I .... )·m .... " .... 1 .bou •• t.:
O"" .........,;no><! •• II< .. pOcitorC...illn:qui ... ".,r""ht.
odJ"""""'. AII ... bKq....,'cimtil.,i~I ......h •• may
k""l"'mlb)'''''''' .... ''nin ••• ,nfn:q ...... linl<"n.. t.,ma,.b<
gUm OIl' mo<dy b)' .nmmtnl C , .nd C. for m.. im"",
OII1f!\IlinlOlhcamplil\crlood . $itw;l:i'wilJ,unrOUI.TOlfillll[>l)l"Olimallon.'_llIpon
I'CC _ SUl'l'ly""I ....

'· ··~";, - fi
till T... n.~"'S.lu .... ion\·oI~
N, _ num"',<>f'U''''''''''r
~r M~!~:~~:~~,.CoIk'et'" N. _ numb<,oI"w"",,",roll
R, _ tapimped''''''
~c:;~ ~ ~:!~~~~';.fr;,:)n. R. _ dy""miu.,.i"."""
Thu. to, 140 I.P.
Xco _ S<,i<>Cop.o'i.j", R..... """
!? ~r;:f:~~;~::: .v, - N.Jfi;-6jlf;;_08!.urn.

Ao OpdmumShun'Load R..i.... n« Simib.lyf"" .... ~.apN, _ 1 2,um.
~,R .... 'i"'Compo... n'<lf R_It.n'Shun' OU'pu' p.;:.~~~;,a..or~':'.-.n".". .. ofTRI - 20.nd
~"React"~ C _ n t 01 R_I .. n, Shunt Ou.pu.
Op,imumLoad R......""". 11.. - ~ ! >< :'10-'
fr,;{;:~R:~o:'L~C::::~::d::~
_ 1« 0
Fromdata.I"«t .• II< R..... "~com_n •. _.. ol.ho
lN1S66 o...'JlullmP<dana:(f - I44MII •. !' .. !»>tw)io
Inp .. ,·,OIII" ,,.X•.
.5l)()and.hcReacti,"C,,,,mp,,,,... i. - /lIOO
TheT ... n.... or Ou'pUI R.... II"""._.. . rP<.,. i".hun'
S.lcalcon~nitn .... h'"'<lft,'o~ .. in l rv. ... 'lcl
,.nod.in:uil Wilh. proc,,,,", ,,.' ... ofC •. Say 6 '"n>S. Jln ~.:.'ill::.,.'::.di<'~f::-. R .. '1'110 R.. ullanl Ou,pu,
d... "r;,) .......~"'.,""L,
XlI .L , 9·1.1Il',O·l6S.IO·
Tn'-Nlle. XC, .. Xl,
O' 16S,, 1t
lsoc}
1Ip _,.:'!? _::: ::_1120
SOl't<lkCOllcaorCU,.,..n'oI"TRli... ~nb)'
n-..m....... C, - "iT."iiii:TIil - '·lpF
f.pe.ak _ i; _ :tJj,~(l' 6'mA
Tho [)y ...mic R",i$lIn« I!dol".heluoodc .... ui. L,C ••
si-b)'
~ ~'~·:.':kMc:~...~~':.~·k,:~:!
II.. *.,'_ifQ I,A..o _ ' x I~ _ , · n.n
F""".s.uu-.•hoinp'"impeda"""oI.he INl866 (I'
·1I~~~~=fordc ....lMli:u'ion•• nd01Vfor ' ho
::~~~ -.d I~ 4'mAl i< 140 ........ "e.nd J 410 buc--etnin..voi.... I'buoo _ O.' HI - O.'
T1tcE..,;' .... Resio.....,. - - ,. - - lSO><'O-O
i.~~~'~~::~~,;,.:.,i;;'~;:,,:,= _Qn
5.81
V H F/ UHF MANU AL
flttl.llJ . .............. _ ·
1:.i=:,~;: =.::.:
Sulla blc ruI.lon 1<> ",,,~ide v.... _ HIV from zav To <ompkte til< ....,work """tion .• lI<imped.o ....
Su~~lyR.II.reHkf.l."dHOCI Z _ R, + /(X. X.I
requi!'qtobcl.rmina'edintheron;"p'~"""ch,R.-IX.
Cou p ling Ne,wo.k . TA11 0 TAZ ",II<", x, _ (x.. - x.)
le'Q _ 12 ...d~ . O,22!< H.(X.. _ ZOOCI.s..yoi.'u .... Thisp'aanappr"";ma,."", ... for x.. : ~~n- 69)
jlftdia NolQr,"'J.doouP-.l1
from.'l. QIt..R. _ ~ _ IHO Th",C' - H .'I:'.llI ,'-4pF
By ..... " ... ioninlhepanlkllOocrics.,;",.,i".,.."...... (8ymalcina ........ IOp.ara'IolCOflwnion""'hoim~

_,R. IX,
It.~X. x .. _ R,';.x,o _ 16-7'I~ UI' _ IUD
OfX. _ ~~Hn .,..C. _ !,2pl'

,..hichj""ifoesthoabo>'c.wro.inillion.)
from dal. lheol .• 11< Se.ia Inll\l' Impe<l.a_ of lho
.."U. I.... ""pa<i'a"""Dt'II<C<,lloctorOfTR '~ 2N)!S1, TR1,i.«I..alto 12 + / I In. So for Q 12. f,om
.'l. _ QR.
_ 14-71'1'
R.... 'j".""mpOncruofT R I OU,put lmpedo_ -I
2100or,·2pl' ot",hido + J 1·10 i,' .... reoctj'."""'poroont.,rTR2 InPIII
Sou,,,,,"pooci,,,... C,,requi.edIO,,,,,.. ,,,,I~. 7t>I'. lmpe<la_.So
C, _ (14-1 ',2) pI' _ 9c"rl'. s..y Co _ IOpI'
By...t_'o'heparalld....... fomoulaR. _ , X • 4 (144g.~.1;~ 1 0' _ o-U6001t
...heR l -~'IIO' - ;; T .. oompltt.tll<net..... kMCtion.' ... impedancc

Z - It. /<X~ + X.)
SimiIaoI)'. X. - 1R. - ¥ . ""I.";"'lObclem1ina'ed;nIhoCOl\iuPoe"",Id>.It. - /X•
..'heRx._ <x..... x.)
ThUlby",NI;I",ion. X. _ 16-~5J'2 _ 69f.I TlIiIllhu.n.ppro.iflll .. ""I... f",X.. _ l~t. + \·2)
5 .82
Thu<C' _ "I.I,~.I;U ThiI .. _.nappro ....... lenl""rorx... , ~:'OIH)
IIyd;"-';,..,i... rrorn,herormub(_,u,) Th ... C,, - S·9'pF

n..Stries IDpU"mpecIa"", 10 eacIt of ,hc Oto, ..... S! ....
.-
ondCar(C,C,) - 1 .I:
Tnn"",,,,,,, TR4andTR.s.,6·' + /100. Q _ IS. Thtrtfore
c. - Jfiff. ~ ,f,.nM':' "fx:~r :~:~;:ioh lhc inpUt I«I~

Th",~,ublll1i'ionor'heapp.orria'."",,,,, and ... and ... _ O·105l<1I each
C. - J 'tif! - O'61 PI"

If' ... ..,uplinp ' .. TR4 andTR'"Il:<e ....I.... of
;~h~~:;~":':. «1"'1."" opp,o~im:lle """" of
Coupl' nvNa,wo.k. TR2'oTR3
Similo . ..... _ j... ,j'u'herollowinlval'... fOf'he ... ',,·Of~ C,, _ C.. _ O·Hpl'
COUf'Il ... TII2.oTRJ
C. 12111'
C, _ 61pF
TR2 opcn'"
C. 1002pF Lo O'II~ II
in 0.... h f_ta,). Nosi&naJ I. ........
TherrornO.'.,min
....
••ionof .h. l-PIT..... Clrelilt
Ish<ct.''''' R..... ,... ~_' .... oreaclo
bo "","", .. moldy 15MA by uteui, """"",,ftlS. Ma. v. _~ 2:-<")6J2 Tranw!.lor is 62tl ""'" ,he Reac<i",_.,Xp.
i$1oI~m.,~"'ljV •• ndQ _ 12 h - j46a.
L.etl'eakColIoctOfVolta....";nl-". 26."",_
"",pU.pe.'''''..... ,or.~ _ 11IW
CC;='1.~.:::,k;t!,R:~T=·~,. 'o. the
2N~J2 Qu,,,,,, l"....ed • .-.:oe if - J44M Hz. I. 2OOmA1
of Thu.()plim""'Loo.d R....... ""'.R. :.21';" 2m
1'o~ •• O",pu'.P 6W
•.
.. Hfl and the Rex'i'"rom"......n'. X .. i' - /XlO
1.<.l'ealCollec'orV.. ha~.,,·in V.... r T R1 _ l' . nd
.t• ."ltontcdby,.. ,hUS R._ ;!:!; _ 17.an
Optimum Load II .. I".""". ~. -ib · :':'0

_ 520
2
Tbt T",I"6O""'" Qu'PII' R.,.;.u,,,,,,,. ' .. appurs in ohun •

.t. _ ~ X. 17~;;'~~6'46 - IHll
• ·"h ,hc Load R......""". 4 Thc R.. ul"'n,Oto'pU, IIO$io-
ta_ • .t,.,;",hcmOfc.
.t. ,:.~".;. ~!: !;_JIO x. _ .t:'./~.' R. - I/:;'+~. 1701 - 6<04CI

T_r....... 'L QIIs.byPUlti... Q _ 20,
looQ _ JS.ndL.. _ O·H;.H (XLo :'000)
Frcm.·L _ QR. !'t.7Jt: :;o~~~- l ' OO
Thc""'l,iup'. termina'Ktn;" 11·. - /(lIO 6-(4)1l
/I, ~ "' IH'1l :':'~~=':.i.'::~J.~n;;J.". 1M1a'1e1 confia..... 'ioA,
~~~~=.:~i ~r-~I~,;2~~!~~:~IL=,:.':
Th.... paci'.""'.''''''loctorof TRJ _ 4IpF
Thc Rea<1i ... oom"......n.of TRJQutpu, ' rnpedo"", _
-/1Oll«22pF
SQolt:l"'~'Of.C ... _uired'o .... k.""IO"p l'
C .. (41 - 22) L9pF.Sly IIIt>F. _her.
R - HHltrl)
"""'Q _ 20
FromX. ... I\.:~ , Il·~t I I _ ISID X, _ I48llor6·7jpF
Tocompkt&d............. "'Il<II:tioo.thcimpecla"'"
x. _ zo.6lIOf'lI>F
Xs:,:.,:an"::::~~ ",-,,"k
Z _ I4 + j(X. _ X. ) ... o-JoIjoH C,, _ J_6J+HS+6'U
~:o_~.::"'~~~ in ,heconj.... ' ..... IdI. /I, - I x. L.. - O·)4,. 1I _ 1" 'OSpF
L,, - (l.1151<H C,, _ 'lpF
6.83
VHF/UHF MANUAL
Single sideband
~"" "
Generel requ irement.
Thn •• rc bouOlly ._ ...... I>od.ofachin·;n...b ""''''''
in,hovhfno".. :(i)l>y.btconoll'Uclionor.pul'f'OSC buill
..~., ?
..
~ T,.~ •• IU
2m ..... n..,.;" ... . nd(ii).bo_or.,u"in.hfboond .. b
"'Iuirmen• ..,..'........ i'h.'rl ...VU1 ... " ·hi<;h ..·ill"'ovId<
IlIe l ppropria,.,f""l .. nc)" .... nsIa.""" . Anumbtrofopml·
lon<k:<lrln,'o",'Din.hclrhfbandcap.bili.ieo... hil".loa
... i.hin.'0 opcn.,., in ,be.hfIMnd....."• • dO!'led,hollU.r
mc. h..... "ThcN.icpri""ipleofa1ran ...."'."i.no' ....... '1Ie Noto"lyd"".U by S8) 4- lS _ 1 ~~ MH Lbu .
bl.ndin'nf lhopri""iplesinvoh"Cd"'ilh' .... p.... c''''.1 (lb)'SS) - l! 146M HL
Ippl"',"i"" ..... insomecaocs.lenmuoh'obed<sl'edlnoo
f.. I. 'IIo ......... ionof.purio.. frcq ...""ieoisronocrno<! i~~;r=~~~ ~~·::","f,':~,~u\~i::.,..:.':r.;;:; ~
Tltop;.,-.. ofvhf .. b......s"' ... '.".rwu.""i .. blelO ..'
"';n • . Tt>eyofl,," """,,an hf .. b.,.",mi"... ndml.ed.iw U ~. both F... '.In.nd U74.rc &impl.f\od. Tho
"",pu...ilh.cry<,.1 con.roIled ""'''".obrin.' .... ft ...1 1C1....1 .......... 'ionof' ... hrubinjectiooin"oIvcs)'... ....,..,
1."'I...nc)'"i'hin'beI4ol MH <band. lt ..... """... pOunfon .... frcq ....... iD.00 , ...,,.... full.rran ...... nllcan ... oh""·nin
... ,." ... , ,hisopprood> .... t-n..,.....,.,...fu.,orcorrvn ... F,.S .ln
',horc ...
...,.liott .... wt-nfcwq .... ieo ..Md •• 'o,,· ........... "Thc'DI.II:on:a"..".....,lh.... I....... _'h""'...,..'.loocil·
~f=;::·ioT~,.~~~'!!~~~;.~
orlIOIlhilillhemouulisflClorylPP'OKh
Mlny"""",' on "ito .'" _phically <'- '0 _
.hr .. b .... ionsropo<l ......... fr""" .........b.,.'io"' ... hi<tl hef.".oc ..... t\Io' , ... cry<lat""""oUedlnjectionfreq......,.
.rcp,..... 'in..sdi'ionlO'hemain .. &naL.T1IitkobYioutJy
.n u.... 'ioIlC1ory ".leof.rr.i... nd it I. hoped't\Io" ....
ca ..... h;per' ... n,''' ""'p'Hf,,,,,, ... ncy.Som<,,,OOkmo
~ninlopuriouof~ ...... ieo".lIhe"'h.... in'hitman·
fonowin,_ ....iI1rncourqe,'hfoobopcn.lon.b<>thnld :d:::::":~.!..~nrnr.rhinin'U1edl"ninldi=,ion
.nd ...... I " ....'.'. . . . .n.lwhkhitc ... nlndnot .
~;~;:: '0' .... other uwn of thi. porlion o( I.... frcq",,""y
The levers involve d
Mca ... rcmcnllon " . n.mi,c... "hor. nnd.libt,a.eo " cmp,
t\Io.bccnmade'orc<l .... ..,uri""•• n,ilolion •• howth .. ..octB
Choice of miMing frequenci " JfKJrioll.Sllt .nUltioni.,ypicaLTh..sirlkal~i'.. ,
"'ny".nstni.. io" "ill.orl1ain ","onl,h.rmonk:sofl .... ....,.illCSanS9 + 4OdD " .. n.ed&i_lrr""'.vhf .. b'''' .....
main"""putfrcqu~.b.."t\Iormonicoof.nYCIKil"'nr min.... ..,u..........""'loIS900uldl.... bereoei'....
l"voIvodin'heft ... lfreq......,...,..rl'ion. •ndmi.o.inl ..... umi ... Jd D P«S .... in l lndan-"'!'l.bIooi ....rm ......
produocuof.lI)'l.cq ... ncypraent.1tis_,ilrl,olal. lenlofS2. lheCJl,,,,"ucnua' ion mju ....... (7 by 1)d81c
...... ' ol".n... 'e ........... 'pu"'o.mini ... " .... ,hcy.;11
. I .... ys ............' ...... ir.'vory _ _
lld8, W..... krokintlfor.pprOIimaldy6Ocl8opuri .....
Tho_ntednsult isnl. + r .. _f"" ...... 'In Hd"ion ~~=-:;w'1".::·~'7:::;~be~.:~.~
,he""tpu'.'i llcon"in of I00d8.puriouoernislion.',."lIItion
Onlyt .... P<ofnoional""aif>oet ..ilh..,..,..,o~
(l)f •• lf •• Jf••• r•. " •.. .. m
•.". .... r . nd"""' .... baduper .. _of."M'lpti .... 'o<lesian
U)f... lf... )f....r... sr"......c.
tJ)lIf. ± mf.. ",htrenudma.. any; nteaen :~ ~hiI~= :'!.!~: I~r=.!:~ ~~cn:r.::~t.:w':!
wiU.' .... "shoov.major impro"""""",, on1 .... 40dB!iaurc
~r~~~!~~~~rapp roac h wi th a n hf .. b
~l- '.' 1lo1~ ~fandc,.,...a l (,"'I .... n.c>e.oh<>u ld t.:<h.,..noa ..... t no

.pu,io.. erni",ion.proo....,..,rbylow<lrr.kr t""moniafal1
', ? - T in , ... Nnd orcl .... ,o il. T t.:.r)'Stll f~ ... nq .hould .....
hilh •• ,-tibkbr.l' baor inmindt ... Med'o • ..oKI ...... of.
" Mllzcry< .. lwi,h28M lt .hf. 1I0_2SMU... bio
.. 'M Jftfnably '0. w..-crfml"""'1'inl"',.»earw'e'fl'lCil'l
:::n;;::
............ , .... ".".... nd Injection fmt"""" ,ho t.:n .. tltoo
of ,he 144 M II~ ri,.u'" ' 0 ,t.: illi<etiott I."",......,.
Allof' ....... . r c i _.n•• ndi.isofl ... IIOII""..a.1Cd

_ ...... nand ... can .... Tloeycan( .... 'odmi'tedljr •• rcI)'l ... I'hotr ... 'he""" .... tctf'01kmr_ .....Irnoc.'u,,;venal
.....h'h""'dip". aoceptlnoo •• ""rnber ofOl ...... ppr....IIa ... _ i f
T"t.h.IIIC1U.lca..... inl~.S . 1 74. millil'liot""'.'.lowlenl. lIoth ....."""'ionol .ndSdlot'ty
6,84
TRANSMITTERS
~..
Po.tmiu .li lt •• ing
fland pa .. filterin •• houldbtprovidc<l immedi.otely Ifl •• ,he
=i;.~~:~!~;;:';;i~!n~!~~ . ircui .. in ,u=ssi..,
~
Uoc: I n a •• ial wi,h ,IH: narrO,,"c" a=p •• bI.pin.bond,,'id,h
oharac' ..... 'k. A b"",d bond antenna may ha,.app...,i.obl.
pin. , ,he local o.d l.. ,or injoc1iOfl f..... u.nc)' o. ,he imagc
f.......""y.lti'import.n'no"o.,,"f.ne'heV$wrbor.d.
:~:',~~~~~~ ~i~y~:::,~d'h; .hey .on be '<et'/ different
Practiealdesign
dio<Iebri<!ges •• Ildbalanccd,ransis,o,cin:uitJareposoibili_ Anearp<.fOO1de$ign""nbtu"'~fnlirthe.ngi .... ';"
lies,WlI.:Iltvera,ran",men'i.d"ddN,It>eaim.l>ouldbet" i,poor.ron..,rselyan Indilferen,d"';", canoornetimes
ura.," for muim .. m rejection of' .... "hf injo:lion fro.
~~~.;..PrO'is.ionr"r""ance.dj ... t""'n"h<>Uldalwa)'Sbe
P';:""";o~:;i~';:~~.,~i~::"::::'~~i:! i,=cllen,
• E",ry,une<ici",ui,.hould btpt"pc:rlyoc:reened'nd
With .1Ii.h I~-el .. b inpu, in which hi'h PO""" i. ]l<cf.",bly <very.",,,,.hould . bo be>Crt'Cne<iI""cdina ..... i.. i"" lo.d ... ""p~··<lfoc"can""'ur. • O'Conplin.mus'be.ff..,.i .... n01only."hede$ired
in"'hich.pp,oeiable .. bc .... 'V(wilhdoub1ful.pecI.al f..... u.nc)'bu •• I"'onhiJbonle.lu.monics
purilY)"'''inlobolhp'''"ndp''''mixe'ci=i'''hu.by. • !.T .ndhtf...."'oir.dividu. I""-IIc<mn"he'ho.o,..hly
~i",.ny .. loctivilyinll'le .. binpul.lrlhi . <".r~mi' .. d«:oupied
:::ht!;o":hr~~i~;: :;::~i;:!'~~r~!~~~::i~~i: • ~~.:-: !~:;":~d$~~U~U~:~~%"!~h .he oocillator
:!'.'::'I:"',emiulondosc '0 ,hewan,ed ou'pu,f,cqu<ocy will
Cryllaloseilla t orlndmu h lpli. r ~': f:~a~~~~ui~;':~ C"'3' ,Iu, ,...... .... .wri<>u>
In order." p'''''id< ,he mi, .. with injeo;ti"" of."",,'kn,
, ....;<rlll puri,y, c<>upled , ur>tdcircuits . I>ould be uKd
Ihl'O\i&Mul. with low impedance lin~ ,,,,,plinK ~:EL::f=:~~~ ~f:~:~~f;:~ ~i~:r;':b
The main prob"'mi. "'nent linilhe .. b.i , "al"asutr~
HF •• binput .irn'lyhi8hf....... ""y,J-1I'.... t IO,7MIl •• r.ob!.inl bl<,
bUI20MH~wO\lld hebenc •. Fo. va.i.tblc:frc<juttlCyopcra·
E:~,~~::~~~~E?c~~~E~~~:,~~~
bodoame.-rejectionwil'<"e>ul,in,t>ehr ..blron.mill.rifllle
.ion'lteinjectionr........ ncy.oouldbc:va.ied.Apin.hi<i. .
~~bi~:if~~~Mo~·t~,':~~~ '';';,;:'~;~ ;~~~~~
levtlis'umeddownbyreducin, 'he . udiod.i~_n..beot
Ippro,ooh i,to feed the inpn' to tbe hfpa di'td '0 tbe i, ~~~~~:I:'.:'d ~::n~.!~~~,7o~~~';.:. I...""" rondi_
wn,~., and i, i< ofl.n POWble to ob,.in sullkien' 1",..1 by
. wi'chini ofl' ,be PI oc:=n voltagc and n'in. ,he feed
~:,o~~•.1~'f!d ~.~~% ~\:::~;:~~ !:i:!!" ,he
=~~~~If~:~~~t~;~;~~i;:~:~
t . .' '0 fil and use an rfpow<: •• on\.01
5.85
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
_ -
Phasing exciters for 144MHz
IddTho..,.~',=~~"r.:,::~'=~~,~
.........
An "",ernal 10 ± ''''HOt >10 pm1Iida ,be va,lable
=or~;=::':,,".'!:~~ud':=~~fk';':::::
P<od~br.ho"'"',..".-l .... ithinlpcr"""'ofto'only
o_'h ...ranpand,lII,anyfroquoeno:youuillow"lprod""",_
p.IIIx'""'nveol.. 'lIIn ..... bove " mll.;.h.I ..... ul.. ,n'''''
=-'..::7'u:.~~~~~~~~
components.IItI'i' .. lmpon.n.'III I .b.. l$d ..... bd"...... be
~".,. ,Ilin ""'wo'k . ..,<1 ,ha"he circuits af'.r 'III, hi ... I
iI\,"'doublet..loJlCltdmodula,or.TbeOUlptl''''bcnmWd rasonobl1l1a,_. Th" .. bo<:&_circui"wIUclI
..;ch ll' '''l-h in. balanced miurlO prod"""" ... n...1 ......... ' ... ompIi. . . ofsenalsrcla'iYe'o'lIcirfreq"""""
IreQ"''"'rin'''''44'''H~baod.Thoiodi¥i<I ... I''''''ioru.rc
illdicolCdin, ... bIockd"pam.l'ia'. I79 =~.~:ys~=~~~':k~~~~'.:"'':'~::
r"'" desirable
....her deliberately
..... "' _ _ 10 imP'lir .his by in,rod"';",
AF ' mplifier
"",_.be
Tholrequen<y pUs bond 01 ,"" l udio"'FI tIas,o be
Wpod 00 ,III, II phaM ,"",f' network ... hich for
~"""""""oopcn.te""""'reIJ,ittedrml_:in
In Fi, ' . I!IO .... oho .. n ,hoof".""" oI,"'nciter. TIll
and TRllrc adcOOl.lr lcd pai,in a bo"Ulrapc'TCu"delipcd
loprOd""",.h;"';nP<l'i"""""'~ .od.IowOllIPu'
'I\io.,...JlOOII.'oltH •. Th .. ..-mtha. ,"'pl>ucollin impt<l_~.
5.87
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
TRI .• low no;,cal><liof'" naluranyofl'el'l a high inpUI ..",ai, «Iual dunnR .."inll up. TRS and TlO ot. de
.
im]>edano<. bu"hi><>ftenha.,obedtlradedbyrel.,i_-ely coupled '0 ,be f.ts and . .. ,he",!o, two ""Uon, : (oj 10
Low vaL ... ""iSl"" in tile pl. circuit wilen con.odcri .. p,,,,,id •• lowimpcda,,,,,d,i,,,,f""thttran,fom .. rsT2'nd
~~":,~~ ~=-~~,= =~ B~~I;:".i ;;<CI~'~ ;:~~,:uh7.~O;;;,~~'::7o~~'~I~~;.~~!,~~i~:i.!b~\~
increase.! by .. veralor.Je .. ar>da.<an be ... n ' .... l00!<O canbea,hi,ha'l'os.<ibie
:~n;u,':~:'::. -::,l;~i:d~~~~~~~;?;~;~~
:r:.
::";:~~!': ;~~b;::~~~~~ac~:~r:! ~~,~~ ~~S~~;?3~}~i€ ~~~lr;~sr;~
~~:E~~~~r::~~i~T~~ :::::':~~II:;::
bc'tll,IIcaooiosccs,IIcbaIRocalmodu13torinpmsu l
:::
.r>d'htinpulimpt<la~willbec""np:<lbylhtsamer.tio
:~~irf:1r~~";i;.'7r=·!·~~:~,~r; .:'~'i!~~~~'~
"ithoutaffecti... nyo' .... rpara""' ....
Theou,pu, f'<>mTR2iscoupled,o,heaf,.inconl,ol
:~.:u:~':~i~y.;,~~~ ~'7'':i"~C~~·iC~'':.''~~~! .!::~
.bove requirements. TR J is a st rai;hl an."lilie,. , .... hoi/>
::..,~~ ~M~[..,~'~~;n; ~':;n ... '.d by tbe OOO'~F
~;J~'~;'i~~~,~~~~~~~1::~~3'~;o;t~
:~~i,~l!?ff:~~.I~~~'~iti~r:X.~Or~~
R SGDIIQ_an~i<e ..c'IY"'pt<ifitdfor~"h·e" ..
~":~n~' ~~:~-i;tr~oU~ ~~';'~~;~ +~:::r ;~'6~ ~~

. ,...Ifbiascdby"""roo rni ..",. . <KI, .... 1000 <J!l>aklM<'
po .. n'iom<te<pro>id... '.... rne:o .. of .... kin" .... OU'pUI
5.88
TRANSMITTERS
E:~~~~~~i!=~~~ t~ye:!~~n~: :"~p~~ ~~-r6::::~~S :~"~:~:::fC=:':~: ~:,lnpull00ll'J>U'whichcould i mpai"hecarrie.-'UW<r:s-

~~~~~~,;~r~~I~~.Ic~~~"::'\~:·::~!~~'i!l~
......... I'}I'~r«I_oo<ill. ' .,.puliin. TMproIOlypewa'COnlt'uc:'edr)tl ,hr... pio<:ao[ Vero-
TR.9 I•• n .mplifie. "''*,
'0 10MII. In h. oolklClGr boo..d """"Sin lon •• nd Jin wide. "The.udlolCCdon ..... '
~~J:~~~~;::~~:~~Z;E:~E
c:itcuilbyU.ndilolowimPC>d"""""""pliqroil conlli!dl
illO ,he rfpllol.selhift ne,W'(ri;. nu. ...... ca(*"ilon and
:~:3:~E~n1~'r~~~~~
aIontwilhlhe.lMlionrodinlolhep'.... Balanciqor'he
,"""l:edoneonl""oflhoOther ..ith"""inl_~;~
bdolollke.odio.rfandSllPl'lr li_ bn lO"C<1l,l!em.and
.... wholo.,a-tin ....... ll!ooxforocrotnl..
_..w.... no;anicdoulbymea.. <>f ' kfiP<>\e<lriomel .... F.... """~,' ... "" ...,N~,_--..
con.<oIo.ndl ... ~oIl}.ndU"""'klbo_odjus ••
;"1hc_";rcui.. or_hpair.TbeIOMH za&b~
............. Inlakaorroml.hedraincircui.. wbicban:tuned ~~.::...""' ..... l.heboX .. lhey.fCalf«l«lb)r .. '"-l'
:""='lObyl':' ~~:.,;:...c;r~~~":I.n:::
A lignment-af section
Miller for 144MHz Af' .... chock <>f";ri . . ,,,,, <Ie: can IooCOf\flC'C1od.IOd.
llIt";reui, oftllio-,ion it''''''''n in ~I' 5.I'J.A,will 100 eu'rfflldIc<:k",iliohowir.l1it""II,.tI;!o'of,lIorr.nd.r
-...pal.orr.IJ&r<: .... din' .... bo.lancedmiuo".OfICdlin. :.looin' I 8-2()mA .'12Y.nd'lIoml,...un~bri ..
ill»U&ll.pull .. r•••• t.... tOMI"si.... li .~and ••
I push'flUll devb ror , .... Il.'lMHz .... ' ..<>dynln. p ... al; TraMi>lorsboinjlwhal ' ''''yare_check or_olIO..,.
heocel .... U ' MHzl.CI"""llc<Iln 'be oull"udrcul' maybewor.hwlti~and ,"""' .....hownonlhedmr.i". ln
TR.1(lt.eryttal-'tI.tor .... n• • •SMH.CfySIJI.nd panicul",. TRJcoI1ecto •• ndlhodQI .... orTR4.nd TRS
;'!!! :::;;:~~. rrcq .....". triplo,- "'i,h IU oolIc<1or_1eI lIIouldloo.bouI6Y.oob\.ain.bo ful1.r •...;.. II I ......
poin ... lr' ...... &r<:""'''' .• ''''''lhebl •• onTRJobouId llo
TlIio;,linkt:oupled'olho~"""ne<tionora .I'endun'illllo~coI1ectorvol, ... nol:Maioed,and
bifilar
WOO,"", coillunc:d to 10MHz whit:b fI"IIlChq I.he
:in~,~~of.!!~.I~T:~l~~It~
~~I;.O~ ~ ':'.::":'':, or..,:.~ fet.:.!::.~ =!!a;-::~IO'WolotOdlOtlwo-lf,hq-afCsuftI-
alOd tho _pulls ......... IC>CIIO ' ''''M Hz by U,lhe_,
bri ... linkt:ouplcd'o • ...,...ndedbuo.mplilicr.n .. Na.' ....... Id\<d".canloocanicd_by'"Jl\llylq.lkH.<
Con.truction =.':.!"..~~~ i :..'"iubk circul, [.,. prod ........ 'his
NO$pO<:YIu..drormortotlStJ"octioolsncccosarybul<an:
_ be lIltftt 10 pre_,
hum p;c:t ... p m lhe pte.,;"",i,.
orTR.t. TR'.nd TR'.Theftl.ercomponcn"., lho • ...,io
wanfonna'
TIoTn.1I potentiometcn '0 mid ,ravd, .nd uomine ,he
TRlcol1ector,..),h.'ocopc .nd adjr,Is,thoof
pin'oll~.2Vpl:;...pksiana1.Cho(kth'ouV1'he";rcult
5.89
V HF / UH F MANUAL
_~.,V . nd .inp,rfUjuer<:y opera'ionwhen'hc ... pply;,' .....
.~ ~~~i~§~~~~~1;~~~
""" OC71
0II1put.Now.dj .. "mcn,of,herfp$ncan comme""",

10 T~~~~Ia:'h~1~0~u,:,.:n~~~~ :!~t~
resullanlsiallll.lndldjUJlearricrballncejllllenliomciUl
formini",um .. ",ai, Swildl in the Mo and I...... ro, ""'"
beo1.ApplylkHzali""u'al,t.csa..... I<""la.befon:."",i"l
;~~~:~~;:';'h:::,l.do:":~W:':~=~I~~~~
m..oo. ..ron&«,han,I><01m.lt.houldinf"",bepoooibielo
tp:1 Ih .... """" .... I.... ro bealO IS Iherooti .... , i.'unedll:rO<S
~:::;~'i..=.,..,.,.i,na.I'OII 'i<'ie •• I.asshownunde1lir>Non ,hoc .ii""I, one .....y 'I '"n,- Ihe"",,1 0 .... wea~ (bein, the
Apply 1O~ 1I1 . from a "'0 or 'i,n.1 ICn.t'llior '0 ,he ,f Thi.':~~~7.7~-=.·::I':~;~~'~'=~i:::!';:.'t
inpul .... d."'urelhal lh.rei.someI}4Vrms .llheoulpu' •• weak •• possible, The receiver .hOllId be luned solllal
o rL2whtni'i.,unedrormaximum.ThecouplinllC3pacilor IhebcalnOlcprodll(:(ldbylttiSsidebandcanGa$ilybo;diS-
~1!~8ba",""uldbeadj"'lodi""'I ""I"Ob"in'his linguishedfromlheo'hcrs.A'thispojnl.it ..... ybeprofitlblc
10on ...... ,haltl>erorrtel(I""",,).idcbandi.bei"l"'p-
prcs.ed"he-.k.., . idoband obLaliDOd from ,he pr .. i"""
proced"... hould be on ,he lowfreq .... nc:y.i<lcorlhccarricr.
If 'his i. found nOi 10 be SO thcn il can eo.ily be changed
by r<:~nlconrleCli""'A and BorC and D on T20,T)
Assumin'lIullhe.i<lcband ..... cotm:1andlhcun .... nled
:~.:::! ~~~":":I;:::': =;:'~r"C"::~ ~i,~

, hoc TfPSncapacilO1'S "nd adjusl lhem for minimum OIIIPUI.
,hcncepea' wi,h,hcaf1;ul.nced pO". Romo ... of inpul,
rcadj""carricrbalan.:epol.forminimwncarricrand"';lh
' l><.finl>ut....,lattd.rcpcallltc.ideband ...pp,..,.,;.",.11
will be nc<x:$$lIry d"ring all Ittis 10 adjus' ,he rootiverou'pu,
RF seetionandmixeralignment levcl. and •• wi,h all ,idcband.ignal. il i. bc;l 10 ha,-c lhe If
S.lli llJl up ,I>< ,f SCC1io~ i. I liul. """" dillic:ull l, .i,l><r p inwcllup .ndtheoulpUII.""I.djuslod,,'ilhll>erf/i.f.
In oocillO<COfl< ",ilh lOM lh banodwidlk orl mixcr.ystem u pin """",>Is. A• • heunw;onled.idcb:ond i•• upp<eOsed;' will
ci·.ninFi'S.18J ..·i'h a .... rrow\>.ond""""'.. 'isn<eeosary be.....,..."ry'Oinc:reasc:lherte.i.... rpin llO'ha' ili •• tili
If' he·ocopc i..... ilabl.'henormalp'ocedw-cfor .l ilJ.ll in•
pha.ina Ucil.r< can be f"lIowod,Di,play theoulput on ,he :i~~~nd ~~~:l~~I:.i~b~!O:.,;:.~:;;::
=i.aI:'~::; ~~~:,~~i~.~d~~; :~;::~~::1= bylhc""rlic:,andw'nledsidcMnd
n.. •• ci,... i.""",.lmoslreadyfo.uscbu,.liniework
when the lrace soould be defleo:ted al tf w~il'l showinl ..""'i .... 'ohed<> .... ""thcmi ..,un;"o ..... urcl illCaTopct'll.
considerabl •• fnppl. lion,Withlhctklt zof inpul a.bcforc.tu .... l 6for ...... i mum
Tu .... L2fo, ...... imumoutpullhentl><rrpsnc:apaci''''' rootiverOll'PU', Romo,' •• fal>d "",,,,,helinkcoupli,,,
.ndIheafbalan.:econ"<>lf,,,minimumrippiea•• how"In 10 LS oul SO thai cOllpli"'i....,y"..."-'hen "",ni,orTR16
'heRSGBH~. R ,pc>lcarriotrbabn.:eandTfpsn or TRI J "",,,,,,vollaS" and n<.>lo..."din., RepI.ce .f.nd
. dj ... tmenlS
~r~~~1:~n~~I~~;';
j
Howe ... ,. rnosl amateu'" .,iJl nol ha ....'-'Ch a'scope
.... ibble Ind ,hoc alter""li,.. procedure will ha ... '0 be :U:I:t:: ; : : , :
. d""ted wi'h'hcmicrol>ho .... and.dj ..."he.udiopin""ha'ihelf
II i.IIOt possible ",rnonilor , heou'PU'oflheexci,..,
di,-.."Iy on ,I>< re<:ci",,"si l will pjck.upa""'Y.orollJl';gnal :::~,..;::,JI~~!~.~ :=:.~I:bI~~~~!;;n ~a~~:~:
from 11K; IOMHz <>I<ilbl0r, bUI the mi~.r .nables , he MIt fiedtoanydesirt<lpo ....rl"'-eI..sinaCLassAl-in&Jetnded
~Z~;~:7:S,~~~~~~!,~~t~'~F~~~~
or Oass All pu,h·pul1 """'"
TRI4 is nO'oscil1'linadue.pcrhaps.to , hefcedba<kwindilli Supply switehing

:;;'t,t::.;,onl"",y round.thecmin<r voll",.of TRI S To make ,he Wli, workable ,he supplies ha"" 10 be
.wi«he<lon.nd"lTa' lherii\h'li ....... ond ....... "",.islon
IU~ ~i~~O~~..'i~~YS~~!u~~O~J~~\';'1..t ";!
made for ncttin ,lhe.foon IOlhcre<:ci..-cdfreq""ncy,Onc
,,,DOd for ...... imum 0II1pu i <:,,,... isl.n, wi,h good ".nin,
::::'~~7:,~~t.;':~~:!~',~~S bIJ, il ..... y ha,.. 'Obe.llied
5.90
Diode r ing ballln~ moduilltor
Topro'ide.n .. b.upp ....<ed=rierb)'thephuin'molhoC
,wo,hinpa, • .-Ied
(a) ~~:':~i~r~.Of eq ....1 ampl itudo and wi'h a 90"
(b)four,.;, ... I•• tcorrio,froQuen<:yof au b>IlIntiallyequal
ampli""' •• nd 90" p""in pha'"
The firSl ofthe.bove i.p,ovided by l....udio amplilic,
..·hichinciudes.het>houe,hiftnel"",klr.d,randOl"m<'1O$$
OU'P<lIS. The...,..udi. sa,i.1ied by use of t'" fou, dioolo
,ina modulator u'ilizin, . lowQphasoshif'''''<)Ie1l1erw;th
Iwopltaoeiny."i .... f."i •• coredhlftJar woundlran.forme ..
'op,oducethc:fOW",f.ian.tsneeded
Th.incomin.12Vnep'h.. i.... nl>edand'hop(>si'I"".1de The lowQ phase.hif'.,con,i$l.Sof l ".n,te fed quuter
.... 10 ,ho ";pe1'Sofa 2 pol. 2_way .",il~h.ndalsoloor.e "'a""lCci"",ilin which each balfpl"O'lides4"phase shifl .
:~Oc::;,~ ':~'r~.-::,a",. on ,he 'ran,mil/r=i,.... lay ",hich
~~'/~~i~:.7..~i=':..:~ ~~=:~:'r~"'C
m~ ':;,1: ~:'i:t~."!~~ol ~~ ~;o:"~:~t~~t
.... nu"""ic.oUy «tu.al and equal also 10 ,be terminat'".
impedanceRo. In thi."" .. Roi.chooonu10000 .... ki .... ' he
",ould btrOllTltd.SillCl:'ll\ecalTit,hnboen reduced
~n~l:::~~n~:.:~'::":r~,~i~,II':i:::~~
loop
lo.lowl~li'maynotbe l udihltun\tssi,i.,.mpor.,ily
i""' ... oedduri ..... he ..... tiflllP'oce<lu .... Thi. i. dor.ebyoif. '0 lOOCl).For I08Mlizthevah..,. ..... pp""'imatelyC _
.. Ihl\l any one oftl>o bal.ollCl:'d modul:uo,sour"", by awly.. l'pF ond L _ O·J7~H
in' •• mall_i.ivcp(>.. n'ialtoi.yja.lOOkn .... i"o'.w~ich Thetwoph_ln.·.nin.'ran.forme ...... w;hlWOplus
two.", .... of l6sw. "., ... bifila, wound on ferrit.-.
=I::.a~::~ ~~,:!::.i:~'J!::'=~~;:.::"":"': o....il.of lheK''''....fo'men .... il1....I,.ted in fil'.ISS
by,hoowilCh. and u<c COJI be madeofthi. du,in, ",uing_up hisimpor,antinthi.typeofcirtuit,hlItmechllnical.nd
... iumpe,l ... d ... nbtl.k.n'oo.I>o,$CC'i ..... u rcquifCd tledrical,Ynlmo,ryi. Pre$er,-ed in de,ailin the """' ..""'tion
l1>eo ... pu, from ,ho.xcite, i. now controlled by lho tr ...... of.houni.ifl<><><lbalancei.lobtachieved
mi' •....,.ive .... itch.whichpu".olt.,.on'ho'f.ndmiu, ".ui.abltcomponen' layout i•• hown diapammttically
~i9mwh<nlritumili'~«'ed.I'i ... r"toinl.rrup'lhe in FiS'.1$7,lhowhQk unit hc:in,fiued in'o • ."....,neo",,,,,,,di.. iw.ted witbaco... ialinpulfocthe,finputandthetwoQu,put
io"",y low.ndtllerci.liul.ocillalo,d,if,d"",o,bermal ltad.h",uJltloulu.inllmin",u.. ftedthrouahterminal.
efi"«"on the cryslal The,fbal.ncingcapOci'ort.rebeslfab,lcaledfo,'1>o
pUfpO$e ... inl Jindiameterdisafilled oppfopri,ucly to tb<
~i"",itcompo""ntorpin if theK ... u<cd. l1>e <a,thed pI .. .
~j~t.::,~' discfi.ed.o a 6BA boll to .!low .deq .... ,.
Alternative phasing exciter
"""Iher ••• mplt of 0 ~ ... in. type which ill",,,",,,, The modulator may \le$e1 up bydl",o.",eclin. each
:~:"j;' ~~dme'ho<b of ach;ev;nll the .. me raul" poI<n,iome"" slide, output In tum f,om lho foll""·i,,.
amplifie,in»lOl.ndlhonadju"in • • hobolancil\llcapa<itort
In 'his ..... ho .. b . iS""1 i.g,notatedat l08MIIl.lhe
bat...ncedmodulalo, •• ba.ically.diode,inglype.lhefinal
fr<q""ncy i. oh1ained by mixing ,ho generated .. bsianal
;;~~M~l;~~~:ra=~i:"'~~d~ =!~ is":"~~1~~!

. ,o....~
~
• 1e""I.ui'abl.fo,d,iyin. ,ho linca, .mplilic'dacri1>ed on
_'.78
Ou'''Ul on bo,h 70 and I44MH. may be obtained by
.~
::n~,;:~ ~;~':r:~ni!:~4 ~~I ~=;:ientlY
• ~ UI E ~1~ 8
VXO,doubler lind lI fl1pllfier Uoo.- - ~20n

l1>e .. ocif<:uil .... l>ieo'hef,eq ... ""Yto he y.riedby
:I: ,k ll uround,t.ecc:nlrer..eq"'''''Yof54·)'M Hz.A8SX20 4;>00 0.", o.o.\M "7IX1
;suscdIn the osciU .. orposi'ion.lho douhlt, otalO u....
pai, ofI.lCY70 incoocode. ,he OUtpu, f'om dtis stag. i •
• 1f«1iveiy pi..:oopled Into ,he aml'lifin ,'a&<. the input
tap*ci'af">C>O comple'es ,he ri nelwork. In.he omplifie,
"a&<al>O,ho,BSX20i.u>ed.,heou'put\tad to ,IH: d;ode
~~~ mo,l<,l.,or bein, _II tapped down lhe tun.d
."i."F.""U{/ E E.....
17.l••• u.ol.had'_moo.Ou,.to,
5.91
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
6.92
.nd polCftliomn ... in 'un' "" 'lIcocller ..... , roc mini""""
ou' ...... 1'lItnwithbolh .... ,"".. con_'0.lIcfollowi....
:::::~~~Idt....w..od'Ofmini""""OU."".oI.11c
I, -'1eI t.. poooibic ", malnl.;n 4OcI8 corritt Ind
......... tcdsitJebond~joctioft.bu.~8 .... ybe.uaintd by
... mul.dj ..............
cw """'.'i<N'l Cln be obIai.-..d by keyl ... <k:.ount.loncc
:'~~;o~}.!~~~n::::'~nt.~ ~~ ~~';!::
l.floclm l ndlhtothtrslde\lalhekeyto.htIlV(tltp.j,'l
I;ne) ..'[)ll"odo.>cellle .... "i~ .."".
Audlo.mplifi.'.ph •••• hlftll.twork

~~i.o=!:~~~difJ'" f.om " ... uoedin llIcprcvi.ous
dooi$nin'bo _ _ Id<ui"oI.heph.ueohifln<twot~ .
:~::l~;:""':;~~~="'-=Iy::~bIc.'~:
.~ ':i::::-:-,;;"I::-; 7::~~9C~
...,"""~ ....... h in IUln r..... I "..it erro.oUNl. ,9). Tho
001'''''' f. om.ho..,., ....... ~ndl.rodin'o'lIc."".oII .. o
IIC I01()f'tf'atcd .. cmi" •• f~
Sidebond.wilChi .... iopro.kltdl"hoou.pu.oI"""of.1Ic
f.". Theou.pu.fromlllcmodulo'or it f.... inloanfC100u"'"
:~~.:~~""_ '0 I ,,"..:ode ""'!>u' Implifie.... in, 8SX20
CryUlt OIciliator,milte r, Impllfler.

Tho Cf)'I ••1 oociUator which """.. ' .. I . 17·'M HLwhll.
minia' o><c.lUnlo,-ec'onceryu., ..... ISSXZOInI ... ndanl
arcuil. l'his i. follooolcdby.nooha flSXlO .mpilioer ... i1h
.heouI"".Ilt~.nfromlheoolleolOf. Thoom .... _.poirof
'~flSXlOronnecoedao.bal&r><:«Ipair...;Ih.bolanoe
=~~,:: :,;",:::::::; ~,l:~!~ ~ ~r,"~~IZ'=

_ill&'OfOUlp<1. ilfcdin.oooe.ideol ,heln"",cimlit
~~:'~ !'~,::::fin~ :...."=~!=d~~ :.:,~

IOU.tH~ Ub llipal is introduoed Inlo lhe ~nlre lap of L...
Thoo.ml'lifierfoilowin.,hemi,,'IIICf.8SX20and"'"
""'p<1\ II • • 2NlHl. TlIei. ,~nrd d .... h. I~ luned by I
:i:i~~;%O;; ~~~~i'OfIOIIt""" lhom 1o be ....,..., ....
Thobypau l O>ddarnpin. " " " , _.. uxdin , .......
~~~=."l~ ~~f '~·~=:~~,=·';''!c'7.:i~

=::: i~~rylOobtlinl ...mclenIlYI_.rnin .. ' o
ThoollClO<SOOrytenni",'biI.roclhedri_ lndl '"l'liller

I\I.ICI iI prQdwcd by. poIcmioox«r _ . line.' -'IV
' OlfOWldlnd , ho - 12Vlinc.
All 'hobiao itobtaintdin ' l>itma ....... from ............. ppiJ
~ ... ,of..ali'" .. " ....... j(~ . . . .wildtint:.W..... on
.1lt..... byOf...,.;,..,.,... f_rdbi;ulino~is.1Iovo...s
'of.ll'o _ I2Vby ."'i'.blclfTI",.,.,......oflheT/R .... i'dt.
Tot:Oml>kt<:'hoTIR .wilChift••,... .... ,'IIc..,....I....,a.
I.,.". It Ilso fOCWl,d bia .... from .......... Ii .... '0 prncn'
_.ioooo.i ....... beiD&...,.;~
5.93
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 5.21
Coil wi nding data fo, phasing exc'te r
w~
Z2
.. "'''''''''''110
OoJ .. fonnu• .-"oued
11 OoJon_oI.;"1<HI.I
12 001 ... r"' .... 1\inlo<ll
26 OIIh,,., ... ,.... jW ......".
11 D-l,,,r......,..-'\inloto... ppt<ll'upr,,,,,, ..,,h
f! E1~7~~~1.!n!~~f;~i~~:':·'· ' I'

Ii ~~~?~~~~7::::;:'::::::=d'_'~'1'~'U~1O(nql
~:.,.~._~;_ ,..L~g~~:,,~~~
Tu" e- up proce du re
1 ·l u,,".hevxQ. dQubl •• and amplifO¢' ,o,,,... , ,...,2v
rnl<.fou,pmln.o.hej."".lonorUand.ho l'p l ""pad." •.
whi<hl"hc lnpu'io.hcdiodcmOOuIIIDr
2 Tu ... LI~r"'maxim.m<,,,"p"I.lh .. may be """=,,-«1.,
u~=:~:r~-;~nZf:~ the 5(00

" w,,~ , ... .........,. ,rimmcf aPKi'<On oPl'f'<>Odun,
min"" ..... Clpx;'y.• oJ./uOI' ... rema;,.;nl~paoen'~
ror""nim .... . r""." .. lfromI.l9.Th;. .... rbedorlelnj' ~Q ,
:~no~~i:~~~-::':"~"":;-:::;: :r,l~.:~:':
=:':i,="':':~,::"='"=;':~~~W;
a.o •• OnoQfl ...... "illp.~blybc:r... ntllo,...,uce, ...
•.. f, ' ". ~':,~~OI .... '"
5.94
btI_o""of' ... aud"' ........ i/iaou'pu, ...-;,"" ..... , ... AI_nIn F".. ' . I90'htrcioliukd,If........ be' ....... 'his
!~:,::::: :;:o,:,":.!~, ~"'=d ,::~,,urn'~ ..... Jt.od.nd'hooe~y.,.,.ibed,_""hcrf
plwin,and,hedetailof''''bol.nccdmodula'orlnd,'''
ou,p,,'ofI}6'0I}SW.'144M ltzand .. '''''~.'1OM HL
J Feed in.o '''''microphone inp", .r.... ,cn.ofmlllivo,l. un:!.~i~n::::"~7::':~~~~~<Ioubie bIo~nccd
r;!;~d..:;;~~;~,:.'::':~::.:-..:
'Thtni~.ooiodrh"un'il'hooi""ia"cd,f""tpu'i.
and .wi.~ '0 uob :;::..:f'....
modubl1"r •• "d lht . rphuin,.rnn'"Mtnt.Alto.lvenlte
ooiophuechon • • ..-i'<hror ...... 'ionof
!~~~)':::~cdU:') ~;::i=::
1'CICri... '"nd'hoonld./w'Uby_inlotelooinl' ... ' ......
.. ",il , ... lo...,r.idcbandilrtdUttdin"",nllh. l,oIIooldho Double bala nced modulator
...... ib .. 'oadju"'hi • ..,'lIati.i•• '1e>"4OdUbo!ow' ...
wanted.idcband. ll isu,ull!ypos.ible'o.".in~8 ~~;=~~:;~:!'::~~f~;=:; :;'o;;~,,:
"'i,hou, ditr.:ul,y
f~AI~!~~~~E;:'=~:,:
"'J>1><e«ion
ThealrrietSUppmsloniJlouldOO1bodeindedby11lOU
.,,",,6OdO.""'m/ISf,in,... driven""""'i.ionuoompaTCd
wIIh'houndri>alcoocli ..(HI,Tbe .. ndrivcft ........ "'PPftS"" =:::~~;:r.!"i~~lci""''' 01 ........
.............kI""' .......... ablyolla.....n . . .hoJideband
..... nri ... h.. .,.,..,at"iodou'. lfi'.lI....,otif' .........,drif. Tho 'folonal isfcd in'o' ........ of T RI .ndTRJ in
unNlancei''''''ioed,''''modula'orisJ>toblobly'''''bein. pan.1Id.nd , ... lIlY delayed Ii..... l " fcd in,<>TR2.ndTR4
A"",... rour<:<>nl'l<Clion. from ,''' 'wop........... In'o I'"
~;:C2~~) .;;o';':h~:: ~~70~,,~ ~~~~~~n:~;~d"~ p'.. of, ... r"",rct'.
e..itr. An.' .... ,I ... up .... ...,.band .... W,et4ion ,his .." Tholnpu'b<ol • ..,."f' .... f...,.. , i.I~_b)'.<UUlli".
beda«;kcd., 01"" f..... "encies """ oI>ouki be found '0
be
,"'Ind"",on LI and L2 . nd .....""i".o( ... nois,.,... i,by
adcq ..... from."""'lOO ' o'OOOll .. .dj""'mtMof R V,.nd RV,.RFbabnoe inou,pu' is b)'
.....t"'o.c\iuOt......'oIvC,.'_e-ndof'hcOUlpu'c;oil
hi.lmporwlId.. ,,'hcat.. itralpal ...... ""'feed'ouOod
Direct rf phasing .... cin:ui' ..... i'is 'ltotr.f_~t)"IO'""'"" ' ...... hok
.
0I'booulpu'circui' .ulndiat.... l inF.'-'9I.Thisohouid
Tool>Iain.<imi"'~llo'ba'..,hiev<odb)',ht""';"'"
..... 'hod 'fp ..... in ••,I ... op....I1inlfreq ... ...,. .. n be.m·
ptof... bly ,.ke .... form oI • ....,.U sq ...... _ ..-ilh. d_
fillin. tid. wi,b ,he OU'PUI bein. ",~cn "", .bovc I... ~h ...;,.
~=~ Tf~' u:';~:f. hi. ac ...... lly '-n ""1Io<,cd b)' Tholnp,,' from , .... rfph.oin,,,,,bks '0'''' '",0 Inpul
In 'hnmethod. 'he ........ i.-edlllYrfp ........"be ... ,is· <:<>nneo;'lom,whldloboukibomec .... niatllylnd .....I<kally
u oimilar •• poaible. is conneo;,od dite<:t.ly ' 0 ,"'POinll X,
!::::iy ..~~~-7i""':':...'!~:~:ot~c::~
q. .......... '0 dilf., by ..... q..anet of .....--.,b """
.ndX.
Prod .... ionol' ... req,.;red9O"'delay"""" •• dilf• ....-
""",h.nd ,hru riIh'''' 01 •
011 quartet oI .......... nllh'n,"'1en$Ih01, ... ' ...... toulol
"'•• bIe ImSOho IH .....
.... '-denllb
".:...,O:-~~°ol..,~':.'~~=":a=~':'~t!
UIcd.Themos';mporlln'f.. ,u"'of lheeab .. ' .... I~ .. ld be
k"""'nis' ... veJoei'y fllClor . ..,enablin.ICCU.... ~bs 'o con •• n"n, We.poAibly ' .... fOfn""io""""'u.i'abiemedla.-.;.
beatkulalcd.ProlMbly. , "'_oa,nfllC'ot)'atblef<)r'tuo ..,.,.. Wilen """in.I, ..... bIe '0 1en$Ih;, mus, be dOM
~iotbe...,.;...noidlypeol .. ~ ... hidllo"J>lbIe ........1dy ..... i'ohoIoklbe .........ber«!' ... 'I· f«latbleol
oI .............. ndin'o ....... 'iwly ...... Udiamot .. c;oil fonn .... <><it,foctorofO-6isa_·_ tely.in
5.95
VHF f UHF MANUAL
Table 5. 22 ,~'~;~~,f:'::':':n~·!~'::.~~~;:'~
Component lIat for both 1IIIIIIe end t ilt wi'h'~.ssociatedconn.':lors.lhl.to"""lybtoc/lieved
c ircuits by •• honl.n~'hQf"o~li ... of , ~ ... "",.ha ..... ' ... i"'oc
Impeda""""'~OCJV.i. l toblo.T~""n".oond""o • •"" .. 1d
be btlow ,he.opohida by., ""''' ,hfftlima lhed..,allCC
">I~he'~'';';9'lndis~ ~,:.:::~t':cll.""'Wi'ch.
Ji.i ... "" ' put for UPIIC'. low....... """bleildeband
~~~~!!!~~h ,he (\PIa;"'" of . ......... " .......
....... ,orrorboohu~(t .. nsmi"".) .....

(~_)f"",......,.c:ot\""""""
_tcI
recc;_OOII'''''''''''''.~paformod ....... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1ooc:01
in~"""~~t!=:.~" '. ' 'UoMwo . he_n.iIl units

5.96
TRANSMITTERS
Local oscillator I1>e.W... lk .... l..,quir«!wilibedocidedbylllotr....miU..

Tbecl>oieeoff..,qucocyr'l<Cd''''rciulconslderolion, .. mixcr-t"' amount nccdcd for tllo m:civer miur will alway<
be ...... I ... andoanreadilybeoblaincd
~n~~~ o~~~o~nn~n!~~,is1!'"r.r"ul~:.;~!.~u~ i~
<:<>r>eem<>d,oulofband&lgnal' . "'lbemos."';ous,becau..
~~~nt!;~~i!~~.
thtya"'likclyloca~intafm:nce ..ilh(Kher~.Of
co ...... 'nl>and""urioussiS"aUlhouldllsobcreduced.oan 1110 main coasideralion is lhal lher<
_ _ bIolevcl . ,o.v<>idin1erl'erencc"i,hOlhero.,.,.,uoN i.onlde<jualCmi<in. ofll.. two';pal •• ndthat''''outl>U'io
l. f"", u pO$$iblefromc' tberoft ... inp"lo,iPvin, anoutput
~~~~~~IS~~E:~f~~~:~~~
~l«:ly
ofdtllortllooumordil'ferenccofIMlwoinpu"ianalo. lli ••
..... " .. ofchoiccwhich i.ch<mnfor,,,,finalfU<llJCJ>L')'. It is
r:::~YCi~co:,::I~ l~i~~rtl~-:.,::;na~~
10 be .ubjected 10 wid. ICmpcral= clu.np, lhe us<
of . omall 0 ...... io .....I . dvan ...1l"
~~i~fT:''''::c7~~':.~~~o;o~a~ ~!":.I: I~~
Anyof.IIo$tOndardcrys... toociltalorci",uil •• ""uilabk,
bulili •• n.dvanl,..eforop.....uionlobe . tlowk""I. 'h'"
. voidin l crysulll<at ' ~andthenbyf..,qO>OllC)'drift . ip.1 from llIo ..bll" .... rator
U.;ngtl>e .... tbod. ilh.. t... ted in t""yplcalcircuilO Fi,
b:~e:d'tlt~ i:oU::':~1 f;"";'l~fl:~~ ~if.'~~ S.l95, it i. important '''"'''' Ihalthe .. b inpUI and any
harmonicoor OIbcr un .... n'ed .i.nal.area".n ...1<d by ,110
~:;~~§:~g;:*j~~~~~~ bal.ondn. a<:tion of ,1Io'ymmc<rK:.>.l a rnnaemont r<l.oti"" 10

,110 onodecircuil ,"bic~ i, push p~1I comp,red '0 , ... pu.h·
pU,hof,tw: .. \>inpu,
5.97
VHF/U HF MANUAL
a :: - ~':::=-"
",1. ' _ _ _ _ ""' ''''' (..) _ . _ _ ......... (.1--"'- ' ___ " f11.
Outputfilt ....
Adairablcf.. 'ureof lnywtlldeo.ls:ned ... uip .... n' will "".
""Dd.,.... fiI ..., .olipifk;an"y.lI.n ...... llou'orbond
1I.""II.ThI.wilillOlonlyred""",,,,, li i<elyintorfermoowith
:-';::;':~olji=~~1>cia bu,.loou<l_,hr
sse Inpllt filtar and lavel control

TltoeOll'puI f.om ,""ssb __ 'or ...""''- ,hilis.opoc:ioIIy
tbicnedor hft.nd ,""-;vcr. obOIIld supply '''''input
'o."" ......vcncrl1.,...; .. blylow)c.,..l,whicbio.-.:
Buff.r .mplifier.driver.power amplifiar "';lIb1othln ... kiq,hcou,pu,from .I-c_"'&a&01IId
Followi"""""""".'''''powttkvclillo<oldbera..... by. ' ...... b5orbinf; .... un ...... n todpo .. "'lnsomeformofloodJ
U...... ""'plifiet.....bicbm&ybeofoncormoro .... lI<$depend·
l .. onl ... dri .... reQuj~"or' ... ft""I."'pl_.Gentnlly
''''''''''lOr. II is ....... lIy f.i.ly oImplc '0 ,""nlP' for In
. hentlli .... ou'pu, from l... d.I ..........,.nd some'ra ...
,hi. "qe I. operl,«I undt,clUl "orAR I condi'ion'.IM ""ivcr.al""'dyha.... 'hi.f..;-ility
Ian ... III11O$'lISo.U.A flSWi.y'QQb$cnclhciJridtumn, "Thcou'p"'f.om'he .. buni' .... iIlinevitobly<;on..irI_
'«1' ...,
.I\ouLd ""1><0>';d«!. Al,hOLl.lh i' .... oIl ... b«n .... only'''''wan'ed .......l.bu' .boor''''.u'somele'.'CIorothcr.
'ba'e.hould""no ... id.:urrcn"''''''''''iah'i~nl .ndIt io,hor..rore.nod""n'''''0 la'rod""".bo.Dd_
=:r:
inl'..... moduLationprod""'~ul"from • ...,.II.moun._ III'erfor.""cboocnr""'......,.. Sud•• fiI ..... lbowaInF..
• r_leftIot~lnl""QMo(bu,......""<ki,'••
~x~~o loo.l~ for ,ho _"'" .mpltf\e.
!;.1f!.o;::.='..."!.'WO,uned dn:uits """'*" by. linl
5.98
1ocal...a1la1",l<dioftloflbeoerniaJndllClor~OO\III:j
t>euood withvalve mi>er one!.mplifier.tat"t. SuoIt .daip
probably otrcrt ,""ba,cornpr<H1li"' . od hos 11>< morit <>f
In FiJ 5.l91.",shown mcthodsor""", ...,.linl,be.b .ppl ;,:.,iort

... i..... mIconduc"""'",be", lbey . ",moo,.tr"",i..ein,hi<
n...-eklitlledoubitNolililsimplerlnthc ...... .......

btpoot'........... acitcr , ...,*",_Oow_ levd) totbo
,......~""-.lbeooupl".. wiILlil_oed.' .... ........., ...... ClOlII>io<l<irwitsolf"eo- ............... of
opcnti", f""l ...n<y.nd .... n •• ,wo,,,,,,link ,"""""""",,in. f""l.....:ydiJorimina,""',hanispc8lb1cwilhlbediroc'l
eoaxial c.ab.. mr,yt>e<>f.ny ............ bltlel\l1h. Ava.iablo <:OIq>linp lypic.alin .. rnkonduecor"""n ....... " IS
witcW<>llr>do.t. ppe<lpot.n,Io."... ... Cor.nenlLl,or)c.anbe Ofcou ....... clean si .... l .... nbeprod ...cedbylhc .."'I.
lmposedinlhilline ... dri..-elevel<»n,roI. ll $lll>Wdt>enot<d C<)ndUCIor<:ircuil.bul'l\kolknrequi... lha't......,itpoo.ili..e
llClionIO·"lUCt.ootMknownf""l~_h .. isill...u.totl
~:"~":':"be~I~.!,~~~ in .... ..,.,~dos.i ... ,~· ....... . _ . . 'W><d dr<uit
10"" local oo<:il ... lor r.........:y 116MH. iI ind\lded ill ,be
Inputtotbed.;"'~".
Iti.verylmporLOn'tha"hc,u",no",""ofbond ... diatlontr
Typical transvsrters for 144MHz . ndiLhnOl . oodenouch'o ... ume , hatthcmuJ'iplici'yo(
1W><d<irculuwill . I""')'Irconovcharntoo<\iQ.. [, is.distinet
0rcW, lInaih .'" ~ fM .....1>"<: one! • oemiconduecor ad ......... ' o indudo. bond_1IoltcrC.... Cltapt ... ')in
trans~"""''''''''ilof"",, ... n o _ ... hy.h)brid
........ oho\Ikl not bruood. For oump!e.,bereca_and ~;:~":'::'iort ........
nbomadeq,.;' ...... IJ-d, ...
5.99
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
5.100
5.101
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 5.24
"'urmll.... <I<>«..,.ooI ' .. d...... "<OIo<

uOu.... 21··._ ....... I .. d.. d.... <OIo<
1)'."'.l .."'.li.l<>ftaf... d....... ' .. '.~
•• u... I1....... 'ndi.. ~.d<rn' .... ~peol
lfl'urmll...... ;nd'.WUplodlOo'''.rrndiofLl'
ii~~~~~::~~~sd?~:~·~u
Table 5.25
DetaU. of i~~::::;~~~r tran.ilto,
9MNn.... lind .. jinlo<t.'.ppc<lJ'u'M .... ,'.'..

""m.ll.·.I;"d.. 1>-41'~
:!lou .... H... 1>-41iotd.... ""..
Jo ..... ns..I .. diol>-4'",
J •• ""n..... I" d .. l>-4 ...
' ,u""ll.""l,,,dlaikt,,,,,,,.,.. oppc<l
7'."'.11 .... iu.d .. ltn
' ,.""ll."'.i... d .. l>-4ji,,
',"mon.",.i... d .. "",j",
!:=:~:::~:~Stotoetl,,,,,ppod
~l~;::J=" j~~dF~~:'''''Pped
Construction of ,he , ...""_.. ' ma~ ... ~c ""Y form wn· orint""''' ",_h e.,.. "' ,hc .,..,pu' ' unW e.rcuio ,,,"''''
vaIictIt\O)'heoonooructor,bu, loitdeUnbk,h.nboth,'" 'hit
l"ItOIi_andkx;aI""""lblorltt'1iooslJlouklbe~no .eIy
oc:rtaIC<I.""_lio ........ lII:reenin •• """Id~ indu d<d
in . .... mpli!ierll.,..
"'''.ocei'''''
RclaJt.wi.<hi ... oIw>uldbe<>O<><\Jinat<d...;'h'...
:a.~~l~~I~~l~~~~~~~;
...."uo,edby bolanclnti •
•oochlrooo _ b k _ . ' .... """'----. ",. 116MH, ......1 wilillOf .... Uy bo ......... ted .....
""_;mpor\anlsuce"""'~_'~~ 'acoorilyby""*,,,,,,,pk4,.ncd.oircu;lIin,hcnl,,,,dcIipt,
' ... _U..-mioer, I' ........ ';.lthal ......... pu,;.p'''p.dy ~~~;'~'for~~~or desitn • ....a '1UICId oimti, ;,
bo.lanood •• nd'... 'IIIo _ bothdesi .... """""""......
5.102
TRANSMITTERS
Almonllon«lea,lier.OOl ofbond.lJnaJ......,h .. lbe

c:::::SET= ~"'m"",
"':ondlYrmonicotl16and IUMIt <ll>ouldbcluilab!y
1IIMIIIIQ(I.lopreventlnlcrfcn:ncc",ilhOlmKn'M:c$.
!:',:canbeolbcdooeb)'lbeaddltlonot ...." ...... lw>dpua
Typical apcntina; WDdi' ........ f..... QQVQl.IO ~
ffi ::::i\::"""<'' ' '
St!up l.oo2Jlo25rnA L~
=:~~.IO~ ::~~6:~'I:t~
70cm transverters
,.jpai,oI.imilar.x.icet(fET.);OI
(b). dioded",of malcbeddk>daeilherin lherormof
toI>.... I~dio&o! Or I t(ltllj)IeIC module. lhe IIUer is 10
eon.,,,,,,,ionoltn.n,ven""'or1Oc:mJe!)tl'allyfoilowslbe bepref.."",
..".,.dtcull.,.. n,..."."ulS.hoocemployed lDO'2rn,<1O<p'
:::~:::'3:E-!.u=:=(:=~S:
Thcan:..iuIOl.U ' ... tI""It'teq ........ ...,beatot,...
I~typoowilhend'uni"'.n-q_ .........,c:ircuiu
....,. bedloneood 10 I .wtabk ...... h """' .. M to9Omm
ot_dia_.A.I_tl~y.oI""'\oops .... n"bbo<l
::;';'~lllo;:r':::i':: I:~~) !he %J.:IOMH. J&b lipal 10 _ylle.-form.o.eCOl1ll>lo<lusemblies._ .... '.104
Some form ofbalallCtd mlxctl. de(.irabk.aJlbouah 01 The .... of lu-rc:in:uiu .1......, _7 _ _ 1.,..lltaCMIeot
_.oImt>leli"...end.ypc .... ybcwc<lbulislil:dy oflmpcda_ ","",hi",oonncclio", be ......... tqa.Thc
IObem""hm.o.edift\cul •• oTefl'll) .... houn ...... n.od'~ls U$Cofindue'i...,COtIplin'bct ...... ndri ..... ndOUlpu' .mpliJle'
In.hoc.oKolvalvedcoi",.pro""bly.horno<l.uillbk wllIlli,nif'pntly impr<>vc lho I~umcy di;a-imi""tioo.
""I>. 101 .Iti••PI'lica.ion i•• heQQV02~. or lwo _ .. t~ =::iIlJIJ-oe.tten .... tionOI~" ...... ntodlrequencies(morro tho
""1>... otlimllar&ridinPlilcar-ci.. ncc. l n~i ' her"",,,i ' is
:.~'!!'.:.~~"":I11':~:-:.:c: c:in:ui" .. ltilt lor
~1. '.20' $lIoow$ deI.ih oil booLaIlCtd c:in:ui. witabkfo'
~..:~~~~=.~::.!:~~;,!~Vli::::
.""'(IlIo.i...
InF"j.201 • ...,.ncdcsiatoof.JUi.. bkbolallCtdmiur
_lilit<is.hown.tho ...... ""'from ...
lticltis cimII ...... lWf\Wa...,wirh .... 1 f c _ .. pped.t ....
)
1::~ltiab:~~::~ ofbolarad
"',icaI"""""(toWalIydooo'olhoVl~~_·
The_c:in:uiu .........n.... _ ... 'woedby ..... llbu"erfty
copooa,or"';lhtbe,04orldll...,
5,103
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
no •__ " - _ .........::;:::....""'" ,., _ _
llIc inpU' ind...:ton "'" Iypic:olly lin Ion,.

_nd f.om
l4sw,<:»wcr.",.how n., heUMH.inru, relies"". de
murnin'heoouplinlooil
~.nodcCWftfl".""
VI limA
Vl =~~':!~0t!$.o::.~:~~~~ldbe."".iable.
Tbellmlllia$deuiltd Oft I\lteSS.M-S.1O .....y bo .... -up for
U..... operI'ioo1.ofolloortr.hil ......''n1 ..
23cm mixer input circuit

ThiocircuiloollSiouolnbalf ...... IlripU....u_,o
lUlMHz.'-;'h.he14otMI1 .oobinjocled.hr""",.,.;..,;rcui.
in'o 0.,. end of .... li.,. ... ho"'n in ~1.',206
llIclnpUluni.iloombincdwi.han anodeeavityar l t.ip
linocimlil...m as .ha. Ii...... fer 1km .ripler • ..., pa.. $.71.
b.... hellridof ' he ...... in'hio.,...is".......woo.ha.lbo
llridbypus capaci'oril"". neededfor,hl. mi.... Oio,;'
p.OYidtdbr ..... rais.o. R.
Conltruetlon
~i:..=.=~~~:,:.;.!:;.,~=::;
of' ... I44MH ......., .nd '0 avoid .... dia'ionJ(>J$froml~..
II jlMlb. circul •. Tl!e _ral ..... n - , is .-." in Tun in gandadJu , tmant
r .. !_lIn.The I44MHzitlpU. cirnoi'IJuinductorLiol
l lu .... lkw$fini.....,.di~.' ... inpU'endofwtUchis ::'::'~'~~=..:.~,,:::e.nd.o~.oo~~~
,w>OdbyCl .• lOpFm... capaci.or.Theo.he •• ndof thi.
inductor is"",no:I<\J.o.ho byp;oSKd ... dof . ...... lfwave
:::':',':!.:Z'"bi•• ""It'O.R. l700obcu ldbo,uitablefOf
llnM llrllriclline Aninpu.ofHWa,l1nMHz llbouldboapplitdandC!
Tbobypus ca!-'.orCIl COMisnofafindia_dioc: 1MIj... ledf"'_·_"""""',IIMIUtlqollouldboma<kby
attathedtolhe .lripli".. looIolionisprovide<!byO-I)Hin cr. ,ho Input can beos>llmizcd by .ab. When tho Il nM Hz
' hkkpolylho ..... . ... p .... boln.holdto'hoSC«<:nby'wo ai.",,1 hat been Of>1lmiud, the anode cun'ftl. obcu.Id be
~.:.:'~~a!!.~.~~.:,IIO-='
6I1A a)'lonbolu ............cmml""hidl"""'ida.capaci!or
ofapproKim;udy .lOpF. Clt"'A is .he.",.... .13lMH.
twilila, ........ tbe ..... t ... ldbc ............ "...'uni.. N.... 'heanode~n:uitollouldbe.w>Odtol296MHz.and
II::::~::~~:!~.= ~of::eir.::~,~~.li ... 1»'.ho lin" b!':~: ~~':':b<a1l<ij""ed'heanode\'Ol"iI'''''Y
5.104
low power fm transmitter for lllemicrot>l>o ... amplil1o< ...""I." . udio''''bio"'''''<ln<l'' ...
144MHz ~~~'~~:17.lncludtd;ft l~is urri"rllisamp/it'kr)WO>'icIca
This ''''''''';''<1'. buill In four ...... r.'~ u";, .. ;, t uirable TIl< - . : I unil (I'is S.2m) is D ,h_ .... multiplier
."lIer •• acompkoc unir f", """01:>1t,,, ...,J:>;k~,or cuin 10 proo"", 10000W .. r4olM l b . Tbeflnll_ .... ca
oll<m.l'ivcly ...ne.ci •• rror . ~iP<r~r.mplilleo- '~blc .. "'24 . nd71 M tI .... P«'i,.. ly,.ndllle
ru""lion • •
II comnt< of four uni!$. The 6.... uni. (r., L:oa) lias one ftnal". ~i.. doublt<,o r""MIlL
"'nlO~crys'.l,ln'he""'ill.a."r .. alC .."'i<hroc<hi"ou'P"1
inoo'bo~I""';'loropmrlin • • ,.p~"""'ulaIOf. '....":t~~k~;;'t~~~,/'~ ~,~I'~=~;,:'~~·~::
5.105
=::::=~,:,I~==fIen.lnd F1a Ull
Thor.... rthunj.(Fi&'.2J2)ill.woSlqO:audio .... pljt.er.
De<alhollhccompo...... Iayout$andprinledc:imlj.boorti
dcs.aM a"" p_in Fi.UI)
Table 5.27
Thilboortl .... l .ipties I Omword~on.M Hu ••hei_. Coil dimens ion. for multiplier ch. in
IOI000W ..... pu.on 140I MHL Tho mWliplic:ol1on h r......
' 10111. a • •he;"put to l4MII.(U. U). to 12M H. (lIS). 10 Iltol2S-,.IWI><Ioot_ . . . . .in_r.".,.....
Ihol!,... ....... _ _ ...... Io_f....-
I~I~~~ t","';"on.re Fain:hild 'l'1>Ot .1'of1h........... o:Iok __ Dd_ ... I o _ r.......
~
~1 lft _,
JI 'of:u............ o:Iok ...... Dd .......
Table 5.26
NBFM (phase) transmitter for
144MHz
Thio 'ra""";'1ef is a typOl cumpIe 0( .... on .,.J~ nb(...
ama.
transmi ............ modubtioa. II.. _ _ .nil
laqdy ... tlcpendan.on.bo_~IO_ampIifior.
Thoo.pooochamplifior--.lslsoiallAX'lCCNlnO<tod .. a
caocado._SlqO: RCcoupled ......... "' ..'hlcIto ,wo..a.,
RCtiI ... is~bet ............... lOproo;de.he ~
quifed.udiofreq......,.ohopin.oul•• bIet... ptwomod ...
t.'ion.Wi.h.flirlyoeml'i .... """IIC>11.. 'MktopI>one.I~
5.106
.:.!"':.::::.:::.::::.::::"'"of .....-.f.f...-'...T_ .....' _
.II I .11I._.. dfOOlOMo«l ....... _ _ _
5.107
V H F/ UH F MAN U A L
is"".-lfo r'~fI<llp.lnfr"""lIc lmplllle,.""fOf'his

....n.elud;oou'flu,fromtl
..,n '1Ic ...,hode ""'' <>na.., "",t>ypo.lM>d.
..'.ptoCChlmplillersbfedln,ol
triode",nncc\ed6BM6(lnEF91 maybcllSCd)
TheOOIP\lI from \h;17)'!oI&1 (lII:ill.1,or ia lJao red in,o thiI
....... '1Ic anodeci""";, 01 which I.,unod to 12MHz..-l1lt
M .... I. ,htoscilb,or frequency
This 10 f<>llowed by IIu'u ....,solf...... uerqmultipllc:a.
~~u....:l',,24.72.ndl .... MH .. fUII<ICI.i ... ly ....... EF91
Tht l 44~lIIZOOIP\l'b rodin,otl>edn- .... .,.;..,.

QQV01/fi and then in'o tI>e _ r • ...,w;.. QQVOJ/lOA or
QQV06:oIOA.
1<J'''''''''''hisarnnpnetl'....,.bctep.t"Oed .. d.obora~,
011 1"".IqIeOaccc>< lilt ftnal .......IlIer • .., rdallwlyliahdy
..... dcd.Thcchoiteol'IItQQV01/fi ... pI'OlIpuJldri _ _
~~wuId.bo_'IIt"",pu,rrom.n.b, ..."'mi"..
'The<Ot!lflOl'tll'layou' • ...,..,'hcd ... ,ulli ••• "".I$b...,,1oo
Iuod noo been c:ornpktod., I'" ,I .... ,""""det . illind ph.,.o-
Ir~=:~~,,:, built In,,, I
Itlntllld ""1); ...... In ,his
ca"'. KW2000.lfonly'~nb(m' .."'"'ItlC'rI. ' ''bcbuil'.
'IItn.i' ...... 'lItuni'canbcc:or....pontIin.ly ...... lleror.
hi ....... _ ... _.upplycanbe '.......".,.,.'od
AI'l>oupEF9lvat ..... arc"""" ' or'''''rrequm<ymultiplia
........ ir .................. """"umpelooh.-...6BH6or
...
~.!..":.!..bo.-.mal.l 'IIt...........,.IIIa'I';."..'Olht
5.108
Table 5.28
Coil winding detail. for nbfm transmitter
Wirh •• $(IV.t>pJ>Iy,,,, ........... ort .... _ .... plifto,

.nd'.... a)I&fJIi....djll$<e<!ror95mAloadin.(.1W)anoulpu'
In", 1.... -aJ olapptOl<im&telyl7W ""n beobWnod(64 II"
_tdfiricncoy)
Typ;c.lp;.!.......,.,.....
I.. MultipI .... EF'il1
lnd EF'il1
ltd .. EF'ilr
~~:..... gg~i;;A
Portable transmitter- receive r

~~~!~deWls"'si'aoof'compInopono,*
unit. tho detail or both tho 1......... lu... and ...,.;_ mlY lot
u!:"r~::! -::.:.,~~~! ~~t~~t~~ca~ ~i':.!:. ·ltnno';"'mln_I"mlhit"';tablcfor
obI.ine<! f.om tk ...."'.""... dotcribed in this"""", ..
l'hdesirabk.lftkequ;l'mtnt l. ' ''bo ...... r'' .... '''rHItd
period (\/I eirher mode. fOl' the hulen "rlhe un ..... nted
~~~;:::~.:lfi~~~d:.i~~~
W-Ithlhenbfm ...."'mUter .. dttaiIed.lhetoulanodeJ
f=:.L.;':.~2l).::t:.,=It&~ri·~.'.!t~=n:
romthcdri.....
bcrcloti..tyk>ooe.
nodecitcui'totlt&.mpli ............ oIIould
5.109
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
5,110
..
n.,""""o .... rfamplititr • ...".isp<ol<Clodby.poi,of
:~~..::,~::k~=ZO>U.O ~1
;.h!~n;:~;::~l)dl::ri~~'::t';:::~~~
pc_.o';mplifyLho PO""", i'Is""'Jl-..i4 ....
n.""'''''' of' ... ~ ... rnu;erTR2is'uDOdby.rninia'''''' ~1a)"OU'
, _ p~ .. _'u.... ,I>c:Inpu.LO .... TA!)IOO.nd.bo Abo i""'''''"''is.oimpIc'......., ...bilUa T J . , _
' ....f" TR' , l1li T R6. n . i.f. ....... i,.;'y;.. prOVided by ' ......... wiLh .... =-diadeZOlllfovid< ....i ..bk
a >inp<uamic61,Cf., ... rfl'of,'" """"i.",am",ifl,oo,Wn vol, ... for , ... TAD100
5.111
VHf/ UHF MANUAL
"II «>ill ................. *;" formen (ho. . u 4 ....); vhf Transmitte r
i~~~%'!*,~~!~
1'I\i. unit romp ...... fOW' 0I&a<$, ,",'i.h. cryll.lotall.,,,,.
~.~j~t:~::.=~!~:~~;=I~
1I«Md<'lUSO<IIblelowlmp.>lb""",malCh'othcbtie
I"PIII_
Tho - " ."",lifler/moduIa,or .. rr>DI'C or las con.-
'iorW ... 'h.dHoB.,...'pU' ... .."o""'uec'''''.'...,.d...n
I[
:;:,0.",
5.112
Table 5 .30 Utomisuofa....,..wt><-arnpIi6crTIUwilha ..in
.:on'roI .. i"""''''''imo'hcdri_ ..... TR6 .nd TR1.A
Transmiu er coil winding dete _.:on"oIisPfO'id«l;q'Iw""'''''' ..... IO~'hc
qu ...."ftII('UI'ft1lIODd~lj""r....:l_is ...... iodIOTR6
$I.:u..w. _
".Uowi' ___.,opltfromcol<lmd ".impr..... 'i...,.,.;'y
Mndulo,;""isappliod'obolh,hcamplilictanddriver
"""";,.'hcn<>w .... _ ...... _
~;~;::''''''~'''''''Bd I nnp'.2lJand'.Z;:.la"'Ji~n 'hccin:ui'diqranwof
,hc.r.ndmodula'Otsocti""".ndinl'l11.111,hcoompo-
:11.22.... " " " " ' _
L7
,Ot. 16o............. <Ioo<_Bd. "" ....
11,.160......md ••_ _ nd.00 0l.,
""n".you,of,hcrr""",lon ..·;,h,htun<!<r$idopcboo.d
p.llern. r-Iolayou,;,.i,~n for ,he .pceCh .mpliflerlmodulo-
?~~~~.,t,~1,~~:~~7~~ ~~~'~~~~:~:::";.."...,.. "" """,ion. ,hi,;, In no ..... ycri'iClIl.,'~ n.. y'ak~.ny""n.
_"'n ' fOtm. ,I>t ~~~I form i, ho~ 0"""'. in II>t
~""'""""~of'ht""",p"'.".n .... ,,, ........ i..,,
5.113
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
The modula,lon ,raMformu is ~rUCIod from a lmall l6,'L7.AdJusllikfillerfor ..... xlmum outfloUl. Tht~nI i.r.
OLL'P<I'uanlf........ ' .... 'haoen'... limi'efoss""" ...... I ..... .."be'unedupby i 'tOlCl .... ,IMHz,".o.beprcol'TR2.
oI'lHlin' (lin""" ,,!ioo.laCk,I\ic:t._) acljuor;"'lIun'il ......l islound.Chcct.'II&" ... osalla''''
isopen" ... on'........ _.' .... -.IjuoIU.ndIA
Na.,.d...... ' ... aystal..;Iy"" _ _ r"'maD-
mum .... bIe ..... pu,. n.c rf .... plillor and mI.., ...... -.Id
Adj u ltmenU
R..... _ _ lhio is bat .,i...... usi ...... ~ . . ne.."", . A
beodjuot<d""'nl.IocaI ......I _ (_ChaJ"ll<"!"IOj
~u~~~:.~i.:mrc;=~'!:rious <ira"" .. " be
'S5kH.""",."""ldbe<O<lpledbyI1l"".u.tII""""''''o
5 .114
6 FILTERS
Tllehich-<l"'ip,,,,ubelincm<cronli><'O.hcrh'ndi.
A ;'~ioKn::;~f=~ :::=l~~:~ :;::~~~!'~b'a~! rudiiymatl< ondlul>Od,bul",molooha""lobo .-lju"od
lieinboh.·""n .... 'iou;I'uJfmbroaOCa.lband.,.nJ'bi.
• 1",.,.,jllO\'itablylead.too.omeinlcrf<r<n<c.Fi,6.1i""ie,,,..
~~:y. :=:~lehe~~n.'fo:; u~'inl r~u<r.oy, TIli •
~.J;~~~I~n~u,:s~ns~:1~":'~h~I:::; rr~:::<~~
ill
Eilherm<1l>od ... provide a "<'Yco."id...ble",ca'"",
of pl'Ol«:'ion ap;"" ou, or bond mdia.ion such a. ha.-
1lIe approach 10 ~rwm< ,hi, I"'QbIem ... iIl ",",.. 10 be

~:.nb~nda~~~:::;~~~ =1'0 ..... from,,,",."0•• M . inile
..,he,di«.",". f,,,,,,11... . n<>rm. llyapplied '" htband
.quiprnen'...·ht"'oft.nll>e""'''.reanbe.....,I,-.dby"'''of.
:r;'::!~,~;~~;:, the lron,min.r .nd • hip.·pass filter in
Thcmost .. tisrac,o.,..m.lhoJi. to"..,~formof
boo<lpa" r,lI", ... i•• bI"forcach ortheband,,,,,,,,,.,otd
Th<filt .. maybe";,ht,arnul,i..,lemcnI IYP<"'ith.",lali",,ly
wHk"""".sayS.o7petcenloflhefffll""""ybeingu$<d.
~~'r:;:,,~~:~~ilj.h.Q .trip line t)1l< ",hich i. ,uned [0
IlItf.,.",.,i. U.. mo<eekpnt a ppr""chbul,hede<i", •
• nd",peciolly,he..,"ini u p.ofs..:llI (,ller,,'itlloulf.i,ly
.labor:l1.t<sttquipmem i.nol ....yif thti .... rtionlon .. 'o
bek~'do ... n'oam.. imumofl dlJ.
6.1
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
low power bandpass filter

A .. mpIo _ _ IIIl<r"""btrna.lcby,,·,~l'tOUplin.'_
polin'" ,uncd ",,,,,,ill and ,lion <'<><11>1'", ,hem '''''''htr
:::'n)U~na':;::'~:::I'i'::A so .... nisfillodbtl .. _
;:·~lllml~
!;
L+++tt-ttt-t+ttl-tti
1M ",l':vv.e~'r..•t<.\'.
70cm helical resonator fi lter

ThloI •• pradnlbondpol.. m,<Tr""7U<:m .......
~~ ~~7t1a~'~I1"::,::~=::,,:: ,':!, ~'~~~d.~

.l>own inFit6.6.
'"
'lo U ....".,.... "".... _;~'~"'I •• d.""<I_.nd.ho .."'"
'wo ...
1ica1
_,OfI<'<><IpoIodby."i ... ,n'... OC1'O .... ' inIO< ........ _
..... -
High-O fi lters
The coo,""""ion Qf I~II I~PC of fill" is rclati'~I~ It11liahl.
forward.!xU,MKlI.llrnc:.hod"'III.o."",••• lcn, ...""nd
OfI ,''' racili,;" ilablc
a .. f""doin""'""",l>ani<al .. O<t
FOI' ........l p u _ ' ... bo>;')'I>O ........ ~raarc' ... e.."'"
,,,rabrica' eaJO0<", . . . . . ,~, ..

~~·l=r.~::~~:=:~ ~~:~~::
.... I'C ror ,...
........ rip ""'~bc ,~nod. , "",,<Ad
.
Of. hillier
6.2
f~.holf.".. ycl, .... tu~"'hcoon''''.ln'hcea ..
ol'hckr<o~'f""lucn<yM""14m)'hclmf:'hof'hofil .. r
".~ be lIICOI'I'nlleI'I'ly Iona 104 In 'h" ..... ,ho li"" .....y be
f<>lo,leoJp""·k\ed,hc'"·olo,,.,,, .. <m>edfromoncanothor
~~~~:~:,~~:':¥.f~~f~::~;~~'r.:~
IIn .. ,br",.,.......,'IOo."Thc:in""'rondl><lot{l)nllybeol f!m
.-_ ..
11tll
;:.f~";"y:'P.• he lancr beinl,he mO" "";Sfartory for
I..-.----J
"* l • J High power bandpass filters

Fil,... for u....i'h ' .... nsmi"...,. orOlJ'PI"I'O""flIlIp'"
l~~:_,.~~
~~:~Wn:n.=:Iy,~ :nJ!:i':!,u~":. Slf~'~: t~
'" ..... "'rcui.. ;. oimptilledYCflion for '44M H~"""'on'y
t_tl.nodcion:ui.... deocribt<lonp6.J
Tht .. n.. hol ' ... m.... eondllC'or .... ybcbct"~60.nd

9O"..«n' of .......... n' """",,.",,'·e .b\I, fo.half· .... '"
fil,crJi,sl>out.lbcbc,,,,,,,,,30ond90l)Croon.
1....,.~is atoodde31 orflt.lb;l il ylnl~fillers .• ndpr ...
• idtd tho inner condllC'or it pr<,.,cdy ........ ,«1 by Itl
'u" .... ClI'K""'.nd' ... ""'Il.lobru;ortubcilprope"y
::"":'::':'n~resil.U .... ;omIl. 'hcnnodilfi<:uhY
"""'-'P."'Ioop!.IIIout.lbcof_' .. LC...,..,nocho ....
;"i"'f'edaoa .. rft!Ui...t,,·_ ...'.... I'iI ... bct..-eeft' ...
=~~I</=~~::.CI.cM.~t.hc
6 .3
VHF / UHF MANUAL
~ • .,..,n .......,u is 0( I~"" """Ioned strip ~""' ' unod

by.,.,.citorI.II~I<>pend. IQpuland,,,,,pul,,,,,,pll"'''
'hrou ........ IlIiud~'onlOl~.IOf>.ndo(l ... ""'..
'''',npu'
~ ..... , ... lhird ("",unl) Ii.,. is r ..... and """plot
ond""'pu',"*raoill.
J;UI. J;l
§
rill
fAJIIJ
" "
,
1
..
6.4
kktly' ... ppa',n,hc,"" ....... " ...... '''''' ..... h .. in ,hc 'n'hcbondio • ."i...bIo._kcd.. a<ljusImaII •• '''''' ..... ''''
ot' .......nlOd ........ ,f .r.... 'IU.ohelU$h«frequcncia
::=,~;.~~~~ffi~~7~~r~~~
r""n.d'" a
","",.his "''IS X los, oI"nn",.ima,.l~ lOpe,
• ....,.. ,edlOOed ""'PIlI. rtd ...... , ... ""1'K'''_ot 0 oJip,ly
,r. ""'-'..... lh<n is.lOlnc 1w." ........... 'frcqUMcirs.
.. '" ... boIhCI'oop'imi.. ' ... lowe, f........ ncies.ndadj ... '
:o;:,:!s;:!!c~':::,~ ~n ... 11 pri<:e,o I"Y fo' k~ .... hc Cl'o""'i" .. i"ou.PII ' ." .... hithe'frequel'lC')'
" ~"!:-!.:::tim~~~~i=~~=~~:'l;;
.... "P'... bou"7SMHL
l'hc ori" ... ld,m<mioft(CJ) .. f""50Uli .... f"'_ ..
"h
7S01_ ,hc .. l... or'his""",_,"""'1d hcr<duo>d,,,
) ~I!:::!".r.'hciMUtioBI_is"'fa<to.ufficom",. ..... f'"

',. ..... i"f«<knor.i'hcr imptdl...,..Thccapoco...... O
~!~f~,!::;:::~:~:~=:hc~:
;[Hf
'''~~~~~,,:~,~~~a:I.•~.:.::!= :::.:":;"~~, ·~"l---- ~~
f.;L~E~~;::~~g§. $7'::'" ...- =:::
doublehu...,..., ..................."dopo. W"hO .'.bou"Op<r
"""'u....... hc,J'~is ... a_'~ ... rc.ha.,..,l .............
lMH, .. id<"·i, ha'IiI'Udipi",hcmo<ldl<ora",,,II<IQ-ldll
Alignment procedure ~. .:Ii

=' ""..,"-
SC,' ....""l'li".""""ci'..... (C) Phili,..l'o8pF lfimmerl)
..
...... hodbyji".n.lO.',Ope''''''''un''''''hod .... l'!'ly.
.ipal .lI.'hcbo>.lid...,"""hcfioal~mm''''
,... capoco'onCI.lf.........i"•• ""''''''.'oevenlfreq.....oa
,Jl...,....
...... " . G _......-. .........." .... ' ... M H. _ ' ; O ' ..
.11.1 11 II I
~
... '............. ...

~~ "' ("H ' )
" ' .. I1. .... , _ . _ ..... _~ H ••• ri._,;O'.. -....-
... . . . . . R _ _ . , '... 14..MM._..... llh..
6,5
VHF / UH F MAN UAL
TI>< ""P h..... me m.<k of 2S"'m by IIl"n 'ho< ~ .nd

17)",,,, Ion. «>PPC' Of I>r-~ ... ~;,h all"","""o
",.., 110m",) '0' li"n, ,I>< Ii... '0 ,I>< bo~
f,,,
II",l><nd
:;E~,;::~~~,~t~2~~~~~%:,~~.:;;;:::~
In h16.1l ,I>< posI''''''' 01 ,he Ii"",,"..., ,he "'f"I' ~"II InoNo"oOO4.'n ... ' .. blyh,pporfo".... nor.n . 'ompIr
?n~~~~~;E;'::.~:~~~;:"~;~~~=
ou,"'" con_' '''''''"''''<II" $(ICl . ~ .,.. 7S0 (Of ony Of .....
impc<bnorl ".,.. m",' 1>< ...,....cda<co<d ...ll
Egg,i:~~~~~~'~~~Z~:~~":£~~~ ,uncd .. "ho",in,",utn.n>oun,ofH't>co",",,,",,,,,

i,
A, 'hn~" in II", ..,ne ... 1 a "..n..,n~n'. 1 I>.IS. ,I>< I"",
h"""'mcui" . ""unc<lbr'<lI>"""'Y(.. '''m .... n . COmr''.
A • .w 1) 0'" ,una.! '0,1>< ,r:an,.ru" ... f'"'!UOtIC)·•• nd lI.nd
'~~"':.'"'~"'.: :~!~::~t!':'~~::::' l~~~z'~ (. '0 'he ...ao'~' ftcqumcy. C""pI.,. .......<ftI ~i,,,,,,,, ..
no. ,,,n,n. "" "",,,'on..w ,n ,I>< Of',,,,,,, uni, ...'"
..... ricted'o'hep"'in'hein'~''''''''''' "'«<"n'' '
u .. i""""' ..."i>a"I><"'''KOOdbond'n'' ......'ttOr.U!he
Ph,I'I"')·r<22n._.:!o12 1 """"C".I"'<"~nc<,..n£<of joonl<of'IIe."""""......,'i"'.'c,",,""'r«ft.if ' IIe,,....
~ I ":'~~:~ 1>\" ... nd",~"" "",=I uni" nlOy bt o\OI ... n '0
I,,,"'arl« i, bt ",~>Il
AI''''''.h 'hI> tyr< Ilr ~ I, ........ ......,. """fican, per·
l"'n"'.....,.,.i';,unl,hly' .... wffi< ..
""",idtdb)-_ol,hclill<'olono
n' ...""lioooI'''oon .. ,UI><
Tre p l il l ir f or 144MHl
n. ..!ypcOffilt., 0> uocful l<wdurl", "f"'",uon.,.. ,n. A compact bandpass filter for
~:'~~~~~~":';''::::!'i:~: ~;"':";;:"~ h~.ly '0 auoc 144MHz
In 'hI> fih.,. ,I>< ,,, .....1 eireu;"""""" <>fa ;impl< helt.
k:~="~~!h':~~';~~ 70 ~~'::'"!':~~'f~~:':';: ,unc<l by •• maU'<lI>""pa<I,.,...Thc ',",0 ,unW co"""I1 ...
,I"" 'i><)"" ,..,.,.,pIod
'0 ,hem to ....~ ou, ,he ''''''''''~tft .."",I. 1''''''''
toultkd • r~.np:J so ~liJto'lr ...... ior """"" 10
fil'.n."" ...... fr<q ... O'IC)' ........... nd ...."in ....... "nl~
","".." .. "h,. o""""SOIlU(, 0(,1>< ,,..,,,,,,me, frcqUCtlC)' ~,,!",,~n .~~:::~::! :~~~I~nll'~~': ~~:
It .houkl.ho.'.'·. f.bt,..,,,.,..,i,w ' ... 'afih.'.Ion< .. ,IIn<)'
~;"";aO:.! ~~:'. ,,!~':,~n:,~~: :,r~:,=:::
~=,::"~~,:~~~~~',,:,~~h~n~.t~~ ~:"..::
sptlrioul rtipon_btIooo o\OOMU, • • dj"",mrn';'Qu,1<
.......... no;I""nbtCllrricd""'on."""" ............ lboIhlor
,I>< .. pp"...""".nd'hc'u"'.... ·I'I><poorfo"""nc<io"""".
in 1 ,,10.16.
6.6
Cons truction High- Q cavity resonator
n.. .......I ................. ;,~"'inri.6.I1.nd .. ~ocd
"" ,ho .............. ~I.n by ll.n tor 20n dc-<:o" bo~: ,he "u· ~h;!;: =' ~i~h ~:~~hq~':=!
m'n .... m."";O" or .. b:h .. prcl<rr<d. In '1Ie""""",y"". .... trth ..·"hmdcapacll.,.,..unin•. T hebond ..·id'h;..'cr1
Iypo Nct>n"""""'" h",'~ been usN. bu. ony of . ho ",,,,I
.1,.,. . .li,'ejn\Oybc..,b$l"ul."j small. mak'n. t'"
freqU<l>C)"opcra,j""
de.· .... ""Iy ... 11)1 ,",,,lIble ('" fi,od
The.un,., .. p..:i.o .. ""'" '''.noI ideal. bu. i,iodouboful

i(,...... ;,Ira.d,Iy"'.. ,loblec.... pa"O"rN".~. W"hc:o~
10<$ of """ .... minimum "1*;"" ... ""kl boo '-';ble 10
1IICf'CI.~'he>'al ... of,hc:il'Klooor,bvt's_'i'IQI,Ip" ...re
" 'oukl boo a.y o.i",if\can, imp,,,,.,,,•• , in po'(",,,,,,occ. If.
dlffe .. nt ,y".oreap"ei ,o"'!loN it .houlJ be .." ..",betN
'ha-ri:.~=:"-::-'~~~~ i:~~·~~~ropp<, .. <>und
=~'E~~~i~~;;~::!:*~
dimon.ion '''u tl><..... ulT.,'.n' o.'....,''''phn. 'o'''·••
..... U,ipp.... ' ... ,..,...,of' ... rnl>O<lS<cu'"''''.Themothador
11...... ad<>pc«I in , he _"'Ypo! vra< to IIOIdrr the 'in ~ ...
_ _ 'iMOlood.... uK<Ifor'I><I;.ric'ypc K 17(l(l
.... nd-oll"cap..:itorloec ri.6. 17)""h.hecal>O<" '" rcmo>><d
"'''1 al •• , ..... ".,. """had 0( m.~'n. a..,.,... .lcarical con,,,,,,
'o , hc"". "-oo ldbc.ui,.bIo. bcooro"I In ""nJ.ho .. lath,,l,
hllhti"",Io""lrumn tinvol,'od
~E.s~j:.'~~=£"::~2~=,~~::;=
,.,;~. ~~~='~~~d :~~';t=~~, ~;;;,~-:
i.oooooi,.' ... inpu'ando."p. ' ''''nn«tOf$:' .....o,,,,... ,,ono
boi ... madeof ' '-''',,,,,,,,,,,' OI,re
6.7
V H F/UHF MANUAL
1 .296MH z inte rdi g ital band pass

filt er
1'bcu..,of abandra.. m,crin,hoou'P\I,ofan .. bmi •• ror
am rliliN~morc""p<"' .ntaothcfrcq...,,,,,y"h,,hcr
andthcpoo"bili.yof .pu,i.,,,s.i.na l.in,hco,,,,,u,,,,,, ... otd
roronoulp",(r«!u<n<:)'"f l.296l.1l l1, . n .. binfUIO'
1>U.'>f ll zmi,od .. "h I,H2 ... iI!~ ... ou,,,,,,,~, 1.296(1."2
1>u,.I.IHf",,,,,hod,i•• ,.nd l.008( 1."2 144).
A.'riple'unodfill<,""rIJ ....... 'cdq""rt.... " ..."li...... ;U
r;:.~y~"t,=":~",:,.::"I':eheun~;~~~~~
<edoad by .ooM :o.Jlllnd 1 .0000 MIl ~ by)(klH AI """"
~':I~he,nocn"",""",,""'<o"••'dy"';""od'hould~
AolJu<t""""of.hefill.r .... ybeca'riod"".by«NI ...."irIJ
~:",,~":,i:P~,~'~~hed=.:rf;:;:;: ::~I~~:""';1:
has boc:n ,,,nod up for "'.,,"'"'" ,i¥nal wi,h ,he .... ~ ..,
~~~,li:;'''!I.l~~~'~';;';n;:~ul!,':!.:y,:= ru~7"a:' ,::
y'
"''''''<1". A ""'I p..... of(.. or 10,n IQncl ~mltU ~ ..
(hif;hllten"",joo)cooo... lcablei'''''ital>lc:f.,.'h"""""",,"
mc,.,
The ... po .... theinPul .nd"ulJ>U'Ii... u"""'·nmF.. 6,ll
Sm all ba ndpass fil t er f or ... "';..1>IeforSOO:7S0"·.,.,Id,«!u.."''''' .... r-i'''''',,,''''
"i~hI1yhi""'"""I"'luncd"""'''
144MHz If • ..,.."""'bly" .... (II""or.'bond .. rcquirod .••,,(n.1
"hebondpo.. filtcr..-n'nl .. 6.:l(Iio ... i.. bIof.,.u.. f ..... .....a...""'nd 'hc ..... nte<lf..... _ohould "" ......... nd
.'Ihe< ""~ .....,."".. .,. \ow "",,~r . ran",,,,,,,,,,, 'hetunoddrcui..."J"" ... '"..,""hi ..... ,.·""'SO ...ul.for.11
'~'~~~n=IO;: ...... II .,,'f<l«O ,ho• • ,.oc,.......
II oon.i<.. of, .." ,un<d «rcu'''. I"" ,oJ"",,,,, of .. hk~
....""".o'i.l1y""i" of,.Ia'i.·~ly'onl lldimc:Mion .. ,,·i.h.
1"" •• ail'hOl.""blosc"" ... n..,nl'""" ...~'''''.'obr:.''''i .. bk 10000hcr should be .. ~)d flo.. 1"""lIy, 'hoy ,hould II< hard
r.,."""chin.in,oISO"r7HI'1"1<", ..,Ide<ed '''''''hc,."i' ~the'''''.nd bo""",pb'.. scr< ...... IO
Cooj)hn. MI"ffnlhc 'unNe; ...,'" m>.ybe."httby • Ihef"' .... byfou,orm.."""""'.Io ... c.choide
..... 11 ""POC''''nce t"',rc •••"""nin '''''diaJllm).,.ind.oc-
..""".T""Ia"..... ,"I"ftjU,rc ••• ~ ••• pcn ........'in
,""..,n, ... I.ocroenand """''"'''''.poI;'''''' i, "dilf""'~ I<>
mou.dl"" ........ "n.... ' ... ocm:n .. madc"""' •• bIo.1'h<
::7~·~;_h .ha. moy ~ obuo,n<-d ..·jth th .. fil,.,. .. o-S'-1lb
~~~~§(:¥~!~~=,:::~~~~~:~
6.8
7 AERIALS
\'~~: /<N _~ *""w "'_ '" ........"'.~ .,IeII, r«dc: ...·11" ..........."-..."m;,..oooo on ..........,...... ot ....
,...... "'~ ..f-.d '" c"""," I. Kt.::!::=~:'!:~:""'II' Wind I44MI........
I ~~':~.:i~~h,~To.:; ~!.r.:'J=...~::~~~
<-"",Ikn,""'""",,,,,,,,,,,.... "",.incd f.om "h'"lnd ""10
ly"..re>p<e",cly."'in.'!u" ....... """ .... ""'f'U"
.ian. nt ,"" Indi ........ , ~"' ..... n" .11ow ~",,,,,Iy ""'bono,,, "":n':h':",,;"~~~7ac~~. :cn~ a:"'~~","~!,.C:~"'~",,,::~:
..~ '~~::~~':'h':. :·:~:;=~:~~;'I>;ll<nd on ,I><
Opt,,"o,·.ln'.r.m •• nd"5"ally'hea ..... y".;nbefe<luim'
in,,,1< ,I>< """r"",.... A, 2.kn., bo. h <l"hand «I"'.'
rtt1«·
'or')pt ... oal •• "'u.rue'"cn'""ely.• nd.'m'Ia ...... h . ...
lobeful'yroll,"bl<,I/a:t.U!o<o(,,,, ,,,\a'i,·<ly ..,,.u,,","(
I n n,alrria's. hiJh pin. mul,i ... Jcmc:m n;1rruw ~m"'~II\
;.':c~~~1m='!!':, ~:,~n~~':;';,~:~onl "'"I< wort,
...n.1s .....,....i~y.,...J."'po<..lIyfa<IonI· .... n....()f\.
in.;.lthou ......,. ..".,..."ooy ......... ,pu'J'O>'O".rlotma_
.. n ... obI.aill<Olrrom ..."'r "' ...·_I<mm·quo<l·Thri')I1
Indlt ..... , ... i..... oI_Irr'm.-.ance " .·hrrrcq......, ... Powe r gain and beamwidth
'han • • ' ... ""'-uf"'l.....-.:ie5 •• ""in.ddjli/>n ..... ..,nJlhol ,.. .. mrk .... y'o.pprcC .. '~'ho ..... n'n.oftef""pin;. ••
r_ ... ''''''IP'''',........''',0I'0 ... '....·1 .....Iooo<I;n.
1>oDow>ph<...... ind .... 'aI in F .. 7.1. 'f,hc:rad .. ,IOOI;'
~~~~:.u:::;~:::::;~A"::;.":~:"=
rad"""",wb<""""",,,,,aI,n,o • ..,.poo""""".lUo('ho
,lISidtsurf~"r'bo:l{Ihe"'~I>Il .. hich'lIcrebyproolU<CS1
JrO'.... 'n'.".;'y,han'ho'prod..-l",..nlto"opItic
..:; ":::"~~' '~~~~"'~;:n ,:~t.;,:,,:,!:

"'~"'''.. red ,","'h "'I"'" _~' ... $Oid '" h'''~. pin. T h;'
~;,~~~n.:
Il><pinofanK".' i.u .... ny.~p""Ifd ••• flO".'''''io
.. 'IIc •••• mul,ipleof"'mllnY""n'oCS".otin<l«'b<' unilS
FOI."'mple.• flO"·<rp,nof:!O'ima~Id ...... poncn'ed
•• , JdIl'ICIOloi .. :!OJ
",.''''lyi<Otroc>k ....... ,o.-;o.pu''''y' ........ 'a'~'''.
,IIII,n 1>fI~~ ,ho pin of ..... m teN"" u.... ,1y ""'''film!
.."h'hc:rad.. 'io>nrrom ..."'Ie ...If......"di...... rcd .. "b
.n«l... ,."""'n' of~.·.".rad .. '''"'pa'~ofe«tl.
""",,,,,'f·_>ed;pol<;"mar1<edly_unironn.• nd,.
_ _ _ ,... _ " ...'nof_h.n .....,"""'... ~ .. "h
,hoh,..,.,.hc:"".. li>ooroPc r..J ..,o<lo.""",:IOpor"",'"
(io), 2 '"""'" Zdl:l). bu, ..""",'" ""If..... ..,dopolo.'...
:::.:::,;!:,!.:::.,of""".. 'o<" .. .....,nIIy""""J'Qb\<
7.1
V HF/ UHF MA NUAL
llIc .. reaof .. 'It~mo ... ,_-;."""""',plyoJ.fi...., ... _ft Capture area or aperture
:t.::~ ::":'.: ;t?·:.::.;::t:~,r..ratl:':~~:;
.. ""' ... dc< ... m'...., by,o""n"OIdh« . 11 ""' ............ ,ho
8eoi<Ies. .... moni ... ' ...
hclpful'o ....
ac:u"nQ(.'nllO<r\l'''........ amr'
l
i"rontftI'n'UIa' ... ....,.. Iod""" ... in'o.boami' 1S.1oo
mine'I>t ..... yi" ... hidr'l>toa ............ I ..""nu'"
••
ra~' ;.",'n"'n".ylla"al..... byhalflitJd8);'_ ... k_.,.
.. 'ho""'f.,..~ ... ",m...·. T ... p'nof' ... _I""n' ..... be
.. ,".""""IM:""""''''''of.ai''''''''',... ''IftII. I,, ' ...... IId,
""<o''''':nlCtl'1<>,'''rod..... 'I>t''''''"'''oI~'_ ..''' ...
by ~"od,n, . "" ,otal llOrf""".rea o( .he ""'""
<kl..,..",!I<d """''''~o(' ..... nal. l "!1is'''''_pO .. rreq ..... 'I,. ........ ndet.
by''''' ,11"mln:..«l."",: <,&,r.he '<M.lllO,race area""'" .. ood • ."..,.,.blyb<cau"';' ....y . ppt".r ' orc:Ia'.,O' ............
IOOoqcm"nd ,he iltum, ... ,w."", bounded by ,he lla l(·
_~'l'Qin,. ..~rc:::Ooqcm.'''''pinO(.h<a<n.I .. ''''klbe
Ih< .imes or Nil. '11...... d,~""" in any ~~in'"!~rc.:~~~~o~h;",~~!.:,~~:,:~~:.11 !~
o;lIn "('h
Pi'''~~I.r p..... ..... m ;n2<much •• an •• nal "·hieh lUI. hipaain
be r""'w JIl'ph ..... lly ....... lIy in po'" co.onJ 'n..... a.. ~
.",:ha rlol 1,<>1. . . . """".11,,6"'..,.,.. ')1''''.' ...m ..."ion.
".u.l1y "'... "'''r'Y r"",,!OW 1:>e:om Coo one ."",U <fOSI'
i>'''''~'' I .",.)bu,., ' ..... 'i"""IIe<"r",rc:a,uo(,'"
me
..;. ,iali.Ja,..,11><I.'I<""'<>I'I"rc:""".''''"",,,,''«..,',,,
:~;;f:~,~~~~ho~:O::',~':~:J~::~~o;lI::: T,he....••,,,,", i,h ••
cum ..."'" ..
.... <lonnoo.I....
"nplc ~ , pOIc.
=.::.!;."~'::":I:' =7':'::~'~h:i..!:,"".;,::
.nd,he ..,iol",",,-(requendyha"ocomprom,<c 10
Ch~lw.of'heurio).ys'
:;:'~"::~~"'~~":.:=bI·,.~~.rh,'e~-r.:n(.:.,:
Ira •• dc<crmtnedbyinplr)"-ICII<l_·_llIcrunda·
l".i ...
obIai"''''"""mumperrormonoor",...,.po"i<ular.pplic:a. men .. Irc:Ia"om.hipbeo ........ 'he ....pO...-c._.nd,... _

~=;.~:~-:~.='(~"':!..":!,!'"ra~=-":':'he";.~"':: pi~oIan ......I .)".... ..
_,c ""hemajor Toac:hoc"c...m aconJ"_,,
i<obe. A~'
moybcfl«'e<\o'I)"o ........ fi«:_pini"' ... _1obe
~:::::=;;;:;':h~=a:i. .
......-.lI,lIe,mpl"""oon,beforc:(,,,,,ht,n••
.=:::
n'l"'r1ocular
..... rc:A .. ,llecaPl~ .. arc:•• nd).it ' he_ .....n"hl..-..... d
~: ':'';'':; "'::~:!.-A).nd G,
is .1oo ~~ ..in ma,"~ '0
dai."
In ptae,ia 'IIe rad,.,,,,,, rrom an atrial i. '''''''llO,od in.
""',,""'. I . nd.,cr1oco lpl ..... , T ".b<am,..,d'hi.'IIe.n...
fI:..'::':·::~~,'::'.!~~~,r;::::,:(;;:~'t:~~r=~
IOli,·e .... ""p1Urc: ...... i"'~""'of.hc .. 'nof.""If..... ,'.
in'hopb...
\>o'" ..... 'lIeh •• r.f>OI'·.. po'n .. un<\c'c.m."....·
~~'~u~" i""••d of G •• imrly by Inl'OO""'"1 ''''' r"",or
"M The ".""",1 pol., Ji'ir.m "."""Iy inHIl<:fK'Cd by lho
"',.h,o(,he •• ,i"ab<>.'••"",nd ,lM:h'iho"heac:".I,'"
10".. ,,-ill M ,I>t 3",,, of ma~'mUm ""d.U~)rI. and . , I ... J
A - 2 ~ ~
G "~' JG.~'
.......
::,~~":~:,:,~"~ ~!,~~;n::u:";,~.:(),,,=
,"'ac:,ial ..~II<"a,of",<hobjc;:to.ndlhisf~_,lymun •
.. h,'h •• """\>ooaJeIyac:h....-ed
~~':..:.:.:ipole.oi_O ... I.'lIecapt .......... is
Any .... I .. lM<h""" ... ~:-ry~foon.:.: ..... ' .... ,..!..· Tl>is(orm"II.-.,IIaI'('hc ...'c ........ hiokeptcom .. n'
';"" i.'OOR"""'ocu... d,...,'_ ....icJ,'opouooo.Hfiriq , ... ca"'""' ...... ofan .....
1 .. "''''''''"'ional'o;,....
,.........- ,f." i..... ra<c: '" p,n raul .. in I111_ boa.....
i"._
..ld' h.'h""",.,.""...,.to'o ....... ""o;lI"'u....... C,... ,"""
==~~'~ ::r; ::':;'!:!:',::'7:~J'nd
I· ... r....,."...Io.,..".hQ .. ' . IIa,(o<."y .. 'en~·.. pi" ' ...
ca"'m.I ..... propo,""".I'o'he~ ..."'of ' ....... ,-eItn&l1l.
Bandwidth l'or ... m" .... n .., .. ,,,'''h~po ....,pl n o(... y. IO'i,.,..
~~ ~::,,: .:p:~:?;;.=I~';'~di::'''; :':~'::.~:,~:::;..r',~~I~~ ~,j'::)h~~ .":i;i~~,,:::.
o,"'he,fl«lU<r><Y"""j"'-e ........nl$...... 'ho<"e/""' . n,. .. i " .',,,,,MI I ,.C2ml.lnJ'oll:~ie>-e~".,ca"'" ... rc:o,1M:
~'~I~'':~I~ ~,"!' '!,':~,~~:~o;..':m"id'h "ill bo

lkyond' ... I,"''''of'h ......... ' ... i><09<<Iio:tofon .. , io l
.l"'.... mayhe.,,'i .. lyd,ff... n'. I1.,..,.nisusd"ul'o<lcli...
bond"Kl' h •• 'IIa' .." .. ofrrequcno: ... .,"', ..·hio::h' ... .,.,...cr
P'" 0( , ........1.,..,. doa no< f.1I by ~ ,ho". ".".i"
""""'n'''.... '''''''pof'td .. ;'h'... (rcq<>mC)"a' ..'hi<bma,.;·
mum p'" .. obI .. nod C.. a boflllooo-.J,h 0( Ij MII. for •
$0 _ _ , ,od""'_;"I",'.'... pi,,~ AI ....... ' i~'l>tbo .....
...-.J'hmaybedclinod •• ' ... rrcq.....".bondo" .....·h"'h
,I>t ....... ' ........"n''''." 'he ...... I(....... doa """C>.c-I
=:~..::.m~~:~;)icJ,~ofla~~:.':,:,~:=:':;:
"",,_.. Ilyuw.!
7.2
pinofll><600!o.lH.acrial w ouldlh .... IIa'.. lobeI6Ii"'"' I,lta,beoon found byexpcrimtnt thai in II>o.bfranxe
"""lorillan llull oilhe I50MII~~.ri~l.;" 160 limes ... tali.'e IK>rironl.lly polariLCd ~:a •. ", .utTer loa Oll"""'lion 0''''
lonK d"t.""'" lhan ,,:nicaliypol:i,iz.od "," v<s .•nd lhis
~~ ~:!:~ri.T~~~ ::'~~::~Ci'~'"rr:i:le~i~a~~~~ .yst.mi,therrloreoft<nprrlo:rred . It lui. in faot becn uni·
,·• ..ally .dop'oooI for .mal.u' rom,"unicat>on in G .... t
~~~~:;.!~=J.~~~; ~~~~a~7 I~":;;!l~~ 8,it.in.ndma.yotl><'''''untries.V,,''icallypo!arized .....n
may be mo", .... it.ble for ."""ial purposes •..olt ••• han·
r"""" oboorval>ons .ppl~ Qnl~ 10 .illMl, I><inl rec<:"ed or di"aroce,,,mobiltcommun ication. and for Il>osc applo"".
lro.,miuedinlhedi"",",ionofm •• imumll'in.Fordi"",>On.
other ,h.n ,he opli,""., ,he ... I.,ion,hips bee"rno: more ti~:.:,ii=: tk;!~!;"7i: ~";,i:r :::::~ ~-:nl.1
compte, arid lheradia1ion "Ihen ",id1(1 l:Icellipli<:ally
Of , ..nital
poIari«do<.in,l><'peC.. Ic.a<e .. l><retl><hOl"itont.l.nd
Multi - radiator arrays

H'",.pin.o';.I.,,..),,,,,, n bebuil, up fr"", a number"f
ind i.idu.1 raJi.'o .........·h.~ h.lf-.." ... dipoles. To atltie ....
~~~f.~q~~~s.:~i:r~:~j~~
of tile ,wocomponcnts. Thu. tl>< pot.ri,.ti"n oflhe ~'.,'.
'he,,,,,.imu"'pin.lhe.,,,,,,i,,£o(,,,,,,,, ...di., ...... hOIIldbc:
.""It lh.. 'heir .... pc<:li,,, c'P'''''' ....... juSl lo..on. T hu,.
~he ... 'heind,.Od"" l radial ....... "'t_ I.~hi.h.pi n
~~~!~rf:tu~':'htt~; ~~~, ~~ t:':::7~;:
reed.'. I n eQual pick·up from a ciTCUl3rl,
:,~u~::..~:~\:.~\" ..
. yst.ms • • ..olt .. y •• ,•• rn.y •. th<ccntre-'o-oo:nl"' .paoillgof
\l'lt',~;,..;t\I'.t;,w,~i<1\ll\
A dipolt ~'"
~~I~ :":"~;;'';'i~'::i;~~~~.\::J~~ I~~::

=~~!~~.t"~..,,:,::icaI1Y polarized " .. ~ ... known .. plane
:h<el~.!,o;~~r!~y~~t~et~t . ny partkul.r .erial

~.~~~)'>7.',,;"'rfonnaroceei'l>orao.,ra"""iUiIlgOr ••• Aerial feeders
l'ra<.1icalacri.I~ •• rc'l>cn:f"rc~...rkoooloulinl.m"
Ilcfan:""n.idorinl .e'ialdc<i'n" ....·illbel'lolpf"IIO ...·iew
~1~~":.1~~hi~~~.~t~=~;'~~t~ri:~'~':"~ :::-'~r~ .~~~:J::~~~ ~.:~~ ~;:~';. :::;

tolt ...... imita'pr<>porties 'n lem" of .....'.ltnlll"" ralher I",," lhe .,;t .... l Itnllh of ,I><
conduct ..... 1flhef...Jo:rlon8thi•• horlrompartd,,'ithlile
"".... ltnll''''. ,he "",,,,,u.cd by 'Mohmk .... il...."'" ond
by lhe ~ielec"ic""ndUClaroce i, unimportan' . . .1", i.,1'10
etT«t ofi""",,,",,, imped.""" "",tolti,., H"""""". for .hf
opcno' ion'l><.o:ri.lfoo:derisu.uallymany .... v*n¥''''
~ftt·::~~:.~ref=rt~:';~r:,=;"~~;:tchin&
..:.~.'= ~f~~~:r;=":"=,~7'f~~:;'7~
bala"""" pair. The ."",.. may hee;tl><,ofO!)encon'lnx1ion
o•• ""losedin polylhe ..... ibbonor tubul.. """,ldinl-llach
~:I::.!~",o:.nm~~~~~mages and disadvant.a""
In.""',i>.I""blt.'Ioc ... di"frcqucncyf,c:ld ..... con .. ineJ
~t::IYrf~;!~~n~~:,t~ =:.;~i~d<:= tt~"'c.~~
be carried in 0100< pr",imity '" 0,1>0, ""bles.oo "", ...1
objcctswithoul io, ..... t>On or ..,iou,cllan", of i" cablt
prope .. ~ whklt mi~' cousc reHoc,""'.
000 Il'Ioteby
~':,i=·ppm:i>.blel"".AI""hen:i'rIOl""by .. l.m.1
l"heopen.wir<orbal.nr:cdfo:oJ.crh.. oradialionioss
~'hkh i. dopoJ><ltnt upon ,he "'Iio of ,he ."""inll of ,he
wi .... 'o'I><".. ~Ien.th .n d I:oecornes more .. r"", ••• 11'Io
f""l""""yi' raiscd.TIN: proper1ies ""• •"" bc<e.......ly
~:~\a~~~f ~...pr.!~:,;,~ ~~ "::::,,,~:li~.~~t~':.
~~~!:~~r";:::;t.rca", m""t be taken in II>< rouli".
'~~~~!':!"'~~b~~"'Z:. ~:ti~.nio;~~:=.
7.3
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
a~~ §~~~ ~!
! I;"~~·~:·"; 1
: h :~:;!:::!!::~ J
! • 5
J, 1
i:::::::::::: !
- 1
m~m~~~m~ h
I,
hl!:~:!~i~~;:;;:;:!o j
o f
!Ih,h!m~~ iJ
: 0"'0_0000
Uu~mmm i
i
Itg:;:~~SI:;;:;;~~~~~
)! ! ,.!
i,'
~ ";'~ ;;n.;!;!:d;::j
1~
7 .4
unf". ".... '.,yeo"""" ... conl<Ol""' ... ithprcasiondurinl;
~U~r-",:,~~~~'~:;::.':~~~,";::'';:= .... nufac'u .... Th"',hed>a ........... 'ic"'-'"_ .... y'CfItI
,,, .....,..Ion& .......hofroeo....nd.l'houp'........''''''
..
ot.;«o.. _~.,""IoM.'_' bo:""'han'ha'''''''''.'''
....,lC<.,'... """"'mdofl.....hf...,..,.Nfflwchaoblcis"'"
coble..-. ''''' fmjUOft<Y is.., ""'" ,ha , ,he rad .. ,ion 10M.
~;:;2~d*~~~,EL~~
iJ_...... C...XlMH'."" .. bow)
=~::r;,e~::~~·~bou~:=·,':~ ~~ bCIc:Ofn<sl"""V"'.ivclyhi.... ' .. , ... ODf'!'I<rbraidin._roolc\.

=~II~..M=':'~ib~;:~~.:./=;,=
lrP<"or';nc.""h<n used. A't><»-cl.COl MHl"'a''flllidt!.
1',:,:,,"l1y .....,.,...ry f", f«<le, run. "f m',.~ ,han. I"",
B'~.:~'if":h~~ ~~ f~~:~~,:ai~~~:~
be <>bI&lnod ff<)nl ,he ... riou. manulac<u", ... C_pIo,~
~~:fF~:~~:;:llaiJnd;~:Rf~~.'i~or:~ ~f~
dt1.i .. orrl'cobla ........ 'oQo.c. n""'n' ..,.,.-i/i<:I'iont ... " ;::.":"'...:~n~~~r.:.:,'::!:~:.;':.::;'~""'!~i~n~
be obu,ntd f,_ Dcl.....,. Spedfi<,uiooo I)EF·I"A ~""'" lorm of. di", wi,h , ... ""nl", mnowd. us_" in I~ 7.J
~,~(I1MSO)
' "' ........... i.·~'n'l<"'<Ot.> ..,coble., ... OMI'"
cond""' .... "IIJPI>Of1 ... ~"..,,""'_...-""·""I"'"'
...
:?'~:= '':'~~=~~im;::.:':
.i'.nd""" ... ooIidimul.. ,........ 'c...I.lh"'minimit' ..
,hrad:inlOltlOrormslron1l".-MlillilllOro:l'ularpoly· loaW!ll. Top~tnI~ .. dd"on\o5$'M(hlotaCltriUlC
' ...... iJ.-l .. ,""i........ 'or. 1l"S,l'T"<"''''bIe ..... 1<>ooe.
co~ .. _IOC'un" .... l1h'han'hc..,.id'YIOC.""_'''''
impodanoo ....... kI "",...:«d.""""J.OOOO. C.... ""'''
.. ~en ' o.voi<l .... <l> bends and.bo ,he cb< pro.;m,l)' '"
be
'-clocnyin
vdooo'yf.... ...-C ... ,he ..,,., of'hc .... "" ,"'oble
compO~ .. I'h'ha,inf.... lf)aC<)iJhi ........ hiJI'·pioally
.I)ou,o-U,o O·911I.........c.l.ndbud'ypt>and . bou'
,mpeda_of.n <>pen ' ..',n by 'ineif.,1'C1l
_ndi ... objo<Is . . .lrcadysta,...t.·,lIcd,.1'lICIeriSIic
~J~~'ubr llOIy''''''''' ')PCS '","101"'" ,,'i,h 0-6<\ 1M

Z. 276..,. .. (0/<11
Tlocu .. of....,;..i,.~ec"' '''cond''ctOl"J.II'''''' .. b...

,,,be<l<>irp!Cd ..'hh ..... " en .... , .>nfo,.&i.·m $'LC.O' .."' h
, ........." .nu.'''''''"...s'''.t.. ' .. LC.U"fo''u... ,.ly,
~l~k~i,~J?::i~'~=;:~.~~:,%~,:~:o~i~S~
.lOId nlli.,,;'.. n..... Fi.7.22
f,_' ...
t\o ..-.vc •• ' ... """d .... hc:h..... , ' ypcs.ulT... "ls •
,_wn: ..
...... n...I" ' .... n~•• ,'yc"' C<' ... coble • ..,"*io l
~"=,='ifbe..::~·~~~·:~:t =.;.":::.~~,j~ Me t. lins ulators

,.... """,..... it TeI<""""",nd · Of 1Io<,, ~ Kal" .. ",ip. ,.. ..... " . . ..... ""sIMwI-cin:u"cd " . _ · _ · li ... r ..........
ir""'..
Cdlu .. 'po/y1 ....... ha.~_i .... d .. "ibuoN .. ryhipimpeda"""",heopcnmd.""_"""''''
,~i .. ><>Iu ...... nd~Iy,_;.no""""u'"
-=: . .
con...."cd ......... n .......... ,"" ...... "hou'.Ir<C1in.'be
~"""""'al""'~.nd ' ..... onlyfOf •• ..,. ..... 1I po•••• l!owin.ny .... '.s..rn .....ioe .. collod ...... n ...·..,. ...
~ .... _ . ' I<>'I"C''''.''''"u .. cP<Ol>~hcnc:oblesdo''' ... ,''''''' .. ub •• ndmaycon'"ellim'Iy ... .....,t ••• "'pponO<lCn'IIi... •
.""'..,,~_ ... "'.... 'M .. 'IIaI' .... cfI"«1,,'Cdiclcctric
"""".n, ot, ... ""llu", P<>i)',bene VlIncs """""",,,,. 10'''' ~~ ::",:n... :~ .,.:.~~~ ~~: :~\!':';7.
""........ nd ..'Iu""'of' ....'c""".pe' u"" ...... h •• nd , h.. an fUl'lClionanlyovnllllfTV'o'r-neeotf""'lucnoy
.,......n.n..II'I'4,........ nod
Tolconl'la.' ... O" ....... oI"h< BICCG_r
8alanea· to·unbalanee trlln sfo rmar.

Inm<><' o''''''.anacri. , rcqui ..... "..Ia'''''''' fo:e.l ...,i'h'ew«'
,,,.,,,,,"d .or.d ''''fCf,,",i l isntc.''''7 10,,,,,.olc:.~ ''·hich
coII'-cm ,"'unba l.rocedou, ,,,,, ot o couio l ... ble ,,,.
=
balarocedou'PI".'mjui,cdby ,h . ..,oal. Th .. dc:.~ol<o>
p"'''''n .. ' ........ <: .. h~hhos-..COJ\c.lned .. llh;ft ' ... ''''bIe
::,;';i~~ '~;::',;:;:; :..~..~~~ ,~~ =~
lbe", .... ,_ importlln' u...... iml ctr«lI: fi .... ly. ,he
modilion ' hcpola. diqramof' ....'UlChod
,..,.. ... d .. ' .......' ..
ocriol •• ndMCOlHlIy ' he""' ...... ,rlCt-of'..... hk;.found
IOha..c ...diol,..,........".><>I' ... ""iI
To .his. a bala""" g"bala""" , ......r.,.,...,.
'.bbrn... pr<:vml '0
'cd"' ....km)is..-. ............... ,helcedacobit
.nd ' ..... ria l. "...imples, balun ""........ ot. """, ...".
cuIINq ... "~,· .... """""i<>nolu.",,,,isoiooli.... ' ...hodIO
7.5
V H F/ UHF MANUAL
,"'ou!C,b.. Odln.<>f,lIccablt .. ,hown In F;, 7.S.·' ·hit II b<1"·<CfI'hc~'''M.houlJ.lsobe"pI ..... ll.i''''''CllIIer.
==--":~~~~~~:::';'::h~~ =~
..·ioc'hcq.............. ,"C"I<C1ion ... ill""''''''''''''''"nl.''II<
dni~r~uoncy.A .. '..rKlooy ......""""iocit'olapc-rlht
,"'_,cr,"""" ..,~lIin,,,-,"'''''''ace.T1IepetfO"'''''''''' is
..... <II 'ht q.............."'n I, .... ol''-Ih ,h" by "" meaM
.... n' .. '.lnpncl~•• I.r~umcyof4)SMHz ....... ,I;.
~::OO~id~ ~~'::':':=~"!",::l.,,":?,' aM i..... ".blt.-'nll.T1Ie"'holt""I"ni.,,>tally"nc~.
Se,·... lmodifica'ion."f'hc.impltbalunar<:po:s.. blt.For :::::f""bcin.ta~.n'h""'8h , ... .,1 ••
ula,OfS""","'C'din
:-:,rq~:::.::~ =':7·;.:.:.•7t,";':':;~n~.=
Ioss._Fi.7.6.To~·""""';","",ofwa",,."".o
"_'ul .......;.",i.'ho'oitoIoninr'* '.a ..·hICh.I"es.
4:1 l1C'l>-Upoflmpcda ...... TI>< half· ..""" loop it ...... lly
Im_'htmechani<al.rTlI .......... ,.'htttnlr<:<Ondunor IIIIlkfromflelibiccouiaIClb....II1I.no.... _mllll
mlyl'wlf ... col"><C'a.I'oa.hon-cI""'''C'dqu.n ............ ' ......ron: ... "'"~forlht"dQC,.y'oc •.,...,f, ... ""blt ..'.....
~:a:!n~ ....:.:;:;~I~~~=.~ :.:t;;'~:': ~~~~:: cokulan",.""'f."·..,,ltn,."
E~~&~~~~£~~r~!:=:r:
T1Iect•• IK1 .. io,icimptdancc.<>fI ... balunclcm<11,I.1'IOI
",;,,,,.1.,,Pa"" .. y.tubrnaybccoM'n>C' .... byatt."hi....
of " ... ~ial cabk """ 'I ...".,..... "" Ion.I I.he "".,..
p;..cc
..
='~~~ ~ui=.'~::·I~'!"...!..~bc~:
""""",,'-Id be.pacat.."fi",••"ly "'.....,"' ... air
dic\..",ricbo'..ttn.hcm.1f .... '''''l''«''''lie.lonpide., ...
O.,OIIlerI"'""" ... n,ltnl,kwil!be,C'dlM%da"".nin'.rior
~~'":'~'~[";'=~is~'::'::':' :=~u~"::c"~;:, i~~

bol ................. llno.-"'._r"" ... >'doct'y,oaoo-
7.6
of,,," cable. C."., .. ~ N~,,,,"""'1d ho"~an""'c""<> ,u ... ,hoaerialto _ _ .nd ..,Nho.,...""""er."""..
inllCfd;. ............ hOofbol"'oml ' l.nd4'1 ion.jf'hoaerial· io.lrady ........ nt."The .......... I ..
AI,,,,,,,,,, '''" 'ypoof Nlun \I'u"",,«1
in ~'.7.7"" ,
:''':.:;,.,,~:n,~ ::h~~::::'~~~I~M~tl~
etr..,'i.. bond .. id'h
1I ..... ,hln''''",'''''
'ype>dc«:,ib<.l
::~~~';':I! ..,,::::~,~/:~,!:~~~~ I~""",,y ,"nICS e' ....i' ... hkhcan . lide.ion.'ho ItlMm ..."'" 11 ... ,_
I'i.7.IO)
, npnctke.ma' ohin.<lnbe""h~.,.'i .. ,yby ' ho<:u'
Impedance matching
~.:7",,~":~·::";:':"~.~~=::'~~::
..id I., bellal. H."......... ' ... fuqUtn<)' ....... """.hich
F........... I(<<de1",oddi,,.,pou.. 'o'ho ..,ial""'h,.."n;.
mum ....... it .. rr«n!oII..y 100- ,lie II»d '0 btha,·~ •• 1 ...... !::n~~ma~.;~n~ice....:..~:.::;:::::~~:
mi<l1_cq...' in , ..I... ". ,ho cIIa ..... .,. ... '" impcda_oI
.Y>............... -
'hol' .... Undo.lI.,...tond"iord""cnctV.,reIIcct«lf"""
,lie porn' ~·ho .. ,ho fwXr k joo.-l ,o,ho;wnal.lnd in
ron«q ...""""" . .. nd'n' .... _ . I>I!a'oo ' holi ... Stub tun.,..
Whon'''"COfrtC'le.min.. in.te$iol.".,., .. connoc1co.l'o
.ny,«de1".,I><,·oI,....n<lou ... n'dill.ib<r'i"".I"".'hc
On. """,,ialli... i," imprac1kable 10 """'..""". "ult
"tth ••• dju".blcposi' ion. lt o"" ..... ' W(lfilled$tubs
:~:;~ .~,n.::~.;;, ~~~~ ~~'(.~t~b:~.;:.~;~~ >I\O«dby.cerI.in ffl<1,.,nof._.·clc ..'h<onbe ......
f"' ....'Chin.ptrrJ>OOd(_Fi.7. 11). ·I'''''_ci... _JIy
(E)11oq ,lie lin<. One.uch de>·u • • u, .. bk f",-"","'i,h I .mployed .. ).fSorO<klmu"'rla'''''....,,.Wi'hth...pac;n.
::~~,f~~ ;!!I~:;':~;::~ ~'I!!~:":~
"""'......... '0' ct)"I.l vol'.....";..-n<d II,,,,,,,,, ,lie
~iLz
:'':!~~~~~'':'::S'':''~~dot~~'~r=i~:
~ .ion••1Ie li .... nd fIt)I, . . . ,lie ...... ,mum.nd minimum
... d, ..... ·I'hod ......... boI ....... n . d)a<entmnima...-boIVo'<C1r
"'~n' mintn .. ;s OM h:.tlf._,.lcn .. h
,'.. r.. ld...."",ndin, . n optn II ... may be .~Plo<td by
....an, of an ,f,'oll""".", bUll, i.mll<hmon:dillkul'.o
i'h . ""..
~\!~~ 'o~
.,blain Jl«C.... ",..dinp'han .. i.llir.. bccau .. .,f
=:!!~U~~~ ;:!..lirdmi~~ d~~",!~n:::

l ·he.<rm .... 'oh..... -.I'odncribe'hoprooxdu.. 01
F~,:~~~~;-::,~=~;~
.
:::;.;:..~ .!.:=':.=~~: =.~i~"=
.. ..yloln,tod"""""")«,hcload.,<oo.."",,ofeq... I .. I...
·ItrJ·.. S' .b ......"'... _ .... 'o . I ... · ..... " ' _
• ndO!>l>Ol' le,i ... 'olh.,O"hel'.. d • ..,'fIOll ....... C.. """"

e/f.."i.<lr··,unedou,". A '",eyoo,,,,.nien'
de_ice whkh can
::=~~~'~~ie~':~:'...!':" ,.:.~ ~:;:".'~
.l«Iionol,ra_·_· 1''''''',t.e.oI1mIth''''riabletoe.
,...-o(ftK1'O.nd.,...half.............. h .. ,'h.nopon<i .... 'I~
... dot.h ....."wfyoflmath.I"'k....,'"'fIOnonehalf_
............. h ..' nhlmovtablc.1Iot1~uuMcapobleolbei" •
• djl$Od.,....... fuIlNIf."".'dnoJth . "The~-d ..... l<d
"u .. io ",lie p.d...rc.:I ....... i'isea... ' '0""'"""""
;",~",:!h";~u~ : ...~,,::, :;,k.:, :::n~n~=7i::
il ....Ybedesi .. h)e'odo.ofoo-p"""kalra"""
1
10 ;;.·~'7o,~~u:nn':';'~~ I'!~'~;!.:!~'!~ ~~:
""'n'.ion.,helen.. hof." ....................... n'OIub
... neofrom Kro., ,ho . hor!oooiuu" ' 0 • ...,.,. h ..... mpedanc:e
'IIe_iof«l.n'.,'IIe ....... ,_...,..,.!orc. .........

.' lho open end. If. II»d 0.""""""",, '0 'hoopenend.""
,he .. ..to_rlle.- ••• n.u' .,.' .... ...rormtr'oli... ' .. riouo
h
"""'-oI ....... _ - . J .... IOI ... pooolionol'hor.....

poiro,. Th .... . hovo·n in ~I' 7.9. "The ....... """ l .. adjul.tcd to
7.7
i~'~'mm'oI'he.oon.ar<u;',n.plun .....
cha~ .... ' '''
al_.""'lChin.ra ..... fromO" ..... ' ...
i" ...
..'hiclt .. ,<nq/ipble,""""'.. """.nd.I>o .........
Jooo·.
"'Iiwo""'rontact. l ...... c:a n bc.,....f\O<I«lofohof'lenat ....
im""""""'(z.)oI''''' ' ''' ......... '''''' ' , ... ul'>'"'Or<k.A.' ... of'hin ..... ,1odbra.. '"b,n'... ;' hd .. ""''''.. ~n ...
'1Iat
....t'''''-a.".nro.
• PK;","i..."..,.w ' '''''.. rd. )Jl '''oIo:: .....
~:::r,~h...:~'~.!.nd.~';":.~~'.~,!~:.;""""htlid'n •
~":'~;~r.,';;!".i,i:~::'.,.::.,~':,.:::~:~";'~.::,n
·I'''''hron:'icollimi' or n..' <hin.",n.. ca n nol be.<hie>~ ',,!~f'~'':".<\:::::io~:~:..:!':'~~~~ :~~~7:=
""'n.'o'.., .....Sl.n«of ' ... rond ....oB.nd '.... did «'rk
"'"".io' ... Q;, limi'«l. Toob!.;,, '... h......' Q'.., ..'ioof :::: ;:.M..,~~~':'':::~:i::.'~:"i~~, i'fi)'i'~ 10eaoh
ou"' •. 'o-in .... cood""''''<1 .. '''''~lhouldbe'n ' ... ''' ..... "h" ,~"" of ' u..... ""'1. 0( ..,.,....,.... used foo 01 ..... """.
l:llO U C.. forcouio' bo.",,"). An InII'><"HUnI ......,""";""1
dcLoili<' .... pnMs.ionol,..i.b .......... <imo;' .... ".,.,.....
•=h'!:::.:t-:.~
"""""Y .... ::!. !:,='':':''~:!it~n::
""',"".n."' ..... c:anbeobo.,nod
d . A _ ....
b,- .... nl.'hrtoMtub ' uner .• "" .. YM.';n ....... bof .....
q Wl.-..... veIen""-
I I 0I000011 in
I 'I 7.1l. The ~",.nc! . h>nI
.. ubo ... UlWlllyp".al'...'her ' o.>'OId ' .... Ion •• f>IJ
I«Iiou.""''''hin ...... '''' ''''''''hic h _.....,...,.ry,. .....
ad.r""mcn"."' '''''de ',,' h '''''int1ni l~ly .....i.b....
UM
Quarter·wave ll"".
",,,:.np«l>,,,,, ,..n,,,,,,,,,,,>on,,,,nl!ocell"ec,edby"'''I'
"f.. in ...."hof''''....'''...on~........ d ....... cha~er'''"'
=:.::"~~h~~':ro:'::.:,!....~.:':=
rond"ion""""n"""nl"'''n"hof'ho''''''iconof~ ... itu
?
1 ~ /'
~.
". ;;;;Ii
" .
i
'.
~ 1/
~
7 .8
OiW ....... bttofq ... " ...·..-a.'dcftII"".nd'''''follooo·~fOf • ..... n.,.....,.' """"",,of. <I,pok w.i," .
re/IeI;:oor and '''''' or
..-cd....... ors.i'ioknown.l.y.p."..y{.... r-.. '.I7)
mula' ........ pplio$
Z. -.. rz;:z,
.. 1Ic"'Z,il .hcchara<1..,;,.'H;'n'pe<!anceol' .... ICCl;.,.,of
whcnC'Omj!O.n>d ..'nhOl ..... """'II""..... ofsimila.oiR
, ... V........ yi.r""nd '0 ho", ,he hi,...., fnrward pin.
a"" I, <:.an be c.",wu<,cd in a vcry t"ObtIu form. The .II'.. ~
or.~<Ii"a , he rcl'kc1or .nd dlroc'O«I) il '0 ""u~ ,he fom!
q.... " ...........,li ..... odZOand Z,.'" the f••d.r a ndload 'mpedonceof,""~lpoIe,,,f. II ,,,,,, .. "" ... bly,oft.n'n .... I...
;~~""poC'i"oIY.Fon .... mpl<.lfZOio800.nd7., of.bou"On.andlhomlO,doi ... is,ltt:ncrl, ... ,.""dlflio;uit
'oob.. 'n.Thio,_"""' ......,be _ _ b,-,"" .... ot.
foWcddip<>lt:""diaIOf.lf,heroldeddlp<>lt:llall"""i<mcn"
oI_.dia""".... 4:1impcdo ........ p-up .. obwnod,Dy
ThaI. _",h, ... """00f0 10_..1 fOf 'n~onno ... imP«lan<>o
."" .. <aI ..... quan...._ •• ''''Mf''''''''.(o.~Fi.7. 1 .) :.~~=~..:.~~ ..... <lifkrcnoimpcdanoe .. cpo
A .... _ofll~l.necona""bo_Kldfect ...
imP«lan<>o, .. n"ormo,tiM.a""an."",a'OOfOoI,hilprin.
:~~I~:"~n ~~:,\~ ~,:~~r:~~::~n;/",,\~"'~

_,.h;n.patlK.-IJlarinS1all.'ion'heli .........' h.nd .....
==. .The ..... phol 'hedipoleorroldcddtpOlo~uin>dfOf
=,:'ot'7~:!'::r"':r~,:::;"'":":n":~
Wlw .....'h.' .... len"ht'Oqul<e<lfor'-""'notdiminishi...
.,' .... _'''' .. nJlhldlame< •• no'iol'tk<:re.lloed
antleof,.".r.llot.tldbo ... ,iedun,il."..r<C1match .. Tltt:rO<Wa.~pin;.n ... appr.. iablyafl".. 'cdbya ... ri.'ion
~~~:!i~~h;' form "f "",'chin, de,a is of'en cotled • ofn:B«'Of."""in'o..,..... n"'''rl./1'n l./. :u'''''''.,,,.,,.
condi,ioM ,he f""",rd pin k IJ>PI1>.'lma'.'y a' I" maximum
v;llut. H.,..~'ff. t COMidmIbio (N'* in fc:a1 impedance
..1:.. pI.aoo ...'hcn 'hisSf*:ina;' ... riedand'h"maybo~
Types o f aeri als

Th"cktnen" of ,,"' ......."raeriais."'''''''"Uy holf·..... '''' or
full ....''''''d'pois,' .... K1 ... , ,,.,.;tiMOfCOftfip.. 'iMoI'/Ie h_
............. iII """',,'" on , .... 'ype. pin and diRdi.i,y
~ul""'.DK:hol''''''yv<'dcoco'lb«.Iha.i''ownpat' icu'''.
~,'.~;:to~~, ~~':':~::.:= ,, bo .... de by ,he
They,gi ,rr,y
8yplaci.... _ o r.........lly . _ n ' ... mco'oncholf.
""""...... hlont.behl"".hoj(.""vcd.p<>It:. ' .... ."dia'jon
<anbo."....,..' ..'cdwi'hin ....""""c.a...... Byadd....
f..,hcrclcm<nu<alleddi"""on,--..who,>honcr,hon
oncholf.... ~h.'".,rtlin..-; .... in' .... r"'""'rd
di"""_•• fun ..... p'n ... nbea<hOe.ed .... ny-'>la""1
"'h"'h~.Iemen .. ""',Ii"""'1COft~'n'''''fom!
11 .... iepa ... "'H; ....... n... islmo ..'nu."""~u'Ir""df.lf'he
i -
I
I-
Tabl e 7 .2. I I
;
!.
RHo nant lengt hs Of half-waye dipoles
(
W .. _
._
200
) ( ..:.::-.:. )
w ..........
11m
-- <0,
....
~
i +'
~-"
1.000 0"1")
_,000 Il-4'
,0-000 Oo4U
'00.000 0""
1loo_t.c.._
"",to (......."
.. _"... '..... I00 ......Ib<io ...... w
io_.aorbo<lt .. """'_... ~ F_ .. _
to- _,,, _ _ _" _.w..'~''''' IL A. SnMllt.
7.'
.. a""n'·.ni<n'formof'~Ju;"n.nl. The rtlk<.1or, ......,Iy Thoband ... io.!'hf"' • •,andina·".. •... ratio .... 'h.nl"
1)-"lonl · "lIouah,h;',houklbe.-.<l"""ll'oabou.O'47$' i• • bou'l.,.r""n,r",".'O$e-.~bu""andabou,jl'<'
'o<.hed".. r.~,"nll <;en'r.",..ido<.pacina.E .. m............ part""' .. rIy'hooc
Tho"nJ'hol'b<~'~'O<t;'",uallymade._I(Hl~ 01, ... dircclon, . ... .....,."'ilical (i<"'nhin frxuono 01 ...
:''':'":'.:':~~'..:''=':~;"Z.!!~,,,~~=~
i,..h).and""""lIyCdncopO:rodoobouklbcllKdtomabio
_~ ............ tobcmade..Eao:hdlanacof.Iotrom'I<nJlh
....;dth .:an ho broodmod t>,- "",~'n, ,hem """"""vdy ....,.,..;.. ' ... ~''''''n'oflho''''''.hin.citlo<rbymo.,''''
• hoo1erin.l>ed,rtC1ionolrad;'"on·l1><voa,,,...l>en um bor lbcr.lk<.1ororln'l>ema!China~"'il .. lr.
ord'~'on"l>eh,.her'l>cp'n .nd'hena"""'l"'hobeam. Typieal.""",n''''lIJIbs(orfrequena..i,,'1te4m.2,nond
'"'id'h.Ther<i."".d .... " .... ".bodm.·odrromu.ln."""" 7O:mband..... ~ninn.b .. 1.l.l1><lcnJl"'a"'bMtd
~ra~bellindlhcllBl.bu"hcrro'U.,o-to;o"k""io OJI,bcIWtullP'ioft , ... , ,he cItmo;n'.u.......... lics.ubiq
_JhoinlfWO\o-ed .omeo.. ho't>,-' ......... oIaddmo...,rdIa::.
,on " '-'n In Fi, 7. 11. Thcoocaddm"...1 rd\o;:t.".Iconen ..
i.hou1d ... boond.'lirty ....... I ..... ltthefllJ'_d, ....... o<
'obc<lTec" ..... I,,~ .... . 'ri..,..aI....n.a(}l"elerno:nt/
<Iomon' "",<in. of 1",,"' I ~ I•• uftlcien,
lhop,n <:>bt.. n.bk rroml v • ., Irray """'pared ",oh a
halr".... d'ro<>I< .. . _ n . PI'«W""".'yb)rtl.. ~",,,,,,,,
<:un",,, ' ,. 7"
7 .10
Tab le 7.3 Stack~Y a gi$
T hoo "I"inlum "ackm, d"l.nce will dq>md 00 '''''pin of
Tvpica l dimensio naofYagl a rrav ~ach indMdua l Vaai a.ny. W..... ,,.,., ~"ical.nd "",,,oot.1
components bc."''''id .... ofu,ndi.;du.l.rny .... ''''rox,nIIl.ly' .....
..""'..... "hfi.co<""""' ... mento.lhoo""hmum .. od:l ...
1_0., :::a::.::~~~r~IY~~~:;' ':"t.':..~~..:Z

"·J_'III ,I.,Mlh .oJMII. .n.rnyoffo•.r-drmtnl V .... ,o.bou,!-o'o< """"'fo<
O''''''''(for ...... i'~.-_)
fo< ......
19
..., II
II
H
III rit!t, ...........'v.,...r""p<a<t....I .......... ' ..... .".., ....
_ _ I&II . . ~Ji>u
......."y~'....n""'i"""m.nd''''''''is.'''''''"'I_'mt_
1000'nlhool(llllpin.'I'~IC:IlIIy.lhtl'''''n'''inp;n
ob ... i""bkby ..... ki ... 'woi<knlocaol.,"")'. in'''''h .... y
~: II"" 1""lr •• PI." .rea.~" nOl ",.." Ian; •• imply. fa<lo,of
...'o/"3<JI:I).bo'in~lice.h"c.nllOm<'i""'bcc"-'<Cd<d
-
_ '- - "
. . . . 0-
I ......
11
..:a"..
..... )
n, m, '",
if lhc-rci< ....".blyf.""""'bk:<kpUof""'nhn.bcl"ftn
'''''''''''''''')'': f""eumplc.I I"'ir01 t"'-'<moft, V• .,
.rn)"~bcmadc,oyield.",.......-ca.eor"-!dR.II""~"',
", , ,
_~,
d--.~'OftI' ..
..
, ..... '''' ..' ...'' ...... IIyPfO'"a 10 bclc:ss'''''n' ................ '''''1
~!.:~::::"fi"' orN'02·3<J8 ... II'h,u".,.bconli""nly
T""f«>l"npt<lanceof .SI;tck~ I"'rayis'lIc>om.icallyl""
D! y'
fm! inll't<L1ncc Of an lR~i,'idll;l l Va,l anll~ ~1"HIod i))' I""
'Ot. 1 num""" of Va,i. empioy<.d. In rro<'i<c ,"" f«:d
impNanceo(s'a<t:edV.... i.>I,ahllyl<M ' ''"nlhisbcc;o .....
of ;n.....nOon bot ...,... , ..... V.ai arraY' .111oouJIi , ....
mt""'Oonn.""' ....... rtcdl'I ...... rc:a~'..." .....
Disadva n1l!.ge Of conventional Vagi arra v_

~rn.P>'hoomo"t'mpo<1an'd ... d,-.nl.> .. ort""y.ti.'ny
i.'IuHt"" • .,i.'ionof''''.ien.. nl!onll .... nd 'l''' .. np
ocon"'I<""'"
b«n, ..:mu",
'" .," cou..... 1".....,1..<:<1 ch.anlC$ in the feed impe<la ..... To
" '"
obl.in' ..... "'..imumpouib .. f......a«.lpinoxpro""'n'.IIy
e., ......
~:a::...c:-::,~:':fml)
_o<"'I>y . . . ""..
!!I
i, 1y diff"",lt ","""U1c: r"" ..
~ h chlO\je tltmtoll or
q,h i, .. _'l"ol'Udjuoo ,"" .... och ......' ..... 1>y
mo"".' ..... ma'.h ......... ice
...... ,*" ....
1I.,....'~'. I ho;I.ancecauoed by <honlC$
in ~~'::,"~I:;"kkl""'';~ ~I~~t:~t ''' an 'nfinn. ,hcc1 of ....... I.
o... .... _rtl>(f"'~)
o.-ta nn .. fo. ~h ,hn H
...,,
lin .... iln ....
lift .....
'"H
.rod"",h ••1oI ...""" .P\'I'o.i ....1eIy""" ... ,f.... ~ ..... 'h
1oD, .. ""ldbeha,"in ... mila, ..'1yIO.di".,......, .. ' .... IR
ton, .. ".,th.dJ~"""-Cf.thcpolaM'ionprvduo;cd
~ .... _ _ t..) ::...~:,r=-I ..... ishoritonlalt .. I"'....,.""IId.l ..
m
''"" =~::~~~~~~'~;;"E;'~~:i~
0 ,""'0. 2.od"",,0.J. <..
''"" T""
p,opony. ""I","ion
limi, of ' '''' fOf ... ,lsf"",CN')' per.
form.allCe"'1,f""rod 10O<XU'"'''''' ,"" .. """"i...... pp!'(I>.i.
ma~y.,... ... lr..... , .. \tntIh"'nI<1&'bcyond'ho ..... <:y~:::~:::hw~.::=::~:"'~::
und ...'oodbY....r..mnltoF.. 7.19,C"".i<k, ' ..'oha"..... ,"
dipo .... po.ud~ica"ybyS).J1.Since U.. , .... ,.,pa"or
"",rldi.,ion from uch dipole 1.\;.. plo<:c .t''''''''''~nl
I""nodt."'hoo"""t~. ' '''''cnd.''' ' ''''dipolesmaybc'''''''
.. 'lhou' ......... elfecl. T1Iac:cn<Ionlly_bc;o;ned''''''''''',
....h. h,,,,imptdanot r......, ....... ' cnd
food ... ",," bc
7 .11
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
. pplitd.o .hc""'md,polco. Tonodia •• inph ..... ,hcr'"'''' Ta ble 7.4
,-
$hould be fed m'd ....y bel",.. n ,"" '....,<l ipo"'".·I·"" hilh
imlltdlo""".ltb;,po;nt moybottillSformoold<>,,· ... o(M>< Resonant length, of full -w. \le dipoles
.... lab .. f<lflhtlyllOo.ff.............. by"""' ... oI.'apertd
.... l<hu... ...."""ra.............. I.... (IC.ddla_ld>~I'nI<t;..
(~) (':':.:::) ,0,

:r.~:~~.~:,; ;;;~; ~~;.;::~:;;~
.. ~u •.-...lW.th. ' IU•• lol. Oncfu""."PfOI'<"yofl ....
..... IeI""sIotls,hali .. bond .. idthil_hatlrcalCrthall 1,100
,.~
.... lrohtacleddipol ....
'.~
,.~
Skeleton , lot Yagi arrllVI in stack 10.000

Skdct<>n $Iot Va"arnysmaybe ....,kcd ' o'..crca",t""
pill bul I......... eonsidero,;on. of opt,mum ",""kin, Tbrdi ut«lln .. kula."... 'be ... ......... be;" ........
d;.u"""," ~Iy ddawcd appl,. l"he""UC"'o-ttII,,,, ."'.. (•• bo<hio_ .... orbothincen' ..........j.. F"..,"... IooIr
opaci"'oI .... i.oI.tdctonIIotVaiP ..... ys ........ Id •."ry fo<_.H_~,,.~r.b.,,.II. .A._ 1I.
bet .... n I ~ and )~ or mI>f"C lo;wr<lina 10 tile numbtr of
ckmon"'nnch Vag; a.ray.
I:a<:h .... k' ..... Io' V•• imaybefcdby720"".. i.lc.bIe.
""n,~ .. lkn""'offct>Je'I"_"""""",,f<C<lroint
for , ... ..., kcd ...... y. and i,,..ouldolrouno be ....... bIe '0
~~.to;.lu~!~~q=!.:-=: ~:.:::,.~":,:, !.t~: ~c~~.!!:°1! a.:~!~ ...._111'''" caD ... red.-l

and .. in •............:Iby .... iId'.............rto( dn.~d,poIoo.
l ..nsr........ ' ... lmp<dana.o'I""oI'hema'nr.......
A' an .... mp ... if.poo;.of.l ....""... IotVa" .rrays.uch
I"h.....,,_n' osuwo.l'y rcf"""",, 10 ""'r-cly . . . .."'t.
o . _ i......... bill.. /Jourdorb<ood,Id<., ..y. Sinoe,hit
oI720f<Cdimp<dancc......""kod •• hero"'bin...timJ"lOllancc ' ypcof . rrayls",,,<.Ieurf.,,,,,anumbo.ofradia ,in. dipola..
"'·iU .......... h.trofno .. icJ60. Thl. may be , ... ",formod ' 0
720 by ,"" u"'olaqu:'" .... ".,,~-'ion 01 $20 c"'......1
,!"Ie reodimt><>danco ... ""1d ... ""'rcrntl,Iow if''''' dipoleo
.,'''' ttnu~.. ft:d. Itown~. lh( imped.lra 10 anh 0{ I
cablt•• llo...,,"""bei... .....s.fori...doro,la<1or . ......... dipOlc.'i.. end;.h ........ pr«1OO,."I"'<kpendin._
. . -... or .........-sIoc Yoli ....yocan bef«lin ."""'" , ...... ,;"0(; .. ImlJlh '''diama .... and it .... U I"""""",,,,
ma ....... by joIrun, ,,"in .nd i... root...,.... ~ ... nor-..." •.• ......... ton ..... .en.'o ..... balan«dhi ...... mpeda"""r..det
~~::nrmen un,,1 only one f<Cd iI......dcol for ,!"Ie "'hoIe ,o.nd .. f<Cd.p;lirofcotli ..... chalf_ .... ,cd,poIe<, • • ,... ....
'8
c. ll«I. fu ll .. ..,.",dip<>le. Tl"Ic:kn.' hf"'.OIO .... I"IQ!.ncI'bo
~~':~': ;~4.. '''ms of _ •.,kn,th/llia"",......,., i,
~ rf, _ - T ' o , n ..
~ .if~~~;~
7.12
...:n:t~I;·;::-~'k..~!:r~u~~ ~::.':";tY."'~tr!..~~~:
Tl><."""in,."hc ..,n".. of .. <hrull ..... vedipole.1I<>u1d
uo.do: ... ,h.and a ... rc<li. pha ... Tn.a l.rnn......n" ~~~~"";:~.::~'..~~,:~~ ::::":~~~~~
r... SIa<~' 01 MI·. . .,..
~;poIcs . .... hoIon in 11,1,21 Note
,ho, "'" r...d Wo'o'" bn,,«oo d,...,... ............lr·....,...Ioto..
~
',nf...
is ...... llyl bout ,hc 1401 "'" 4H MI h bancls
M.. ch,n'anbr:""rricd.,..' ...i'h_bIo ...... '..,ircu~cd
Jor,.and .... c.....otloo'... '.lI'hcd,poIesinachbay.'" opc-n ... ,,,, "ubs on ,hc rood Ii ..... Thc pac".a' .. pcas 01
~~::.,~~~~~=~=:~~.!t."::':.: ~~PI":':"h""''''<l<al, .. ithlna1Ypica'a'''''~in'h''

orlo ..'.""'.th....,"kmo'eri. l.• nd'I»"hc"'i••unic..n'ly A ... nh'II<V.ai ...-ay • • h... inc.nbci"" ........ byplAcin'
;::=""",'bcc~'C1"poon,.",prev<n' "nin'on. I rd'..,''''bohir.d''.... J, •• in.<l<rnrn'' ... ~ ... Ul'o
01S I.. I~"'oro-,zs).bton.rrcquentlycholat. Forthc
~Id~;:: ~,~='='u':~;;.,::(:'i..::!..d=
' ' ' t>enCte<, . .......
rnadeupaflinme>h .. ,"' ...........
4l1 MII .boond a ndf... h, ......
r<tchcdonafnmea n
roII<ctor
=h:'~: ~~!,.mb!;~~~::
f""" , he f<Cdcr
~~'~~,~~:'~ .:.=.
h.,....... ,.." ......, 10<. ,l>an ,hc "".,..,
~:;:,~'!~!"=i:.r~;:,~~'::;"t!~',~::
lo<~inJ , ..';'" In: ", ... lle1 IQ ,he dipole. 1'11< " ',,,, .... ' i".
.hould e>.t.nd ......" one '''' If.wa,'~'' ...'h beyond ,he
=~;~: ;:';2 ,:"~~'~~"' ....:i~;~~:.r:~;
=i:-'=,:colf:c:.hc...~~,=.~:~~1~~ ~~5::~::::~~:_::·,::::::
",,,,,,,,,ood., ,hcno.........."nadn, ica"
'ho' '....
bo.' ...... 'br:c:onnec:leolalo .......... ''' ......... ' '''''ba,. ..... ""'nl ...............
l ... ftd'nplwe. lflllcy ... c~fedlllO' o..n-of.~1e'hc: on .mall inlUlilOfJ Of in "",ably drilled .. oodm venal
:~~:~~~,:.';I~~I=';-.~~ri:."7.::.::
.
~~:! .::~;:I.==U;.=l~~kN ba)'Oaf
7.13
V HF/ UHF M ANUA L
mnnbc: ..... s...ppon.shouklnoc be_.N panllol.otb:

~=t",a .... 01 ~bIc illll ........ OIl oM ptopmios 01
T... bond_'hol." .. 1fI,.. ..hc... I .. ~1ON1ly1arF

.nd ".adj""""",,,I£I>Cf1IUy • .., rlf IcSJcn,ocal ,han_
01'1'"" ami)'$.
I'or.suckha.in•• n.llcquale .. ' ........ 'rcllcaor.tb:
hO"'''''talbeamwid,h'••ftti(albeam'''idlh'''.andpoo....
pin G (rornpan:<l"i,h an IKotropio; "'~"'or)caft be cal.
<ulatwappro. imo.tclyfrorn,hc'ollolo'inlfurmul«
7 .14
........,.lInd 6 .... tho hori",nto,.nd ,~ni<:o' di ....... iOl'lS 01 12· e le me nt stack forth a 70cm ba nd
tlM:_or .... fJ«1;.<eIy.bo.hbcinl"" ........... in.hc ...... F.... re 7.:6 ill...,,..,,,,, ,ht ....... bIy 011 llodemtft, sud:
r...u.wr.,..
:!7j~:;.~=~~':'.:'.:,::::.;.~h;!=
•• ",np.j in "", honwnu.l boyoo( .,,- dipola
ho ..... pinolIJdB..Wilh'hcdi"""'...... inclicat<>;l ....
co".,.. froqllm<)'.. ~)2~II h.. TItc ",d ... "". ............ Ir<
~:;;:..":~~.~.~y\":n Pfo>ido.l.ho «I~IU"'" """'no<1«1f..,..,'run......,lodlind"''''''' •• .,.,....ubi".1O
... hich' .... f......... ndphasi". ... i..... "'ooId<mI.'Thtccntres
1", .... """,,«100 lin poI)'1 ...... i... ~I.IOIS"""'nlt<l"" '~ni·
nl .. nbylin....,.,.,........"bc ... ,. .... ....,..'i... "'""n;,
ma<k from lin mcsIo ,,' .... "i=l ~· "e ... "i", """,no«lon I
f.."",..-or\( of. luminium·.lloy >n,Ie. t:.oh boy ""hrce
Ske le ton . lou ln . tack full· ... , .di""... i. f«l. , Iht«n, ... ; lito f.... li... ,.k.n
S.~ .. 'on.I"..... "be",..d",l'tplacc,-cnicall)·di.~""i~
"", i,,,"h,,,,,,h tht ... """.OO'. and eochof , ...... foW Ii....
of Iu.'f· .... '-cdipo .... A. ,!>copti,,"u,," ,-en""" d, .... MkHt
for.bori",n,aUYl'ob",l¢d.k<lttonolo,is.PI'f<I.'lma,ely
~!::,I';:,':U~.J!,:=·~ri=::;.·f=~
lJ..i.i.nolott..' ....... bIo.o~ .. 'ho,'<nic:ol~npl-ho ..·n
for ful'· .... ,., "act •. Tht.lo40 l",moun,«I ... nically ••• ;r~~~~~.~~::-,::",;!~':'~r:~
"n'I't-'<>-«IIl .. """.".o(o... " .. ,....."..b lndr«l,~
:i!~;:~~::~~!t~;nr:.3::l
• 'apued ma'''b, ... ....";.,,,.u for 'hto.k .... on-sIot V.p
.......y.lIndl""htnoonnecled.o.htp .....".,...... Si ...... ht
=:!i=n~.~~.~~':",.!;!'..:,'i.:::"":.
:Ip=,~::-='::~~=::':':r~:~
'l- g~'
' ,:",1- ;~; ~, :~l; "I
irnpeda"""".....,Nis'htnumbeTof<kdctoo .......... pIoycd
Tho;lnf>C<\anccr,,,,,tI,n.rrom,htconneclionof.U . hofffd
poin",,'II'hon ... ".I ' ...... bIolm~_
A brood<i"" ."·.Y of .~d.'on .101. ""'Y be bt.>il' up by
.tld lnifu,'ht,."~.It."i""n'''"y ... «n1r.·' ..... n.'''fI'''"in.
of 0"" "",f." .,·.knl'" , '
: lI t
Olpd "a ntag. o f multi·elem e nt array,

As , .... rreque:".,..broctmo>It .. hc • • nd'hc".. , ........ hbe·
_ .......".i' .. po<siblctooons""<lI ......
hipn"'n.I.""" ....... tmtdydncnbed .• head .... n......
)~o("""h
_
"l' i.",".. , - "'-.. ~
".
oII'id by , ... ...tu.:, ..... In CIt",u"" .reo. H"'""' .... Ir,ho
~::.~~~':!~~.:..~~:.:;:;'!=!r.~~ ...'"
cotnj>lica'''''''orrowlnll><com<il>OJC'a''lIIIYpca'.r.A ..... ~:,~~,~.'!~!~~. ~(,,'~r ....ui(
•• ' ... fl'<llllC1K)'ilK'mI~lh."'~ .... ...".lo»fromopcn·.. , ..
li .... lndf. ampha"n • • nd .... t<hinB"""'ion<lik .......
~:;~::.. ~.:~.O:':..~i~::~'. 10 ~""u~ an equal 1>0"'" r-~","'--j ':~\
I'.. f~",bly. ' ..... fo ....... a<,i.' ,t>oulJ h.,< a minimun.
numbe' of rad .. II", or "' .... cri,ic.1 ~k""'n"> ",.It a.
"""",anI 1'<1\«"", 0' di,",,'<>n. T ... rc.rc "",ny •• rial. in
~';:,::f:'1re~~~::- ""VI"I im"'~,""~ .m.'.u.
"~l~L't~.u
! !
7 .15
qYai1"'_"'~hloonl- T1Icnmaini ... lMyis'hen .... 'dlflll
.1!I>I"O-<i...... Iy""ho_i..,f....,~ .... This .... ybo
detnm,nodby lIOin •• ",ry_""", ",,,,bulb(foruampio.
6Vo.o6A). ,ho 0C1'eW0d body cI "'hich is hold,~ ,ho
T hop"'"""""of ... ndin."""vni.'heaeJI.mi ..... byobsc"'.
ha""
~;~;"~"..:.:~='~ ·~i:,~li~i~:."'~'..!~:~'if~~'I~
Thcprocedu ... is'hon..,_.tho""""orbh .... pIoced
"' .. 'o~"holM.J'ha,ha.btefI .... 'ched.Rothl>a)'l
f<COII....,...,.nd ,... """1 ....
.... ,!ten ""<ned.,..,
tdIi .. by
......"'of'ho ' "..,...,ub'unerusl. . . oJottedl,ncorot ....
.... ,thi .... <Ievicc. If no oc-iltl."....,,,, is.,iUlobio ,ho
::~:Id be: ' unod for muimum pin •• aI .... d,
..........,-
!.". ~
: .... ~
7 .16
,8"
,
;- ..
,. •.
:,,,
'lIOVER6'
SLOT FED BEAM
'" .."
•· "
~ "
: . ...... ~
' (lOVEIiS'
SLOT FED BEAM
,
: ...
"
~
'II"
.
,,
,
. ""
"
..
III
.
,, -
..
,
"' .
....
,
. -
,,'
-
,
.."".. Th e Quad
!!W,'::,d..~I ~~:,,:~ui:,~,~..~~r~;:.,,;on, "'lie'"
In..,il.<lill.mall physkalol"". forwlrd pin cI SI to
6dRe.nbcobtaiDOdand." r"""-c<>-lMd<ralioissi,,,ificanl
."" , I'oenisno..- .. /lydi""""", obouId_beaddcd '"
Ihcbaoicl ...... lemmtarny;n'ho ........... n........ppIied
~'i.
Typical<li~' forbolh1tl Ml b.nd l 44.1.t H, ....
'2 OVER 2' l', ... i.T.b .. J.S."TheKl ... lopooc ..... _ldmi ... llybe
SlOT FED BEAM
~~}~~~~~~~~~
::~."1r~='~Is:~~':,.~~n.::.=
7 .17
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Table 7 .5 bo'>rem ,he rwo.kmm .. on ..."'" u";'o.dy(_bcIow)1O

PfO'idc.OOr'I't>fOO.lmal .. ,oOOl or.".. ,·~ .... "h. n..>f>Ki<Ia
bee ..""" ,be""""'..
lao. "",r\:od11 critoc:al - . . on ,be
. -..... - ,or ,_ "'_' __ ~:·~~~I'~r::."rd pin of,,," aetial
is "'" .11'' ' ' '
I 1 (11_) 0( ...... .. _ n..acrial!ou.fOl"<l'Ud IJiIlnofSdD ....., . half....,.
,_, _ , "_lJIrt< .... dipokancllbaclr:.IOo ........ , ... "oorbc" •• than~D
r£~\im: ~ ~ ,., '~ ~

Ibe .. _.Ih!:nI_o/Q't ........ '*"" ..nbellSCd'om"".11
'be .. nal'o ' bemu'.n....~_""'1be ....... l..,
,1uo" ... "I>oIo ...i1I ..i,h , benc<pl_or , ... f-.t"",,,,.IId
..
'M reIIec:Ior .. ub(if\lled)ea~ lit woylOl ... ty ..... H.nd "'Id
"""""ndh"" ..·in<!s .. """"' ... III&F- .... .,.;'htheorbt<
=~ rbe....,~o;IOfbu;h;n'O.rour.IQ .... ~
A four·.quare Quad aerial for 144MI-b

i-!':,~!","'.;'·~. . . .%,t:p·~":.~~~,7n ~~~n'i~o;'::'
d,i,-.:n ck .... n' i,w,lI bo_n ,h., 'hi'.pr'o .. nI.... 10
O,2JJof.w.,-.:!cnl lh inf,... paoo .. I44 Mll •. T.... pocin¥
7 .1 8
r::WO Q., , ,
1,,,, Quad ..,1.;010 ""","led ....... "',,~d"oC"'h,:<,". """",,.
,o-ccn""opKin.ofSA,IlIf 6S,n) l nd",ra lltlN,"""''''
I ... ."'...r............ """,,,,",,,,1'4'C
Q ..... " ........ "" 51-sa
~':~~:~t.!rr.:.~,,-=~'!,',~t!..~,:;';'~:': ~
boIler ,hon ,rull ., I44M HL To obi •• " ,he 7211 inpu,
inlpcd.""" ro, 'I\e {k",ble .yslomi,mlybofOllndn««,.,ry
'0 open uul lho""""in.rn' ....
de",en,,,,, boIhQo.ads,o!J,~. Thi.i.
,.n..c,,,,,"""",ta,c.l
r""" ,I>e drh....
byd..
r.nininpu'impcda....,"" ........ Qwdd""'o' ... mu' ... '
couplill$ofd"'ptJr.
!I,,"~' II
Wid'~R<II«:'",WI1.
O,i,..,
V,....,lo< l
O,lKtorl
O,IKt",j
WV,
WV,
wo,
11'0,
T able 7 .6
.,'" "''" '" "''"

"'
Fou,O... d. _ 12 I~I I~I
Thc:~na \rorm of l ho.<rial i•• I>o ..'nl. Fi,7.nanll7,)6 141 141
___ 141
Thc:layoo.;s<ltl.rmlllOllby ..... ... !oC ..,ilhwhich . ... ra><k.
5<l 8 7J..! H I1I-5<lRI1·J..! B
~~.~':~r;;::'=nt7~·:::..,~~~:."!~;:= lion;Feodiqocdo""' ... II ........ J'O
of'I'It_bleQuad .. hiltd.. ',.,.ieal"J>O<'l".bn"'...... Qtoad<
;,."'ninlho . ~or""'tonIonal_i .. ~.I ...
'aS . . , al.llin~ .. ·,<X<n' ...... full
",,,,.,,,,,.,,,io(_.I"'
horiroo ... I""""in ...
<".
Thcil"ino"hi,"rr.mll<m<:nt l,O·$.J II",.. rah.lf.".. ,'. In "'''''!'UCI'''''. il i. "" ~d'"'' I "''' In make ..eh . I,m.. n'
dlrok .. i,""boock.h'''(''''''ra'iooflSd1l. 1'hepo!.o,d''lf1Im fromonepi=ofma'.,iol.Alin,OO . 'uminiu", .. illbtoo
;., .I><>wn in ~1.l . 17 ""'oo""mc"m""hmorc ..... d;lyl""n'"bt, .ndd<Je'l~
""""'.filltt'''p''''..... d ... onooot. Tbt cor .... radous>!oou1ol
bt~ ..... llbut,f"has'Qbolo ..... d ... a_."""forl ...
Mu lti . elementOuadaeri8ls
:;::::':~n~,'! ,''' ,...., Ionl'lh <of ,1\0< ........., sItoulcl to<
In'.re>',n m"lIi ... ltm.." Quad ..... " IIa.i"""'a .... ..,..","y . For ......,han .....1 "",pl;eily (and .""""'"".,..) il is OR
mo,nlyl>eca">< ' l>Qolf.,.bcl1<r po,fo,m'''>Cc .. "h'''''l>O<'d • d" . nl.lI'Olu.monll<'(or.1l1hc.le .... nl ... '~I.'obclhe
.o.k1obc>coml.or'Od ...·i' h.he s.imJ>lo V•• ' $am<,ond''J'1,hcu,hh
Gcnonny ,he mo",,,,,,,,, nu""," of~" K ~~. " "" filinllhnlomrnlliloUlCboOOlll1lllhct>c.>om'o'hcma>l
.. ~morc .. 'n oJ~a"""malbt.oac:~ .....,btr io .....bIy ..... donr"', ... lU. ..... nllv:ocriol ... nJ.AI''''"''p
.....,,,,,,,1)0
or 1toor,_tllly (or mo~'m"'" ",""han"",' .... tableblorko""da_arn.naemcn .. cubomade,'bty
.,~h'bc.·...,""'. I'ra .....
.....";,. ' obt,,....rernd _lIy~""".bcunn<enlllfllyh<a'Y.
n .. ,.hoIo .. ruc.1u"' .... y btrnado"pofolumini"m'u""
(or rod for Ibt."" ... "IO). and ,he only i ..... lalo''''''.."...,. l~fJ;~~r~;,,::. :::i::ncdma
:,,':. " : : : : .':..':: :~.~
io'''''f<Cdpoinlol l hcd,i~d.m<nl
f.
.~ .'.71 _ _ ot_4!oe'_.' ,"--'-,......
7 .19
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Crossed Vagi aeria ls for

c.ircu lar polarization
CircularlypolarilCdlra"""iuionsort.:ndeployiubf""'Wly
:::~'hanei'her~ ... lIyorhori""'tallYPDlariztd
Atfrt<j.....a.ssudo .. I4<lMH.and412Mlbllto<nl:b.
-.lr.... on~malryM""'lhat may be _ ..-..lIthe_
....... ionofpolariz:o..ions • • ndi.b ......... thcoo"' _ _
thatc.-Yqioerit.bbccome.na"rxtl ... ptOpOI<tiOft.
7.20
Uoi .... poirof V.'iKrial .... mbledin.CroMforma'ion
!~:;;~:\~~.::\\;~ ~!~~~/~;~,,:,~~~ ,,;:c~~,~
clock ... i"')polari>:ed.Toochie .... 'hi.il;....,....rylofocd
~::S~:'~;:t~~E~,~c~7:;~~~~~~~~~~
~;~·r~~:E~~~r~~~~:~:.::'f:7~~~
~~~.. si~~::'t~.'ed (0 • • ithe. a c"",hii.. 0' anti·
~i'::i~~b~~"f~b~::~i:."K ~~:':!"f:I:~ ~~~; Helica l aerials

(ICtorof thepartieularc.blein u... It i.ofl.nco.",... ienl
Tho helical a .. i.1 i• •• imple ......... ofob'.ininghigh pin
:;;':::';'i:~i:"'I'$Oth .. t hoya"di,placMbY t""l.n~th and ",·idc:bondfrcquc:ncychara<'cri"ios. Whonlhod""m-
.ta~:~~:I:nra:~;~~n~~· ~~:.~~~':i!,~. i~~ ~=;f!:::I: ~~~~:r~do:",:;~~'1:nt~

'histnay ",d I><com<l1and.", for lhe amat.ur by i" "'lIul.r
lit alon"tIe •• i.of'hotlel i•. Thi. radia,ion i'<i"" Ia.ly
a.I<>rIioo.·f hedi..aionofpola.i ... t..,.,i.",f•• rodtoa • ::a~~f:\,~.~::tO~t::t'~~':'~::;.P<1ld, ... on wtlel"",
• iewedf.omlhem"of,l>eaerilll.and F i Il7.42illu~1r.. tos Ifapiek-<lpd ipolci,u",,",IOe.<plorc,hcr..ldinlhcdirco-
thcfet>der ..... "_",(orc\ockwi.. OIl"..,..,.,.1f.nli
clockwi.. polariutionitroquirodlhont""f.,..,.,;k.wnno<:tioJ>1 ~~I~~~":~:~~:~':t;"..';;,~~~:~ ~:':~~~h~'h~~
JW· .'hu.io.JicatinlllfU<'cj""'Ia.(lQ1.ri,.:"''''','''.ny
:::;;;i:t: ~i:: ~~:":Ii:~ho ':':lw;::..,t;.,~~t~~I!~
be"of.::;:q::y"~n~~ to taXi"" tho oi""Ia.ly pOla.i,<d
~~~~~:~7~'S'~f~:~~:~~J~;htZ.::!~:~~~
"'1.;.';o:i=:~~~~;;',,7 3~n~t;:,~~!,t:;kt~
diame!crof'he.pirol D.nd'hepi'ch P(... FiIl1,44).nd
dc:pend.upon the ""ultan,.If«;t of the radla'ion 'akin,
p...".II.Io... 1hoholi<::olcondIlCLO•. Thopinofthoacrial
~r;:d~~~ ~u~~,::f ~':; ~n.!:'"o::li~I~"'~~~::~:
'hodi ....... r oflho heli. D .hould be about 1./J 000 ,hc
piIChl'abou'1./4
Ahdi.of,hi.d<:$i,nwillha.-eafudimpeda"""of.bou,
14(lQ; Ihis may be ,ransfcrrN to ,he feed« impeda""" by
me:ln$ of ~ qU:"'.'·"""'e 'f3/Isformc •. " typlo.l heliol
• .,ialh•• i... a"""".Iurntleli.ha •• tJ;lIinofapproxima,,,iy
7.21
'MBovcr .2: lf..oqu<1>C1,.."... HO"o\oCvcr"ood>~'h"
,",'nMlyi'i'~F)"ou ""d",,,lItlypo,.,i<O<lxrial mi-:m~':'r!. ;-:~,';~':.~,~~~i.~~~:;
{e, a hc:li, of ,hc: lllme .. fIS<) fo,,"",,,iOft . If a pll_ 1.lnl" ru1ivc .... ~ril l 'ou ... beinl""""red l ndO"bs' .n·
::~~i~.erial.lIICh ."dipole,".n.d''''''''willbe.1ca
~;:''::':;:' C;:',: c::,':. ~,":!It'':..t~
Apn,ct icalheUc.'.ari., forlUMHz
.. .
~..=~'~ted dista..... . bt"'nd ,he stan
oK ,he fim tum. Ind 1o ""1'"POrud...,..........a ...PIIOflI from
..............,.,problem'obt _ _ IrI' ... 'JPCof ...... 'heceruralboom . ..........'''.... lfM ..... ...nectM .. nbe ... '
for I"MII , .. uhi .. rcla'i,.. ty ..........,i.di.mct.,oKN lin kInd of meta l ........ - 1IIC1t 10 chi<;:kcn 11<1,... M plastic
II , .... PtO\'i.i""oflsu;,"bIe ... ppon .. rut<urc OOIOtedprdenmcall
:;:=.i~1:::~~~~'::E.~=
FiluI"C7 .• '.,.., .... . ~ ...... , .rran.."""".ln"hi<h 'h_
luppon.ptT'um(I20· .po.i... > . .. """"n.•nddeu,lsof
,ui.abled"lIin,of.hecen' Jllboom l l"ClI"", in Fi,.7."-
pIa"ic ' " ... M'hick ..... ll l\b<qIa$o. ... ,~6b<q\u>
Iomo:><cc"""""' ... i' wouIdWllloub4ccll,-be ...... hotbiltfot
1"....,....... D' ....... Ia'iotI.
' If UI. G...'., . ... _ _

_
' o.... _".,,_w
..
' .. ' ,.' ..... ' .. Mlla
f9< . J.'w,~
Ta ble 7,7
General daslgn dimensions tor 144, 433 and
l ,296M Hz he lie.I • • rl.',
~I
0·'.
64 171 "
~eD ~ t: Wi.. lia-t:
7.22
,.... eitw.., positiont--dochM" .nd .nti<lod;.......
Control o f aerial pola r ization "'ho;~ " ',Ill horirontal.nd ...,,,teat .. _ .... pool, ......
0\1 . ... ..aM )U". ,·.... ical poIIri.."IOII has b<come .II...... btI
~~~::~T-!~~~:~~;,?n!!f=:::~~~~
AIt_.h ""rtal polariza,iOI\ ;' """,llanicaliy.nd.""'·
tric:atiy.dV>lnl ........ "'hen ... In, a .. mple dipole 'ypc of
•• rial" .. "..esencc:oftho n.." in ,hc .."", pla ...... tbe
1.~nOcul,.. lylmpO"anton ..... hOcIe ...'he",'hema:~ical .crt""t.temen.. on. Y•• I""n,i"e •• blyde'~from
simpbd'yof.sIIOI1 .... 01icaln>d<:<)nSi.lc ... bly .... t ..""chs lho ptrforman<:e. This .. n be vel)' .,mply oven::omo: .. ilh.
~1:Y,:,",:::~':7!~:::::!':ta.!."~~I~~ ~.. ;~":''''::'':s~~::'~'':: '::''''~~'~=~~

"""",ah<r.·ttM...tlicksurf"",, IO ...... sclow-o ..... radiat>Oll on , .. vcnical pet!CII"IIIaIICC.ndverncal.t>d horilontalonly
'l"M.d~.... of~'cn ....... '_alpolarin.lionfOl' can 11111 be produo;ed b)I foedi", b<>I~ ..riab in ,heCOl1'CC1
...... hlM _ _ or";mj>lOc"yoraerialdo<ip_
""".. ma,ionsIIip.
,.;~"'t:.:L~~',~c~i:"~i~"':::.~'~:.;
'ho'opt ... 'ionof.Ii>:c<l .... 'ion.C>'btldilCltll<.mobitaOl'
.... ",p...m,canoolyk .. tilSactorilyaa:<>mpli<hedif •
.-...oIclla"lin.poIari..,;.". ;,., .. llal>le. l, ;'oIcours< poIan..,ion.""ilable . ndl"pha. I... ~u,,",,i< •• follows
qu'tcpoooible,ou"'..-oDCt";"1s ••""lduliy'''·o "",,'i...
.)'>t...... ,bu "heros'bccomet .. therfl)llllidoble Slan,,,,,,i';on45' . .... lJ" Acri.l. fcdindi,·id ... Uy
Spacecommunicalion. ",be", ""n"ol oIpoIariutiOll i. Circula'l'OIi'ioll$cloo;k· Ro,h.e,ial. fodwi,h9O'+
dil'lkul'orim"""'ble.ho.(orccd'lIeu .. ofd"",larpotariu- ..i.. andln,i·dock";" ",90' pho ... ,d..,ioMhip
1>011 ' '''' 1' .....rj\t1IU\ltlutt It ... "",..,... mosc bet..""", lIo,h .. rials(ed .. i,hO'or
IIltdstiliolllrorlonl~ntlOO"etrellnalwork.Thl:ruoo.
180' phaKrctationsllip
......,.III<I.."... Fofci .......... poIa ....'ioa .. ,ha'.n •• nec-
=t~'~!.':'.=..::=-~'~:.:.~
This .ll_ndt....,.""""pIica'cd.bu.'n""'... lf...... 'ho
da.oreol ...... hmaybeaocomplishod ... Ia'i-dy simply"'''''.
1bcrd"""'IIe.. isf.r .... '.di ... ""'.i.."..nnuuer""hcn 'hfee.p ... si1·poo.I'ionYnloy-l)1>e .... f"' ...'itcl>. ACOLWIJ
eUaoIa, poIanu,iOI\ i< .....J ., each end 01 tile link. Tho ...'tchislbe .. pu", .. ....,.IOOSOlllcjob.buloomi<kn"ltll<
.... ofe>motarpolirialion.t.-endOlliy, ,.;Ib nonnal "".. 01. 'h..-.. ... " " · _ y _ l l .. itch' ...... her "",II ,he
horironlllo.-_'''''I ot'I>eOlber,''''of,holink,natutllly ....,....1)''''u''.ndoockcu, 'hed4ff........,in pelfOl'fl'lln<:e ;'
resultsina}dRlou..t>d,l>escfore,oachie..."bead""ntace< ju"n(>two"hwhilt""1m
;:Circula. poIariza,iOO i,is """""l)'f,,, . I1 ' ''''ions '0 u" 11M: (lNt p,oblem 10 o.... n:omc i•• impl~ tllatof pro.idi",
' heoorlCltlmat<:hin.r",foedin, two •• rials inporallet
Cht...... n••11 2m opcllO,,,,m tu Clm>Ia. poIIrillI'i"" i< lI.icnJ,wilh7311acmlsthelWi1foc<kn,.. wmplypaflllkkd,
"v".. ll"lat>daquaner._vet}#~nr~otoedto''''ns-
S=E=::~2~i:==F=::
ad.sod_ ... 'ba'venicalw""ldbe.""ilablcfOl'optn'>OII
r"""bKk ,olJO, •• m... tratcd in F" 7.47. JOCiacrials ....
u.ledin ...iat>'iydltr...... ' ... yi R''''' • • quortel'· ... veof
7Hl(udcri<otoed in_h f _ t o " ......orm up 10 1000
wIIhonobita. H...... uocd • .,....... orpoia,;z,.,;.,.,Pfi.. h- .nd ,be'_ ... ~;npa .... lloprod ..... JOn.pin...
;"'lbelulhorhl........ -...whI, ... rprised,ofuodbia: ............ F.. U8
.vio,,,,,," III poIari .. t;"" from IIItions, in PI"kula. !'huin,itsimply . qualionofpltcrilll,Mleqthor.be
mobi.... Qui'.ofl ... . moI>llt.,.;n •• ven .... lacriolhas ....... _ .. ,oUt:hha1forlhe~...,.....:JY,'; •• 'hepolariu'ion
r""nd'0 be of <quo' rtsc ...,hon .UpoIari"' tions .ndin ischanpd. w"" ... 90' pha... hif\ i<'«Iuired,.quo" .._
oome co ... a d<flni,.adV>lnt.Ffo,dm>lar ha. bccn.h",.'n
OneofIMU KupeaterthasV>l"in.llOlarid.tlon,deptndin,
.... veoffeed"'i.ln .. "od."" . . hc .. II80· pha .... hif\i<
~~i'cd,. half.".. ""fooder i, in .. rtc<I.11M: poIariu.lion
uflOn 'Mdira:tion'rom .. hk!li' ''",,,,,i,~,.ndtbe ..... o' s .. i!Cbm ..., ,b01'c(art .m.n.., fo,oorre<:,ma .. bi ... b)I
(1' .".ndoll>o""",i<:eoruCOftlklenbb-lntorntdilCltlklns . ..·i!Cbi... lnthe.PPf'OI)riaIC~Ul.rte1-_...,impcda.....,,"' .....
ltappean,ba, ..'beuu1>or"""'taIPQlarization<loesllOl former.""cor=tpha<illlt>rowilchin.inlbe.1'\>I'OI>ria1<
. _ ..m.t ...... ~."' .. icalwi1lof1mlhifl ........ h ..
4"Of>d_..,circula,,,,dUPlGl.
CIrcuIa,poIoriulion_Uybriqs to miIod ,be Mlical
'-""-
..... I,who;hcanonlyprod...,., ..... onodct}#<in::ular,deptnd-
::.:=:."":~~:::.dlr!.~":i'".!.~~·I~:
!iooIi<pooaiblc froml>oI .... I .. riab.,bu'onlyb)ltbe .... ot
,...., I>o1x..Dd suitable plla.int- wi.~ no ...1 meant of
ronllOI. Tbelimrlemeallll ofcllan&in&pOtarizlllion ilm
moun,.horU.on,alY";lndI ve"ICII Ya,;on tbe .. ".,.
boom,.,_il\ltll< wdl-knowncroued Y";. Sepontcfoed
IOCKhoectiont}#IbcYq:I b......". dOWft ,,, , hoeopen,l,,,
pe.;' ion,.;U .... bIt'he ....... osoritchrolh'herhorilontalor
.mal, but II i< porn..l'1 Dor _ _ lIy ... ~ ,hal i, is •
'ICf"'.'...
..... ,i..ty ..... pIt .... tbe~or,he,_
Y .... in'holltad:;.ndob<oi .. f..... """"poIa,;z,.lion~
..ameb'twoolan'p<>si'io_ __,U· .ndIJJ· ,_herorilll
7.23
V H F/ U HF MANU AL
~~~~~~!t:~!:,7~
"",nda"'andistA""". . oompIo,.Ijr ... ndardonlow
~:r::r~:=~~onl)'boa""''' .. oI ' imcbcfo,'UU
Flp7.49.""'.SO ......... ''''=_ry .... i,cbi'''.,ran ..
..... n.. fo<7jn.""SOn .... iab~peclj,·.. y.Thon.orrrwl
dra ... in."' •• wi .. hmalo.'hoill..llra'ionol'hoSOn.)'>, ....
u'~"..,lycoml>lica'od.andFI,'.SOi$dra,..n .. a.ide"""
of,hoYu!ey ...i'chwi'hlho.llcon,,,,,,visibleinawnial
Ii .... , .... mo"';nl COn'"", n.o,!xin.thown. I! wili bon01H:od
,ha"ho$(lfiv ... ionlsll1uch"lI1p1er .. ,lM:r.iollO_tO
..... nuf.<tu"' T.juno:tiollSinlhocabief.
llio •• ..,......,...ryfordlCphao.In ...... 'hJoffealertObe
&<;C\Ira"')ycu' • ..s'hiI ..... ybelimplyaocomplishod ... i'h.
t<Jo.Fi .. '.uoctho ..... llostposoiblodio. .... '.. "'bktOmini-
miu,homochanicalproblemooto"'''''ootionIOlbo"""""",
~,~=.:~~~r:~=~:"10~;'=::
\OK'difllbeifl ....... ofunil........,.. Toobtaia.q ............. '""
of"'bIo.""'off .. ithlb'~I""nlho ..Icu.. ,..,~
whiobio'lM: .... tAlm ..ill\No I,.."toIidclieleruil: .. bIo,
... ,..,~mdopatcircui' •• II<I""""boOl ...... etldwilll llM:
=':t~:~~W;=.~.:!:i';:'.~'!"~'~
1\ t.. 1'1,.. , ••
~~7?~,-;,::=:'=- .. ;::='
t ""
L----I'.!OO"'"++H
~ ~ ;,~~:.7 ~ .: :::
.
o l t "n
r~~'-- !A :::
:}::::;:.: '::---'-
'--"""-"-- - '
n:.-::::,:::,'.:'-·
7.24
_ b b ........ .-e ..... a.inualohon"' ...... "wiliulU AIoumiItJ'lIat,he,wil<.bllaobeero .. tlotactorilybuill.
.......... a..d ,lie ~ip fRqIIm<Y ...-tIi<h ..ill probablybc ................. 'hepn>blemol .......... ' ... r....s." tolbeJor.I_
""""'""'120~II .. """""m,,"y .. it>pitasO« ' IIeOf'O.cndol ol'he."""""yaail... of' ... ~i".,i""""I ...... "
kblly.l ....... r...o.nohouldbecu._n""'lly.nd
'IIe""Weu"'il'IIed",,,,,,,,,.. a'l.j~HLA .... ml."u,.
ooIidd,..... riccableoloimlb • .u,.nu'""'lttou""""tl... ~Io:trically '0 eq ...11et>pJo bef.... installa,ion. Ind "'" twO
...;tcto....... ilnonooc:essity 'odlpca<hle.... h.Theunif.,...,,;' y h>1_ol'he"""""""V ... shouldbeincuetly'he .............
nl,"""b!< iI,ulllcoetl' .implyt<.ropy m"d...... IIy.hil on ,he boom. While ,he fcc<kn may be "'" 1OCU1'01eIy. io
"""n......... lon .. h.".,'o<loub!<orl ..I>I<" ..'...... hII lf.or is ..-haM::allydil!icuh IrKlll..-, impoosibie '0 mount
,how-q .......• .... d ..... hn-rui,ro.n...Ii.h,.""'-in. 'he'woh>J.aof'hey... in.he ... n .......... "T'hoyinevi.. bly
O('hc<:ableo ..... n'hty"'.p .. ~,rofo.conoe.:lion
CCNI'IP«'I .. lodhythelon.thin.he ".i,chconlao ..
I, h>,"tobe.p;><:odbyaf_I"" ..... fliI'he .. fo .. ....,.,...ry
10cor""",hi• ..-h.anicaldilpLo.ccmen,ofpluotcbyaneqwol
di.p l• ..,. .... ntoflcn.,hof'hereedcn,.ndlnp""c .... i'i.
~,:n,:';"i~7~:,i~~~~~C: ~~~~-;:?n~~'.:.!.~"~
be r.' .... ie< '0 oi,!,ply oonnec,.'.ry,hin,up,,·i,h unkno .. n
1e""",off«de",andldju" ,helcnl,hofOoKorbolh
~.:t ~:I= :~~'::h":f~~~;:'''".~~c~'::~ ~ f_",u"lIl,he'\\'i'chol""*'tsco"","ly
=1~~~~~;~::~,1~:~~:
"'ron.·~n .. n'm<I_of.djuotmen'ilto""""veahori.
""".IIy."""'ti".., ...... lol';:on.. on.am~h.udcr""".IocaI.
onal.. ror.baou,,(ully_,uoembIy.bu'>«1IJQ, a .. ~di'::Iy'~ =h":"~~~~::.:..":::Iy-::.:..::
~ilDIIOOed1(ldoal"·ith'''''''''R)'co.1iolcon_''''''' --I beam ...... l only tad ...... " •• n......... poIonut_ r""",
ift ••wi ..hnl'Ai...m........ 1loojoin.... oI ....... hol500
"""nOilimponont.•IId ... ..,c~dI'Ot1shouldbcmadc
'o .... in ..inlhe-.ialnyl>f' ... al>l<bypuoh, ....... bnid
b.""' ..... yf"""" ... in ......... k;n.lhe'n .... C(lnMI:Oiofto
<ard'ully.""""up",id.po!.)"I_I.II"'", •• oid.nypoosiWe
== .
."""",inloboo-;tfact ... _"';llbto:omc~e>ida>'i"",b-
":~~~: ~; ~ '=':~::~ ":7';

::-:!:,;:i*he'7t!::"of... .::~.::II't=~=~"i":~
..
ohot' '''i"",I, •• fId tbnl btina;". ,lie bnids b.d, ...in 0 ..... ve" ... lpooi1lOllSa n ........ belak.n.Acatnot.s.m.tor
'he .. l"'.nclbin<lln...." ... lywi,h6 ........... Any.'tcm"'., "",dl"""""",, for each pooioioco 01 ,he l .. itCh.n .. -.y
..,klo"..... iU~<Ob&blybcdilao'...,... ••• '''''pol)'l_ ... iU r_I<IJu.tnl.ntareO$$Cn, IaI.Typlcally.tbe.lantor
un<loubtodly ..... lt ..'lth then.J:of.twm-c:i"",i,. Pu,,"". ci",ular".,.i' io",,,m be.bou,oneS-poin'''''wn on the
proleclion ....ybe .. venby.lay.. or'apeovcrt"".n'i ... hori><NI'. I...·hilc'bevenkal pmi'ionwl llbe _ o i.
jo;n,.Simillrly.,he T.jw>e'ionIrequitodonlhe7j(l , .. ioch S.pointoorlO1(I)OdBd"", .. . To.,oid'lwoproblemo( ,he
.... ybe ....... upl>ycuui"'''''''U'rlon.uLor_'ion.of'in. man'f)'i",tole""lthelcpofafour·lctpd,abkandl'lrol.b.
p1a,.lndqurllysolderi ..... be"".ersoreach tllble'olbe
~iWi~.:::.~=:i"maybeleetlancl.voi<kd. tl,
=~;~; i:':'~:~'7...r;,:: =
Iqur ..ilha]in·hilhl.lblo.whencullillJr«drricltJ.hltul
~ ~..:: ~ ..
y._.
:::: ~:I:U...!.=he"''''''f_.fId ,,," opt;"",m " .....
Wioh ' ''"yqismouotedl,.j· .i, ....
IhI'.hontonl.lloi_lcanproduccd,Ikn......l"""'. . .
.....,.nln.
on ...........I.bu"tus ..illllappmunhl, ... _ , ... r-..o

. "'oleq""IIm&</o.n.. ...._ i l ' ... i ........ b!<m ...... tdI
( _ ...... doliben".'oi_noiIcfactor)wtoich_
. ' .... inpu"o'he"""' ........ or ........"'. R...-.btrllle
oIoject is It""/ "aMI!. no! .... limurn lill\lll-convatef
mis-.... och an be com_ted for and _~_ ,;pal
....,...'h .. h>CVCdbyaltcrinl' ... Ien .. holtbema'nfccdn
~.~:~,~::ch wilJnot .lfect 'he plla.. ..,Ia'iombipo
Thequeolion n"",,,i,..UIO .. hichOfthedrcula.

roiariu,ionposi,ion.u.cloc::lcwiMoran.I-c:lodw;".Thii
,ubjtctmeri,..ncn,i ... niclc;1I w iUbe ..""""bem:I,lIa,
.......~ L,........
evctI the .. orld·, '01> '~Itocommunjgo'ion ............ "" lhis
..... wron.on,he/int' ....... tlan'ic .. l>t'<Mdc:aotviaTcIOIa.
Shoukl the OI>«>,or "iOIt ,oddl ... tho rirNla. poIi.ions.
~ ~~:":'I,~ ~~~I,=-. ~
. ~nd':.~:":'~
t;;:~id=.~====~ .::.:.~o!n~ .
/~ .0a~bn."lhe.",i ,oh iI'o....,.;..". "'-Ag"",lafly.
.... y
poIanKd .....1. . .hen , ... ....,..,...... poo.itjoco will to<
immtdiaoelyniden'
in '~,:=~ve-:=.·nd phased ,""~ch shoukl perform ..
7.25
VHF / UHF MANUAL
,,_01 oI&Ml (.II __J
I......
ill&>
y ....
lOl JO
. ,.
J
1)5'
l
~-
~/JO ill.. I l
) l i00i . . lOIJO
I)" )) lO/lO i00i ..
Clock.". I ) I J /01 .. ~ l lO
A.,i.(lo<k.,.i.. J ) ) J ZOllO M..
Omnidirectional ae ri al s
AJmt1IIt(H'lCd . . 'I .. r.lhe ....."'I.<!opt..... i)y.maleul'Jo(
~:"'~.~~~~n.!'".i'I:~~~'1,:=
rw
r:'"~":=~i:~'~''::~=~
qIOO ....... ,,""' .. IIip
l'orFflCT&I1'I'IlI'*_"",hl:otllc.-hilhfmjllnKlnliac
"""'idom:tional...nalmoy¥at)'rrom .... ,pIo<;roOtetld, .......
..... ,.;.,.xvul ...lrJoo.'ohaiosbothMl .... halr ........... n
dobo...tleIU.Mh .... thcc:hoicc"illdq><ndonIMOpmtlOf·.
req<!,.-..s...hu •• ri.lis.""onh,,·hi1eadd.i';onlol
lharp p"".rn bam •• _ • mum of htan ... ";1>\&1. "hkh
E:!:i ' \,t.- ~":i:J

::.!,.:::-;i~ ~r;::'kd II)' beinl in , minimum .i....1
Simple crolSed dipole

T""l urn.lt1e.• boknown •• r'l>J.Hddi~., p"ovl<*.
";mp")'O' "'t)'dI'octivehori"",... lIy poiariHd.omnldi_.
,ion&l ..,ial.ncORSi$liof,wohori<onlaldipoamo<t"".d
.'ri"".nalo<.ndrcdwilheq""I""....... bu' . '\IO"phuo
! ! r ';!: .. At..FACTU ....
dill'c ......... ( ~,. 7.i4~ Ma,duDI '0 7'0 iI qui" ";mplc.nd

.. ilh."" ... <IJuI'mm' • .nyIow ....ycanbeobta' ..... ;~~::.~or
Pol...... pon. . .nd .... ' chi "1l flo7.M. _ _ . ' .,..."" _ "
T'he<Jm ... II)'.;r'MdlpoIcs..aepcinl IOUIUS. ,he pOlar
=-""",Idbe perfcalyonvLid ..............1(tht,""""i"
ha, hem ~k""" 101 horimntal d,pOIcbet ... toIItcd., ,he
rttqllC1l<)' 0( OII«Ilion ... 1401 million ..... al !mI. Il. . - r .
d~'o'''''/I"''. ,.; ... oll ............... (appr<w''''' I.. ylm.,
l ... MHil., .... ~tends l"""tdslfOUndcodloQ""~
7.26
~ flo' .... _ _ ...,·"' ... ·,,· _ _
in po .. Uel.io.l>I"""imaleiyJ60.Thon(...... Ifll\<""",...,. .tc. i)e1.il. and di""'n • .,nl .... hown in n . 7.SS. The tin
l!ool'o'he'nln .... il1 ..... $hon •• Io .... hol'$OOf-.."".,kI di''''''te, hole a, ,he b:o.. or ,he block is p",.idcd 10"",.
w
bool<liliblo i'''.''''''''''ld>r>O_lhanl·4:I.Por"",-"r .,.,.ufi'on'olhe'... 'ocal.uPflO'1
roodontheoolu'iooI is 10 ...... q...n ........""uaml""""r.nd Wlocn ........ri ... 'hequan..· ..... ~ma'ch ..... ndplwi ...
"Ocable'o'''"'"'nsrni'~r.Thrdlorx1 .....1Cimr<d>_
oI',lIiIq ... n..._ .. MOIioobei... <l<ri>nlrrom _ n l . This is 'ypallyo.l>f.i forsolid ditlcctric
o-Urorc..IM.rtype<.bu, ;fpouiblc ,hisfilu.. _l<lboo
",,_.nd
KClIOft • •""._yfO<:1orof'''"'''''blem.... bcllk ... ....,
Z, _ ~ (2)
::~~~~::::"MoI"he"""'ial"""onlfor I 4'M!I'
;.,~~.(o;:~_rlmpt<lanc:e(7S(t).nd ZL i. ,he Iood
Z, y'ji"X1s sm
-m )( 1)( 066 _ 34'n
::!:.:, -:::~ ..~rali~.:"k:" ':"~~n~~~:
hovoninFiJ7.S6
"",*, . . .
_ o f , , , , , d l _ ' ispan .... lorIJeritic:>I...ccpli ...

lhal "I,," d .. _01'."" ........... k _ _ "hen ,he Siot eerie l
Th ............ sIoo 111>0 MOII.nd d,fIen from lhe Jim....
~~::~!~:::t:.~2:2j~!Z
f<C1& .... Ia"11>O(.... Ic'onIUH<lin_ ...... oc,iah. I,
i• .:en''''''roond ,he .;.,.l1ral in. ul.,or. which in lhe ori,in.1

"'l1ion"'. . . .honqlh~f2ind ........ crlt)'lonbu'cO<lId
..
~:"~~!~ =~~'~,::t ~i,~s~nd~n,~".'t.:':.::,~:
in""ratcdlhe,loli'1inwide:aoo l8inl"" •. ,,'hichi,
bc.n1 01horw" .. blema,";"'lsuch uTufr>Ol.ebotIite.0fbf, =I;'"~~~;'~'::~~~~~=':rl,~~by.
I:IeU"" ot,he.,."".""""", •• nd ,he bllun 10''''''' ""•
.. n.I,'rc'''''''''.;n Fi.l.jl. Thrma ..... lrorlheq~nde'
maybtot«>lld.hee'.fIet'f"""cd.-or",""",andihe
mal~rial on be e<>pp<r, lin.., .Iu",ini."" ~i"" or .... n
linrl«li,oo. The Iosseo """k! he lowe, wilh ,he hill>cr
condllCli"iIY mal""'I<, b"I . "he PO""I1Ii~dy 10 btUoN
,he hiJh """''''iI1 mal""'11 a .. "nHk~1y 10 ho"" . ny
'ip'"l\c:alll<iJo:1on ,he fIet'f""""n<>e.
Con..."",lon
The tylindc:r deo<rib<d i. made: r",m "'rf""'....
~inc .heel.
u,,,.Uy ... illbleinJ6in w "'''''ikol''''hichlwolSinlo,,,,M
~~h,,!u~r:.~p~~~~".:.'W';;:-~o=
;;:'':'.!=:;~::=:~~hb~t~.~,:::~.!'''~
'ocyl...mc.lw"".... ,·j.... Ii" .loIinlhel>O'iphe<y .. h"'h
::.~; II,~~~!:: ~~:~ ;;~ot'""" Itrips lIIca 01'
~h"""oflhe<yhnde:'i.bnce4 ... i'h .Io..,horl in
dia ......... lum;n;.,m'u"".naU.- ." heends,hen'"l'iJh'
I".,., ror lin., cachcndlnd boI1cd 1o U.. q1onder I"Ilb
onou'hed .. _ _ A ..... II 'pFoonmit:'n_ is_"'"
onou ,1toeo.oc' ccnlreof l1toeolot. n..fi,...hod prud ..... is
"""robusi.bul'his .. ""'i"'porton . ifililrorin4oor .....
The "'''1 i, f«l by nO .. mi .. ir$pa<:e<! coulal ""ble
~:;-:.,; :;I,~~::: I~=~ :i'~":llu~4:~'::i':':
nut lh"""p lhe 900'" ot.ho cylindu. The blhon..aiool ..
lSln ...... (17linif«>lId<li<"""'ri<:""'bIoislM<i,.kltoouJh
26onmayboo..-.",ilablc ..i.h"",,",ooIiddioiectriclypal
Thelun; ... or'heaeriol """'idprcf.... blybo_ .......
a ".ndin' ..... '.indica1D!'o/.hel)'pOdacribed'",h;'
M. nUlI.TheaCl Ullposili""of,h.e"",,_'on'O lhelk»
1f'Hl ,he ldj"" men' or."" , uninlca"..,ilor.lIouid be made:
~,;~heOfllim"m .."'r.oo •• "I ... of l .l :1 iliread ilyob"' ....
7 .27
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
t~~J~=~~~~~,;h.:".'::..~~~~
Abo ..."""'heaorialope.-.uCS<W«,..,....t.Jr.lm'o_
r~U<n<")Ir:an ... il ...·ill more .... dilyradia"'.ny ... r"""'""
_ ' i n lhe '''' ....... n.. ...,'pul. 11 1$ ,_"",,,,,,,,,,,,.
:.;;:: ""i,.,bIe ~It .. toadcq.... 'dy . n....... .., ,... hannoni<
"'t~:::f:!.~'''''l>bler''''boIhmobile'no!rJKdU'''o"
opnation.butirllKdontherool".... aor .• heOllC"IIiot.nd TheL>tsconcronsht.oIadiocmountodobove.cone.aod
1Opo.hou1d be filled in ... ith ... 'tablei ..... l:uin ...... t..ial._" .......Iy ohould be """"ru<;lN r._!heet ..... 'm.l. MIDI
npcnpe;o.,oprevmtnoiKprodootdby"'nda,e ama'eurs would r,nd .1Ii. in'P<>S$ible
10 rali"". but with
Ailhou&h in the<k:li,., illu .. ",,,,d •• "",taiba.., I.u be<n
~~:!'I}~~Is~ :"'';i~,~b~~~ ~k::!<=!,:~~~~.,.:;.~~
be.homdwi.h ....i... bly'hi<;kmeul""'II. Mat<hin •• he
foode, Into.he.lot should be do"" wi.h Ilidin. oonU,,:,.
Indl""lIclpof.,w,b,id,_
~: ~::?~'noI
in ,"" ~u.
found I"" muc" fa."", wi." '''''''eu"
lhouJI> frequently lJSOIl r""commercial.no!
mili ..., pul'flO'CJ. Un~tc ..... ny otller.)'fIa .111$ aerial Is
noton/yomnidirtctiono.lbut ..... I!.a.widoband.l!.a....erit.
IICLIIIs ... ~bleorcovainlJ. ... y.lhe1O.144.nd ..nMH.
bands or 144,"n a...1 1.296~1Hz, . Ithou'" the.., will or
........,be-... .......
tion of the ...... o,'er "",h. ",ide "'nae
~~~NG~!~l~:l~~.t~~~O::~7~Nl ~
'lfJ·M.e_.ItClIo............ ol . ....."boU ...Ol8··_..
7.28
hlllelos,lhecom""n<nl,maybcmad<ofr<>o.J.otIUbeon H a lo ae ria ls
illu,lrated In Fig 7.5<) wilh a min imum numbcr of rOOs of T~IYil<".re""p"larf"rmobjk ..·01"k.aolh.y."'lighl.
<il!htor pref<rably 16. Of <ou"". optn me<h may bc used e ..ily mad< .• nd h."" an al"''''1 eireu!:>. ",,13r di'enm. In
a<;~ 3:~:~~':; ~:~~i~:' m;~d t':: ;~~~r:.:.~o~
oo ..... nd'he.p.>cinloflhi,fromthe~nlrcorlhedi"'.ro
Il e fa.cl1he",i,a point of mini murn,i",.linlhedircctionoflhc
,id.oprosite ,,,Ihe gap
thatlhel"""in31inaimr«\.r>eei.oor=l. <a son. Construction
di';"~.i~~~.ryfo:::::;"I." .....how" in Fi, 7.60 ... ilh I"hcdcsiani. t>asedon.l>ndardco ... ialplu!:'andoocket<
which .", readily obl.inabl""n ,h..... rplu. m","'I . It i.
" thelenglhof ' heoo .....1<:.... nlS.'hesear. '-I4allh. COflvenicnl to mou nl lhe halo on a coo.ial plug. ro tl<al Ih.
wholea<",mbly.,.nbe"'r<:.,ooonto.""a~ialro<k'l.whkh
\<> ..... t opc"Uing f""1umcy. orf(~~;~,)in ~:~~';'holh"'<clC<lricaloonn«tionandth<m«h>nkal
1I I::; s;~ral l di« di ..... ler.thi. ,ho\,ld be 70 ptrcenl
The &< .... ral constru<,ion i. ill ..lral.d in Fig 7.62 and 10
C lhediam... rof'h.topo f' heco ..... thi '''·i1Ibeo.leci<k<l Pr<:SC,,·cln«haoicalri,idityatlhe weakntpointoflh<a.rial
10 ro"", .~I<nl by the di.m.,er of the co.~i.1 cable. i. in Ihc <.'C"Ir<: of Ih¢ rndi.,ing.lement, u'" i. n<a<ie of tho
b.nf.... m"'lpur_o-5inwillbe .... ilabl. g:lm"'3 malchfor7(Hlimped'nce:. Ihi. f"'rmi" ,he rndiatin,s
o lhc.p.>cingofthecentreof,helopdi",tOlheco""toP. di""letobcma<leino""...,mpletelcnglh.Thooon .... ntion.1
lhi. i,ZOpt.centofC.orO·1info,SOO <erie< capacitnr in the arm of the m'lchiRJSlUbh3' t>«n
omiHM on Ihe ,,,,unds of """,h.nical ,implki'y. Mobile
Thodct.il Ji ".n in Fi17.61 of the hub <:un>lruction ",ill acrial,areu.uallyfC<l by a e<>mp.ra.li ....lr sho't fotderfrom
bc.uit.bleforanydesian u.i".aSOOcablefeedand nlilY lhelran'mitlcr.and the.1iaht iocr<:a« in 5,",rcsullioafrom
bctak.na.an"..... mplc. T here .. likelytobc$Omeproblcrn Ih ....id""lrcact.ance:oflhema.chin,sSiub.doesnotinlro-
::~~~ :r'~~::~ ~:'~·~~c"~r~~=y.I~~! f~ d"".anyfunhe'app'eciablel .... inr1ldi.,ed.ilnalk'-e1
fhedipOk propcri,formod fro", . J9in lenll1h of lin
n ....lbrn.. tube.Thi.i.nonnally . ... pplicdh.rdd'.wn and
. h""ldbean .... ltdbeforebendinaa. foUo .. o: h<al1he.ube
to.d ... 11 re,J with a blo"bmp.nd <t""R<h it imn>edialely in
cold "·aler. II i, im""n'''1 to an .... l.he tube unifotmly
:I':'~~hk;;:~~. ~:;~;: ~i;;~1 i:Q}o~~~ I~n:!'~
\.;;~'~no!i~,::,~~ould be bent round a maltdr<:1 appro,imat.ly
Whenfi"i,hed. 'he.nd.oflhelubea"'01'1.'ro~imalely2in
aparl. TIte in.u\atina'pac<r i. formed from a lin kn,'hof
:~~~ ~~~~I~I·!:~d~r ·i:=;,~n.~:;c;nC:~i~
driliM lindc<:pwilh. lin diameter drill. Tho.nd,oflhe
braN tube ar<: pu.hed inlO lhese holes, and due to lhe
.1."kityofthepolYlhe.....""rippcdfinnly ..·ithout . he
nc<:d for any funberclampinll
Themain.up""rLforthoh.Ioi.provi<kdby.bra..
block(Fi\l7.61l ...·hichhas.hokdriUeIlthroughilSccntll:
~~;·h~~i\;:~u:.,he ot;"~~ "c~~c~ ~. :~':i~~I~!::;
opposile ,h. ""Iythone.paoer and the end •• re bra=l in'o
7 .29
VHF/ UH F MANUAL
n,IIersido <>f'h" bra .. bIo>k. The.honi ... bo.rf", ,hc reed "nlUbe,oIocaICilotntralf)'i"lhcf_POI'_oIlhc~
poon'".ko''''''kohbra<sbk>ckandi>~;n'oposiho" "hid. i.then fCmo'Od home inlo.he back .... t do ....... the
'linf.OOI1 ,hc ttn,,,, 01 ,hc dipole. The posicion 01 'hOI lap ..,.cerupasitJOCS.Thettn'...... ud""'y'hcnbcsoldored'o
.. no'cr,hcal.nd ,hod •............,., <>f"'n .... bc<:a found ". Ihcpin.ocompletclhel_bl7ofF"'I7. M. ThelWq~1
boqu,,,, ..,iotloCtOt)l(,,,.,,,,,,ch'o7(Hlabloc i...pi,..""
,he (roc """ion or . hc rlu •• n: ~Icd Ibt so Ihll
The oond ....", '''' 'h< Ij,~ .. de 01 'M pmma feed i>.100
mldo! of ' in bnUlube. A "in Ioc ...,h h.. """end bnred
in,o.hc,hortin,bo.lndallhoOll>c-rcndlfunhe.obofl
.
.. henthepluli>"'~'Od""lol_k'".thefrocPOllionof
:::-'::~~e( ·lUch Ci""""1>o hut feed tOIh< dIpole) ".1.., r....
piece of lin lube i> mitn:d.nd braud.."hI, il pro.iec1.

d",,·,. into ,hc c:enl", oflhe ro..ill plUI. ll>trodofthi. Mounting on 1he ce r
,ubei'''"l'f!C'Iwi lhllin6I1Achoosehe.db<>lt.b<uc<Jin'o Thcrnounlinlof.hehalop,<>pc.il dctliled in Fi,7.6'.An
i"lhi''''~ lhm''lh'hepinof'hec:en'rc"".' innollhe Amphcnol'ceoonnt:C1ur.'ypcMJS8.1 ...... _ontothehllo
c,*.;al plulj. A dil¢ofl'n Ihic:k ""lythc""i . pu,hedO"otlhe pi",. l"he int:Ominlcoui.I<:ot.bk I. lo.ded in lo, plu.(,ype
PI.2'9),,·i lhlina ....!>1"'...·hic:hi........ edln'o'helJdcoflhe
I.., r,III".,O pro"ide lheekct.ic:al COtt""""On. The bottom
..... ionoflhe'ot" ... PPOI1H1rnechlnicl Uy!>yfCTCWi ... it
intolhcb>cknu,oflfu,'herplul.'IPCPl1$9.Tltisbod;
nul "",ybebra>otd,osorr.. con ......... ' moun'i ... '0 lUi,
indivi<l ... lreqoorantnll.A.inthictd"'ofpolytheno
."""ldhef'U'hedintO .hebot'omofthe",,"o~-ent...,.
c-<ibolilyof'bei ....... oond<rC"torof'ho .... tor>nect"'.."."...,
=='o<',,·i'h'he ... pponi ... bk>cIt'owh .... lhot.ckn'"
~. :l~!~~~::;»", ~~~n'J!~~~ hlklbulwilb

c:o.plci,anoocnd loadinl oflhe ~lcmcnl l
I"hed ... wi~(Fi.7.66)i l.., lf.... p"'n.lot")'.bulilis...."..
lilillha"heaoriallbouldbeof,obuJloonotNClion tolvoid
anywbip.The"""'I....:tion i •• llb ..... :lhe.lcmcn".nd
pm ..... ma'cb al"C modo! of 'in ... tomal ~iamcltr bra"
,ubin.. whilc'hemoinjunction ,~he i.,in in,emal di.amt1tr
.nd the.ho<' i... b<lrl'nbyl'n..,lidbfll ... d.illed.ndllppcd
611A. The i in ,ube i>su...-.nled "'th_,in Perspurod
,,·hic:h shoold be a li",1 ~I. n.. rod II drilled to LIn "'"
""nl ... ~oflho(oodcr._ndl_d"IblI' .... hI.n&Ios
I.ta the end 01 lhe pmma ',n lube : ,hi< if; drilled and
l.ppedtO.r>ehorlhef-. ........ The .. _.issoldor-edtO
lheinsidcof'heiin'ubo.
'101... _''''OI IlI·eo:::I~,"ffl~O. IO. t'''hI IO,.O,.; ..
7 .30
R.pnlinll.he .ubulaT ""paci 'or. lhe inside i. .1«"" end (whkhh •• bccnlappcd)is heloJin posi lion""i lh.6 DA
'\,nintcrnaldiameterfillodforp.>Mofilsl.nlllhw;11I ICrew and i. a ,"';stinl fil. Ikfore " SS<l1.blina. ,prin~ the
poly.heneorplfc. Thepoly'henecorel>flh",~c"J""crnmenl clemenl<ap.'M'I>.",urethatloodcon lncli,m.<lcb<,wee n
lhe cap;>ei,or and anchl>red end of the element
~::~c:~~ ~~ ~=':~~~~$r:;~ :::!';:io!~i~ i'uningi,accomph,hetl by ,,,-i,,ins lhe.k:<:,' •• nd i,f.irly
cri.kal.bu.o,"",<c.i.canbclockc.J.ndr"lllotlcn.The".h..
!~!~t: .=~~IYdi~:!;;;.~~t~'~~~ :~:: d;::::i"~'~~:~ i,be.wttnl.ndJpF. It " -illbc f"und ",,m-cnicn.to tuncfor
pu_pos,ibly.OOu l linintem. l .i ~.Thedfllinholci$ muimum 'illna l U.inl 01l)VHF if ,II< location i. <>i .. ure.I>lle<ti"&.nd.houldb< ~;~'::I<lcadYCllrrie .. _Theu .. ofa$ign.l"renglhmeleri'
posilil>""d a. lhe b<>1ll>m. T t...I>Uar hl>ldi1lJ the I>,h",.nd
1>' ,he element
II~~;::r~~~~~:;C~~:r ';:~~;~';~~~':'.':':n~~t:~~
shnukl bc50idcrW ,n [>OSillon. The.lemenl
i,
~~~:~;~O'r",t~i!"Jii~~~?~;'~~·..:.;~rJ";;·~!':;~;;"::
full.i,-",..... ion.apl"",irnately4Iinlenglh.a ndlhouldbc
.dj"..M ""ilh • refl«lometer f01" minimum .. andinl """n
~ils~.va~~~I!~~~" :~i~ i~u'it3~e~,,}!!i~U~ !h=

thel"f&O.i,.i,notadi ,..d".nla~, lt i1"bo< "4fl'.<OSI . nd
.. iii, nf eoo~. offer a vealer ", ~d rtSJ\la~ O,an lhe
.t.ndardh.lo. The'hre<:le.fclemont •• rehalf· .... '-cd'pole>
~nJ fcd ,,';.1, quart.r.,,"'..,_ lion, (iike. folded dipole
opcned <>IJ.)each I<:' a' IZO' to uneanolherand fed in poral·
Icl. T orna,ch.hesc:p>rallelcl~mcnl>tO'II<~neableused
~~~ji:~"'i"nn~~~~i,~ ':~t~~ <lub i. r«lui.cd tl> pro,ide lhe

In Fig 1.7O(a) 'he .. neral .... nlemcnll>f'he.eri.li.
Ihown and (b) i.g;,-cn .oillustra,e how , ht.lub ach .. ,...
~: ~5:i~:;J2g'~i :~c~'::I;: a: ~~~~~:mw~l:

With'II<di"",n'iO",sinn,II<join.b<'''ttnlhellub and
'he'h.<:cdipoles""illb<~n _lf a75nc.blei$,ob<used
.h<nl""OIub"'ili ha,c to b< kng.hencd and ,he focd ""'liOM
<>f.h~d;polc 'cor""po ndingly .ho "e""" _ An.lnlO$'circular
paltern i.""h.,,-..J bUI.light "ull, """ur in li ne ",ilh ,t-.o
~: or.:,.~:~~ns~~"i~~'b,a~~n cor=t ly .... t!< ••
~,i .'U
flO ' .5' . Sid. ol.""tlOft of 'h. eom~""'" holo. wIt~ drllllno
d. ' .;I.o•• h. g.m""'m. ' . h . uppc>rt ..... r . , ."........ n';ng'od
11:'
' ;" J .U. A
tlj • •
.~ , . w .• vt. w or th • • • pod""
7.31
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
~~::t
An Omn i~ V for 144MHz
l1\i. . criaICOMfll~O"pa;,oflt.o.lr.......,d'f'Old.T""ttnun
oft""d;poIes ..co~Jlrd~toprodu<c.q ... d ....
lure radilliioo aII\I the m<h of noh dipole are wppon ... on
• q ... n ..· ......,shortcdJlub. ,.. pair of Q boB.rc lapflO>d
down lhe$lubstoa point .."""" I"" irnpodance it 6000 SO
l""l .. henl""l_uniuarcr"'in"," ... 1Ie11hql~rod ...... n
impod.anceolJOOOat theanlre.'" 4:1 bola_·to-unbalana:
<00, ..1 ' .... n$l.,..,.,...r;. Ru'" 10 the .,.n'", point oft"" Q
boB $0 Ihal a Ilandl.rd 150 «la,iIIl <able r«door may be
u ..... TI>e~netl.lar ... ""'n.. nl i,\ho',," in Fi.7.7J.(a.
Filj 7.1J(b) 1'0""how the ae,i.1 nlllY be.rnongcd tU';.·t.
b-i.uim:tional ... di.,lon""nern
Omnl_dirlfctional BI_dlrectional
(a) (b)
7.33
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Two half-waves in phase vertical

for 144MHz
ThO. is a -,"ul omnidirutional aerial oI...,..,)o..,..-ind
,"",""""'''·~'ho.o..moJurtoMidcn'ionand .........
;:;;:~~:!"'= II Kaptablc. """ •• for beacon or
T "" ..riol"""", •• oI, ..'oha lf. _ _ I.. pIuolC.,,·i,b.
ttn.ra lma' ch'~lCICIion. ""'foed l'Oi ft.forSOOrccdccis
,r\J""',.,j. or hi,hc1" Impedanca.hio will be funht. f""".ht
<"k>Icl. nd()('''''m,'chi~ ''''''' ,on
Con" • ..cIion a n ma~e uw 01 ""ndord C<>PP<' .......
~:.~~~ :!.!:i~~,.:!:~~~n:,n~n~': ~I,n~ ;~:~d~l~
cl-.Jorpluucd.oavoidw;ndnoiscand , ,,,,in.rcuof
"';1I~r. nu...... ';..n. ""'$t>own In Fl. 7.77.
5/ 8 A w h ip aeria l
Tho popular 'J8~"h,paerial for moM• .,.,.ra'ion 111ft
rali,ya Jj4t_ial ..·"b,,,,,bou on> I!*tn>ad< ill ' '''' form
01. mit This.I""'",a ... ndard 5Oj150f<Cd lObe""",
.. ,thotr t
any matchi".pmbIen,.
Tbe ma:bank;ol """,ruc1r<>n of ' '''' Io ... r ..... po"obably
fio J.N. e...............

,';n.:::i:'':'::::'''::''''
~""'9_'
=:'10'1",, :10_ '"'.77. P,'01''.''''' f .. ' .1f. G.... '.,.rr......... n:.::,'hel ~ Whl._.ndl_i ...
7.34
,,"","nlOlholfUl"lprobkm.I~ .. "h(.OJ'Ca_1 The pl'OlOtype SO~tII~ ......... "'.... "'In ollldB aJ>d I
daiptaonbeoch .. ved ..i'houl'OOm«h'roubl< ba"",,'id,h 01 2M Hz. Thedclaihli ..... io Y-"
t.n.refor
Forba... tatlon .... 'ho .......... rialmaybeU$eda.a !::';'::~~T,~'. 11>0 bandwid,h ..... uk! be ",pecK<! '0 be
~a~~ pl~ .... , by lbe Illdilion of (0<1' or more qu""~,·""",,
rhl"ypeofcharact.ri.hcoll'e""obYi",, ••dvanll""n
l ·holYlOil, ... i,abkconncclor(orlkIlWJ>Cof •••iali. lho tern\! of red""i"" a<ija"""1 chan ...1 ;n... f~ .."",,; and .100
~h~,::;;,"'ilhIOdina'Pil<>"IOpr"".nlil'''''kinal00sein ,i,in,. mo",00",'3n. pe,fo"",",""co,., lhewhol~ 14410
!~~~,t~ ·~~.:;mplc: V"i. bycomp.ori"",. i.-.., .. lIy
".u".bI<boU(lmloodll'.coil""....."uff"". lu'muf
1_,,"",ire " .......,.! im IRSidc di&mtI.' and 1<....'hapP ..... ,·
:;::~ It;:;~::::.: ~~:I' imide a ''''''' p;ca of 'hin
1'ho"I>oIe.,.,;I;,;~l nl ..,ocu"'mack 'ofi', ..i'h
I'" lop te'm .... I."""" ..... n'«l inlO'ho,opcap. IIo<hcaps M ateria ls for elements
.houklbe""mon,edl<.,... innu .Iec••• f, •• lhoassernbly"'" T ... ,o.d ..".,.effil:iencycl.nlC.ioln\llybe<kfined •• I'"
been chcc~ed for pe,forma""" ralioo"he_'"rad ... 'ed'o''''P<'''~',"P'J1 10, ..... ri.1
Inl ........ ralarr~n ........ '."2In'o"' •• mi ... I ;,; ...o" .. nto T... J,fr."""" be,,,'.,.n , ... radlaled po,,'cr p, """ the inp~,
mounl.lel...,.,,,i<: aerial III" "'ill pro"ide a 43in le ....th. I' po"'.' P, •. i., ... PO"'" 1"". in diuipo' io" by lhe o«iol
pre(~.red •• in,1<49in k"glllof",h,p n\IIy be uK<!. in "rueh
" .. If, r.
ca .. ;orAindia..... I••• llinlos.".""",o"l dbeIUI ... ble An ac,iolan be repre>tn ...... by'''''~ui .. len' circuil
....."-n;n Fi. 7.8O(b).""".. rltl luch. cin:u;, can only be
1os'1" ....."'''''.IemenI.... '''''lb<>Ihl ... l''J''I'<''diuip.o' in.
d<mo"" . . .. """'..... R.and!U. R, ;,;prgp>r1ionallO 'ho
log periodic Vagi bandpass "",,-.rtad",ed (eIl<CIi"" rad ..,ion m.l.lancd.nd R., ..
aerial proponionol ""hel"J"l'<"diBipa,ed in 1......... 1 iudf
Tho> ..." .... iol "'Ih an in' ...... i.... nd U$Cful bu\lp.o..
c""~ri."c."""'al\al.e<pOnSeo'-.ra .. i<kband,ancl
::':'i.,~::,is'!.,,:;.. w~,~~:--:.:!':
"",ilKanllnenualiono<"lidt . It Is I'" vII"" of ,he eff••:t;,.. 10sI res;';"""" R~ "'h;"h "
It i. ba.ically I "",,,bllta,,on of a 101 pe.iodic dri'~n
OOCI,on"'ilhI para.i'i<:V.,i=,iO • . ~:::~:~I~~~':. '::~~ ~n.d k.~' :~~~m·~.===~:~
M"~ , he Ik resi"."". may be akul.led (,om.
!U. - ,t X t'Qisli.,.IY
"...re~::::::I=.'h
. .;'"-'- ~'
1tt1
';;-;~-;-d
is
and ........ "y u.........."'" per utll ....... hor uni,.ro
o" .... matcnal,nvolved •• nd'h .. is ....... llrsi_inO;cm·.
For ..... mpl<.talOnIL.,.""lf·wa,....""h.'l+4 MHz,
~:.:.t"" ...... clli"d.. mote't'Od.'hcn'ypica.lval .... oI
R"u>th l, )· 1!"u,II _
~6' ~! ~ :J:;. (0/('111') (Rek)
- ,.; _
(,_.'IM'd,.
~ ,,·e
~1Oft>,
2!107
...... _
•
~~~ium ni ~ lij fEE~
' .. ' .n · ... Iooe ... _y... _ ..."_, All ' '''''''a ........;''...... ''h resp«l 101"'radi&,.....
resn .."""R,of. ""If·"..... dlpole...iMch for I'" "hooer!
~';;:":IT::,~='.!!n. This. "".. is
'ev.r. only 1)Ort
A.' ... r..... ""ncy<>f'''''cu ...... n' no,,"'" in lhe ma,cri:ll i.
~
I;ml,m\"'" inc,.. ~f.""':tero r .....""""y(0'dc).nolbe.(.C10••• Hw
~I
'/ff'('t. modil'inlh.cu,ren. di,lribu , ion in ,"""......... ion
" of lho condllCl<>r. """""nlralin. I, more . nd more in , ...
""lcr,kin"I"'freq""ncyi'raiwJ
~~~- A, Th.it.lhercl''''''.rod''''''''ho .. ort.i ... a_cl ' hecond ..... or
.nd incJ'C.I'" ill dJocth.. ..,.;,;... nc<:. A •• ht, ... skincarnoin.J
...... lollhocurrmlbccorno:$qui'. t hin.abou.IHXJOSinanci
(b) A. isproportionallo' ... "'.... rerOOtol' ... cond_ .....,;..;1)'
(oj r """,hos,ilisobviousl""llhocltin ••illbethide,formetals
wl\hh~raisliYilieo . • nd'hoc"rl'"",is\a"",,"';II""
7.35
VHF / UHF MANUAL
lcss.reLa'i.c'o'!>drdcresis' a""".' ... nfor'Mben .... con. Electrolyliccorrosion

dl>Cton ..... h ... """p<1'.Thismo.~ ... hcir ..... ..-..nracti\IC
''''nmia'',be~p«ted
Therfmis,"""".R·"ro-r'1;U1ttOI...'hithi''''''''''''nlon
au!oC~bI<.roubled ...
TheUK'otd".imiLar ........ ,.i"In ..... IS)'>I..., .. h~1y1O
'o.lo:tro/ylitcor"""'"'
E.achn><Ulh.,i.$~nClo:tro-polC11lial.Bndunlcssmcllk
:::.!.",'hOr. balr·w~,cclc""'n' i$"ppro~i""".lya •• h""'n or.imilar po"n,ia' Ire us<d,hf: d,ff...""" WIll <aus< ""rro-
.iona.'hepoin'ofc"" ... <t",~"'Mndry.WM"mois'ure
ispre:!OCfl"h .. cff«,,,' i l lbe~"n"-'lIn~
SIWo"'~ RF -.i<to_
",,~f;i!'~:~ar:~~d:~~~:.~~M:~:: ::"~n.'t;:
[~~ tgi
II'" 'oR ••
'"'" rorrooi, •• lr"'ISOf",'hich",m >ory""i ,h' MI ' n>OSph.fi.
poilu,,,,,,
" The","""'""""hanbearnnpdin"",,p<I.followo
~~:"'."."
ItlOllla,looo
EfIkiM,ry
'o
I..... d..
wriol _.
~~ium
6-110 9'HS"{ 0,011d8
6-2(10
6-JOO
00].0
99·1 %
9'H %
9\I'. r.
0,01)<18
0022<1 11
OOMdIl Qro.,,, ••'"'''.,,'''''
~"'klo:r ' in.lcadalloys
I
Thcocft"~'l'Cforderntn'$otlindia""'tr.f",demtn ..
oflhc~""""lI.rd .. m::IC1"'jI;nlOlinlher1resislJ.l'tee ..;n
belower•• hhouJhfof.<ry,hin.,... ,Itd,ub«,Md<:teSi" .
• """m.ayl><:lIfca'.r
TMfoilowing,jmplcf""",,,Iae<"nbe LlS<'d.oalcula ••
'M ilcin<lcplhotR', • ..,....,...,
M<1.I. in each of ,Iw>.bo,""oupo may be utcd ....,hct"

""'hhltlcro<"""'<'1IC'H>n.bulmctahfromdiffc~R"fOUl'I
R•• " W:~:~~:~nli:!:.1>n ""ill ,uff.. rroo. ,hi •• ff"",. AI,,>. sine.: I... ~bo ... i.a,ran..,J
Slin"""h"'hf;ni""hes - 2"J~ ~;~:;.:~~r=3:i:~~~~~:'~:~:'~.: :

,he UI'I'C'ponion. f'or.",mplc.b<a .. ",oopp;r",,,,,... ,n
"Mre oi1 rO$i'li.i,yinO/cm' ~ Ium i"ium "'ill «>rr<,>dc .M .I"min,,,,,, "cry roruiJcrably.
I'i' roormeobili,y(.al<en •• I for non·f.rrou.""' ....) "'''''''''$ wilh c:>Jm'um pi.alcdb ..... "'COf'I'Cr .....".... ,h<..
and Fi.f~"'nc)'in l lz. ";lIbc.trY"""'h~rorrosionor,hclluminium.
7 .36
8 MICROWAVES
Band planning on microwaves Devices and techniq ue~

T ~~;,~~~'"'''' band< at pr... n1 allocated in 11>0 UK are Many of Ih. lechniques u.e<! on mie. ""·....,.. pa"kula.l)"
lhoseonlhelo",erfrequencybands,onbel<:ldilyunde"
1.215_ 1.11S MH z(2km) " ood in •• nn'ofhfa nd,-hfpra<:liceandl>«dno . lahocalion
2,300- 2.450MHz(lkm) here. Ho" ••• c.,here ac.rnanyolkcrltth niqlX.u.e<!whkh
an: pccu liac 10 mice"""",', and il i. lbe .~plo(llion and
;:==~::~~~! ~ ~l
Ul,OOO- IO,SOOM H z( Jcm)
explQilalion Oflhe"" which pC""idc< pan oflh. f..cina ,ion
andchalk"3<orihesefrequ.ncic<
24.000-24.250M H>. (12mm) Someof ' he."'hniq ..... mployed pcofcs.sionally an: rnosl
"",hi<ticated and would beoul of place in a handllook ,uch
:~II~m~~t'an~~I\~ .~~:=r~~~~~~ ~:::
~d ':'~~l':...~...wilhin specified .ub-bamh in ,he 2-J,
. ~:~~'«I~;~~~:'~';~::'!:f:~r~~~I'~~,~~;~;;~I~i~
Waveguide-
The "'id," of II>< allOClllion •• ""hieh rani< f...,.., 7S ' "
SOO MH",rna~t<il neces... ry10 "",'eptcr.rred . ub-band,of The priocipal fun<:lion or ".-avtguidc i• •o"". ry (ldio
frequcl\C)I , ianal, f,ornon.p;t.lof •• yslemloano.h«in .
i=;:';;r$~~u:h~Ic"':~~I~~fficull 10 pfod~ equipment n:lali,.. lyl"'•. fr«".. y. l n ' hi.l<:Spectilpt".forrns a .imi l..
F"''''idc.bandequipmcnl,thechoiceofopera1i".r,.·
'l""""i<$canbcmad.on.b.nd·by·bandba,i1 .i~ t ""
"'!uip .... nti.u.uallym>d. , 0cover on."'fI;cul.rband.SO
far,;' hu "",,n r>ece553ryoo ly to bond plan for lhc IOG H.
b.l>d_ broIu",Ofth<dillicul1y(>fpuliins ccnainrommon
kly"ron. ,lhesub·bond (0. wide-band operation Ihal has
~nadopl«l" 10 10 IG-IG Hz, ",-;111 l'referrod opot
frequent;" "r 10,035 and IO,06S MH z. Preferred . pol
~A~.~~.~~~7I t4(l ll . b;ind have been ,uCReOIe<! 0 1
The ' ul>-band" p.dfiedf.".n.fTo .... bandopt"rali()JIfollow
Ike ""I1..,.,abli. kcd praC1 k . . . lo..-.cfreqIXn<:ies of bei ng
;n .i",ple hacmon;': relalion' hip "i.h one """.IIer. Thi •
• 11o,,~ •• iuing.quipmenllo be usN ndci"l"llo mul.;_
pli.J5 oo hiJllerfreqlXncies.andcreallyfadli ••• ", .hcm()JIi-
lorina of Ic.n.missions. The ",1. lion.hip bc.wttn .he
freqIXncies of Ike ."1>-1»00, and 144 MBz i , ,hol'n in
f i, 8. 1. The I"" rnain fcalul<:S are Ih" • • 11 Ike band •• b<w.
2,JOO.\ !H>'CII0 in pcinciple be eo,'.n:d from a.inKk dci .. c
opt"(l liO&OI l.ISlM Hl.and.h •• ,he IO,J68M Hz . ub_baOO
i• • • p«i. lc a.ein'h'li'Clnbe~ra.edbymul'iplying
fcom bolh 1, l n MH ~ and l,2% MH z_ The ' ignifica""" of
.he I.2%M II>. band is .hal il i~ Iypical of lowe. micr,,,,,a,,.,
frequencies. ar.d ~el ~ncfilled in ~ $Inoiahlforv..ard ,.-ay FlO 1.1 . n. tOll " Oft.hI~ bt'WH ft , h. I' ...... n.,.. to, nl"Ow·
fcom •• iSlinlvhf«luipmenl l>ond ...,' Ol ... 'Q' ...M ......... ' 44MH .
8.1
V H F/ UH F MANUA L
furo.::t;""to""""aICllblea' l o"'.rf~""ro.::lC<.lld,ffc"f'om
C""".Icablc in Ihcfollo"'inl""y'
The.lcctric:aOO n..,n.:t", r",ldi"f I'" TI'.. mo<It ....
.ho ..·nby Fi.8.2.'1'1'" cl""tricficlJi.'r.n'''' ..... ,,,,he,,,i<Ie
.00 "I~nd. bel"'''''n .he 1"'0 w.lI, ~1oMs1 ' OCOI"" •. Tho
. W"vclul<kh"'.coo'I""a',,-.:lylo"Ioo..u>ually ...... m,m.t1y or I'" ",cctric: Mid i< ..... x'mumll lho cenlf. of I'"
orl,,'oOflk"o(l!1il1Il,tllllo;lo .. (rlhanC"':UI"la~ ,ul<k.• ndd"""alfoi" .....odally ,olCfO in''''' .. ty •• , ...
"hen ...... alt ... ""meflftll'<~. «lvto>.T"''''''pc\icfoeidnin.hcf...... '''"""" ..'hichl ..
• ...... min,mum OJ"'Hcction of. """OCUidc .. ~btN inpQ""'I'I"'IcI'o'hebroWfaoo:<~t ... ",i<Ie.n..:pIo...
•0t"'fl"C<l",,~of ....... ndil oft"'ordcrofl"'I'·~ ofpob"'. ''''ni.''''ralkl'')I.... lcctnc6tld:forhorilOll.. 1
Ionl'h.A 1"'"",,,la"i>cor,,,Hkcanoo'I""'cf?,,,bc ~.:~""".II"'broadf.cetor'fIc ..,,,~'u,d •• h<>uldbc
uorobcl" .... c,it""lff«l""'''Y .• nJu,''''lIy''"o.
Ol>C'r.tItctl 01>0\-.: ,wicc IhlS (f«Il.I<n<"Y. Thc .f.-c«""'1IC)' ...... i"'Crmi,.;h!e ...... of in,,"",,,1 ~'meru""'" of a ...."c·
..... ...
~~;::~ 7.:.~~ ~~':'.:~ orhc. hand. 1$ " " ... Uy &U"l<:n"'b.otldirctlly .o'he"..
n, ..,""""ba.'... f~.....cy
ofor><.. t_. For .... domi ... T E,.mo<Ie . ...............
. ...... r/t)......1 oi.. or ",,'qu"""
to .ltCh ,hat many m,n,m .. m ''II"", of .... bruood inlC.nal wid,h ("a. in Fi,I.2)
comPO_flU can Ix bUll, In'MIc ". 0' ,mmtdl&lcly
around ".'" lhal. Conlplc •• If ')-"cm fn:quen,ly
.. 0-, 1, '" I"'", mu" be , .. Hie""l .oom.o fie in a, Ie."
h.lf,,,,,,,·c\<:n.,h.IfQi.,,,,,de.,'.n,li.h,ly,,,,,.,hano-S>..
nne
con,hl' of. nUII'bc. ofind"i~ual ,,',,·cgu,d. COni",,"" Ih<:" ,he.lI.n .. a.i,," i. ".". hi,h, T... frcqU<:""ya' ..·hkh
I>Cnt.bol,cd'''I''ll>cr, Thi'lc;:hniq "",,~nofroul"lt~ o-'lC<l..aljQnk"""'n •• t ... '"'..,fff,..,wIO<'.,r 'he ........
.....J,,,c... ''''I .)''I~bu'nm"''h ..... com_'n llUioIe. 1''''r~'4_.,,"k.'~ .., i.obI'ioosIyequal ",20
.mat .... req .. ipmcn. ......broIod'...d.hof' ........ ,-quidoprcfenhlyohould"'"
e>.ceodonc_~h.Jrll"'n:a ... '''''''l"thcni'~
Rectangul a r w aveguide ll<>IIiblc'ofi'in""""'''''''._h.lf_".........','h lhe''lk~
n... """,I common f",m or "" 'Clu,ik rono<".
"r a hoi"""
p;pc"'lharoct.nlula.inlcrn.lcl"()SS·""'.ion,hi...... ally
n",d<frombra"~au~of,hef'Xld""",hanic>tlpf("""""
.ndmachin:>bil"yof'hnll"\at....I.It""..... c •• C<I!'I"<.",.,'cn
E:i.~~:~!~::~:.r!;7E!~r='~iE~h,~
d,ffcrbel""""'npu • • nd""lpu'pora,.nd ...... iccs ..'hich
.. I,c'i ....... "'henclectnc:ll"'""'m.... lxk.~'o.m,n,- ~"Jy""'c'"be~ ,,, ... it ...... nlCU"'modc
""'m. or ",'he", ,... h'''' 'hermal """"""""'Y of.""", "",ynolon..,...'O,kc/fccll'ciy
ma.ena .. n fICa'WI'" ' 0 d ... 'p.IIlc .... 1. Al .. minlum and Thepr.to<'icalmin'mum"",of'hcbrood,,'Od.h .. t.OmCwba'
mal""', .. m alloy •• ",.onl."",,,,, ,,1Cd """"'''C,ahl i,u 1"'... rl"'n'hc,·.' ... 0"lfor'hcfoll""', ... ~a\Ol1.Unlnl
imp<>T,anlfaClor. the W3'cllu,<Ie is nile.] "I,h a <liclcclfio:. ,ho; ",.. ,,,I'I\II,h
Any ",,,'eg,,id< .an Ihc'....:ti<.lly I'fUfl'lll'lt • • n infin"" ..·"hin .he ,~1IIc al ~ p",.Ocuiar freqU<:lIC)'. l.o .... 1..... ,..
n .. mlIHof.lcctromapc\ic poUc.n,. (;ach')'f)C...,ually &fC'I,.,'IIa"I"''''~'"lcn,lhl~ frttlfl'l""'}. ........1auo... h,p
eoJIood.mocIe, hui .. _n ..... 'rio;al .ndmapc\icficld bn'O<'C"II,"'t,,'ofort ... cJom;n:>nt IToomocle '"
=~;;:",::..~.;::;:,~ncm""~ .=:':!~
"""or,ho .;mpIcst. 11«:0""," COfrnl'....,h '0 , ... ""'..,..
~::::;; ~ ;.~;::: ~~ :;=~~ ,::'t..~:~,'~o~~:~:f
lCnm.lh;'mo<Iercq"i"",.""",lk'''.. '-q .. Kl«",prOJllP·
mo<It.,'......
.ion ..... nanyOl .... merrcq.....cy.Undc' •
...-hcrel.. .. tMcu'-oII" ...... "'icn'lhfor.hc ....-q .. ode.II .. ,U
.....,.iy......:t .y".... fOt<lescTib'''I fl'l<llkron~JUnt"O"'." II
~_' n •• , ... T£ .. mo.k. Ix1CCOtlla.:u,hc,.. lueof .. tcnd.",l/2l1Ol.olCnd.l"
1II1111111l 1ll ro lIT
1-- -
8 .2
;"ftnitr. TO 1>'Oid Wry ia,.e >'111...., 01 1, . whic:h would OII1e ...."elllein""'.nd .... 'pulll'nalomaybec:on'lo ........
ifl<fta,.. both , ho kn,Jtb oroompO,"",.,.nd alsoeltn.ic:al 1l()l;I.riJ,c,J."'YP'«'Irnv.m>um ... l".,is().n
Jo>uot,.hominim~m .... I""Of"i. "" ... lIymade abou,()6l.. w" '<I"idc: i. a""ib ble in a .....,oI s ... Dda.d sius to
111& ~,gl ma~im ~ m blWll ..'i~lh il ulllilly INde eo,'f!' all mle"","'" fm.ju~ncln "'Ilh wmc croeriap. Tablle
.Om,wha, 1m ,han a wa,~ienli,h '0 reduce ,ho "s~ of 0"." 1,I.i.·onbelo"...umma.ius'yposMliubiefo.,hcfm, ... ncies
modi ~d",,'odiscon l inui'in"·i'hinlhewa '~luide .• uchas
componontsntle<l,o lheinside.o.join"bel,,'«n«<:, iom of a"", leur band. '0&e. her wilh "alun for ,he cu,·olT
"lypic:llma.imumisO·95l.. rrcq ... ncy. ond ~ ~nd '" ., ,he b.1.nd cd ... and ,hot ",n".
The narrnw inlem>1 "'idlh or . he .... 'e'UlM. dirntn."", 01 lho "'''·baoo, adoplod for nall"",·band wo.k,.,. TO.
• in Fi, 1.2. ml'" be .... 111>1.0 ()5~ .. ...., il mu<' no, be m."imumf,.,.. ... ncyolopeno"onror ...... oflho .. :a,'qu .....
po&<ible'o!llin.I»!r."....,in'hotu!'l<k>lreddirc:<:l""'. i· ...... 1I1made;..s' .... 'l;anl ..·~lhocul.g/1'rreq .... D<J
Table 8.1
The dimen sio ns. cutoff freque neie • • ~ end "" o f standard
waveguides
w...,..Me
,~
,~
.. "-
'"' H~
( \ IItLI
1.2"
1,191
))1·»-4
I.)ll lNd4'
,.~
• • )1)0 ~ ll~ ,.~
2.4'" 11H" 147·71D

,~
1M·."
)-0100 , , ·1()()
2.'''' 1Z2'J I9 l1)'UI
,.~
2·1OO ~ 1·140
).471 U~ 107,626
1000 ~ 1-0lI0 U",
'.761
'.1'" ".].U .o-Ul
'-'",
H71 ~ ()611 '.UI
'-'", "-2" 7HoOi
l'lXl x 06lS
1'122 ~ 0491 ,,~
,-
10,0'"
10,,00 11' SloO
HIlIO ~ II"'"
..
10.000
~
liS",
"'161
10.000 Jf~l
0·900 x 0'0100
10.)69 n'lll
IQ.SOO n·,XI
0'''''' ,, 0·2X1
24.19)
IH~l U·167
24.000
0110 x 1)-100 1<.19)
2<.HO Il·J6Z 2"991
8.3
V HF/ UHF MANUA.l
A fl<:>iblo fmm of .... 'quiM is lko I ... ibblo. This is used W aveg uid e b ends and tw ist s
i""""""""".. 1)'11"'" ' .................. ' .... ~a~difficuhia
;,.,.I......... lnd is """icubrly""'(ul rorron"""i ....... '~ _ • ..,"""""in... l'n!ulrcd ' of.ci"'.'''' ............. blyoi
«Imp",,,,,,. Theoimplcst form .. __ in ",hich. po«eol
.uioJc:cquiprn... ' ,oKriak T .... "',,'csu. "conuruorN
from 'hm· .... lled "'''''p,ed ,ube Ind is """""_y
prot«Ud ,,~,quio.le;,simrJyh<ol"''' .. .... d''''oI'''' ...,,'u..,of ..........
..'''..,len.' .... Thech...... I.. Im.,..to...... of ,hc IUo<le in ,be
by.rubber ...... ,h. AI' ''''"'JIl'' ..·;II",;'...... nd..,n'Ic:IIc:~I ....
""""handlin.ant><....... ncn,lyi""""'''''ibloMi ..... ..... '<CCl""'"""p,orcd ..,i,ha .. ni'h'OCCI"""cnd.'o ... nceI
""hecnds.a nd'hc ..·i<kbond ... '''rco(, ......'....otdeis
.... ""'lyllTcrt<dby'''''bcnd.T"his.l>llf~h ... neum ....
oI' hc ll<nnalruk ..·hi<h".l'!'lk:.bkh.......,uide .. )'<lr",iJod you d .. " .I.. wly
"'cranumber .. r ..... ck:l\~lI,,··
Wlvea:uidc: i.apo-""i'ionproou<:'. i "d;mcnliuns~nd'h~ rC>ll1 nlC rcia ll y.l>cn.h a n:l11a .... byfi lilnaa .. raigh, ..·ave-
;12~~r~~~~~~i:::~:rsc~~~~~2' ~,,:E. ~~~t<l~'~~~I::;·~:..~~~It~~~~'I!%.,":dw~'~:~~r~o:I:~'

,i.cly. ,hey ma)· be p.odu«<l by.l«trlkkflQ$i,inlmt'31""
m.....,.,of •• ryhi.h.,.,...e".~nd ...~n..,..lIdis<onunu"~ ,,,.,h;opo:d m:tnd ...1(.Icc,roI"rn""ll. s.lISr...,"'l' bcnds(b)"
a ...... 'hc ..... '·.. uido"'n...,.'lyrm~i .. fIO'" .... ha ...... lln. arn;....,."and>ros.an)....'a'ican bcrnadcbyclamp,,"ont
<a"""i,y.Th";''''''yfl.po-<>bk:rnin,hca"",'''u,ron'C>I' . cntlof. IeIlJ,hof ... i<k .•pt>lyI ... a 1J8It'l<l<Id '0 'he "'......
bu, ,he 1IfU'"'''' doa...,.,lyracl~'a'c ,he roA.>Iruorion of • ndhcallllJ"i'habnt>hfl:omtlJn"l'he.".. ..... IuatId<for
«Iul"...."'~"icu .. 'ly .. ...,n.,.;n.ha ...... 'oob. .... ' '''''''''.--..rn:dbcforcm<)Yin.'o'hc ...... ' KC1ion.
TIIC",leol,huntb,ha,diKon,mu;,"'ofies""'n ,,/ IOm ·i"br:\X'nds.....s. in , .... way """'"""Iy.reb...,._
"/20 !Ia,., ~b'i,., ly lillie clf«o .... y be Ipplied '0"'''''''· ""'inla ...... llradius~"",....turcCII .. be.....s.byt;"inc
IU ..... h is' .... ,...,.otefICrfcct1ypr-actical fm ' ........'.u,'0 "r.tizh°"n!1h~qf8"iIk,nlo~lty~lIltpcd_pi«c:I
~~!"~~':..":"~':?:'T".;:~~r~~~!.~:'::
"h"'h.rc ••"ibblo~=·I.,..Thty.ko""'y~r.bri
ca,ed .. Jhov,·nin 1~.8.) . Themidpoino kn"hLihouiolbe
C.resAt>ulolbc '""""O'~oid
::..-."';~, ',:'~'=~ ~r=~:I~:;"",:,,~,~::~t~':'I''''' ...11«;-
lumpsor<"Yrnfil","""fsokkt
:~~'~ ~t';:'~::n'~:'=~~~:I': ,,::y~,r~7~'::; T",,, •• ~ pi«a 0( .....,·c...i<k: ... hi<h. a' their ""....
'''«
(wbi<hn",ybcu'ltdrorcl.ani.,.).carbo""",,",u' nl impl .... a~ ,,..i,,co.! oh,oo. " on on." IC) 'ha' «I"; ...... "'
.""has flu., ando llC) •.-...,.".,hcsc""nbc'cryk».y., U.inIO""planc"rpUlar;,a\iunmaybccnnn«,,.,ldin:ctly
,.,ffflj,"''''''...
m;.,rm.... 'n.no' ..... nrdiITc,inMI'ol.ri""';on .Comlnonly, ..... OIll .. of
I· ... n... maybefinedby.tipping 'hen' ''n''''h... a'·.."id. r", .. ioni.m.<k:90·.T .. i","",y~ma "eu .i nl'heu"",
.., ,ha, I s",.11 .",oom I>ru'ruJcs. ~nd ,hen ooIdc.in. 01" '<'ChnKjucsa.forl.r..,be ........ , ... i,Ic ...'h.pin.oouldbo
bral .... inpIaa.JiW ... ;s.,..... lIyno'~ry.T .... c.C"CSI .... cral .....IeO\j\.....
_ ...uid.maybc'rimmcdby'umillJinlla' .... orby
ntilli .... AII ......."""ly.'I>ccnd maybe""'i)kk by r.t,n •.
finished by rubtll'" on ..", carbide ""per_~ Jbu -"'-' a"'"
:;:'~:':::'; i~'::~I~~:I;-:.'~':i'~""-..p<>nm', Directional couple rs
Wa_itkn. ..... a ~"""'IIy"".ilablo ..·i'....' ..... 1 l); ....."""'IMUpIt .. lre ..1d<Iyuseda' ......... frcqucncia
plainf..,.or""" ... i.h.doqt.",,,,~_TIlCIaIl .... ,ypci.~"""'- n .... ,nly 'Olr." ..
,,~ ,he f""""rd and rcfIcctod """'·.... 'o.a
u.,looktd/f<ulp.ndl"nlCndcd'oprod~rfm'rio:al lC.ial.)'StCm.Theyl~akousedm'h ....'ayl'm"""""'a.~
«Ml,inui,y aero« the "llvccuidejunc:tiun wilhoul p/I)'Sic;t1 ~~~ ~"",:,~mponanl ule k U the ··han·· of
COfI,inui,y. "'''''y Ire used i" conjunction wi,h ..... i~ fI:on ....
inhiJllflO'"...... l'!>lica'ions.• nd.~'he~rote"nncceooary In..,ncraltcrm.,adi ..... ion.lrou"k.<;<>nsi<.. or' ..-o
in"".~nt l ""'lCu.co:juipmcn'.Tbeym.ybe""'difa'·a;l . ble ,ran",,;,.ion Ii .... "·h,,,h CIIn intcra~1 cic:<;tri<:olly III ,ha, •
wi''''''''di .. d •• n!allC.FI.nllCS .... yalsobcfill~wi'hrul>be. """",,,,on of , .... fl<>"cr l1"... in~ in " ... Ii ... i, fod to ,be
..~Iin •• i".. if,he joints arc '0 bc c'.-.o-l'o ,I>c ..',"" he,. ««Indino ... di ..... iunonly. Fi88.4 . """., ' ..·.. ' ... Mmi .. ion
" ..... AUand CO .. hi<h .... coul"'led. I(fl<>"fr issuppl .. d '0
"""A.'.... n . rr.c, iOf! appe ... alpo"U .• nd' ... dilfc~....,
"'por1 R.ln • .,...rcrtd<vitt. nopo....,.wiJl~"fIC" .. por'C.
f.., .. J.fl_,tlO.. OI(.)f·p'.... _l b ) lI .p'.nllll~~ •. n..

_.hL_u'~ .... ft .... ~ . . . _O,q"..... 'u.... w •• -'" ....h.
8 .4
T ..... <O<Iplin.f.<'''.i'defi~a.' ....... 'i''''fthcp(l .... r Praclical .... i.... "r'hrtt fonm <>fdim;tIo ... 1 couplen
IUppliW,,,poOrlA''''hal.ppcalinJ~Ip<'''D.i. are ~...,rib<>d in Fip8,2)_8.l6
C""plill,lfM;t.". IO IOf(j;ij)dl!
f"....I ... luesfor,h .. r...,.,.."""bo1,,·«nl.od6I)J1!

Sliding sc rew tuner and
In ruol O"ion ........ .,.,...-el appuD at p<>rl C •• ft<!. matching screws
~.".:i:.:'r.:hcq"'li,yO('hcc""I'IeI" it;d;,,(:(j,j'T ...' ~o<:~ Oncof'hell1raclion.of",.,.~in.in"""",",deis'M"'tc
... i,b "ho<:h ""rlain ope .. ""n,
eon be ~nn. ro'''p,,,.d wi,h
1,,""rfr<q"""".... An ...... mplei.'be.li<!in'tc'.."lun.t.
Dil«;,i"i.y I01oJ(R)dl!
;!~i'!~::'~ I;;:' !;!.I~ ~~!'"o(~::-~~~I~n,,~~
In ..,,lIdeoianodoaupkn, t h,,,.'IO .. inthcrq,onot ""'quode.ao.. llenwle''''une ..... llt ...... I...,. ......... '.h
».IK. The Kt ... I.,.,...~~ppCarin.a' port Ccomp.a.ml""h ;nlbe.,..lem .. mplyby adJ'U" .... he<lerlhfll.,..,... .... 'ion
' ..... input., por,A i•• .,roau..,..._ller by ,hc sum DI'hc ThisloljU .......... ' .. illh<>kl.,....,. ......."'flIltequcncy ..·h"'h
cuuplll,.f.ct",an.d'hcdir«1ivi,y .hhoollh n.rrowin ab«>lul.,.rms (in lheroli"" of I per
Tbcinpul aoo "",'pu, I'<>",,," ' h,, I)'pe <>fc""plcr can be cenll.i.u.... llymOK,ha".dequlleby a .... ,.ur<t.ndard.
inlcrchal\#d.Thuf.II.,.,...-erioawltNt""""D.,hec:oupiW The """lchinllSC1'OWilpf'd.rablyflll«lckK<I",herom·
OUIPUI,,·ill.ppur.']><>r1 A ..... ilaWI..,.! 'DpOnC, lhe po:>nen"haltequi~ma'chi .... bul""' .......... rUy..,_It.
c:ouplcd ""' ",,' ,"'iII appnral pOn B. IkcaU.. otlhi$ inlcr • posi,,,," il f"rIy "';'ic:al "';Ihin ,he .. np: :L ""~ • • nd I
ch_~I;ly.rouplt .. arcd.ucd •• ~~ld"k'rI. .".,lIOdofOpl'mi..... lb is .. t""""'nllhe~onl""'rr ....
Dll«;li.onalcouple.. e<>meinmanyf.,. ..... 'hech<>ia:flI .. hichrides alonc lhe"".'oCUode ••• """,... inl'i".6.Bulh
de~lln rDla ""Mlell"" .pplimlOQn 1x'"1 made in 10m" flI ,he carr",,,, an~ ,he......,..,. ,h"uld lie ""rin.·Ioad«.! I"
'Ulllnllhela)'Olllr<quiro.l.ndlh.eCO<Iplil\icoeffidenl .limin~I' mechanical play
_.,..II""·. "'r.m"'I"."vquid<:IYP<"con,,;.lottw" An .Iocllically similar device ole' , h_ lere .... "",unlW
knll"'ot"'id<: ..... ri .... _ ....11in "hidl.hole.". ""n, .... lly.Iott.,he bro&d f.cc of ,he >01I'qutde., shovo'"
PIIllcmofl>ob .......... An.,...mple",he <ide· ..,,11rouplcr In ~I' 8.7. Durin • .,.peri"".,,,.1 '11'<><1<. ,he ......... may be
,,,,,",,'n in ~-.. 8,$
T ... oh<>le<.p;tO«l ,../~ap;lrtcOfl_tlhel"""'u ....... ,he
,i .. of .. hichc(:tnINI'lhedq="rcuuph .... Wavn"""·ill,l
fr"", pori A p;lSS,hroo¥h b<>th holet u"l.rri'-e at POrl [)
inph • ..,.rq:ardln."llhedi"ancebelwce.. ,hchGle:s llnce
ll>eybolhlra'''I'he''' ..... dist;tnce.TllcI''''''IoCI.flI .... ,..,.
1hm:f""'rtinf<>rU_h"'he'.II_. 'he'.. o ..."of
.....·C :$arri';"..']><>r1C' ..,d .....'h... M.hdirr.,.byl .. i<e
Ihed,,'."""Ix' ..·.. nlherouplin.I\(IIn. Jr'he.~ .....
mad. ,..,4. 'ben the p;I,h d ilT.rente "'ill be ,..12. and
""RS«Iucntly'he .....'.. wilibeDu'orpha"' . nd"'illca"""l
Sincel"i. di ... """ dorm<!' dim;tly <>n ,... lhe deer« "f
"""""lla'i<tn ln ........ <\n.ill' ( ie.hedi"""i.'ily)\\'illchanae
......... ""tiflherouplcr"uscd.'.""'herlrcquency. I"IIW>I.
~~':'m'i::'~ I':! :.~'::"~~. fac,c><_ pOn C ,"III
Int<neral.,htd •• rtto(couplinMOr'PllrlicularcOfl.
n,ura,i<>nofhQl."i •• llo""""""hald.pem"n,,,nfrequcncy •
..,dim;'iOflal couple..... "SlI.llyde<irp>ed for. ""rtlcul.r
rr<qucncyofu,",
8.5
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
.p,ing -l 03d~ 10 ~Iimin .. ~ play. bUI afl~r final .dju"rntnt ffOm.no,iter.tti.f.cq ..."llyu""dlopro,cc'OKill.ln".so
tl>o.,,,."~.repref=blyfi'e<lu'ing a lodnu._Ag,"n,l",, 'hat po"crJIC""rolcd by tllc oscillator can pa"unimpodtJ
Kre""rnay be: moLlnloo My",'l>tre along lh. ",,"cgui<lc bUI 101IM:cxlcrnaldrcu,lty.bulanYI'O"""rrellcc,edbYlhe
prrfcmblyn<'rlhcon<npOncnll(}b<m.ld",d drc"iti.hea,·ily ab>orb<J.ndll""",roredoe<no, inft ..."".
fl>o",,,in.llofcilherlhc.ingk,.,,,,,,orll,,,.hr«.,,,rc,,
luocrc.n"f."u"",b<J""c",in,,",-.,,,briJlIOif,,·.,ilahlc ~~;I~I~~~ :~ ~~: =i~~I~~ isolator 'r",,'''''. perf"'"
II llcrn.li,'.iy.• hcycanhe .. tdLlrin,fina ltestinllnflhe The orcra,ion of an ,sol"<>r depcnd. On ,hc'pcci.1 mag·
~u i l"n<n'-F(>1"."",ple.iffill.dtoareaCli'"a.,,al.'1>ty nolk proP<rtyofrcr"lc~. The", art m.gne'i< ",itk; ofir,,"
.'" I"no<\10 m",,"I7C<og,,,,I, """",'cdor,,.,,n,,,,,,,<:U.and "'i'hmnlroi lctladJ" ion,"hich.bc<:a",""ofthcirhighfC>'"
iflille<l.o. ,"".r.loopli,,,,,•• itcsisn.l lnui,,,ruli(}ona ';,-i'y. a", rel31;,,,ly I""·f",,, ,,'C" "'mkm"a,.f''''1uen<io.
r=iwd>i~na i Whcn'lM:y."",n"ra.edby.next.rn.lmagnetk~ld.thei.
In Il>cca>cof,hc Ih ..... -'<C1'C" h,ner. ",uall)'only nncOr "",!:ne.krroperli"",'.ryin diffe1'Cntd're<:.ion.perpend .. ular
'''''',,,,,'' ,,",'i llh.'·ca , ignilicanl,,llcc,.TI>oKI'CW.,hnuld ""IM:.pploctlmagn<.icf.. 1d
be in .. rte<1 ,1>0 minimum .~m<>unl """"".. ry 10 ""h;','c a A co,,,monfort,,of"'","Su,do i",I~I"r<on".'sof. k",'h
~';;i~;~I:.h;:!nl~he"'c~~~;:;~,'~r~~~~r~~. ";~~ '~:~I~::C of "'a,,"~"idc 10 lhe inside of "hkh is fl(toJ a forri,. corn·
I)()ncnl. Th .. " on.gn<Ii<."lIybia""J by.".xlcrna1"'''l!!lClk
~r:~~~~ :'C~;'~.,:~ lillie cIT""I. Ihcn ,he <"",pon<nl f .. I,\ !1:"ntrole<l «',",lIy by ~ pe,manenl ma~n.'. TIM: "Ole-
l!uid.f.. kl<"'respon,ling.ooolhfor"'.txI.ntl"" .....
wa,'es [>assi"g Ihr""gh I"" ""\'Cgu~j •• T< d"lorled hy lhe
f.""c.b"t"'.J;Il."nll<lc8=.Alo"y",.,c"ali'rl.~
Adjustable waveguide shorts f~~~~h:,,~~\~:~i:~.'~~d~i~r:~,r:, '~~/~~J I~" ~~e~

it i. frcqu<nllynccc<sary'o<o1o« lhecnd of. "'",'ci"idea, "",'e ;'ala maximum. T lM:fnrw.txI "'.,'.Ihercfo"'p.....
• rartkLlI.r ro'nl W'11t ~~ll0 a CO'I1Ii'Q'lCnI. A <ol11m,," throughwi,h linkanrm,a.ion, u~lIallymllChk"lhan IdS
,li".llCci';« '4fr,.n lhcc"rtlpOn<nl,,,"""re;... i.,IM:""lual ~':;t;::n';;;~<ew",-el<lM:'''ly."cn''",ed.IIO''''''I1YbY
~:::.~ ::~~::::~:~ "~i:~~~ ~~n!'~~;~i~:~~~~~'·;~ F;:;~~d Although i""I.lo,,<.n greatly ,impi,f)',he o<>n'truc,inn
~~~u,~.~:~.I~~~1 ~'~l~,~~« ~~~~;~~~ ~::; ~~ ~~:~: ::~'i~~':I~~h ~~~~;~P;:~;k.l~ir~ t'::ir· u::,ul1~r7: t:;
~i,~:!~~~t}2~r~~;~~:~1::f.i.~t~~;S~~:~
mu,. be: conlltCr.d tIM: right \\'aY'n)u"d , Th.lfop<r. llOO'I
<an be ""rrn.1ocntlyJe,rod.dby. <h,nllO in Ihemallnelic
propc"io. of.1>o bi,,,""g ""'B""t .. "st<! by mechonloal
k,,,,,,k, . orall",,"'''' 8.1M: i,olalor near stoel ooml>O"<nl< "'"
"""cgLliJcma)'lM:d()$OJ bya pl.lc «>Iticr-ed ina """ilion ... .,nal m.¥n<lk r..lds. Tl>oy r ro,'~lc ,,,,I.,ion 0"".
~~~~:'K"IYtiotermi"",1 . xperin"'nlally ".inB an adju"able ,.."trk,ed r.ng< off""l""""i ... in :.on"' ..... as I"", aI ~ pcr
~~~~:~,,~J'h, Harmonics. for ex.mple, m.y b< onl}' poorly
Ina",<ond'ypeorappli<'-" "on.ho",'e,-.r.lherr.hor<m.y
lxll""J'o<lefinelhek:nglhuf.re<ondn,<:avi,y. I",hi,c. <e.
~~h;'~ :~:~ ,~~~,·~t;:.'::;7~:i~~~n :~~. ~,::~y~h:~h::
il>:~i~'~,;;:'~~~i~;:,~,;:r!~ :~';h,:.;ri~il~~~~t':~~>t cilh'" ~:i~~I~~~i!~~!..' comm"n fu"" i, a lh=·pon d.,·ice
in ..'hkhadpccnlpor".",.Il"",i,,,lyconno:c,edtnonc
m.~. good cke"kal ronlac' wi.n.he \\,.11, of the ""'"guid.
~im;,ion bllt oot in Ih" r.'ersc <li""'i,,n. T hu., usi!lj; lhe
~:""~i<~~~~~'';~:~:~!..7,~,t!~'~~~dc:'~~·~ ~',i!:e~lo~ n01."onofFi&S,8.si&nal< pa" """l ily in tIM: diTC<lion of
lhe arr""~. Iha, i, from port A 10 H. from II ,n C. an~
f",~"t1I 'ly "'ith chokes tI'"1 ne<:<1 only 10 "" p'esc, in rooi·
liun.where.flora<ijIlSlnlCnllheohokci.clampe<jin from C In A. bul lhere IS no,lillible tr'Mmi";",, in ,ite
posi li.:m_lnlhesecondappro.clo"IM:,'hok.i, .. ftO<l,"""'on <>ppo<i.c .." .., from A 10C,Clo II and from 11,<>"
r~p':.!n"yJ~~:;:.~i~h :!,~.O;~'I~~~~ ~i~<n,!~~ol~::!

. I"m inium which sub'ItQuently i. lM:.vily .nodi,ed. TIM:
al~~n:Il~":i:~~~~~~"hJo~~'i~ ~'<O~~":~~~~:'~"'li"lOS be
<lM:ck~ by mO"in,. piece "r""".1 b<hi"J lhechole. If
.h"ha,nocffoc,on,h.wo,k ingoflhedrclli •. tlM:nlhechokc
i.b<h..-ing .., i.f.<1orily
P ~'kalchok .des isn ,are,'i",,,, ... lonp8,21
Isolators
Ani",la.ori'.'wo-porl<le.i«in .. hich lite ,ron,mi"ion
I.... in one Ji""'liun i. '-.ry 1"",. and hiSh in IIM:T<YC""
di"""ion.A.ilSnameimpl;.s.i.i,"st<! .O'sola l.OntciT<o i.
8.6
A••n ..... mrlro('bt " .. 01 acircula'or,. ,"'...."It,.,. Klystron oscillators
conncc1Cd'opori c ....... kl<lr<Cti>'elyconna:. ,o.naeNl U<t" •• LI,,,,,,,,, o<probably'lIc .. m~,", .."yof lU'<""in.&
.,taebt<J ~o por1 A, bu. "'" I.. a Kffi,,,,conncc1Cd '0 pori A, _ ..... ,mi<;,-..,,,r,..,q........... A kl)·.""" ......I-.fih
Si"",Is""kw~pt>r l hc~I .. ""ldpo"",'bt..".,.,,,,on .r.tCC: ..'h~h~~lyha'.II<_"<S>a'l'r""l........,.dc' ...... ninl
por1l1"·""IOIIk\ol.$,bu'''''''O 'M.",,,,,,,j,,~onporIA «W1,,,,,,,,,,,,,bu,I,,n .... ,ha,,,,..,.,lyopply,,,,,I\<'I'I'f'IIIII","te
Any o.tI"." f""" ,hc """'''''''.q
Iocol "",.II •• or lea ....... """LKI&,'oll'Je5 i<ull,ha' ",..,qui"'" to prodooo rf"""",
~~!: =:r:~~j,'~~:,:i,',~- A circula.or clearly n.. ....,pu, may be'ia.ron.. lronncctor .......... llj ...
termin;o,inl in. "'dia.or."" .....n'... ui<lc:. TI\< "'..... n
A ...... ~i<lc:rormofdrculalorron" ... of'hrcc.m".' .Oic ..""yol.Uy"n",i.,yri<;olly.fc"·"",,,,,n,
120joino:<l'o.""nl"'IOO'•••""."""''''of ... hich''pl3«d lhecon."""'"on<>f •• in'pkformor' ....,kll"tfo" ..
• •lab of ~•."i .... IIkll i, n... n.""ally b,a>S<Xl by a 1><"'..... "' ."""n""he,n~IIC. llyi" FiI8.'i." f."lyronv.n'i""al ..... ,«{
m.pl<'. ,he f."I,. <,roc""<iy 'otate, ,he ... n<lin~ .... ,'. catl,,,"" ••scrnblyi,uscd,op1O"ooouf,,,,,,oed.Icc'runbunl
fI""'"'' ... ,ho, '''''rlin~CI'' only"""", in 0"" d ....."on "'hich"di"""<oJ.t.~ond.Icc"od.al""I."~,,,,
i;~..~n;i~; ,~ tl~'~~~ ;~dicr. ~=n.', ~:";::'I~~~~

Thep",.;""t"'<>sin~n<llin.cif"Cula 'orsa", s,"'ila r'olh_
,$01.,00'<. T". d'n:~';"" of ,,,,,,,ion .!Iould be
.,.,.".ibod f.....
=;,CI~~~.y ~n~~::. ,,!ho;''::'a~~!"!O .:~::7~~! .node "01....,. and "",,,,n". 8 .. ,1, ,n'O many LIl""on. is.
_n''''nll)· ..·ho;h'hedimcn,ion~of.I\<,~'',ycanbc
. ..·;t<h.'hol .. """"".' ..·O I'ldbe'"""n<C1eddire:-tly'o'he .1'cnd>oI""'''.I'C>OIUIn'f,..,q... ncycanbecha....,.d.n..
=~'nll""f''''w''''''di"""ioonofml""on ..''''' """."" ... has , .. ".""u,,'
boles ,hrouP ,"'ho;h "'''' oI,ho
M,fO.. """,-mcan pa.... 1kyond ' he """""'Of'" ,hm!
...;;=\:.:=':'~~:.~'::i,=~~::i":! :.:~::..~
c>rcula'Of. ,oa"".."",f,..,qlKnCi« .. ho;lIha. ]>I'O"ed
d«u""""hicll;"bta<cd.f"'hu""~'oI"nqa"'"",.h
rnl'OCllo,he .. ,I\oJo.Eltctrun. a w.-oachinl,h, ••ltctrodc
arc",puheoJandrc,umelthor.o,locrnonal",bo,Jy",,,,,,,k
"""""""'"I 'nsomc ..... "dnI;:nMdOl1 p8.2' ,hrou.h ,he: holts in ,ho rdMalOf, Farotr.,OOI. ,~wm.llltS
,h,rd ck<lN<k i< called. '~J/ff"" or" "/Wlhr
I I\< rnodcor""" ... ,ionof. k'),>"on i< •• f"U" ..-s, U'C:'ton,
<n .. "<oJ bjI ,II< ca,hodc ha,e a "KIt ... n.., or,·.kx"..... If ,ho
\I)'>lron ......"'nl<\l '0 he ""'ill." ..... . htn.he rff.. kl •• ".inl
~ircular "."'avegu ide in ,he holes in ,he """"""''''iu.m",, ,I\< "doci1yo(,1\<
C,:c".Ia, \\"a,<,,,,d. C~" be use<! to ,.-.n,mi, ,f .""'JY, Its
.1cc"""',.... ini'hroullh •• I""'.rn"",in •• Icc'ron.bein'
"".,<lcUandr.""r.locl,on<loci"laocclcrJ,«l. lno,htr
pronc,pal.J.,.d •• nt ••• i"hat.unhkcrcc •• "gullo, .. av.lui,I ••
"fl'lSS<'».""o.h.rac•• ri"ic,ha'll"'i'i,.lyprc,,,nl.'he
..'Orm. ,he <Io<:"on .. ",.m" ,·.I""ily "1Od,,laled at ,he
frc<]U<ncy or OK,IIa.ion.,r tile ~Il"'n)n. Ilo:at" .. ,If ,heir
pla""ofp<~.'i,"'ion1O,.'i~.b<>u"ho.xi.of'he ."id,,", 1o,.bt",tIoc:"y. the f.".r.lr:<tron. ,,,,,,..,1 f""locr,n'o ,he
,bt"",·• ., ... ,,,I • • ,,,,,-,,. II'c,,",,,,,,,nd,n,,ooncpIO""'" "'""""'or·rcflcc,o,opaccandthercfOfOo;o.",.,cI.'i,,,ly
pOIanl.,IOO'n.i«'<oJ •• onc.ndolaA"'dem:ly""'......,...
Ion'PiI'"bcI"OfO""um' .... 'nto'he.,~'n"yol'hernona' ...
.. nlyll.,,"Uleomcpolo,i,.""... "heOlhorcnd.For ....... Sk>wer.Itct,om."""=",., ..,.la.hor,... po,halbe,,a'
~1t<"f .... ."IU ..... '"i< .. ""' ..... .,,~probler" • • nd~''''''.
"', ... i<lc:i.~ly~in""'"t"""i .... f....,.forpa",·
1ow'-o\oc;'y.n..",,,,,,,Il.lf<Ct.bc«{""'''''''''the,,..... -ol·
boloodal<li<lln.and"'··I>ob"""..... dc-iicndncribedla'.'
Lim," in dimon ........ "mil;a, 10 ,h<>$c ",'hiclt.ppIy '0
~~,::.~~~~:o..,::~~~~-=~:~';!
Sl""""in."'ndornma......... rc.u'nI08C'ho"abunc .....
rcctan"'l...... '..,..KIc.• l$o ....'rict ,bt .. "" olc'I\"UIa, If'lIcocbuncllcs".... toa<t ,hrouP ,he 1w>In.n.1\<"""""•
.......",de ,ha, m:lYbow:d . ,.,,,,,,, frcq.......,. ..'j''-,
loral.poIlI'in 'I\<OK'Illa"onC')'<k"""h'ha'lbt.IecI"""'
,he n,L of o.~tmOItin •. The dominant mu<It (or cil'CUla •
• "'.I.... edby'horffickl.'hon.hcywilldeh""".,....r 'o' ...
..",... uKlti.tbtn"rnodc.thecu,-oft"wa,-.k",thfor .. hoch ,~,ot"~nd'II<kl)'Slron ..·;IIO'It:ill"' •. " 'II .. _iII.';.,n .. iIl
i•• ,,'.nby
).., 1·41.""herc"i.tllc'n''''nal ... di ... or'he .... "''II,,,dc
l "h¢ •• h.. fo,)..i.,i,·onby
n.. ....,h,p,mo<Ieis.heTM",ntooJer", .. hic:hl.-

H.I"". S._'h;,~ •• rreq""""Y""ly._.lO""r
<XnIhO,Jtooe"ha,,'ha.of.IIc"""" .... ,,'modc.oti<.Iea',ha,
c,rcuia, .... , ..... odoanbe.......to.'fl" ......... narr".."'"
~..."'j~o::,=~la, .... yqui<lc: if.11 n<I: of
Anycyl.nd,i<allubon.o(re<l ....... bk .. n,formi'yofbore
"""be~o.~in:ula, .......... ide.Tn.icala"'COI'P<r.ubi'"
!~i,~~:~"~:I~:~';::;l~~'om. and empty .in can.
8.7
VHF / U H F MAN U A L
bem........... ben'ho"me-<>t_ni .... ,ot"ho.'""'romin'ho lkau,sc of ,be dq>ondmce of f.........". 00 ...1Ioctor

_'OI '.e"'dln>PKC~'o~ }:~C)d•• ot"he voI ......nd '0' Icac. . . ,.... , raoutor yol ...... ,he do
_'OIf' ... tomC)'."""n:~ila .. i"OC:gn. lf ' l>ebtlnchcs SUPPI ... sbouldbt.tal*.odhum·fru.
pass III ........ lhe raou,or "'bno , .... !;old is Iryin. 10
aocftm, •• IIcm •• hcn01le'fI)" .... illbe.......wedf.-omlho
_ , , , , . ndOKilla,,oo,,,,llbe ... ~
Gunn diodes
Sofa •• Gunndiodco-..o,oha .. btcnonedby ..... ,cun
boond.•
" 'hm ,he volt ... 'S fe'
The'imo-ot·ni&/>tot',I\c:.loctromisdc!>mdm,oo,be
"'Il<c,OI.' ... ,..... ndlllerd<>tCooe"laltOn"'IIO<>O\Irooly
'0" n~mber of ... "icul.r vol .."".
Thisi,illu!U;uedI))'Fi.8. IOC').The rcl'tecto,"0I'311C",hiell
p""It><a.t-.chi.he$' peak i! nofmally .. loclcd. No •• ,h • • if
only in ,he .OQ H. 11""".... ,hey.re .""il.bIe for
",be. n'"cro"....., r.............. l1l<irform oI<;QnStn.;-tionis
mus,,,,,cd I))' Fig 8.11. The Xli,... ""n of ,he devQ il.
~~i",;~~~ ~~~~~ma=.n~~2!:;i~,:;:~~~~0s ":u~.·~':
,t-.cre:<on.'orc."i'yi.W""" 'oadilf,,""n' f... q ... rocy. ,t-.cn
:::::p~~'Or"OllaKC"" II .''''h.''''ObealtcroJ'Ont.'''' 'in
~fe:~~~~~~~:~~:::~!~}~~na:~?:~~~~~~=:~
C .... nll"lo('heonl.ruf. f..., ,·,,1 .. '0 ,he rdk<:,,,rvull ...
.. hen .he kl)",ron i• .,..ill~lInll !Ia,'c'",o main .If"",,:
11M: ~~:;,:,,::!.t ':.:.::,,';c,.,:;'....r r...... uf ,he ~pi"~"1 layer
ou'PU' P<""" v. ricof""" ""0'0 maximum .• nd .befre- Wlto:na"ol .. gecxcccdi .... J50V{mm'hiek ....... al'!>l'ed
q ... ncyo1 .... ,'Ia'ion""'jesin.f.irlyli"rar""'n.... . .
""","0"" F'.I. I O(b~ T""r.... UotnC)' "'...,oI'hil ...... ""'..
'o'heq>i'3~i.J Ia),er.a h.... ""'1d domain
"",hodt: ...hiehdrin.sIooo-ly,,,,,,,tth,IIeII>Odt:.
;,,......,«1.,
,Ito:
\\'benu
}:::;'!~~i~""=,;,',~~~~~o~~";;:::=~ =""::~~~h.~i..:!~,:~:,:,:':,·,:,nd~
.-Jin....,.tula,i... ' .... dn-iooby'''''.Pf'I'OI>Ii>'.chooccoi
rdIoc'or"" .... . nd....,.t"la'i.. ,-oItaIC .. '''''f...
lovo·i...
,11_"" '''''cpil3 ..al ia)'C. 'I>m:fon:lktcrmincslhor.a"....l
pot,," "'~. "hiel> primarily dct>m<k on ,lit ,hick-. or lhe
..... mrla~ . ~J.:;~\::?H'diodc.'he'h .. k-" l in'heTqionof
• If ,be rdI«'or 1'(lI"F"Kt forn .... 'oont I'O"'U
ou,pu' ....... il OpCr;l'i"llpoin'A in FiIS.IO(. ). ,hen
...... U....,.tU .. 'inlvol'agc .... illgeoe,,".fnt ..·i'hhllle 'IItW~~":r.,o::::'~"~~n~: =';:'~~.i~u:"=:lI:;:'
l 'bcG"nndiodci>'hen'ub.ic<:'N'o.n .. ~rllllah~"""i ...
~~.:.~h~:..::,:~ ;::~... condilion u<uaUy ....., in f.. ld. and 'hi~ .on <o".rol ,be ra l. of produc,ion of new
• If, ... ""1Itc,,,..
,'olt.!I<' ....,midwaybtl .....,OA.nd domai ... nnd ,"'.eforcof cmren, p.,'.... Hy . dju"in.'hc
R.orA . ndC,henan.ddi'ion.lm<><!ul.'inlvoltllO r"',..an'f~ ... ncyof'hc~.. i'y.'hce-ffoc'ivefreq ... ncyof
.... ill.'ionof'hcdioo.locan bt:.i ... ilican"ycltanacdbo'h
. ,f'. .
wiliprodu"".mi •• da.m./fmOll'pu,
"'lItcto.vo"."'i... ,.,orjus.bdo ... U.• nd
pulscn!Oilu ... ioni• • Wlicd ..-i,hlpoakvol .....
:~: . ndb<:IOWi"na'U""f""-lu<ncy .. tby'hc''',"i''ime
• uflk .. n, '0
""..,1> po,n,A. ,hen. pul../fmou,pu, ..ill
beoblained. AlltmIlli''''y'l>ertiloctormoybe ....,
"""11
.."-'-'-."
OI'j", •• bQ>... C.
Ad)ttIlmmt of' .... "'fIoctor"" .....
""nab<>bt:uKd •••
~
linc,un'l1Ironlroioililni,odrallF. ThOsmoybt:<Ioneei'lI<-r '"
. n.f~ ... I"'~.ThoIaIl .. _hn"l"" .... ybe
ma ..... I1y.orby E......... _ ..... ".<_..."
uKd"'lo<:k'heoocil .. '.,.. .... 'o.nincomin.li ..... ,orOll'o _ .. ·ty ... vo"...... "'..n' ...........,
to" "n.. ~,.... ,,1ot
llocalfrequcncy ... ndord
, l<t....... 11 •• •'.
Coo",noo,· .. n . _ . ( ... l
8 .8
TI>e .... tionshipNt ...... n.pplied~ol_.ndalrrauis 'heloood.<'OITIptI<Odwith .... ,·quio.lcca.it.... The1aIl.r"1'"
.hovo'ninl'i.8.ll.Themulmumaorrentl:l.k.nby.typial a"'the""""' ...... lIyprdh<Odby .mal.urs:rouiallype<
smaIl IOG H.d•• iooi •• ta!>ou14V,aMincrea.inlll>evolt... ..·oo,ldappcar 10 bo< olvalu. mainly "'I'>c", var:oclo, tuninl
mUllS In • f.1I in ,I>e ~urrell' 'aken. The u.... 1 ope"'tilll <l~'"wide'.n~.i'''''Iu i n:d
voU·aeis . bou'7V, ... ~i<hb""llinlolh<".p ' i'''te$il,a_ Theeff<Ct ofopcrating "ol"on f""l"'''''Yfo,'1>e ""'Iy....
reaion. Thcronn of ,be rf ou'pu,/applied voh.curve l< or"".ityis.ho>o.'ninFi.S.15.Thcratoof.... n.. off""lllmCY
&hoooninF .... Il. Mu ...... m l'O"'<fisob .. incd.'.'09V "·i,h'·olt.",dunydcpcn<h"",I>cQof,htca,,,y.ndthc
ThcOoftheca"ity"roncIY.ff..m'be.mou.nt'hcr~ t>p<n.,i"'llO,n,. Ir ,I>c"""I1ator is lollclunedormodu1atcd
qu<n()lofOlCil1ationcanbo<pullcd. L..... -Q"",·i(ic1..lU<'hu by..",l')'in.'.... ppliaI.ol' ..... 'I>en ,"" ......"'''...
poon'
=~h.a~ I~~~;:~!:..""'..:,~;,:,~~:~':~u~y.:.::
'he_~ia l tyl"'.hovo·n;nFi.*.1 4 ."'''''.Q;nlhenn..,
Xl-150. The.c an bc tuMd mccllanicallyo'"r. ",ide "'n ....
Iypkally U 0<11'''. 0' up 10 700MHz by. '.",clor. Hi ,h.Q
h.av••
a.ilia.• uch "ll>ewa~.uid •••• ilies in Fi •• 8.Xl-51,
Qol.bo<Jl l ,OOO . • nd anN tuncdrncch;onically
=:'1:';"~':~{;::;~-;u;·~~iO,,~:;~x~::~d <l~~,ti~~
poin' .... nbe ••:lbyr<:d ... 'n.'hc ...... "'lin¥,..,I ... 8CWlh."hc
....".freq.......,.ra.... of.bouIJOpcr ...... '.or.lewl.n.of =.:.I::''t.i.!O'oJO .... '«n''''''..,..' .... n'!v;ma~'m~nI
mcphertz .. ill•• varaclor.II~.....,""lIIXlal cav;Iic1..'"
II'I<ICh more _i,i", 10 ....,.P<'(""u~ ................., ... 11 ......... t ........ nurac'"rt<S~ • •wti ...
I MH ( '"Ccompo<Od ....1" 11(It1l.tI"C•• nd '0 II>e male" or vol", .. note.<ftdin,lV. ""poo.oiblc",i,h """,<k>.,..
toobtainlpakl'O"'t'I"lloIOtimal ... ""..",lucbydrivi...
, ........ ,ll:.to,withPll,,",vol'aIjnUplo)(lV.Sooncdevi<:cs
;~~o~':~~n"'!~~: :~Ih ii~·'nll 'olt.",. and ,"',II '~ IO
Hi,h power GUM diodes "'~i<h ,,"ncrat. up 10 XlOmW
ilIOO H1. • n:.''J.ilablt.buldonotyCt~lolta''.pcf·
""1a,c>.!,hr(I<JJh I<l,"',,,rplulma,tct
~~,~~~~ ~~~:,P:i~~~'lIle attention in ,I>c U K.

l'OS"bly because;t" a ra lhorh;.h frequency byamal.u,
.t.nd.rd.lo .. ncra'.byuhlt""hniq ......"'ha • .....,... nt
li ..... nda"'h......1 tho sa .... 'imc ... rtttOnJU1a ..... 'quidc
",illlbic for , ... band. WOIO, "". a _~ion Hlin I»'
I·,i" .lIdcquipmC'tl...... def""" it lherdon: ,.nd"ON
quit< rnasoI.-.. ~c>-.:n"'''''. il is I n importan' band both
ini" ..... n.iJh' . • ndbeca_l..,n..... i".rs .... .....r~ld"""rs
formull1pl"rsboth ,n IOG I I.t( >< l).nd24G H.( ><l)
.r:t:
n .b;ond.II""",c>.!'n, hcU K is l.400toJ,415Mll·",Thc
prd.rodlub·b;ondfo'na' ........ b• ...s<lpcra ' ioni.l.4j.610
!~~~~~W~I~'t~~~n be ~'<d I,,,", 1,I52 M!!. ( ><l)
~ _-; "c:.t'do
eoo' ''''CGO'lly
-"
~ , e-"",_to
1 a 0 10 It
F!e.!~l.hr::.~t ~~~~~ :':'!":!~Q" ."!=~.~/
8.9
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Po lap lexer transceiver for cri~~I:di~.:n~~~~rl~ c:.~:are:o='~d~"s:~ ,';'t.~:z

3-4GHz .,.,.,...."".'he .... tdt:bc ...... i.. cu'.o>/f",, .... knlJlh •• ndprrl....
Thel'obplutr •..,""iqu<""~a .. mplo ..... hodforte'''na ably'lllould bc., kI>. 20 p..-ccnt pu, .... ThcmlQUI.11ItI
""a borod. 'I'h< h..ic un;' oon"."ofa.....,.., kns,hol" .. nlJlhoJwuldbc.Juide ..."''''~h.'... '''heK
ClteU'" .,..,,~"ide. """,mo " l~ • ,in can. " 'h",h "Cis a, •
:::::~, ::t:~· ~.~':~~~=

..... d.!.I,..".... .:::-.:"
Mrn feed ' 0 ~ dish. all<l ••• molI n, for. kl)'",,"" ~nd 0
,nFiI8.lb~a7MAI"1>'ron ..'h""'lIa.
;~f~r..'~:-
anou''''''.,.,..'''ot':!O(ImW.'l'hcfn:e-spaa''' .... oI"lhe
>'~("
tJ."7OW)
., /
1
-
In'he""" ,..Ki\<nln~I't. 16. I "" ...a_ideis .. mply . "ft
~=~f~~~~~~'~~i~::::u~~.i~u~';O~::: .~'ill~ I~~

o>nopcnc.l.'o"""nd (>nly. T hc ,,,,,oi nJ' of cornp(Hl<""
"yrnrefcr,oacano(di.n><,cr7-4,mr",which >.c-IHI<m
i"ho';.'ninri,l66 I ra <:In of dl"",cn~ d .."""", i. 1>$C'd, Itt... ,he ""'rrsPQn<lifIJ
rheu""I melhodot'<'J,,:r"linalh;"1)'I~oI"~ulprntnl" :;::'n;J..ohouldbe""IcuLalOdand"oedin""",ifYlna
IOloeIthe,,,,",,,,,I1 ... fmtut,,,,icsat,,..-i,,._III,,he
fmtuencyofl """"""" i.r.. ""tt... full dl•.,Iurommun",*""" The'"",,,,,'ot'lhekl1>I,()n;"a~ldrou"lli""''''''''t\ll'
;."bI.ined. ~or .... m,,", If ,he ., • ...Janl i.f. of JOM H, is inSin ."'d,a'orwhich;,.""'endeda••I>o ...·n.lt;,.co<>pltd
UK<I by bolh ~'~ Iil)tl •. IlK'n ......-ci,.. ' A .. ill ""''''' ' 'i!Plal, a, 'o,~ "'.\-q~"ide by ""uinl" throUlh ~ hole ,,,,,ctd
J.. 14
t:~~:::: lar~he ~~~,~:' ;:,:~~,=~"::~; '~'1.~~~1I1:
f,om ,he,,~ "nd ot'lhe Iuidr. a~ bein, ,ak"" '0 tWLa,<
" (NOn lhe ""de a. lhe prubc tu weI~ .$ ,he bo<iy or ,he'
it "in '<ttl.., """,1< f,om U,,~"'er A on 1.426MH>- (.. ll:r>I""' .io ...... II)·opt!fIled".hlpol... I.. I. ·I'hekly>t.."';,.
.."'llas.ny ...... I<.'l.486 ~Ul,)•• nd.l'he .."""i""'bc mounted in In Int"mational octal val""Itookl<r. pin4 of ... h",h
he.nlby".'IQIl A. is~"eda,ldlheMletnlll~I()~;SI""OUIr<",,'obe
8 .10
Til< mi.o. a.",mbly " "",i,;<>ned J .... /4 from ,he dOS«l thj,~loc'ro<k. U ~"... nt"" mooul.,in, ""Il'lIes my" ,,[course
.ndof,hegu id•. Il, .. i, i•• "ighl.ngles,olheo"'PI"probe bc~ep(",'cllbcl""" ' h i 'It,'el.lli.import.ntlh.(therdk<lor
of,hekly"ron.andin'he:.bsel1«uf"nyu'Il<,.'Tcets.'hc: 'hou1dn.".."bcP<>'ili".wh<no'htr.uppli...... ronnta~
~o.>Ilplin8 t>e'''~n ,hc: ,,,'0 "oolt.! be omall. A 411A .<cre"" "'" ori" r,,,,, "id·hkc "'uc'''''' ""Y bc des""yed
18
J .... from ,hedMe<l cnd and '""""'00 a,4S' 10 both prohe: Thcse<:ondarydrc"ilry"ra.impicinyt"crl"u ... hown
.ndmi.cr'Olat""heclrc"o"'''sn<''icrICld in ,he guide.o in Fig 8.17. T/Ie"ariable")ltas<:,upplyfor.h<,,,lkc1ormay
injec,.ronlrolkJpl'QllOl1ion<)r.hc.fgc"",.,«lintOlhe bcob,.ined a"OOwn,'" "i.
lhe afcci",uill)'.h<>"'n in
m,ur. The diode curren, re;"'l i n~ which is normally sc, at l'iS K18. A .im!''' """,er ci",,,;, j, ~hown in FiJ! 8.\9. and
0-2SI0 Im,\ ,opera ,e"h<mi 'e' .. " proper~"elanJa\", ,rn.lof.,p=hmooula'or in FiI 8.:!\). A mo ....l.borat.
"',,, •• ,hc:po .... ';ndicalo'whichi••'''.n,i.lin ..,,inl/ up ,,"ui,dC$<f ibOOIn Fig8,4S
lhcco,r<:<lope,.,ingrond.,Hlnsof,hcklyslro" To~tuplhc:unil.I""'"Oh,,~c'''PI>hcs. rcconnt<lodand
Sc'cral roin" <:an hcm.<ltaboutu.ingkl)'st,on.of,lt;. 1M "'n.c'or'·ol.3g<:.dju" .... until rf;'obl.ir>t<la$ indi<• •ed
,ypc . The:kIYS'l'Qnc.nbeopcrat«l"'i'hcilhcr'iICc.olhodc. ~ya ..... '.rc<>nJ>O<'N ac'05/I,he mi~crou(pu!. The.liding
ohor! cirClI i."" rite mixer.,.. mblyi.adju"ed toma~irni>c:
}: ;,::::~mW~~~i~g.~~~':n~':~~ ,::,,=~~~ ,~~~!~ lhi,cuffcnl.'r.d llle4 8 A "",wrcnetrati"" .. , 10 prWLICCa
• • ..,nhpo'en,;.I,.ndin,hi,,,,,sc.,lH:ca,hooc"'<omu<1be mi,.reu,,,,"l "fO-2S ,<> ImA. rur1l>tradjUMm<n' of ,he:
reftcc,or ,'oh.¥c "iii show a Ima ll number of .. pa,,".
~~l'~~'l~~~~~!:,'h,,~~ ~:~o;~~ i:he""~~~~fT,h.:! "!lin" .. "hich rf;'gcncra,«l. T l><:o"" reo"'lingin ,he
klY"l'Qn wIll bc at h•. and ad<qua'c ... f«y procau'i"", muS, laflle5'Oulpu.ofrfi.<~"",n
be I.ken. Compl<,.ly "'r«ning tllC kIY'\l'Qn again" JrnughtS rl><:kly'lroni "un"'byr01a'ing,~e><luarc ·'>eaded~rcw
ak-o"-illIlre3,'y;mrro,'. i"r""'~n<")'st .bil;'y on Ill< .ide of.he: body, ,he roftcc,or ~oll"g. bcl"ll ~cP1 in
T hc:hc'lO,i"., ... ", 6-lV O'4A and.ppearsa,:r""pin,2 "ep l<l ",alnlain 0"'1'''''
Changing Ih.
Tdle<,or~ollagc can
anJ 7. The.u""ly prcfcr.bly i. ""b,l,,«l <Ic.l'hcca'hodci' be u>td a, fillC luningmcchani.m. ,he: rail./!. hc:ingaoou.
oonl1«l<d 10 pin 8. TIM: rtsOrlato, r'f<Iu l r~ u~ ,0 aboul ± IOMlllbcrorelheouljl\llllOlI.cr fall~byhalf.
:~~~r~~~~,it:~,"~~'~~&,";~:~: ~::~~~:~:
)00\'". )()mA_S,abiliLa,ionof,hi•• upplyi. no,,,,,,,n,ial
T he rcllo<:,Of $upply should I>t:adju<,able"""a ran"" of '"
.beu, 100 '0 2OOV, 001)' a f."" microamperes being a,
bcmoun,«l.",ha, ooth , ignal'.re 4S' 1o lhe: ho,,<on,. 1
lhe:c<tuipmcnl"'ill,hc:n becompa,ible,,·i,h>landardhori·
taken. It mu" be highly "ab., , inoc ,he: frc<jucn<yJept"
~~;;:"i';,,;,'ari'«l equiplllcnl ""h only a.\d B loss in bu,h
f
<ltncei,oflhco"krofIMH,{V. r hc kIYS1fonc.lnbe f,.·
q"cn<")' moo"'aloo by a""I~;"g a f<w hundred m;l\i.'o\",o
The ImHimum "Hliu,ion dM';" ;",,,,nlialrl, in Irow, <>1
I~ ~"' .. rguilk is a!x>ul ZOmW/cm'. ""'/lhmi<JN' nealh Ih.
~tit~! "~'":="~C-""-'-
"';~;,.. -:...~., ~: ,. :~,"~:::::~ ,,~~.. ....... ,",
~lg I, tt. S 'mpl. h. .,. , .i",.'.",
~ ",.
~~:
., -
:~~"
~ "g l _'OJ.
....
AfQoi",.~", "g I,20, A ,'mp"""",.1., ,,.
8.11
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Equipment for 10GHz

The",.", .."e.. 1 rea",". which.<"""n' for ,1>0 ... lali,,,ly
hillh popularily of lhi. band wilh UK amalours. Thcmain
.urac\ioni'lhech. n.ngtof'hequi'.diff.... n'construclional Practical waveguide
atldope .. 'ing,oehniques ,hal are rc:q"iredat hiih micro·
""" ·.frc:q"cnei.... nd ili.gralifyinglha, """",nyam.I.Urs. components
many of whom a ... qU;I. inexperienced .,~n" ,·hf. ha,.. The""""iUidcn:c,,,,,,nendedforu.. allOGHli.WGI6 .
.... poo<kd'olhi.chall.oiC ",hkh ha~ inl~.""'1 dimcn$i"ns 0'9OO;n by 0-4OOin and
T he oJ,'.nl..,.. of the IOGH~ band compared "ilh Ihose "I~rnal d'm<n .. <>n. I-OOOin by Q-SOOn. Fur "'"" .""', .... ,
., S'7G II, or 24GHz.,.. lhal ,he W3""K~id" u5«I i. of. applkalion •. 11>oprdcrml maleria! i. bra.. bocau .. of i"
pa'~kul.rly ~","nicnl ,i..,. ,,'hkh .... UllS in rompaCi ,<><>d n"!chinabilily, Thi. ha.a I"",ofaboo." j-SdIl/1OOf1
~~~~~:i.:~~r~!~:~:ti~hJ:i~~1>o~:~~s~~
~Ulpmtnl~' ''houlptadnll'oohighad<matld.,n.cc"...,y
onoon'lruol,on"ilalSOm<<:omponenl"reavailabk<>nlhe
,u'plu. mark ... and 'hal Ihe ....... no .I>ccial propap'ion
I
fla="~~d~~"~;~:;~~~ ~~. I;:i:"~,_b~hebo~~~ ::!'~~;
problem._ With n.rrow-b.nd equip"",n', 1h< ... i.lheexlr3
ad,·anl3gC,h,'lhep ... fcrn:..l fl«luo:""y"fopera,;on
1~.J68MII •. may be ",neraled in Iwo ""o"enicnl waj'$
~,'hc:r¥,a 1,2%MI('1 ><8 ) ," from III<-oommon mkrow",'.
~i~ tu~3;:::.~' ~:;:'~U~~~,:;'ir~,<>~:;i:~h,,::~I~~::
dri .... rfrcqu.ncyofI.lS!M Hz( x 9) Ih<sc: arc: dampW 1O~lher by an ~"ern.1 l""alulS ring and
Moslofthccquipm<Mused ",far""".i... oflran"",i-'11 nul. Ahh"Ui~ bulkier Ihan 11>0 SQu.r. IIangcs. III<-y can be
"·hkh.mploya,inale.m.llkl)'$1ronorG"nnoscill,'or,,, a,...",bled ""'ho\l1 1001•.• nd ,he",ro ... a ... ,0''''li",••
,."... I".f.wIOft.orhundrcoJ,ofmil1i"'3l1.ofrf.lloc • ..seof r"'fer.redfo~.erialoonnec1i.,n . ,.,fadli"'~manualch.~
~he relali,~ fre<!ueno:y ini",bilityof ,hose device.. broad.band O\l:.'. l hcd"ncn5ion5<>f'hell:!ngtSarelli\'eninFiIl8.22
,.f.amplifiers havi.., a b>ndwid'h of 2501tHz 10 'MIt,,,re VIa'nO.~ •• "'u.u3nyu.ro.lho.einco"",ra""i.chok.
IlOC»$$ary.Themosl<""'''''''''formofacriabuK<l .....',her b'''.n~ ~o, "",l1y """"""ry.' amat.ur power 1e,.. I•. A ""''eo
~::;':I;;lhaaain up '0 25dlJ. ordi,hco from 1'0 J f' in l <lide }Oml onay be rruode """'herproofby u.inl a plain
I' i'moslimporl.n'l"reali,elha', hi"ypeofcquipnl<nt.

J"pi'e i" . in'plicily, will h.v •• r........ p.a"" "'n", u.oally or
~,· ... Ihund ... d"'il ... atld""nseq""nlly;, .. p.abl.<>f,,·orl:.
,ngundernorm::.lp rop,ga'ioneonJi,i"n•• II,heli"e.of.
,i,hlp.alh •• voilablein lhe"'orld.Ov~r,h'm.rp'lh . ... y
lOOk," ,n lenglh. "'''''cquipmcn' ""•• (Officienl """,,'''SO
Iha, ini'i.l<oo,."" can be made .... n If , 1>0 equipmenl ;'
aros.lyincfficicnl
Mo ... """nlly ,hi•• implc ~quipmc'" has ~n u5«l wi,h
;fu,~~ '~~":!':~'~;dn~r.~ic:~~~~i~~i;: :l;~i:~~
~um,J"y~uclformedo'''r "., .... . "'tofknife-<:dged ilfra<.
1Ionob",nedbypoin,ing ,.. n. mill.r atldr=iver.criab
01 re>_k. of inlc".. ning hill. oM moun,aino. Clearly. in
OIXrallnc. al I~SC f... q.... rrciel. much "",rr Ihought 3M
plannong IS "'qu,rcd ,I\a ~ i. "."al in arna.. ur praclice
Rcla'i,'ely high po".", (IW) narr",,'.b>nd ( IOkH.)
c,)'''al-oon1rollod~uipn .. n' i.c''rrc:nltybeingbuil'which
.h"uIJma k.poosibkrd"blccomm"nica'iono,"rob"'UClcd
pa,h. IOOmilcsinleng.ho<morev;alro",,"phcric..-dtter
A ...... no,ed .arlier. mos. ""''':II~iJ~ «Iuipmcn, i.
=~~.~o b;r!7~~~8:'~irr:' ~~~~:U~~i:~G~~C;;~I~

~p<~k,n8, lhe« i. much Ia,i,ude in lhe phj'$ical d(Signoflhe
r-T
.
'nJ'¥,dualooon poncn ... . o Ih.1 in m.king. """i,,,,.
for
=X~ ~~~::~I.a~~~s~~:~r.~~~~~::~,~3~~ I ~
~~~r;.,~.:~a~::~~~yi;:~ o~~c:::: ~;:'I:~~:~ :':,t:;:; H- I
eq~~~n~~i:~':;~~.~::i
loolher ."...
I::::::"'~h:~r,'~n ':. ~~I~..
ofw:"~uidef""u"' a'"'hcrfl«l",,nei
"",,±_l.k±i=t::t±:jI:±:UJ::ts
=rhe::~p~":';!''';: ~.n~~ll~~~~ ~::h~f;:,':I~~t';:; ~IG. 8.21. 1M ,.I,\;:,',~~.~~;":':!;!::',,!,;~Y .o>d ".id. w."
8.12
:'::inODr\iunaion"""honoIiU<d ..·;,harubbet..,a"1IJ A JdB cou pl • •
n.ewnstructionol.sbonllotll)brid~pl<r iotJ>ooo·n'"
' ""-,,,,,,,,,""_cank'<>ldnedinpiao<.but .. _ ri. '.ll.Y,~nd"",~ o-66'~ Ion. and 0 '4,n are """ h,,,, LD •
•hojllin'i.ul'lderconsidefable ....... hanic:aI ......... i.oItoukI ... rrowr~oI1",'opiecflol""" ·q\Oi(k .. hi<h,ht;" ....
be bnL'l>tl. 1Ic<:au.......\Iq\Ii<k compon<n" au made ... i,h """'nt"'IO'ht~rotnCKk. For"",,,,,,,,d.16.'ho
bichPf<'Ci$lon.JiAi ... durin.O<>k!efilll .........lIyu_. :::~;) ~ot~:;';S,~':Jln),or lO.OSOMHr. and 2Hirnm
.ary.Fo><"""'ptJ(1alpu""""""ili.... fftcien. to.,ip'ho
Ibl\$<on'otho"''''~ukleso'ha''hoIUHk;u.'projec ..
beyond,herKC •• nd .ht;oto KlI<le,,,·i,ha.mal1p.n..,,,.
Thc.xce.s.uidocank~In(lV<d byfilinl.lndlin .. hedb~
ca~'"lIy."bt>inl'hef~.:e.,r'h<;Ran,.,"'·.r.ilkon""bl"e
papo.backod bya.heo,orlla!<S. If."",., i. ,al:en no, lo,oek
Ihca..."mbly.,ht;n . vcryn",u,'ao.:'·l n beob, .ined. f inllly.
::;"".:'~O'lOkJcr"i'hln'he""'~8UidC 'bOUldbeca"""IIY
',I'n
." n.......... o.' ..O'h.b... ,..d"""' .....,.""oI••. n..I.... 'h
I.OH ........ ;...... OMI ....... I'o, ....."owl.'.,•• ,
w ;d ' hol ' ho w ••• ",uld'
A'· 3OdBcr on · d i,ect iona lc oupl • •

A fealu ... or,hi.de5i", i,'ha'u~lo~m"""plinacanbe
ob'".-...i...'hkhis",llk.. n"yl.:;Ir..,f.,.."oein,,,,",ypoof
.. nlplc:cqUlpmen"obe~Ib<dI .. "r
lhocou~l;n.an
be......xa."""II •• rcquln:d .• ndoJa.a lt."<o.inr.blt8.2
fOl...".·n'oJOd D. It _e>"' •• fora .... upI'n.ol~lhan2OdD
or .... '"ht.'Ypc< .. lMch ..... impl~lo .... kca ........ I".
~,~ml
l '","fOlm of ,hc couplc:r io.".,.,." .n ~l pl.~.J>d'.2J
l 'I\ccoupl, ... ""'.""'Ybco..-h...... ;ntht ..... llolonc ..... '-e·
.... tdo:.but •..,pa""'rp!a''' •• •''''.... n ..
m:o'''' ... ndcd for
k;~htn table conslru<'Qn. No,,, ,'''', bc<auoe I"," IhtekMU
ol.hepl;a'em:onvncnd<d(O,O.J60n) ..."lhtly ..... ,Ic.'han
Ihc .."n'hkk ..... .,r'ht: ..",-"."ido(O·OSOin).• hcntht:
al1o"",blybccorn<$s<lf.jiagI .... l ·heCO<lplinl.k>" ... nbe
~u'bY~la"'pinlano"e .... ""pi=ofbnl.. 'h<c.in"ice.ar.d
u\inij 111<: <:<Ii" of .he ,·k. as ~ « r"renee for d,iUIn, and
Table 8.2
Dimen si o ns o f c r o ss· coupl e • • Iots
(., (.,
Di rectional coup lers
Many dift'<"ftft' <k1.isnl or din:dionol wuplct" ai<!. The
~:Ic":,,,.:!..,:,~owarc ""m""JClIYIIK4'r.daliarcTC""""'Y 0>.
...,
""
8.13
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
filmg.The:I,n"'l""n:olltlinei,the:nlnalkeda,.··bestfif· O'OOlinCllne. ,ilyboachk",d .,,'onwith . implch'nd'ool.

~';,'r:~,~n~~~~::l~)r.f,,~o~i;' ~~e.;..~ ~~r..7;b'~,:~n t:=
tothe:slot,actu.llycut.Thisproa:d"n:i,mu<h mon:effoc.
ti,·.th.ntryinilOcut.lots.ccurat"lyinalin>quarep",t.
T he: w.ll< of ,he: ",·"'.guidecan be .em",~d byd"llin,
a ndfilin&- A pieoeof .. 'ood fitted in.ide the~uide PfOvem.
JOI"t< 10 be sold.r"d i. r«<>n>rnen<led a.
thi, ~I'o;ds the
pr"blcm in focdingsold<r 10 lhele"."""",ihlepa""4
damago to the: 0pl>O$i,. face. Dy continually monitori". 8<nll. ga' ".me ora ho, plalC i. ,,""'for heal'".. Aile.·
","h a micrometer or '"mier gaui", then an a<cu",ey of n.thelr. rne",ly damping the components nlocl\an.cally
toa.lhe.i,,,,tn¢li~sati.factQry
Th" ,,,und · h o l,, c ' oss cou p le,

:'~I~r ~h~~~';::i~ ~~i';~."'~t:';"'~i~~:in:",e~~
round·ho\c""uplorill""ratcd by Fig8.2/>, Coupling;',';"
'h,eedn:ular hol",d.ilk-d al ,...,rncr. ofa "'I"a,. of "d.
equal to )~ 14. The <leg'ee of coupling ,.,.rie> "ith tlte r."O
ofthedi.rne'.roflhela'8<,ho~'otl\al"f'hebr<nd
;nlernal width of the """,'.&l1id". The .maller h,,1e has ..
di.I1IClcr,,,,'o-th,,,I,,hatoflh.lar8<,holes
For ".,.,'eguide 16, ~ _ O'!lin and " i. I·SSOi • •,
IO.O~MIl •. or 1·474in at IO,J<W MH'L. A Hdll coupitr fo.-
~~I II':~~ ~=,,::y~:~ro~~o~~in",;~~,~~d~~~'~.~~~

h"", thecrnt<. line<oflhe",,'~gu itle
l'heoolesmaybcdrilkdtnlhe",'aliofooeoflhewJ\e·
guides. preferably thc input arm. the cor .... pondin¥b'oad
fact ""II of.hc>e<ond pin.. being n:nlOl'<:<l. AI.ornattl~ly.
thcholcscanbcd,illo;din ...""nlteplatc •• deoc,ibedfOf
Ihcp,.,;ou.coup!<.
Mixersforl0GHz
!che=~~~t".::~~.m~~: i~h~~Ot~ ~~~B Ji;J~ li~ :i~~':
::'':,t~o::-~~:~'f.h 3~u f~'7o:;·'~guid •. A rccom lllcnJo;d
0,,11. 1/Mindiam<,crhok: in thech<>kcblock in the
corr<ctllO>it""'.andal"'lhroughthel"obr""df.=nf
lhe ".,.,'cguide_ D,iII.nd tap 6DA hules fo, the: rnalchlnll
FiG t,!S. DI",...lo.• • ' 'U' U'" ~I'I'. M.,,,i.1 O,OUift

(zo" .. gl., ...
8 .14
The rr.ho"";'o\niiou.lybeo, ,un>edon.lal ..... buIOOUld
lkobcfabrica'edin •• inalep;.cc .......... ndloois .• inoe
,he dirnenslons.", noo cri, ical 10 ""i,hin 10peroen'. AI,cr·
IIIlivdyitcouldhef.\>ricatedfromlllroesepanll.pieoes
...hicII.r•• uIKeqUft" ly ooldc~t....,1Iet
Thc IN4"E diQdc has llinJ I t both endlwhich simpll1>es
<:<>ns,,,,,,,kln, If. diode 01 ,'''' lNZI ' YJ)e10 used, lhe chotc
US<-mbly..,....insthe .. mebu"heholcinlhel".....fooe
oll ... " .. ...,...;.km.... bo ...b""", "11 10 tin lomah lbe
dinok,J>USbfll. Aopaci ... plalCmust.lsobcfllledIOMSUre
,hecorr«tposi'ionof,hcdlOdt.I1_""'prnfU""m'llo
hoId'hcdinokinp~
In .. llinl''p lhcdc''~.lhconeo'tWil··a(livc··mI'(hl ...
~~arca<\i ... ,cd.uslnllminimunlpcnclralion.f.,.eill1i1r
~...~!.-·~~=~::"~':r~.~~t~
.dj............ donoonootCl&lrilycoincide.
for,histyllC ofmi~Cf.the1owal noise floCl"..i. obtained
whenlhediod.currcntilin l.... l1If1jCO,15100-SmA
Amixe.Ulonl' .... CV21~.CV lIH.S1 Ml .... s.tMllypc
oldiodcils/Io'IO'nin F....2J.1tis luned byanadjustabl<
rfshon.nd byralslnc lhediode "'ithin i .. """"'I. Tho:
optimum m""",,".... n' f.,. ,his diodc is 0-, 10 lmA
..,.-1. Willi lbe (!>ok. block Ioco.,ed by ,be 7/64in drill
paaecl'hrou&hilancllbewavquide,and,h<6UAbea.in,
nullheldin"lKeb,-ctuome.pIa"'d,.",......( .. hichdonoo
ooIo;kr), and wi,h In ownllc md pia'.
held in J1O&Ilioo
ma ...... IIy,_.lIjoin.. IIIi.........II ..s'lar'''' •• ith d-.e Surplus mixers
minimum arnoun, ofsokl«. Trim t""end "bt•• ndOl"'1lou' From time In "me. ··surplus·· X·band m~ becomo
'''''hnkintbecl>ol<.blocktotind;''met.r , II..~ .n ... il.ble. manyof"hi<; h .rcdesi~ toopcr;l1.wi'hintllc
ftu.and.JO:eUsokkr.espooo..llyfromin$idclu."_ Tlda.bIor>d I,9'lGlk Hyfiui~m,,,,,hin l>C"'WS$l*Ccd
Bym.iIllSUl;hlochniqucs, .... rprilillilyhilh""""~ ~8i nthemanncr!J>o ... nbyFiI8.1.u ...... llYIhe5e,,"nbe
Clabe:tCh~""'hlhesimpk$loltoois. made .o optno, ••ftici.,nly •• 100Hz.
8.1 5
V HF/ UHF M A NUAL
Rough measurement of power "' . neumpleof!be_of,,-da!a. suppose. miur

itf<d'·;" •. 2G.lB()(IOO)di~iona l couplerrrom.ldyoUon,
Con.-es>.""""'mloerdlodos",,nbeused,o!lf'O"i<lc.nindica.
•iod ofrfpowerwhh anllOCUt1lCJ ....mc;.n! IOpreven! v- .nd. =, orG-9mA;'~ on .....1er havi....
rotSlaoocoflOOO.T'tIepolO'OfindicalCdbylhcdiodecoms.
misuketin!ht«Wltlruc!ionofm ......... ' .. cquipme.u. Tbe
"'.. !iooNhipbet........ rfinpulanddco."pu!r...... ypbl ...-Is '0 l .. m..... oIrf."hkh impla'''', ,hcklys.ron;'
diode it lhovo'n in F.. ' . 29 .... hllouah ,h;, da", applies deli.,...;",in ,hcrqionollolOmW. eompori ... ,bi!;val ...
j,pClCiroaol1y!oXband. !hc resullSobtI.iD<tla,,,,hcrmioctQ. ... i'''manuractu .....·.da'.''·illp...... icIe .o'be~
... ' .. rrcq.....aawouldbcu.,..",ru'obc ..... il.,. F...:h oI'hc . )'$'_
The cor .... pondi ... d ... r.... 5choukybarrierdiodesis
<W"'ecorreoponds!o.puticuLa" """se, iesresi'!anoo.TM .. ~ninFi ••. J(I
""i'!anooof ....!."..... hic:1I it,yp;ca.lly loon r.... lm ... rsd.
! ~?n~!i~~~~r~~d '" on. in"""", cues i• • ianif\can!
Wavemeters
Mos, cUrI"n, equipmen, on IO()H~ ,,",ployt freo-runni ...
oscillo,o",.,herrcq ... ncy.",1)ility otwhich.• "lIouahw,·
prisinaly 1OQd(,yp;ca.lI), one""n in 10"). never,bdeso; it
poor by aysIal-am'roJItd I .......... rdt. Dui\di .......'-etne'er
octuallyin'o'hemtcmitnotonlydesioable'o ...... "'open.
'iod""i,llin,heband.bu,"';lIaboronsideroblyimpro>'Otbe
etw.:cr;ofm:ol<~eon'arn..
Tbe""'CmOCen,obedescribcd . ",ail.b.o..""iod ,ypes
simply because a proYeIl cksisn r..... ,..."""iuion ........
_ i s not.vailabloe. This is .... of. probIom 'lu.n would
bei .... ';ned.inoo iD mos'equi.......... ' """",_oIfIOWOt
indica.ionisDCOeSSarilybuil, ln,so ,,,,,t an . bsooptioa
........"".r ...oci.ted with I ml_/deI«,oril viM ....1I),
cquiVillen"o"ransmi.. ion'.""~r
The waverneter.ho"", in Fip •. ) l .nd U2 ..... bles
rrcqu....deo to be """,."r«I bct ...,.n., I.."9·, I nd IIG H.
wi'hlna«uf"&C)lof±IOMIh. ... nimj>Ortant r.,.,urei •• hat
i. isselr."., ibratilli. which ..alds.he nttd .o mer '0'
preci<ionfrequaw;ysundaTd . h<:Onsilcsor a rodor.djust·
.bJc Ie"tl,hse'o;ouially in. c:a.ity. which it Iooocly coupled
'o ..., ..... i<lc fo""i ... ""M 01 ,h. rfl)'ltem .... bsorptioa or
power<><:eu", w""" ,he rod ............. ,... , is, ........ 'herod
itclcc'rically(bu'OOIDeCltSSaril),pbysically) either l./40f
~~
~~~~~~~~ 31/" .......
8ca_thc ..."" ......";, &lion at , ..... rreq~ the
.uDi......... oI''''''l''fN!<JI _ _ ,et!d to belli",;"
~~~';..::~~7='==~::7~~: .he rqion 01 1,)OO)d H.tJ_ tOf tbe 1/4 1l'IOdt. and
1/_0 -rn: -Vl

~. l-fi
Y
,
- - - ._f _.
I
8.16
H' tl~U l; ~~ ft~ ~~fi~J~
~!~SIi~~ r~~ ~ R·~~f~~~~t
! .:! ;Bh i"!, ';1' ,! ~
,~ .~
1",
Llrtn~ !!l'!!l!lllm!IIII!!
ll~ '[!: ' ~Il~:H~·j~jh
f LUJi·
l~
n::{J
#
mmmmmnm
i'un
• " 8jnH
.J[{ ,
~IEg
HH ~
7i'U
:::
V H F/UH F MANU A L
)j4.ndJ)j4'lI(:k-OU".$hou.ld benoled.ThediffCfUIDC
=:"~":i~rw:.-n,dillJS is aQC\1ra\d.J J.I2.'
lbe frcqumcy :,,:::=::.!:.•:~.~~~~~:;ae:~~ ~h~u.:
1rna,lIo(,heea';lyis""""'''_'rly lo' l. AI«"Oftds.ud:-our
";U"""",.if,heJilorI ilfurUtcrwi,hII"nm"hcdi51ancc
C
f(MH.., - URI _ Rl) bt1"~'het"""beillJl/IfW;.,l)'lo'l.T"i<d""nccmaybe
con'"<T1Od'of""!""""l'usj ..... fM.,.. ........ ~118.21
whe ... Rl.nd Rl .... lnmillimtl .... andC _ 2'l9.600 1M NOIe 1,,"1 ,heCOUplillJl_K in ,he ea,·"y_U andtl\lt
air al H ' C.nd.lO peroen, humidity. A "",,_,ionIoleali1)ra. IheblocksformillJl,herf shortlhouklbe a,lidinilfi''';lhjn
,;"" curvcean be buill up in ,his ..... , fM borh moc.II:o' ,he "'''>'qIli<le. The 21!.A drl'o"e l""ft <nuld beTCf>Iaced"';,,,
normally ",Nan,a.. s1Iould be ,a~." of ,he 110"'" lunin. :::r:::~.~ ~~A lh ..."d. "' .. ",11 "" s,, Imm pj,<II. (>I" by"
rlleofllle l)j4ma<1e.
Of~~~:;~:;::;'';;; ~i'~lj~~~'t.:.,? ;~1::';. ~s:~

A I«Ondfom,or "'lr..,alib ..... 'in.wavemet.,.;, slK)wnin
f'i.8.)l. A pic« of Wh"tlluideH>coupiedlothewa'-eJuide
'Y"'~m f()l"mt Ule body (If a ...'OMn' cavj,y. lhe Ienl,1\ of becalibra,ed,ome.uu ... f""!'lCncicsrroo" 8 1<> 12GIIL The
Not. _~~Q'
§i~.::~i:'
8 .18
lJ~ L::r~=1
......... ft< . . 0." ....' !O,OOl' ~'""""' ......., ! '4..'
"'.' ........ cons'S!sofaraon.nlca.,IyD-7indiomc:I.r.r.d
~:~ :!:::::}:; _ r .... ~) . • llhou", e,,," this i. tKI'
o-,on ........ r.d<OtOpioJIO ..... 'o'q;uide,hisIUneoJbylho Anolhor Iype nf """""""'cr i. show" in Fi. 8.35. To
sp;""leol . mr.danlm~ · _head.,heclo<;,,,,,,,lpooi.ion ..:to;""". hishQ. '''''roIa,irqend pI.o .. s/>nulol be a clo...
oflhe"coI<\".r.dor,,'hichi,"'ofu-.edbyal/4choke.For. n,,,·i,h ' he ... llo1''''ca'·lIybul m"'ll'I(>I 'oudI"."ny
'u.....lythecalihra''''''iolinc.>r'''i'hf«<l''"''''Yiniheranao pni"' .Onemclh<>df"..en .... rinl 'hi.i. tncllo "'~' ... plal.on
10'0 lo-XlH, ..·"hin abou, I p<ro:om'. lhe .un'''' Ta'.
rrawred beina I I""", =clly IOMlb/O·Olmnl. n """
,~.~ . _ac1 ... lIylobouscdbu,,,,j,h''''5I'indle
proj.e"n,. The spindle can then be moonted in • b~'" f"..
IOC>:tlfllC ",libnlM:>n poin' can be dotermineoJ ..ithin ,his lum inl,hepialCtOt"'"""u'rcddi.nl<lCr
ran.,. ' hen a calibn"ion f.,..'t.cmnai ........ canbecalcu.. ' ... Thesuck-ool is stron&lYdepcndmlon lho .w.oIt'"
..·it ...... lur.due •.,o<.Tn'ahf... ll a dv"~ta...,oflhere<olulion
o(this""~. l dtum-'ypC~·~( ..... huMOOf1! i~'p:;::,o~~~""!";~d~'~n~~~::
IndWnlh"y"...480M)ca~boU1ed.Ahernali .. ly .• """,l"r of .... .."' ...... idcopposi •• ' ... """poIinshok. This enables
• _ _ lOCh .. 'ype 9'21.1 may be employed. pemall' a ji8lli ... rod ~o be uoed 10 ""n'", , .... covi'y durin, !lnklcr<....
.... Ihln:duotinndri..,.r.d . di ...... lyatlibratcdocale. l ' a bo"""bIes~"'coupI;",_,obodri lledu nden"'.lO
Th.n'iJlnalwl'-.mcl,,,,~,",,oJefrom l indiomct ... be""""""oo' a. n<CaSIryI0ac:h""" . reuonablell.ld< ..... t.
bru$ barwhid> ... 'drillnl.n.d ..... mc<I to pmduc:c I ,ube. Tho."""", hole mult of,,,,,,,v be pluJl"<!
n...hoke ..... n.. oJe .. I ... ~ra .. p.ar1.Tn~Ie •• Any'fl'Urious ........... ,. u..... lly can be .IMni~tcd by
D-7indrill"'Uciampcdv."icollyinl vice,lndt"'"",,ve-
_body ..... positioncdon'hisloloca'. '''''cho!;c
• I,,,n. a pi«eoftos.ymal.... 1 '0 t'"bod< oflhc..-i",
pble. Wood. rubt>erandferrol.a", l u,ublc malCr'al.
come'ly Ind hold in pIooe by U,. mio:romnc:r dompina
_10. T", cbokc ,,"'as ooldcrul In,npb"",''''joinl c"",,kcd
=1y~'~~=;:,~;''''m=~A::'''7''~I: Waveguide matched loads and
mclhods of flbricalion rn.o,y1)cutcd. for example machininl
' ... body.chol<.lnd ......... frum.ooIidbar,proridcd . hI ' attenuators
' ... inl.maldlmcn.ion."""'cd."'odhcfocdto.AIt...... 'i..,ty. A robuo' .... dcon be made from wood . In I.... dcoi'" shown
.n..... may be flbricalCd on ,lit body of ,he ..."""..,... SO
'haltlcanbob6t.edTaIh!:rlllan$Oldt;rtdIOIIlc ....... "'idc.
in Fig 8,l6. I aood ma'ch ilenwrcd by tho
tlle"""'''end. l,.df.ocicncyualoodm.aybecho::kedby
lonl
tapet • •
In,he,,,i.,,,,, lv .... ;'''n •. onlylhemicromt,er5l'indlewa. nU' ... i.,OI.l".. m.lf.slidi .... ho<.omtitplacalb.lllnd
8 .19
VHF / UHF MANUAL
! ./ - 1- -
i" -hk:' 1- -
Fle .. H.Aw ..... ~I ... d~ ..'.... ,Ioad.DI ..... lon.lnb ..... t • •,.
lo,'OG . h .... w ..... ~ I ... , . '. 7~~-":;:'i- -:--- Jf
•."-+- I 1M 1_11""1
.-:1.-..
F... ' .•. T.......'O.I .... I•• \'~~~IIo"OI2000 ... I.''',''.''...'
melh.odof"'ppo"i~ili.toprepa"'alefll!thof"""""ded
polyslyrene (",'hich i. '''''''""rc"t to mic",,,,.....,,) 10 fll
~~:~~:~~, g~~~:~~icell~i\~O ~~':.:ndJ)t~:m~n!:;;h :a~
ob.jously be ma<le in the <ame way, E.en 'luite low value
:'~~:~~,..te.":~~~31:~~S~: ~~S~ ~1:~~~~7t~~~ ~:.::
H)S:I.duc.opo"",rpa"ingb.cklhrou.g!tlheauonualQl".
Waveguide variable attenuators

A variable ailenualQl" i. a particularly v.luable pi..", of
Ih~loadcanl>emo,·.:do.crhalfawa,~len&lh ""ilhoulalfo::t_ tCSI equipment. even if il i.not Cltlibral~ . In an fm r=i'~.
inglhesyslc:m.Ihcnthe loadi •• b."'bingalllhcp'".~r theaudio . igna'·to-n";"r.. tiovarinslronll'ywilhllw:
Aoompoot lo .... power dummy load i•• hown in Fi.S.J7 inp<ll,ignal"1'Cnglhonly 0 .... a narrow ranaeof inr>nt:s.In
A pioccor""'i"<><cord.typically lOOn ptr:squa1'C.i,poued practlcennclhcrcforcl<nd.lohear.ill"al.",ithahiglt
lhrooa,h ~I(}IS CUI in 1he narrow wall uf Ihe w:I'"fJUide and i. ,;gnal·,o-noi", ratio. or nothi llj II all. It iSMly by chalICe
=t~ =li~.• ~~:; ;~:::~~~~~o~~~d ~~.o~~~
tha.,ii/1al.lrcn,lh •• ",inlhenarrO w ",njl<:of.fowdc:<:ibels
when noi.y.ii/1alsa", produced. Jo lhal the audio qualily
JO,OSOMH< • ..f4 ~ 9'$4mm (o-J88in); for 10.J69MII•• maybeuseda.agui<lc:foradjuSling.heequipmentfo.
..f4 _ 9·]]mm(o-J61in) optimum perform3!'1C<
A"""uaton.1'C also m.<Ie by lilling lQ!.Sy mate.i.1 into The~lfecli"".igMIS1"'ngthcanofcou ... l>echangcdby
the ",.. ,.,gulde: in Ihi,ca",bolhcn<!oa1'C tapcn:<J to provi<le
• iood m.,ch in bolb direction •. A con''e11lcnl form of
I'IlSisli'",malorialc"",i'LSOfsmphite powde. bonded on 10
paxolin_Lypt .heet about 0-021n thicl:. Thi. i, avail.ble
~\='f~~~~~::~~;:~2:~~:i:~~~3.~\~~
be adjuSlodso lhatalisomcot canhcdn .... unda lhernos.
commerc:iallyand is dr$cri\>edintc.m.ofohm, pt.sq""rc .. nsiti .. conditions. and with a mon: di1'C'C1 meaourc of
~~n=~:~res!~ti~~:~;o;:,~ ~~~:~ri~~di~hc~3~~~; imp.",~men"in perform."""
Awidelyusedmelhodofcon,,,,,,,,ioni.,omoun, •• heet
~'7'; ~~c~~a~;~·d~o'::~t~~~.:;:;:r.:~:::;~~
resisti'., elemenl as .hown in ~Ig 8.)9(0) 50 thai il can be
mo.c,J across the Ilui<le. 'fIle allonu'lion i. at a m•• imum
be p",,,,,n:<J by hc .. Hy marki~ non·81O$$y ca.d wiLha ""lien the ok,,><nl i. half-....~y across.he suille. and..."J""""
... ryJortpcncil.orbydippinlithecardincoll<>idal,raphite •• it approocnesa . idc ""II. If the elemco. can be mad<: •
A ;:li'::m~~~U~~::'i':n~~ "::~~il:l~:"t .hould be
c1"",filagainSithesidcwan. thcnlhea"enuationbccomes
insi&nificanl. and ,he all~numor can be perm ..... nlly in·
fiUed halr.w.y across thc: brooddimco,ionofthciuidc.• nd ... lIcd.For<lclail.ofa . uilablercsiSiancecard,anddimen-
sof",m wall 10 ..·.11 in Ihcothcrdirec.ion. Aoon ... nlcnl sions of lhe ele,ncnl. sce Fi,;: 8.J8. 11>< pu,h rod can bc
8.20
melallicifil.dia ..... eris ..... II~omp;ued",i'h'hol><i~'ol ..... uned.o'he_op< ... i.... f... qucOC)',The~of
'M sui<le (gylin diamcl ... compored wi.h04in for W(;I(»), isoialionbeh.unporU.whkhi.probtIblypoor.t.his ......
::;ff:::..,4 ••~~":I:n~~.~~~ olemm. so .ha, any ",lie<;. i'adju .. edbyallerinl.hedell""'or''''' ...... iza.ionor'ho
po''''" ...."'
rna ........ A f..... u.... of ....~vy in",,,,1<:<1 wi",
AII ... n,... iwdesl"" ..... bownin Fip 8.19(b).nd (.). In a",wnppe<la<ound thenll ....... r.d .... '1Iiud by ",pe"1<:dly
OO1hof.IIeoo,.ho..,.i"iw.lemon.i.inso,.edp,,,,reu,.. ly di",h"linl a larxc <:ap.d.o, (oay .0.000,.1') ~h ..1POd '0
.h,ou", •• IO'in.lle cen.",of.hob"""dface of,M.uide:In 2-20V until.hed.~=ofisola'ion i. "'... imiud. The poLa,i,y
Fi.8.J9(b).ho.le.... n.i<cLarnpedloanadju ... bl.hin(lCd of.hedi~harxccurr~n.i . d.terminedby .. perimon •
• rm and in Fi".W(c/ ,ho.lemen.i. moun.ed=onlficaliy
anaT(...'.... ble.t\aoft, TIIeoo.yllC'ofalten"".orl"'in ........
...,.,eu;e.-Iornah. bu. I,,"rei, . Il"'" ri,k of.ho 01011 Practica l adj ustable_allegulderf,ho r ts
~~~iE:~ha~~!=~~~
'T'hcsimpleft form oItfobon consilII 011 b\o<:k",·h"h if
I ftrm "",,fil in lhe .... 'quideand ...!tic"can bo ~"mpe<l
In pIacc.n ... adj ...tmmt. An c:umple oIi ........ """"'n in
=~~y.'!:ir~~~:-': ..~~~:Z !-~~.~1 Fi...5l.Thcre>'faceor'heblod:canbe ... P!'CdIO ... k••
......... h .. hcanbefoueod.oadjm' . "".-ilianol.hornol<e
Jl'~:!a=~:e al~:I'! a::::i~~. 'Mn " b<n>n-c$. OAd.henr<mO\·ed.Jf.heblod< ....oodft ..........llvquide.
lhen i .. Ie .... h is unaill"'l. 1t ""C\~" i'!houkl be aboo.
IOria I eII n ~ ......uurcd by compa""", "i.".
II10lI IIKfwJ dcvioe Indeed. Fo,,,,,,,mpic,U.. efticiencyoiln
",,1;"edpin,.ndlhe~lIpe'formanceofao)'S.omcan
hom of eIIl·
.... J4'nltntthifOOl.All;,lulyln\allcrbkXt iMUb.ro",i'"
$ellollpcal", worn "'011
An alte,na,i,·. form of ~bokc ,,·h"h ..... r",..ri"l I"
be.hec:ked.piru' .... kuLa'~so ' .... 'Iho J>O •• n"alr.1IlI" .... un:~"""":ti<.ho"·ninFi.S.40,The~loflhofi ......
of lhe .,.".m can be fl.im,uro. Some..,., of scale for
indeI in. ,he "",ilinnof,heun.nua'''' muSl,of.ou .... ,bc
filtro. I'or , ho lype . bownin FiIl8.W(.) •• malimicro ...... r
:::~,,:C:"n7~~'~':~~':.~.~·\:,' ~ ....'7.'..;;.:."::.~••~
.... lIsof . he,,"" ·"lIuide.ThcI.J\$.hofoa.hor'he$CO.ions
is ffUjucn.ly ulell . A knob.nd . scale is I II Iha. i'''4uircd i'mode V ","opproxima.eJyIOtnm • • IOGII >\.
for Ih •• ,""o"'n in F,. 8.:l91d. Calib".. ion is ub.,.iou.ly Fo,la'1l<clilesof"'.'''IUid~il bccomcsprac1;"" I.ouoe
.... i.h.forwanlif oncha• • ocesslO .... it.blecllib"ued ."La......... ' ..... nablo<k,ar.d.mo.hodfordoi"l.hisi<
a".n",,'''''' bu. dilllcu1c if""". Onc possible ...... bod"'OI>k1 lIIo"'ninFi.8.IJO_
be.ornako.,.. .,fdircc1ionalcouplers. When ..... tf.honisu ..... olun •• cavi.y._formof
driYCmedlln; .... ;.rcqui~.()nedcsisni ••"""'ninthe
_vunoIerill ... tratedby F....lJ,.""'.oecondin I"" Qu ....
Modifying ,urplu. circ u lators _dblor sbown in Fit S.51.'T'hc.,.-..:i&iool ""Iuired from ,he
.boo.
Su.pI ... circula ......... for "JG Hz N.yc been.....,.,.,...
fully mod,fied for .... "' IOG III. bu •• he operalion ""lui..,.
dri." ...... lwonism is qui'" hip, '''"'' .......... IC bci ... oIthe
<>«k,oIl00MH':mm. In ,hedc<ianI",,",n in ~-.. UI,.""
.he.""ropria.. ....... uipmen •. Thce.\is.in.,uni"locmos, mechanics f.... a"I111 .... ,he ~hok .......""rated from lhose
"'!tichl"' ....... Uyflrmlyllxedinposi.ioo!, .... ca .. fully
d'illedo.. •• nd.hobolc:tre .. pped,if .......... 'Y"i. ha.li""ly ~I~.:;:/~·;~,·:':~t.!~=:..:..el=":~=~
Ia...... 'hre>d. New sen: ........ foued and .he ~;n:ula,or is ..... d ,,'h"h "rodU<CI. boock·luh·{n:edriYClnd.lso.n
8 ,21
VHF / U H F MANUAL
o«u ... 'e in<!b;", (1Ici1." . AIt""",i"dy a SC<nl coukl Ix equ.altoh,tlf' .... diff<:<meeIx'......aI'he ....,ofi....I>oI.•• nd
ut«!lnbo1hcaoes.aslow·mooiondrh..,n"",,,,",,"'Y. lhedimcn'l()n of ,he "",' •• ui..k ' 0 Ix filled.and , he inK"
l!il,mport.nlthal ,ho ch<>kci.acoodfit inthe".. ,.,uide is,..,pla«d
SOlhailicanno twobb~.Thecho kci.IIo<I'NOf\pipSof a n A "",ond m.,hod i.lo lOp a hole in lhechokoofju",
Insubtor,,'hithprol,udc.bouIOOlin.Amclhodfo<makin. .ulllcicnllonll'h lotakc .ocr."' . ndth.n'ofol.nylonso,..,.....
lha<in.en.is'od'il1linhoJcsaboo'iin<kcpinlhe.""r.... U...... mi<:rornc'.rlO"""'ilOfll>e""""". Ihenylorl ..,..,....
pria,e POS;''''''' ""
,I>< cho/r:c and press in ac:h ..... I.bIe
:j~~~k:.':': I,~ "!'~~ "!r1~P;:~:'.~ '::"~~~
piec<:oIditkcuic. 'The",febodyolaSl.ndI,dfced.,hrouah
::-~':;.,,!::·,;!!in~i~:~~i:~':~.r1';:
din"otl\$ionol lhe",,~i<k
Thci ....... ""'he"""""i'ef.""isfillcdin .he .. """""1.
.n~ ,ri",.ned ." . ha •• he.otl l wid,h ove, . he inK'"is eq ... l
bo1''''''oI'hehole,.'henpo.ckc<l,,·lIb .... '.rialo1'hick ......
10.hedimcn.ionof'he ........ uidc. Wi'h.liltl. ".,..,.ili.
:;:S~i~~';'~~y "';Ihi" ,hOU$lll>(jl hl of a" inoh and df<c'i,.ly
Filter for 10GHz

'The de$lp for 'wofilt... ",hloh bet ..... n lhe1JIcovcr,he
"'hole oft"" lOQ Hzllloxa,ion i••"""... in Fi. "'2. Ei,h.
poSlS Ircfi lled acr05S lhe .uide In prooi<e poSilion. and t,,"O
lu"inM""rc" •• rcu><xl'o"" lhe frequency. The ~1'.'" lutve
In 8OM li tequ.aI 'il'(>le bltndwi(l,h,1 J<l8bltndwidlh01
I:!OMllz Ind In i......'ion 10M ollHd 8. Frequc"d.. 1011.
""'"Y arc al1cnu.ated byaboul 4()JD.
Campo.red "i,h other iii ... <Iesi$ft$. "'is In'" II f.irly
loIe ... nl In Icnns 0( con"Nt'tional wort. l'Moclly III;"
f.<:Iory fillers ha-., bcm .... de by m,,,t.in, OUI usin."
...."'ify'n.'I.... ndln..:ctlral.rule . nddrilli .... ,MI..d
otlheu.uallochniqueofu!i",lmiliinamaehine
r ~""'-~.
_ _---'---J'_l
8.22
Arwomrnondeclrnetbodo¥a§SCnlblyita,followo
s. ..."" 'tn
Ihr<:OPJle1"'ire by ..... ~lIin .. all ",'c.. iu
Ien,'h" ""$Q_uono:el>Cl."fII.;itnll~IO"OPlhe"'i""
".... nllh,O<I. h lhe holes in , lie ""'vctuid<
Filllle .... i,OI. ndfLt~ , . ndl\Qklllle20Ab<aringnu ..
"··~
-:~A: : :,'· < .:;~
-:m
:, ~:,. : .:.
in "",,'ion uSin. <1I"""",·"I&I<:d ..:""'~. U",n, a ftLll! "'hiell
Ita,..,. . .... ,"'·.olubie rcoiduc(e, Kak ..·, ftuid),sold<r
,,'IIhlPl lon:h lhellanjp$and Il\ePOSljoinuonll\e
-........ ofll\e""'quideonlywhieh " ·illprncnlsokler
ru~= ~.:.o ~~ ~~'7n:.t~" I'" filler and p~ 2' O.

a"·flrq.,.. .. ,"'...,..jooMS .iradysoldeml.SoIderlbe
:!':,::""'..
21lA beari".nulSalld Iherem:l iniRlPOSljoinl>,.pin from
ide • • llowlocoolandl ... n ...... h ..·ellinruoni ...
Thef1l1ereonbt.liane<l",in •• ldYOlronor Gunn"",illaIOt"

sou .... , .... ,iable allenua ' Of a nd ami... u.w ••• del«IOt"
100' ~
;f"",,,,~philikool""oquipmcnl;'''''' a Vl.ilable
100. evo_
Kl ystron rf source for 10GHz s..=.~. S::;:~~~IK
Akhourh small klyol,..",. h.,.., 10 ala .... e.lml been
....,......sed in prof""""",,1 appliea""," b,. semicondll<lot
............ well •• GUM diodes and im"... >, ~""'heless lhey
fig . .... - - ... - 'ii't',.:r.::: ....... ............. ....
~:I ~\~~ " ...... i .... 10 .mal.... n beca ..... lhey """,Ill' wort
A praelic:al " ... ""ui<l< 16noounl fO<lhe7lJAjD klYO'ron. 1"btklYS""" "mounltd in . ". ndl",l inlern.a,ional ocul
andil. n.. ,oq ui•• len .. ,hcKS9-lO.r.dllle2K2$.i.,ho w n
:::' ,r.:np;~,"'~~h ~:~~!:: ~~ ~I~ e;;'\a,~ i~~
~;r~:~i~~~F~i,:~i~t~ ~:i,~~~'!:~: btlal" .• n<I,hr,dorclhedejllbo(Ptnelnllionof , heprobe,
can bo adjUSled 10 maxim;..: O~'P"'. II i. $"onalr TeOOO1 •
hole
........lUidcoimp!yb,.".$Sin.,h;.ll<obc lh..-oup. in mtnded'lIIollheklyslronboconlainod in.sultd ....... lbo.
° hole
,he broW fK<'oflhelUide .• he beiRlorrI'C1 r,om lhe
=1", Ii ... b,. 1110 10 impr<>""ho .... l<:h, T " red""" Ibt
""",pcofrflllrouPlhisi><>le. l holl<obcitbeltpa$$ed 'hrou&b
loelirni ...,ed ... urh .. ( lhe"'m~I""'<XIdliciml ol(_
Quency;'(l-2$ MHzrq, to pr<:wido clcclrieal ocn><nin...1Wl
".A>rflypn>ell~I;on ~ry";'b..,....rnetho<bol
. l/~d,oh . One""'oflhe.,,""'iHIotedb,.ln.djmtabit ""","lion,
brJl$ bl<Xk .... hich is pWti<>nod appro1oimfllely >., 1" from A b.>oiop""-crsupplyIOdrioelhokiywon"'-"
,~- ..,_ ,ieally in F ~ 1.44, The klytt,on may bowen ....
8 .23
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
wl,hcid"r,"'_'or,''''''-'orOf''''c;r.,ho;J.,k., '"only .bou 'onc-fifthOftha,'(t' ... "-"'«Ior, lt il ......... '"

.."hp<mnlil,l,bu""'Ofl(linum.."bo bof... in mind., tho nd ..... hulnlewbif' ... I'a"".ul>Plyis<k"" .......... "oc.
l'alCf/c:adOOlkYOl ..... mus'noon<;cedSOV,and.' ... _ · .ndfrcqllCfl<YlIabili'yisirnprDYedor'hil....,py ....,iI
'orno",".ccICd,,,,bcmetalbDdy. Ir ''''bDdynopcnled ~:~~:' r.... example ....... simple t'""""'or '"""
.'a"h poIen,"I,hm ,,,"hca'eJ>upplymUSl be 1Ioa1Od.
If,he auhode.nd l'aler ..... 'eonh poleD'''!. ,hen ,''' W ..... in an unmodiMd su'e. t... 71lNIl klyslroncan be
bndyinc">C!in.' ............ nical'uni ... oc."...ondl ....... ,pul . ul\Cld 0""' ... "'..... 8·5 tol)·60H. "",h...., tum. oft ...
prnIle,,·,lIbo.' + )OOV and due al1en,ion mull M paid '0 t~ninl .ICrewon .... sideoflltoCkJ)'I1ron.TItloopml1.. by
ImuLo'ionondprotOC1ion. l,isimponan"hall"'m\octorn ..,...,hlnicallychanlin8,lIedimmoionl.,flhcn,..,..,"orca\'ity
""'" IIo..-..l 10fUn .. , poIili", poten,ill ,,''''n lhe othcr MoslkJ)'11tonscanbcpulk<J in,., ,he amalw. hand by
!upplios Ire ~onl'llC1ed ~ h. val .... vid.like $1fUC1ure II I;1Irerully fil inga ...ay.1l of I"" ""Id Iockl", ,hc adj""i"J
e.o.i ly bum' .... ,. RF po .... r i. 1I<'"",...,ed by ,he ~1Y"roo nulSOllthe.idea rm .• ndun.'''..,.. in.' ..... nUllptOlrcl.i .... Zy
""ly ... hen, ... tefIee,orvol,.... i,,,,,a,o,,,,or.numboro( ... hilemnnitOTing,he"",.imumfrcqutncy'ha'canbetw>td
qui •• ~rilical "oIUlles. TIIcsc """"nd On the poSition or ,lie
..,...,unical,unin.K...... af>\lval')' rr(>m klY''''''' ' " kl)'1't()I\ :::O:~~.':i~~k:t;;':'~J~=~~~'!'O~~~
A typical ..'ics ....... k1belJ;H,JV, 172 ± JV"nd 192 * JV. ;nc<eUi",t"'""""""orvollSu P,OJ.soV,
~n""""IIy ....... 'edbooi"5tlleo ... prodU<in.""'~i"'u'" Ilmuslbennph.asUedl .... t ., ' ... oul""'_~devcloped
it in ,"'ranrp:20",4QmW"Itoe"......,..dcnJltr.t ,heopm
A.'hc ..."""' .... voIU • ...,~h.np:d rrom'hc"plimum.' ... end ~ .he " .."""ide may well ~ , ... sar.. Je-..:l '"
<>UIpu,_'.lb .. p;dly.A"""'<>defl'""n,ha,tho IOmW,<:m'and , .... pprO!'rilltc pro;au,Ion$ ...... ,be Ulkm..
frequatC)' ~ <*illation chanaa-/'or lhe 72JNB klyocron.
I ± lV chan.-.....,h.o in. frcqllCfl<Y chana< ~.bt>u, Klystron power supplies
± lOMIiL Thil tNrI(leri!.ti<: is valuable in pro-.idi.,.. A simple bu, .Jeql>llc "......,.. aupply can be basood on ,he
finIIlunm,"*""-nlorn,wlli<:hnu.ybeOptnItd .... n.....11y ';;"", i, $h(>-,o'ninF~8.44, .. Iwn:!.OI.IndIlnll50'0~Vht
orbJuor~I)'1I_.andal$o.II""'.. ' ... "".pu" obef...... >Ul>Plyittned ror ,he """"""or. OrybanericsarepnloClical
qllCfl<Yfl'll)duIlLodby.pplyin.io' ... rqionoilOOmv"'" rorthom\oct ....... pplr ... """ ' .... ""lyd""ndfccti"'lyil
ofmndulllionl",... tefleelor.Ual..,implies,lt.ol'hcrd\cc- lh1' due .0 . .... pottntiomc'c,. A """""'" simple';;rcui, is
::;li'\~"~~f ~::~'!':d~"~~u~,~",';f:, :~ ::,~~~ ~.~~~
,r.cnint"'de$ilJn f or a9o;nt"l'oIaplt.ter"&i"",,,,,pI.IO
T he circui, of . more .l.1bo"",~ ,"u lI,hown in Fill Uj
,ioruJin Illeraon.a'" •• upplyaloo.(f""fl'O<juency.althou.h T .... uni,c:an be u$l:d ... i,h.i,her . """,i"" "'''''I'I,i", ... rth
8 .24
Table 8 .3 lnwpp1y6-1Vdcf"..... L'·. hc.a'<n.Ao.lhein.......-r""lutnCY
i. apprm;maldy SOOIl~ lhe """""" .... required is """""
rNttcNcompared ";11> main.clrcuiu ......-ith.he ...1ues
III linn .ho,,'n .'cry krlruc'<:<,l in_ " " . llbo., Tho ""we.
~:~i~ol':.~~~:::~~!r~~~,::'rn~~na~":'~I:~
......."If ... ill>in'heuni'.l'Tin'~I<iI'CU;lloyou .. ofll\<rqu.
la'o.booonl.<><I,l\<in'-e<lc ....... nl."'Ji ..... in Fi.... 46and
• ." . A !.soo-.. F 16V ca...."oracrOM , I\< in"", from I....
!::~:: I~... ~~~ In lhe L,,,,, i"",,1 lead..... ...auL
...... OI\Ly .... lin.uP""luircdis'he~J .... ""'n'oI RVI
10 .... 'he'_l or .Upp/y.oL'"~ .• ndRV210 ... ll ...
' R6 11.-. 10 d.op hea,e, .olt..... If , I\< oscil,""lo' <loa not >tan easily. lhen
,ho""'PII,··oI,... ", lhe ralio of R4 10 RS.hould b!:c"on&<d
,ho "'"••,.: inlhe pro- Wilh.''''n.fo<me,...,,,,,''o,yof400V,appeda' nov
' '''yrc"6 dfOllPtd ' ... folLo,,·inKII<.fo.n,."""' ....ould'.I'picollyb!:ob'.incd
2W.
IOIM,I'·oLIa..,(V) 11'
OuI""I.'oL'al<"(V) 250 lSOopcncof'CU,I.do:pendi",
1}'OI<m. ' i>e"""''''''''ionbci"" "",1k."i>eillf'U"<rminal ""..,,,i,..oIRVI
oaIy. l lor Wlpul wlla# "'ill be rcduad .lifh,ly in ,... OuI"".ooifC(nlV) Z
=,,:,,~a~h~,:,:he"''''''''v<>lta''iodfcct;'''lY OuIJ>U'CWft1II(IIlA) 0 .JO 60
Tho <i""i."""';'tt of all ""';Ib,,,,, (TRI and TR!) ~:;u-:"~1~ ~~; ~:s
dri.in, . lraMl"om><'. Tho _dary ".It"""
Ue =1ifted
by 01 Ind 112 and """""toed br CI. Cl. C1 and ,hoe 1011
No... (mV) 2 , 10
cOOke. The ncp'i,~o~'p..., of TR,. lhe ..... iucr or ,,'hich i.I1abil i,ed '0
4'W byZ1>2. Anyincreo" of.oll_FOII ,helOCOndary
oo,p.u'hulreduceslhe'-oI'.,.nnT R41)ue .. hichl<1 ••••
l>ort;n"OI\~i . ... ilh1"RJlndredu«st .... ""lla",onTRJ
cnl"' .... TRJ .. ' ........ iesrcptL.I""I .. n~'or",hichpr""lda
TRI and TR 2 ."lth Ibcir .... il1 ... ' .... IIF. 00 ncp,"~ feed·
bo.<kioaropl ..... ,olhe....,;U.. I"".ndl....)'>.Im> . .. bili_
a'anoulpo;l.oIl..,_lroIledbyRVL
rR6., T R1"ndTRSrocmI cnn".nlionaL ..,iesre,ula'""
•.
=~:;, ~=,:.!;-.!.'''''''' __ I''''''"''''Il'''' -
f . . . . .. h.... " .. <hcvl l _~
8.25
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
a I~ 8V in",,'. ,Ilt (oUo"'ill& f..., .....".".. bow ,Ilt QUlnul T ....... k;"..k of po"'e, . 110 " '" .dequ~,e f(>f t .. n.... in ...
'or
""italIC "aries wi,h nLIClUalion. of in1'>~' .011....
~'~'"
Oy""bs'i,u'in. a diff."'m'I'IIM(........... andchanlln,
c::.,::;;::,"! ~i':,fm:~~:i=~'::,i:'~~~ ~::~
HI '" d ....... ' .. 10 a ma~imum of .bwl 1,000 miln .. hai
...."'dls .... lflindia ........
Ilorfy.nempts 1o ..... Gunn oscilLa,ors .."..,""'.'''''''''
.~ul.M."yor'h<problem •• ppc;tred ......... n . "...,pt
1;1...,
...u ","de '" tu .... II..", .."'... " u... fully ... ide "'hai
ZIlI.01lltrst.bili,.d."'lagesmoybeoblainrd .rl'lllie '" njnll "'... "!nerved. In some cu.s Ihi. was d ...
.. mply 10 pOor mechllnjcal desi", or conl'ruction an<l
therdoA:(OI,Jld be;dc:nti ..... eo.ily. Howeoter.'not ..... QIOI
,he oocilbo.or woukljump in f""""""",pe,hapsby hund ......
A klystron modulator
rllt (,..qucncy<kpendc""".,., "'lIecIor.'o Ita ... forml»l ..... n ~ =":~ "=k:'~~."~"':".: ~i~-:~':=
~'~:'a7.,ri>~~~,:'"ca~Ij~:r~ :~~~~. ':11:~:':';r,
beha .... "..,ecttyIn.n.p...""nllyidenl ica laovi.y. The
':':::" ' . mpel'lln",n •• 1 natu'" "f hi. " freQuency ... onicondtlClor
.udio f.. 'l".l'IC)'willrrod.~ .doqu.'.':'<v .. 'ioo .AI.",pie de.iocs..,.,,,.,..tits """"t in theK""p , iveresi... """'ypes.
circui,;',h",',n In f ia 8.48. G _ , eare II roocessa'Y' 'pr.,. Morc:reoen.,y.lh<"' ....... 'ohavcbcenf....-nproblcms.
~nt hum or ;"".tte, ..
'hi ... ......:h,... ,he relleclor. F..,. which """"",,,bty is duo to belt"" G .... n diodes. and to
'l""n"ylhemooJubo'orisredr""" ...... I'IIIc~Jlllly....,hai imPfO"cd ca~ity .......... nd romlructi(ln. In many .......
dry bln..ie>. in "'h,,,h caK ,he l\e.avy fill,,'.'11& of ,he de: lhe .-1'0 'U .... """,. wide: ran", ~ bee. a~ by
.upply....,h •••"""... in Fi.a.43 iJ""' reQu,red p"-,,i,.. l he frcquc:1'IC)' 01 bolh ,he t",n""ine, and ,110
~'~tlocal"""il\Ol or l nd'uni nllthcre«i •• rby . ' unab1e
Gunn"",;n,nOfScan be tuned dectricolly by VlIItaCtOrt.

but,hisloasbcenl'nieuKldby'''''''.UBto<latC'.pn;$urnably
::':k':' "" table dc:.""" ""'~ """ yet .... ched tllo ... rpIus
n..""Ui""di ............... oIacommon Gunndiodc:j>lCk...
''''IIIo ... n inFiIlB.49.Tyraldcsi",.ofeo.ilies • .."ho",n
in th<foll"winS Fi[!$. h. , hed ..ian';",," in F~8.$O. I....
frn]ucI'IC)'Or"""illa,ionisK,moin'yby tllolmithoflhe
CIOvily bet ...'eCn'lIodiode .nd lhecl"...".ndof'lIo .... vquidc•
... hi<h .... ric:ollyis/..J2Ion1:.B<a.UlCIIIo~ol
frcqUOlq'OI'I,hiskn$thls_",lhundrcdsofmepl>eru/
mm.lhisdjmmsionobvious1yil.,ritjcaI. An .I'cmati.~r"""
oIcon"noctioni.,oclo!.etllocndoflhe • • idebya,i.ht·
nlli". block whieh ,.bol ,ed ",soldored In pooilion . fI ..
'... i.... TwomatchiRl ......... tpacedat 1.0/2 1,0<11 ,he (jiodc
rnatchlhediodc:lothl: .... >quidc.• nda"'a.djuslcdto
prodUDIlhl:hi""'t_r""lput_ · ~I ..ilhstabiti'1
ofluni .... ThcoocillalorisIU ...d b y . _ .. hichc:lcari-
aoll)'ltncI ...... 'heao,'i'y .ndlo-... , " _nlfrcq......,.
SUch ",rews ."""'d pm.l'llbly j ust ""~r thl: _vquid<: to
Gunn oscillators rcdurc: lhei ' tuninal'll,.,.nd.houldcontaC\ lhowaV<l'Iide
Gunn"""ill.,OfS . re . n. tt rac'jv" ...',.n.o( ....... ra,inljuse(ul relial>ty. Tho ......... houkl be . p,iRl-Ioadc:d and .... 11
an>oun .. ofJ>OWl', . ,IOG I·I"Com... red",i,hkl,."rom •• "'ppor1edtoprevcn';'''''''''''''na.
..·w,Ir;ly uKd.".'na'ivcrfwun:c.'heyha""'headVllnta ....
of ""'Iuiri.... ",bo,i...ty.irnpl< poIO't1'supply('Yral'yup
10 IOV . , UOmA for 10... _ .xv.,..). ,hey dnfl ~l1ie 01'1
.... il<hin.OI'I,.ndaon"'"1Uned""'ha".up'o~M ll tby
• ,int!e knob conlrol.Likekl,.,,,onl ,hey arc u..i1ymooJu-
bo led 'o prod~ ... I~"'n(j fmofhilhJy .=p'.ble qu.'i'y •
• ndClOnbercodilyr. n ... wi'han.u' ...... ,lo;:frequol'IC)'''''''''ol
MOO importanl. Gunn diocks, , ... 1ow·I'O"'fI' IYpeJ only •
• "' • ...,i ..bIe .... ,...... rplus"'", tetlt • ..,ode:..".I>rice-A'
_'hilh_'"~ ..'hich_'.1yJ>ica1.,.5OOrnw
::::yetsccm,Oha""per-oollc'ed'hroulh'ot...... rplu.
Thcou,pu, po ....,or thc: low·po .... , Iypc:s. of ... hieh ,he
Mullatd CXYII ... ria • .., .~.",p"'. is in the I'IIn",' ' "
15mW.Tllismak.. t ...... ideal"loCIIl oscilbo,orsr", reoei .....
..·...... ,be'""",,~I'O""'<f .....i..1>I<, IOtol:idB,mKnpOS-
llbIe.simpkyetdllcio:n."""hodoioocilLa,,,,injccclion
8.26
[nlheo.dll,l1orllhowninF'8U[,I""leng1hoflhecavily .. ~ol'::!..~forcon"ruc:linalhebodyorlhi'oscilbtori.
isadjuslod mechanically. NO,c lhat lhe rfshort l1oo.!Son
pips of 1'1r. or .imila. m:n~rial which are ,rimmed ca",f~lIy Drill a holc(No~2drillor.im;lar)"" lhe""nl'" Ii"" of
><>1ha11hemo1alchoko nei'ner wobblos in n... ,uiok nO, hoIh broad faces of lhe ....a''CiUide about l(Irnm from the
lOUCbn'he walls. otherwise: t unins win bee..."tic. Othct nan~end. anddrilllht~llo~cplu&initially"'ilh'hisdrill
'""",ofrf ,hon may be uood' .... (or ..ample Fig 8.• ]
FiIlS8.S2and8.5)",pr=n,diif=nlph)"1icalr-eali""ions
oflhe .. mcbo,icd .. iJ.n.lnb<>thca... ,hef""luoncyi...,
l>ylhelenllhof,hecavily be1w«nlhediodoand 'heiri.
malChinaPlalewhic:h;,damped lo 1hefronloflheflange
finina.Anadvan.ageoflhi,awroachi •• hal.hef""l""ncy
ofosci!lalioncanberaiKdif....,....rybymachininaofflhe
f'OI"faoe,orl"""redbyfinin aaspaoer.Th;. ;.a valuabl.
fealu",bccausethe",.lwaysi."""",u"""".inlyaboullhe
prccisc:f""l".ncya]>.>nic"1arcavilywilll" .... The.i~of
tbehok in the in. i, fairlycrilical. [fl00 13f"llC lhen ll1e
f""locncyofO$Cillalionisuooulyinn""l"I<>Odbylheex,ernal
C;n:Uilf)':ifloo'malllhen'heoulpulpowcri.....1riclod
~~lionOf'hefr<hOrli,uncri'ical"'ilhinafcwmilli.
A fea'u", of ,he ,uni"ll rnech.nism shown in FigS.52;.

'IuIl1he'uningelemonl;'mov.>d'hn:tugha A/4 choke which
.Iimi"",cs COrt1ac, I"Oblcms. It is "W)llnlM off..:ontre 10
red~lheluninBralC,Thedriveusedi$amiCrometerwhich
h•• lhe advanlages of pn:<;i.io" an<l <epealabilily, and Of an
~:"~~~;:~n"'~~h'::;::l ~~J~ ~~~;~li~t! l~:~~f
lhemkromol.r;,.. lfaslheluninlelemont
Theluninaclcmonl.h",,'ninFi&8.Hi,aptfesc1'eW. w hich
.looelim;nal.. conIOC1I"'oblerns.The,uningutei,appro.i-
malely linear over. wide raoge,aboul300MHz, ,he rate
beinaabool]SMIIz/lurn
8.27
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
I)riU. ,indio_hole in thochol<~bIockolfan'~'" (.)Wi.htow_diodoJ lh~ ;,nomojorheat ... nki ...

lI.. ttho"'",.Mionx... p.'minF.. S.U.p!UStMthidnoa probIcm.DiodcI. .... ylh«d"""'be\l$O\l.;lhrrmdup
o(thon..".,to~l>Xd o.cqUllt,o.holcnc.ho(a.i ty '0 sui,.he polarity 0( ,111> rest O('hecquipm..n,
lUIuired. To ji,forsoldcrina.fi. ,hod.iII in ,ho hoIco in ,ho Ihl>ou&h .hei.lhcrmal.I:tbility wilt be impr<l'Yed if
_'"qIuido,slipon'he~lIokcplulI.filthechol<eblocl:and Iheheatsinkcndi.C01Incctedwthcbodyo(thcc:a.ity
, tidcoo ,l>cllan", untit i'm<e" 'M choke btock. Afler rathe.t"". '0 lhe choke ')IlItem. To imp""" heat·
ootdorinN,opo;nou' [hc h<)lein'l>cplullt09!64 indiarnc[<:r. sinkinv..hehe3, .. inkcndof lhediodc.houldbol
tillhtfitini1<mount l ndlhecon .. ctarea.houklboo
muimiud by ",mo.i... burrs. A trace of heat con·
Precautions with Gunn diodes dllCti ... pea ....... y ~ _w/Ied to 1M conn<C1ion
(l~nndiodos ...caljvd..rillo\bl"""'bIc~jnract,
~~~==~,:~ck:."'!-!n.:~
. ...
beincqul'......11(_F......9r.... typiatdi_·_>
probably., .... ny ... vcbt>mlastb)l~ ..... b)lOVfl"- Tbolla....,dmdo(,hedio<!elbouldtherd""",bcl
~......!I~·~~:."u·...numbe<O("""""u.ions.,hidl loose .....,ha..... l fit in iU """,ntWallow for at11
mi<alipmont
[-
B.2P
(b)Thedlo<lcnll,"_beOP<'l"'ted",ilb"""'r$ed minimllm""""""'ryoquipmcnl.Thel'............. klconvmienlly
pOlarily.Thc:yroquire7.oI0Va.l4OmAu...... D(l<. bel miu,;det<:ct<>r.!>ut irfoddi....c:llyi'.houklbevia.n
mal OP<'I"'li"3<ondili(,lIS. A.l",,"r3I1plio<J ¥OlLaiC' au"nuOlorof. 1 ka<,5 '0 U)JR'o p"".. n, <1amaae 10 lbe
amuc:h hiiher<um:nl i, ,Jnown. SO t be full workin, miu:rdi<ld.and to pruvid" a rQSOtI.blyweli m...1Ied load
volla",.houldbe'"P\ieoJdim;lly
(olllti .... """,live raiolltI>CC<lc:,·kes. Ihcdiodes ,,;11 ~ ~=!::.~:~ ~I=~~il~ ~~~~n,:IO:llll~~lnQ~
Itnd'oooc::illal ....·jlb .QY.lrayinduaanoes.·I"hey.'"
po.tlicularlyproncloproduocspuriial,hf.ndto The"'u.hoIIklk .. abol,,>Od.bul noc.......,...rilylo'hc
l>R'.".ttb...... ~oonsis'i .... cI.l0Io100n hiabe\'.lltlMlanllas.hcfroquencyoem;.ivily.o ......... n
ratS'''' in ........ with • OOll'FClPKtlorsboukl be u....!Iy .... I""n.!OMl b JV.<lc:pcno.Jo"'on .... Q of'hcca.i.y
ftu",Jat,hc:coIdendof,hc:rfoook.fcodi .. thcdc: aoo.llcapplied,·oIla ... lIll1ouklbeadjustable",-er.be
F~ilu"",haveoccu"odd ... to""",si'o<:_ill'llonl" ranjIC:l.kl,,7,oIOV,.ndb<ablc.05ypplyuptolbou.
lud io froqu<ncy due 10 t hedi<)de b<inKopctll.d vi. .!OOm.i\.llcfure""IIIc",u . houl<lbcch«kC<l'ha'ili.f",,,
lhc>eoon<laryof ,n>O<!ulation, ... n,fo,mor,tllc from para,i'K: "",illa,ion •. I I manya"'''ul.... '''b .. 'n Ihit
pri .... rybei ... un,Jam/lOd rapoet. Suilabk psu,''''''''U!alon .... deocribtd "" pi.lO
II n also "'or1h ~ui .... "'... , diode a, ,beoolrJ end S<ui"lupiob.... lylman.rcl.,..I<matica<lj"'.mctI.cI
:!~••~i';'~lCa~~""wi!:;!m~"!=
t ... lpplitd.-ol' acc.andolmal<:hi ... oc..,..-s,if"isdimeml .....
1Dd_,uni",controb .. r."<:d, ..ntilsn-..b,un,,,*"'u-
volla",.indudi ... modubliortandarcvollqes. .... r~U<n(yra"i"roquil't>in'""hic."Od,,;thlnKCq>tabk
(dlWilhmorepo"<lmuldio<lalhe"'''lhcrn ... ha'lbe """'""ou,PY'.U. ""llyi' willber""nt.I'ba'.b,..;".lty .... ble
po"<Indensit)'"ttbeendoflbe".. ,.,,,,i<lc:mlly,,,,*,, oscill.ol<>r .. i\l!"O$pOndsmoothlytnanyadjuslmonl .On II>e
tbe maximum saf" \c....,1 "r lOonW/cm'. The den.i ty ol"'rhand.on_iIlalor"'hichi~o>" ...... n.i' i,.. tO, """pplio<J
faUl loamuc:hl"""rltvclc.... nallf<:winc:h. . ." .. y vOll.~.rO,e"ample."iU a lsoPf"Ot<oblybo."."..lydopend·
~~~~,~id.'!>uI~"Cnhcless"''''sbould eol 00 .be pOOition of lnal<hin. SC""'~. Ge ...... lly il i. un ... iso
.o.ry 1.. ""Iracl lbe malimum PO"'" po$sible.sincclhis
may invol." I heavy price in I ....... of ""bi~.y. q ....
dilr...",.,. in perf"onnanocobc.,ned " ..... openl'.... I. SlY.
l\alrpower i.only ... ",tydeICCllbit: in .....
Seulng upa nd operating In"i.tly.bout1V.houklbo.pplio<Jand ,be voll ...
Wi<lc:.b:andopcnolionintb.elIKilfirmIY<$labli,lI<:dinlhc i..........!<donly.ulf.:icntly.o ••• "_'lla. i"".ndprovide
:nt~Jf5o.~ l~o~~i·I:~.t~!J..,:~~~:~n~.!~u:,!:
'tr\IJ01 h ,unin •. A worki ... '·olta~ .. f!lV i. nol ""Iypical
In ,he Ib$enocof"""".l. bo"""u"'<quipmoo,.alJOll'.l
Up"·ilhU.... freq"""";'" in mind. i\!'SU. " .. ' .. mol,.... nd indic:a,orofpcrformanoci. Ihc ""I pul po"<I-er. tflMOOCil·
_meaMofindicati ... rdali,.. !>O"-erk>dla",'hc: b ' orb,,"O<l<i ........ U.'hi.<IIouklv.ryomoothlyon'uni ...
b ,,",_.,.,
f ....i1 .......... "'-"_o,....... _fttftf .... U . NO•• ' .... u.. o l. _.Io.~"' ..... _
8.29
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
wi'hpcrhap$ks"hanZOperccn'~hangc'''"era 5COMIh
....... If, hc_..,."",po.n <hanll"'.brup,ly.,h .. "",yindi. (bl ~"':.,:~~~:',::,:II~'~.-:.::~n'':.:,'''::''::'''I::
a."'lhallhc....,;llalorha~<ho...,.J iurnodeof MC,IIa,ion. of.he_,,,,,,"ir."'~_nloolrin.inlo.hed,odc:
.. hichatnbe"....,ktdby .. kinl ·)'$"..,'"I"'f~""""Y .,.hedcs,redftcql.lC1lC)'
me:nu..,me~tI. " MIIY . 1!JQ indiatle ' hal It.: """illal or i. i<)Thcsc,i ....... i""ncep"'""""'dtotl>e •• nnill:ll.oft ...
..."""'.i....p uriou.f~""nd... lf ll>e""'iI~.II... ;,.uoed •• (junndiud" ._ ~lbehighcr.t..n'hcnlodulu'of . hc
:::.~I:"::::::~.~~.!;-e;.:~~:~,~~~ "'~..:
widest "' .... po<siblt ....y Plod ..... ex,,,,
..
,"pon,"" othn
..... '''......... anccsoenkK>ki". ... lo'beoJc,.·ice.'
""""bit:
.11 00 ..... rnon:tn. frequencin
Apr.tc'iocalpsuC""nbe'·.ry . ""plc.fI ... "".d,,,,lccon.
£;~~he~~§:~::1u:~~~::~:~2::::
"""' ''''o"os. ,hcinpu''.,nli,ull...f ,l>e ,,,,,illaloranJf.J cahhra'ina "'""I"Cn. can be
oI<'''''lod .• nd ,hi ... "ormally done by ",odula,i"a.he
supply.ui,able
",nc ",,,,111101C<.1 fu.o tes. ",.m,,, ..
ofa """",·er.and mo,-ccl;l."""". . .u.arca ...... A ',",pk
,h" .. n
"Pr>liedw.l.a,... In I"""'a .... il" ..... 'rablc.o<lel.rmine
i" ri,ss",
'hcr~""""Y ·~okap:''''a'iom.h''''of'hep.l"ic''b.r'''''''.
la,o,-'o\k'crminei.. ""'inlUm .. orkinlvoj.a........"clla. .~;:;~:.= ~~h~~":~S~':!!'!:"~~ :=:~~=
IIooh<k>,.n<""nbemod.f..... r.,...,,-or~in&,,"h." ...,""'i",..
•o<lw:<:k l ha " hef~,"'''''y,lI, ... '''''''''hly'''er'hc ... n.. ,>r 1lCi"'i,·. eanh ')'S'<"'>. In ,he .i",,,i, 1Ii'.n in ria 8.'~.
rcquiroJ. "'h"h i. C<!u " 'a kn, I" abou, :to·'V. T lti,. of
inpu,.for.i.hcr""'i.i'·.·orllClI'I."..·..,;ng.fcml.. "".'"
coulW.'l!ouklbeoJone,'bo1lt ~~ot.hc ' unin!: .. n... .... iI.bk.bu'noI.'ha""""'."'!\o;ali...., '·6\ · n.. .r"
"'.nClnbo.,l<:redbym........ RlandRJ ,.ndlhede'·"",""
on..,.,..,h byadju."na.he: ,. . 1"" of R!. T1oc:ou'J'Ut ~oI,""
c.nbc'''''rc:t<Cd.h lh'ly.if'hi.~ro'... '''''''''''''ry.by""hlC,na
Power supplies/ modulators for I mall
Gunndi o del
SnuIiGunndio<lnreq .. "eappro>.,nlllely7.09Va"~
An~ .. ble'"011ace . . pply ...... f.. lin<le'.mlln,ng'he
OPlimum .. orkin, "01,.,... al' ''''''glt .lti< may be rq>laoed
a ' a 1;I.'.'I,a.. by o l\ood . upply. Tl>e<lepcnd<1ICC ofl he
~':~~YH~f ;'~:::':~':"":~~,,:'::Cn~=:':::;
'heQof.heao,i'y. .., ' .... '.hip.ly.tabiliLed'upplyi<_
~uired.Ad.J«w""n.of.h.apph.... 'ol' a,.<anbeu ..... u
• fo""'uninMcoo",,,l and a ,,,.,bod for applyinll ok I f'~.
oPPI'op"al.opentlin.pui n, i.chMcn . •h<:nan>oda"".d
.... ppIy .. ill .. nera •• fmoflOodquallly
Thef""""',o&p"' .....""',..... ,..,."''''osx-)by Mulb,d
(0) ~':n~~~:"": =:~,,'i~t...~·;:;7:~of.:.,~

Iuokin,into,ho d,udc:
J%
- :P~.
---' - '·-"·-· ....... 'O$,-,~.~,,_
,00 o~; He ,:~ -' • ;':':f,~.~ •
• '~, - .:~: ~~{io. ." ,: ~: ~

~ ~
. .
8.30
..-........ ' .
~
'
1IIot ... lI><oIR4.:u.Jtbo.ono(te>quenoyraisedlolhelu,ndal'll
IkH>.bydoouasi",CI 'Oo-Ol~F.
~~
AI;miLa.unitislhowninF~I.S6.AloOM H ."ido-band
di$<:nmina'or .nd.f~.mpli""'i .."""""(or_"'·;'h'm.
p'U iI des<ribed On pS,42
. .-"!
Simple Gunn oscillator
tra nsceiver <~ ..:r_ 'iE£: ...::::-. ::=.. - ::
Thr'I1I_hn'obodescribcdisprobtobly . .... simp!a.
.... 'hod of senin. on.he 100Hz band. A ,in." Gunn
oocilla,orisuocd •• both'l1Insmiuer.nd ... lf-oocillOli", flt··'7.8 ......
-
~ I""' , . m" f' I)Q H''' . n .......
miur.Theperfonnanocisadcqul.for ..... ki"' ..... rmos'
lir>e-of.o.ia/Ilpa'hs • • ndwi'hdb./lesll'l in di ..... te' ...eri.ls.
b.ll&Jkmbashemworkod . 11>tori&i.... ,bIooic'ramori'-er
is cont.ined in I box ~,n by 4in by llin. and was openlCd
frun. I!VlAhaocumu!a,,,rwhioclltoas sufficienlcapaci,y
for . . ...... IOhconti_oper:ltioa
" block di .......", or It.. t4~lr"nenl is ai~cn in ~"a.~1.
N.... ,h,.. ,he do $UppIy 'o'be<iulUldiodc,whichca.o. b<
modula'odwi'h ei' .... ,.poeohor ' one,ls ... nnvia'hoprima<l'
..Wi"'or.befi ..... i.r.tn.mfon n••. On """;".,1;"",1••1
lo-7M Hz"""""""rrvm, .... mcilla'orfmj.aenc:yaresdected
by'befixed,unediJ.and dcmodula,e.,I.llIc'"""oocilllcor
io .lIo _onrtQ>ivcC(>deC ..CAllipls
'The Gunn .,...illa.or ~Kd in cho or,,, ....1 d<$&n io """"'... ! _ Loc.""II ........
in Fi, US. 'The (>," puc pOwe r ty~ica ll y;, 5 c(> 20m w
SuitAble <Ii<Ideo arc.ny 01 the CXY11 wicos (Mullanl) Of ~:':'.:.,,":u";." .. 'o ..."
OC IUI..nes(AEl).'The.,...illatori.p<et.... bty'uneclb)'
...... lImkromoc.rui$ . hown . • l cho~.qII'inc l oaded
'or66Ascnw.or.2aA~f.ornylo>n~"""ldbe_
;nscead.FiC>e cunin,,,,,,raranll"' ::I: SMlh,,,,,nbeotreeced
byodjusci.,.thedc""pply>"Olcap:tothcdiooo;k.AnyOthot
desi .. ofOunn "";ll1to< rould be URd of - .. ..
A circuit Ind printed circuit boanl layOtt t or . pwJm(I(I u·
Lator II Ii..... in Fill 1.59 and 8.60. Bef(n u.... ills wonh
cbcd:;;n,lU<hunit, forlllrasitOcOKillaci(>m'owlti<;h,!w:y
.~jlI'OIK. Thei,r.amplilierls , hovo",in Fi,S.61 I nd 8.62
Thiohasa bandwidch or 200 co 2S01<H ,wlUch ilodoqUlbo
8 .31
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
8 .32
S0m02().02Sd8pini"uPl>licdbylhecasoode<Onn«ted
2NS46(or IN,245 or TI '&81 ..tTl. Tile soulnC"U ........ lhould
be Ibwi ,mA, Ind ''''' val"" 01 Rl sItould be cho...,..,t if
_f)'lOlICh ...."'.hio.TMTAAJ50orTA350,' .mplilicr/
h""lflS,whkhdiff... onlyi •• hei.pinmoncctiom.INt.c •
.... 1Ched~pin~lJOdll l ndlimi.I.,~Vinput
~~~.~~~';fs~k1 b:r<~~ra~,~n:.: :n'~uc'!:::':r

J· '~H I nd • Q of . boul 80 if '01' pe.fo.ma,,", I. 1<. be
l1>eo.ller tranoformers.", Ioncri.icool Ind "'cre
IIChi<VCIi.
IIk ... fromabroadca",-'~r.TI>c 'landin'C\I""n.of.""
TAAlOOLf. I"",'if",rlhould be.., • • 4mA bJlldj .... 'na.""
..1... ofRIO.UpIO IW ohooioio ••",i"bIc:
732A/ B klystron transceiver

n...impla.forn>ofequipm<ntbo.roon=tln.u..'''·.,.....
luil!eu,inl.hisklys. ronappe3F, 'obclha • •ho.,n ",hema,i ·
c:allyinFiI8.6J .... nactu. I, ... I\~i~,'Olhi."""i""'."""..,
ill F....6-t. The kl),>,"""i' '_nledon a knl1h of ...., .....
cuide ...... cndof"·hi<hioCOfll><C1ed'Oln_ial lndlothe
OIhtrendlnUxer.Anlboo<plion"·I\-emc:, ... ;'~It"'beh•.een
tlIeklyo'torJlncI..u ....
,.._uo_....._·
_ - ' 7 U M l k..........
8.33
V HF/ UHF MAN U AL
di.~u~~:nrn 1~"~:;~ .."'i'r.~:dt;i~:'I~~i:~' ..I~d ~

In'h<oriJi1\ll1,...... ion .• h<kl)'11f(>o1moun'w.. id.n'ical
'o'h>,.hm,·nlnf'i.8.4l"""p"No,boIhcnd,of,fIc:"'.,'.'
,uide w.'" ... t.nded . nd "rnllnll'<:<! in Il:tnp'. T he "'.'"C. ,e«ivornoi"'f."'(>ro( 1S<J8.lhenlhi.equ,.,.,....'will ......
1TI<1.' andmi"' .... «.'ho!<:llIu>lr,lI(dhyFO"S.13.nd8.2lI
~l'«'i"~Iy •• tl"""Jhany.m.'Ia'''n''<.,. .. h<:1'k\l
apalhlmscapat.;li'yoiabou. I6.ld8 :OVC,li......"..
paIM.i .. "'...... mt.. .bou.:loOOtm
""1
Themodeof1lf"<'1'ionGI.follows.kF"""",.te<lt,,-,he
kl)'suon pa..... hoth.o thellCl"ial ,ofo,m ,he Inn""ute<!
....... I.and.loololf>em'M'lolI< . .. ll!eloc;ol_ill..'"
l'h.diod ••"''''m .... ,,I''na ac .... ,hcl''''' .. 'indlCalo'
.... n.ialfo,bo1h .. lli~'heklymon"'fleclorvoll.lP' . nd 1 OGHz Po lap lexer transceiver
in_,."inathe .... k.ou.of ,he lboorption"'.. "......... In A I'oIapleu'U.. ilf""0G 1I ........... ninFipS.6'andl.66.
Klin •••• .-iVC'•. i""""'i"' ...... kp... . o.b<rninr.mi. l,cmpIoysa72lA!Dklyslron.o,i"I'Ie>,equi""lmlfl'"
"'IIh lb<k>col _ m.. '''' ...... I•• nd.''''''''.al.he Lf.CIU'put KS9-20", 2K~ . Moci,fia.liom lO .... kl)'Slrom.omako
cdl'~.~i~ ;;h:O.;n..~~ ;:;,;,;:.m.,:::~"",,:,= i~ :::::
Ihemopen'c ..i lhinl.... mal""' .... nd ... ,;vcn""pI.Z4 •
• ndlklailsof.uil.blcpowcrwpplieJonpl.24.Thconly
mi'tedandhll(ilabso,b(dby'hcminr in ,hil co .. only ..-uinl "p l"Cquired i. 10 tunc: ,he mi ~ ., "ub (0' mu;mum
""",.",j
h.lf . .... ,."",1 i"""I'Ied;n,o.lIeklys."", . nd 1...1 diodee"'n:n . .... d'hcnloset.hiscun"Cn'IQO·U..()·'mAby
Ac~ ..."""or'h.. is'h>II""mi •• rd1O<kcu''''nl. . dju",,,. lhe6DA ;njocllonsc.. w.
'y""",lIy l00nA. i. m... h h."..,. .Ila .. nc<x:l$Oory ('" hnI
pnf""""'''''''... h..hnolo..lyit'<)l....,..hal'''''....rulbu. A."".act""'I" of 1M Pob.pIeu, 100...."'.....·ho:h;'
<b:ribedin..-..deuoir .... pII.lO.i<I ... , ."",""-.aiId
rewl .. in..", ..... II'''''I• •ionof'hc _~",ofl"'mi_ ...,.,.;'c~k • •cpollo,.;.IlOd.'\lO· lo_h()lher. A _
II......' ..... if'hcunllis.ohclMdonlyn .. .-i,'fr.,hen p.acticcwhen """"'Ii".,h.cuni"."h.c (oeu.oIa dis.l1i. ,o
,hckly",on o1ltpu.probcm.yi:>cl"' nially"'il"'l",,,·n anan ... ,hIo,oolhol"",I, arcpOl;lrizooda.4,Olo thch.,.;wn·
f"'m,hc"'"'·8u,d.u"lil'h.mi ... c,"",n'f~1111QO·:'-t'nA ta l. In Ihi, way. $imi lar Polapk>:t r unilJ are tomp.1 lible
8 .34
f.equcncy,o.l-.e.iBnal.lypically ... ithin1 ""'cen'.i,,
o.dc,lh.. ,l-.cnoi",r.CtoroftI-.cLf.am!'lifoe.can be
kept low. At lo"~, fr""ue"."" tl-.c .. i. ""ually no
problem beeau", sharply lu...,.jci ... uilSca" be used
II both .iBnal and oscillalor f""luendc•. whic~ ....
alsou.oallysp.KCdi>}'",wralpcrec,,'.solh.!!1Ie
couplin. belween .1Ie,,.'Oi.l imiled. In .nyea",. rf
~~:o~n be filled "'h"h g .... ly increa ... ,heir
A.impieme,h<><lofreducingthcso;:lO$$CSi.ob,'i"". lyto
have 100'" couplin~ be,,, ... ,, lho: I""",r "",illa.o. eircuilry
and ,hal al siilla! frequency_ Ileca .. se ,ho: sign>] muS' be
roupl""li.h,ly'o.l-.emi •••. thi. ;mpli.. tM,th.,-"mu"be
I<><><cooupl;n& belw..,n ,I-.cmi'ef.nd 1... localoocill.,or
Ho,,"<>'cr.lhereisap.icetobep.tid rorIhi" impl" ity:as
tile degree of couplon~ i, reduced .• o tl-.c a",ounl of local
""",lIalo, power must be proportionalely incNased to
ml inlain elfocien, o"".a'in~ condilion. fo, II-.e miJ<C'
This approach is 1I.edin thePolaplcJ<C.c""fi.urat;on
alreadydc<cribcd,llIejsola'ionbe,"'ecn ,i",.landlocal
os<;illat(>rei... uitsbeinll"chie,·""byc.oss-pola';1Jnll ll-.e
circui" . A o.x:ond melhO<li.,ou", ,,direc'i,,,,.lcOl'pic.in
'I-.cfollowing .... y
'O'ilhoUll"'<.lndllle... isonlyaldHI",.onOO,hlnnsmil
d<>~~s~:~:i~~~,e~~I~nO~::~e;l: t~~ i~.~«::;','~::
dc<c.ibed 0" 1'1Ul and illust",.ed",ho:malK:.lIy in Fit; 8,67
:;~c=i'"e"'hcnUsed"'ith"andardho'i:W"!allypola'izo:d If a power 1" $applicdtop<)rtA.the"O·91'..-,lIap"""ra'
pot'IC.andO'll, ... illappca ra.portll.l'tl-.ccoupleri'''"e1i
Two Polapk""" used logell!e...'ithdi.hes 2ft indiam....
maJe.tIC~l i .ibicPO"·crwilllxco"plcdloportl),lf'lIesa"1C
willh..<apalhl",.e.p.bililyofabo\lll72JO.wh",hco.-
.... p"nd.toafrce-.spacerangeof.oout 1.0001;,,,, pow c.i.applicdlowrt l).tl-.cnO-9I'willappcaralportll.
O'I P "'por, Cand none a l port A.anJ 50 on. Thu •. byUIC
apl'.op.iatecho"e "fpo<l" '''·osiS".ls,o" bccombincd
,"'i,haconlroUeddearecofcouplini.
Inapplyi"l,hesech • .,c •• ri"M:s,otlled<OiBnof.recei<er.
Second-genel"ation wide-band '"p[>OS< Ihat a local "",ill.lor ",connected '0 port I) as
.hown in Fit; 8,6<1. Tho:n 9mW will aPf)Ca' a. port II. ImW
equipment .t port C.and perMps" f.... ","'.O .."'I" al port A. If a
Whilealllh"", lran"","'c. <lesians haw Il-.ecapad,y'o mj,cri,nowconnoc,,,,,'oponC.and an ac.ial10 ponA.
,,·o,I:tTH><,ifnol.1I lheli"....,f·"lIht in II!e world un"". .ho:n tl-.c mi,er "'ill recej,can ini«:lion of ImWf."", lhe
normalpropagahoneonditiuns.,hey,,",unlil:elyl<'coPC localo",illalofanJ.I5090""r«n, of the ,i.na l oppli"" '0
..ithlonllob<,ruct""p.tthswhich .... ,l-.en.. lchalknge,All port A. Only 10 pcr ccnl of,IIe"KI\I\1 "'ill becoupkJ 10por'
,hreo d<:$ign. hh"e some limi,a,ion •. Tile Gunn oscill.lor o and 1001.Ckarly. iflIoeJO<;aloscilialOrpo",'eri.j"....ased
lr3nSCCi,,(;rtmploysa nOisymi.er;,lIeklYSlron'taJIICej'·cr Inl(l(lmW. andlhcmi""rinjc':lion is!I13mlamcdallmW.
~r::;ri~t:,,~~<~~~:~~~J':'~I~~~::r7.~:rd~:'::.,:~ Il-.en Ihc<ouplingcocllkkntof,ho:.J ir",,,on.leouplcrcan
'oap.tnicula.ly""ofkl)'!lrQnandba,solll",hinllofa
pol"iUtionprobkm
Tl-.ed"i,n phil"",>!>hyde«rib«lbelowha;bcen widely
used wi,h much s""",,", It results in .ffi<~nt .qui!>"''''''
,,·hichcanemploy •••• ielyofform$oflocaloso:iIlOlor.and
" 'hich can Ix modiflOd .lep-by·.",P to Pfoduce ""''''
sophi'licat""equipmen,
Receiver design
rwofac:lorsstronllyinftue".~.l-.ed .. ignofr=i,_for
usealthesef""luencies
(a) RFamplifI<Crsa.cno,p.ac.ical.soll-.epcrformanotof
lherecei"eri.dominatedby,h;oIOr.l-.emixcr
(b) It i, "'" e ..1' '0 make luned eircui" in ""u,"guide
system •• so Ihe", is II-.e ,isk of" .i~nilic.nllou or
si",.I.iatl-.emi,e.in,olhelocal0s0:illa.orci... uilTl'.
and "ice "ersa. This effect i, made >0'0"" by IIIe
nteeSSi'y '0 operale the local "",illato. 01<)« in
8.35
V HF/ UHF M A NUAL
=~~~'~ =,.~~~~~ :r~~ ::'~~n ,he

,,,,,·cr i< C.'OnIpktcd
'Tho: .... by ~'''nila ""'" n. port K '"
absorb ,he ~'~I 100;.1 _ilb lO' po~",. Thi) ;. da'rabic:
inSt~bili(lna'i1sion 'n><.
cad be ~ tl....t
bet ..·" "" ,he di..aion>l coupler.nd lite local asciILa'o< ....
bet ......... Ille COUr!c,"J>d the mi.o,. The I."., I'O'j,1on iI
u.u.llyp'd.'red.<i' ...."<l~=lhePl'lIingulthe""'illalor
Fi,I.69<oo"'•• cump"".rfbead.I,.mployo.heGurtfI
ascilbto<'-ninl'l.S.Sl .• <J,JOcoupkrudaa-ibcdOll
.",.Il,amtxe,u,nr"S.27.and,he .."..:olibn.tin,"._
met ..... dtscribtd on 1'11.16. It. f~lly "',;neo:red .-=i,-nllf
sim,I.,d.. i,n bu,""n,,beM."·O"·a,... ,,.., •• r<k!c,ibedon
pII.19i •• bo""in 1·,.K70.
Tran,miner d e,i gn
It. .imilar"""filu"uion can be u$Cd r.". . 'tI"'min.r. "
;' s"o"'nbyFi,H.71. Thc,r..,.,,,,,conne<:''''''opor,O
supplia_ot,ltepowertothoe .. rialconnccted.o",,"
8 . It. proportoonot.be".,........,.." .. ....t •• yp.cdy ImW.1I
ooupled,o'hcdc1CC1Offi"fdlOlIO<'C.Thill"~lton·
,in""''''ndie,,,i,,norpn,,·,,ou'I''',wh;'hi'''..,rable,n "U
;~:;~~8;:U~~":::':'~ 'I:;"~:t"!~~ :'.~ case:ob",,,,,,,n!i.',,hen,hcrr..,.,r«i.ak'yolt..... lt.wa" ••
TheOlllydni", .. ork "...,h-..Jlo,hespocirooalionot,he =;.':~~=.:: ::;~~~~=i-:: ~~.be

eoupli ... _ .... ' 01 ,n.:
di ...... innal eouplt,.and ,,,it " It.'ran .... '''.....scdon .I'' •• ,.,,,.-oa<h,.~'ninFia
simply ,he " .. k> ot,h<> pOWC:C "f ,lie Incal O!o(ill;t,or'o , .... , 8.72. It. VSS kl~tron "hie" ......." .. abo,,, 600mW;'
r<;quirc\l 'OOpcr;l'.,h<>mixcretr.;ie""y.Th<""c, """"'rfo, CQ u rlodl>yaJOdIl,(>und.hol<!coupk:r(!l<CFi.8.26).vi'l
llOi~t _,ac, <lind., is ,ypically0>2' '0 ImW. ThtrcfOt'<. if
a 72JA/ K klyolron ro< cum",. is ~Io<d a. the Ioal """,11010<, ::::;~~'~";;",;~r I~~ ~ ':":':'~U<acm..:r ,':..:'""":;
~~,",,~~'~o~·.< ~~;,'~~~~':;:.=
""'put ...... a~moni'orin<lio::o"'..... 'l".i>P'o.J.
"""dyO.oIW("""t-'.8.29rClfe.,ibtl,ion)
8.36
Transceiverconf iguration
Tht r=iv<:' .ho"'n .d.em.licaUy in Fil S.6/! ditTo .. f,om
,he " ·.n,mi u.rsh,,,",'nin Fig 8.71 only in Illal Il>eposilions
of,he"""ohedloodandlhea.,iala... inl.r<:hangeJ,and
~~~~~:~ np":~u~ ~~:.~~~o,~,: ~i~I~~~~~,~i,:,~~. 0":.:
~~~~~~'2~~~~~! ~~~:1~a:~~T1~Y:~~
Va,in". melh<>ds "sed ,ochanllC from ,,,,n,mi,,,, r=ei,"
11'IOdeoore.ull...... 'i'CdinFi,8.7)
(I) ~,~u~~ ~~~~:~-:~d ~~ ~~::~:~~:; l~~~ l~ef:;~I~

plane.andby'c,mina'inglhe •• rialf.:.>ll ... i,haleng,h
"ffl., ible ..... ,.guid•. 1foqu......... '"<lI uid.n:.ngeoare
u>«l.lhe" pi'" may bo fiu<:<l in'" ,hef1,inl hnksof
"ne H.ngeand ,he flanll"" held '''I!C,he,by buUdUS
elips.A ,,·oodcndummy looJ(Fig8 .J6)canbc.lipped
.~.ily from poll 10 pori
(b) Using "ra"'l< "'tti~rtr.n'mil aerial. carcfully
aligned alnng ,he ynlC a~is. This lechniqu. all",",~
fullduple.npc:ra'inn
(0) U,ine. circul.,n .. This als<> aUn".. full dupl.,
=:~n:,:,'~~~:::~i~:I~~',:~~~~!:,"',,~I~
oonnecl.ddi,...;1ly'o'her=i ... , Broad band Lf. amplifiers
(d) Ch'''I''""..".,,·ilCheo.A ,implech.ngeo,-er'..·ilOhcan In",,,,,i~ .. inwhichi'i.no!poosible1<l,,,e"nrf .. age.!1IC
only be u5edwilh.separalell'3nsmi"eT.nd ,h.n overall noise facto, i• ..,1 by 1IlC su,," of lhe noise f.c,o,of
only if 1m Iron.miu.r i. S"'iIChcdoffdu,in8r=ei"e lhemix.'.lha'oflh.p ..... mpliflcr(orhcad.mplifi«)'''II<'I\C'
Wilh lran"""i~rs. a more roOlpk, ""ilCh i, ... qu ire<! ,,'j,hanyrouplinlll...... bclwecn ,helwo, FO'lhi' ...."'n.
f;~~,'':. ~~~:';:af°" should be ronneclcd 1o a I.,.d ronsidc,.blcaHcnlionmU>1 bcpaid '0 lhe r><rfr>m1anceof
lhe p..."mplir.,r. and 1o minimi,. I~ i, is often moun,ed
(.) ~he::~ .~~~':'i ~~~~..~~~l I~~~I ~~~:. bu, .s close as pos,ible In ,h. mi""'. If .. p,..,.mplif1", h•• ~
....."'n.bleg.in.!henil<ou'pu'iradu\uallycanbcofany
~~.::n~~ :::I,~,;".;;!, '~,~;se fa OlO' of ,he following
w~ic";: ;:,o~ ~~~I~e;~, ~~r><bo..d~~ :~h":~~~;: i;'i;~

~~~~~.~1~~::~i'V:~n,~::, ~~~'~~ i!,~nit i~~~~ou:i
:~'~~n~~.'~!'",,~~~~."i~·~~.:l:~~~~::;. i;~, ~~~-:
Thi.frcqucncy"'p ..... ntsacolnp'o... isebcl ..... ncflici.r>ey
an~~a~:~:~~uc;~~~.:nb:.~~,:'\:~h is I Mlt l. T his is an
adequate "d'hhin temuoflhe"nbililyoff~'unninl
<>KilI.!o ... even Ihose a! 24(; It >. ond i••1<0 rompaoihl.
,,"'ilh pukemod"I.!ion.mpIO}' ing. pul .. dura,ionofl!<S
: ~:r:::'~~~;~ i'~~~~~:~':.~~~i~~~:.~~f:~lat;:
~«<lt.a":d~~~a:t~~~s;:~ :;~~. :~~1:,;"M::1~
... bl<"'Iuipment. or,h .. fin.d will •• nafe ' Y$,.m. MM'
~.:r$mi .. ion$. ,cfl1l.al>dstand.rJdcleclion!echniques. re
AS nO'cd.oovc. a .. par,u. r=i •• r all" .... freedom in lhe

choittoflhci.f..whichi.ofparticlli:orsigniflC3raal 'he
hilhe, mic'",,'"'' frcquenc;'" wilh equipmen! based on
wa"'iuide. Thi. i. beca"se all <>Kill",o", and multipli. ,
ohainsll...... tenoi...ideband',whiche..tend.i lhe,sid.
of ,he nominal frcq,.,,,,,y .• nd which <k:<: ....... in ampli lud.
Ihe f~rther they arc rcmovW froll1 lhe ' cnl'" frequ~ncy.
Noi...idebandslhala ... sp.c:ed al ,he I.f .•w.y from lhe
8 .37
V HF/ UH F MAN U AL
8 .38
Io<:al Okill>!.". frt<lllt!>C1 and which pa.. 10 lhe miJt<1" ... m a~lrlobeinlhe,e.ioftof200M I Iz.Ahilhi.f.• l00
bedelocleduli"",llnd will appear., noise a l lheouipul h •• lhe advl nlagc of ,ed""inJ ""nfu,ion btl"'<cn 1I>t
~:t':u';;':·The'i","I.I<>noise""liooflheOUI""llhe~fore rcsponK of lhe """";" ... 0 'he .... inchan ....l.nd 1I>t
i"",,.channd
ThoIc/JccI occun II III fmjumcieo. b,u is aauer-Ied II
h;,hmic...,..... '''fmjuencia.bccause lheIocolMcill1.lotis
Thtto;.. preferred "It,i.r. r"' .....
"01h 100Hz
,..,.,; ....... w ~band""""'tionl.l ... pboo.,lo-Olo
:~~~~t·i'1. i~~:; .~~~:I:~:~I~~;,:~i:.

noceuarilyoponl1ednllli,,,lyc"-lolhefrcq"'''''Yofthe
,i",.I.~""lIywilhln l por"""I,loprod_alo,..i.r.J(I . I\a'
III< "oiseraolo, "f,hefollowi", pre.omplil\orcon hekel"
10.... Thi ........". lhal boIh recei,.,. ;nl'l<11 cham",I,.'C ~i~r ':1~·I~~u~I~~·~~~!e~O;~~~~I.{ ;~n.~
vulnerable '0 hip, .mpl;1t,•.k n*~nd. ,han would l(}ollo IO'«l H,_ l naddilion.It.a,,,,,,,,ictofl44.• n.
be,he_ifl"'IJherU. <ouid be . . .. AoocondflClotis 1.296 and 1,IS2M H, IOUrces. ",l\ich awear . 1
,hal 'u...,.;J cim&iu ",l\ich a,~ \IW\J al ....... freq..."..;,e, 10
!?J~~~~~ca.';...be=c:.:~elholocaloscilla'ot
~,~~~'!.:"::Za~difficuI110""'k~inWl'quido.
(b) To ....... bola"""" mil". I ~ 'bi~<ltvice. 'he •. m. (bu'
Tw., melbod. are used 10 cet .round thi. probl~m not lho fm)componelll,of,he nO;K are oan«lIed. A
relali",ly 10'" i.f. lhon con be uS«i. Ind a vol"e o r
(.) Touseu hi&h I .. Lf. .. po«iblewill'OU'li&ni/k:on.ly
aboln :lOM II.al'ptalt ,obc'rpical. Unfo<,unotely.
ckpidin.the""" .... lInoi1cfaclotoflhereC<livnby
incrcui", lho noGe flClor oI.he ....... mplific<. A no lOOH ' .... i""ill'.nded rot ."",'curconm\OC'ion
appe.t.oho", betto produccdso far
p,,(licaluppor~mi'fotthei.f. I'lhis.;""'_1d
Practica 'preempl!fier.
Tuned prampliliotn uso", '"lIlI71 dual pie mwlm I~
. - n in Fip S.14and '.n, "h~hdeoi&nod JpCciIDIIy
f.".23.n..Il.4MH,mpec1i",ly.lheyancasilybcmoditied
ror ...... lnearbyf~ ... ncies
T ho "",,,ned pre.omplif..".h",,'n in Fi.. I.76Ind8.77
arebeo"ul'ed fQr.ysl.msuai",atu ... blei.f.Thocircuit
'hown in Fi.I.76ha.apinoflbout lOJII and I DOi",
r.."otof.bo<ol2dB. T.....olimilar.ta""""'ybeconn<lt1ed
inco-.!e,dself<:pJO\·idi"IIhodcrflumpalhfotlhomiJef
bti", omilled from tho oocond ....... This preamplifier hal
bem uSCII wilh intermediale fmjumcieo .,.,....Ii", II :lO 10
2OOMH •. tho only cl\3.,.. hei", "",de 10 u.. an rf" ..... i...
• nind""tIJKCoffr""'JOv.II .llhelo""'rf~uc""I .. IO
l!,lt allh.hi.,..,.f,eqlltncle<
~
."~:" . ,", ,<..;~:",' '
.~...... o.o':t-"
" .I' ~~~~ ~:~o, 2ND"

,.1.11..... _ _ ' .. .-al -... UOMH .. R'C. "' H 10 •• l IOMK .....
... .. J ...... ~" ...... p, . . ",pll'lItl.'~ ....
u.It:l\lowtI_ ,IfIIII.I::.'!.",:.ll.ftlOowtlll... illdil ~" " "boll1 lW l .The ~fC_kl_ln lM _ _
' __ 'OOoH •••" " _ . , _ _ •• '~H.'
'''''''''
.... . . . . -
8.39
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Practical i.f. amplifiers

F.:umplefoli.r. lmpliro.,,;"u...tt . . fol!ows ·
~':::'~~I~a.:~.::e:~. r=h"" eon be .-I 10

<l<1ectl~ulale<l""idc-bandfm .ilJUl«Fl)"·ilhlinlt
l0. ineflkioency.p"",i<lc>.lIh;!'lhei.f.bandw;dlhcUftdI
lhe modula,;onf.-..q""IKY(n{H"m3l1ylk H.j
TVI.f. strips
S,a.,danJ I"U, "'i",c.anberc,un<d U,JOMlb.by oddin.
c~ln apacl,"_ ac,..".. lbe 'ran.sorme ... ilwlr nee"",
bandwidlhhs.i,nlflcanUyredt>Ceda' lhe same ';me
Standard brO<ldC8st fm r eceiver .

When prcadecI by . ...i!ObIt prcamp!,r..... Ihc<o......,ivers
ha~·.==:-~I:.:·~:::~'he......,iver l ...
com.plct.....IOJlic boA : th" willclimina''''he" "",jnd.
~::~~.f. bre.oklr.ro..p. T"hoe)'eon be used i.. a number
(.) A.albed·,u"",, Lf. The r=;""r i$ .. 1 '0 a quiet fo'wido-bandopcr:o'lon.thelUb-bandf.... nalTOW.

f'""'!llOnC)".lbereoeiVttlun;lI&beinld" ... bytuni "l ,he b:ondopna'ionIt J().J.6810 lQ.l1OMH •• and also b<
fif"ltlocal oscill.ot()r.Th".pproochha.lhe . d .... nl.f/S able '0 r=j,,,
lI&<tr'I()nicl of 144. 432. 1,296 and
of a hl.hfirsll.f.... ndlbcpos.ibililyofu.inlthefm .. t 1.152MH.souroesto,calihrationpurpOSes
forflneluninIlOYcr. ::I: IOMHzr.n~
(b) A, . lu nlble i.f. Somcol thc<o ,,,,,,i,,,,.. 1..... O,·.r wide (0) i~i~n:<1~f ~~"~~CI:ti;~:~io~~~l~~i.~;: I:
c:aninlrod""" • • i",ifiClntclcmcnlof af<:inlOtbo
thorcfon: be .-I • • lunabk i.f. ' wilh lbe bi,
.... nll"l: c.88 to I()8Mfll.or 108 toI78MIIl. "fheyan
. d .... nt.~
:I~:'~~t:;~~i::ft"!~~~~~.!"
&::be=~E$~;~;~"!:~'B:7:7:
leI.tIO.I73 .... 9.B92M Hz.tbenLberom""willtu ...
A 10'7MHz L f . amplifier
AQi.r .• "",~fittba$edon.tandard 10·7Mll<l«:tu>iq.... io
IO.OOO'olQ.01O),oIH.inonc.......,. AI~"vely.;r
tbeIocaI0ki1I.ot...... IUod.'IQ.I73MII ..... 9.912M H...
it,,·iII ,hmcoooerlO.(XlOIOIO.09OMI I.;"lwo ......,s
liven"" ",.JI
A funher POUibilily .......1d be 10 lei tbe local A 30M Hz Lf. amplifier

OkiIlaIOr.IIO,200M II •• i",,·hichfaletbe rom ..... "Thee JOMHz J)mlmplifitt shown In Fi.. ' .71It>d 1.19 io
....... Id' ...... 10.022 to 1Q.II2M H.ononcc,,".. ncl.nd buil'on.picuol~ _ _ 1aminat.wbic:bt_
IG.2U101Q.17IMII.OI1thei""''''.Tbe......,i~<r ....ould lhe lid of. Jiinby 11mb)' lift dieeal1 bo1o. AICI'eal ll1u.
lhen ""..... ""'" of ,he IUb-bond 1010 I(H(;Ho used by jin made from lhe .. memaLe ....1 i, ... lderedOC","the
8.40
centteol(b<lid •• ..".lIhoIehe;... drilledini .. "r"~to
.IIowO"_.. oItl1clcadjoi..... 'be'_ .~TS
In .... maln ........ lifier .howfti .. f""' •. 80 .ndS .• I.• hc
JG M ' I~""'1 rton\tb<pram~iIiocTis_vmod 10 1f>1MHz
!>ylbe2NJSI9miJter.lbelocal "",itI"'orbei",lUne<I10
8 .41
VHF / UHF MANUA L
1M II . co._ 001, '0 10k" £, .hen ,ho IYS'= pin ""II be

2Od8. lr '_m.i>usedn'hor ,h ufm,henthercwinbe l
rUrlhor "inofIOdB.~"m; ... im ............... in'YS''''''Pin
atnolt:OW"SCbtachie\ledbypu ..... modu... I"'~""
eq ... pmmt.atechniq... sadb- ... akclcdby.ma.teurt.
In~ .... ;n .... rrow·band ~uipmen, i> compo<ra'i....,.
~n';n'hoUK .bu' .lread"heteln:'h ..... pprwc .....
<:urnn.lybein,inYffiiplCd_inj<CIionkM:ki"..ron"""ional
mul'iplyin.'ochn;q ...... ftdlheweol' .... vclli ...•.... "."ubel
Injection loc king

Thi.'echniq.,.olT~rsa .. lal ivclyllmp ...... lhodforC<ln""'!.
in.wi<le-bandequipmm,.oc..,.."I_nlrollNltandards,
and 1<l"I. lort.way '"",ard.avoidin. ,ho.-J foractlaiJt
orhiJhP<l"a-edm"I' iplier:st>ece""'JI'o~ ...... '~rfdirec.Jy
Thoprincip"ofin.i<aionloo;ki~i ... foll"""'. lf . low
1IO.... rcrys'al-conlrollcdsoum:isil\.iClt:!edinlo.'u .... bk
oscilla'or .• hen .. . beO$CiI ...oris'unodto .... i.hin'holockin&
... n~oI.he .yst ....,i' .... illjumpinfr<qUCnc)'.o'tIa.of' ....
A 30MHz wide-band fm "",,"and.-emain k><:l<edon .oil. Furlher' .... inaof'bo
discriminator with afc output ooal .. 'or ...ill ....,,,""efI'<CIoni.. froqucncyu".nU.. lockini
.. ,...is~...:eodod ..... ben.hoooal .. 'or .... illjumpinfrequonc:y
Tho cimlit "'-'" in Fi.... ~ includes . limi..... n.1o
detcclorandarClnd ludlOll!II)lifitR.Tn\·,riout. ~rU.ns, rron""".of''''injec\ioAMNll:CIO I~'Klbril$lunin&
""",l\ant<m. ln.h .. bohaviour,injectiontoct'naisoimiiat
;1 hasbtcn....-kdbr . munodIvi.f. .. "p.• ,"""' ......
.mptificrusm,otOtIOl """rets. or a 1".-fH...... mplilit,r'" '0.'" mon:f.miliar.u,oma.ic froqUOMC)'con,r1)l s)"ltem>
Aoeo:ond r••• u.. oI injectionloctin.'. 'l\al'ho ....... b&nd·
from 1 1)0 ' 0 180MHz.unableH.Dt.. ilsof'lIeditcrimil'lll'
.0r.nn.ron"tr'''li~nin FiI S.Hl_Thou"i. ilin.tlldtd
....hhor'hooscil ... or.which'ypic:all,""'ybe.r..... hundred
foroptra,ion ... ;,h.1Ie PO""'" ""wly.ho"" in Fi,S.S6.
kiloherl~ . , IOG Hl. f. 11< '0 ,h., of.ho injoc,,,,,, IOU .....
II.hou." il "",y lie lioN ",i.hothe,,_ The ~n" or.he .f~ whichu,uatlyisof.heordcrofkilo/l...-u. ln.hi,rapec,.
~o n. rolvo l' allC"",ybechanae<ljfn="'JIbyr.vminl'hc
injoc.ion lockina i. superio' II, ~rc oys,erno-. If .he injec,ed
'''0 OA 79 diodes. To K' up .1Ie arc . ystem . iln.li. freq .. ncy"""'u la'ed.' ...... hooscilla,orwillfollow
' ... modu ... ion. or """..... ,if'hoinjoc';onsou ... il.wi«:hed
(.) :i::::':::~'~~'~I::' . dju .. ,he Gunn diode vol' ... oIT.or.llcoscilla'orisK'OUtskle.holoctin.ta,...of,he
lys .. m•• btn.heoocil\lt'orClnbtlunedin'ho ....... I .... y.
(b)Wi,bno.ill\llllpplied,o,lIei.f.amphtior,.",i.chon A praclicalmcthodofill.iocloonis""""·n in r .. S.... The
.hoaf< OUlpu. ,o.ho PSU. and adjust RVI ,ora'"",
'heGunndi<HkOper.l'i~'"OI .....o'ho""" ........
val"".ftdoet RVl,o prod""' ......" .. I""' ..... r..dina.
ou.pu,of.hocrys,.k:on,roIlcd multipiiorchainpre(crabJy
i>ft ... SI'eredin ..... nd·pusfil~r"""h .. """"njn ..
.nd ,ben injected into.he oocilb,or~". tI...,t.".... atal-
,I •.•
l,
(c)Wi'htheafc ..... 'lCbcdolf.• u... io. sipaI.Swttch,o ta ,or. The.moun, 01 power roquired ,olod; ,heOKiJIa,or
' holf" ..·ben'ho~versboukllod;--cl>cdby is~".,nt>,o.hoeqL>a'ion
,I)'ida; 'osljp'l)- dct" ... ci.ber ,ho ' ......."I1..... "".he
"""'ver. If.ho "","I dia.ppeara immedialely on
doIina·he lfc,,,·ildt.lbtnettberlunelheIocaT
O$Ciba,or ,o.hoOlberlideof.he . ilMl.ortcllnsc.he
poiari" of.hode'ec'Ofdioclcs. Of use ,be 11''''-l'1li.1"., PI _ powerol.heinjected.lJnal
poIlri".fcinpu,.o,hepouif,hi,i.availab.. Po _ oscil\lt'orpowcr
Q - IOI.dod Qof' heCl"j ly
f _ oocill.,orfrcqllCncy
6 f - locki"1l ranp
Narrow- b and 10GHz equipment AI.nu.mple,ir.klys,roni •••• u"""'" ,ohltw:. lo.dod Q

.... rro ...... bltftdtquipmen'is inevi'ably mu<:h """"compli. of 100. ,hen ,he .... 'i~ power required .oloc:k over a
atkd . tlan ,ho widc-.... n<I equipment dncrit...J urlin. in 5M I1. ran~ •• 100 Hz;" 0·01 , or - 2Od0. If.ho klys."",
, ....... 01 boIh ,uco""'tuCtion.ndalso'ho ,echniq .... ..... ou'JI'I,,,..,...,.,is3Omw.,lIcn.heinjcdionpowerrequiredis
quired ini U.llJnr!>tn'. ThIo .... injustiti<:o'ion forctla ...... )(Q,I.W.ln.ho ....... '''''' .m... hi ........tedcryslll.a>ntfolied
,0 • ..."..,........ nd.)'fottmis'oint:tene.hopoten'... 0I. ou'pu'isobt.aiDCdrrom'hosou.-.:e,''''''''be')'fotematnbo
......... ..,oIequ,_,rorworki~nort-Optocal ... 'hLAJ deocrit...Ju'-;nap;'"
has bem "",ed ....tier. m.... ~nd ..... ipmen' ..... U A fea.ure of this techniq.,,·hieh .... ka i. poIIIicu"..,.
~ ..·"h.lliino-ol·siah'p.a.'''" • ."ilable•• ndtl.. ex'"' ... illblefor ........... is ,"".i,is rda.i.".,.rail-utc.
compbilyolnarrow.t.ndequipmau can hardly bejultilied (.)Bcca ..... 'heirUectionS(JO.lfWisol .... 'i....,. ...... power
for'hisla''"ty""oIworl<inlJ.
Tho~'ial ..'nfromnoduei ... ban<ltoidthis ...... fiatn'.
.ndisDOt~di"""Jy'ou..amal •• .....,the
......lofspuriouoou'I""d.,...""'_'obolOn,·
Ir 'he,J. band .... id.hof,be..-iveratnbered.-;lfrom orOUIlycontroJlcd
8 .42
(1)) Unlike I ton,,,,,,ional amplif.u "hdl reopOn<k 10 Table 8,4
III olp"'I,,,..1ed loil,inpul,lhc otell1alorwill lock
onITonl0.harmoniewhieh;''''illUnll><locl<~
Potential rangea for a izea o f equipment
rln., or II>< 1~lcm.1Jld I~rrf()(e ...·iIl "nl~ Implify
:~c;:,,~.eryC"""inrn>ql.lC'llCYto"'hieh'l><<KCiI1.tor
(e) Illhe<KCillator .lip'ou'''flock,'l~nil ,..mdtiflin

...,
~
Ircq ...!IC)'u• ..."llyonly.r.,,.. ..... pl><".
UO... I~
Direct mult iplication
lloeCQu.prnrn'currctltlybein,d<""loptdc",pIoyJ ... ndanl
multipl .... ' ...... usi... >... rac101"1."or"''''"'~''''ns-
".;tt ..... IO,J68M H~ .. often ,onen1Cd from "","ins
J,aS6MII~ (9cm) ,"' ....... i" ... w~ II>< low muUiplication
r..;torinvoIW<lenablosl hilheffH:iency·obe och;""".,.For
low pOWer ,,.,,,,,,itter< and cryfUllotonlrolled 10011. ,hcl."... freqU<!IC)'.al,hou,hphysicallyonlyaboul",lf
source>. o.her .,."in, freq ... ncies are 1.296M H1. (><8) ilS JiM. Il",,~v ••• a r..,,,.. 01 24Q II , ope .. tion whieh
and I.H2Mlb(~9»""e""n r"'4Uc""icsa, low ., 400M H7. d"'in,uill1esi.fromtha'allo"'c r l.eq".""i .. i,,hcmonl
A """h ,u,de to lhe muimum effi<:ie!lC)' lhal can be ex dependenco of pro""p,ion on ,he ....eather. The 24G H~
pce\td i. ,"~n !>y.hefoctor II,.. lor vorac''''' 100 I/ln for .llocalionil ..... rinfreq...-..cy.o'hepoakor ..... t.r.bsorp-
.... p ... rx' ..... whe",~ ;',hcnlulupliool1onfx'o.in''OI,'C'd
Th;.\}'peorequ.prnrn • ..,...r..llyooscs .....'or""'I'iplieTt
inCl"""". lnd.hc",;'lhil/ln.ko/'lhcsellatti in 'trac1in,
tionboond.whlohmeanstha'''.'e'''''''"''tin,he .."""phcrc
t.-1<,.bfort>,l><.-.dia,ion,the ..by ..... ifocandyil'lCteMi ...
p<OIIIIp'ionIotses.For'h;''''''-'''he2-IG II."""ot,hc
lOF......,.lunhef"'rmonics. VeryClmulm, ........ nd $pOOftum .... boc:n~l.k ....... pro(aoiooftally.ndcon<oq ......1y
111JIIintlJ'l«lC'l'dure>.",n>quircd,oIldUP ,hcequiprnrn'. , ...... ;.l"tk .....-pIusequ;pmenl ..... LaNe.• ndsomel..'
::!n~'.:'l.u" or. we<:,rum .nllywr ....... Id apPear '0 be equ.pmen, omi... h;' pari of the Ip«trum. In I"'-".,.,La ••
•here .ppea •• o be availabk few klys.ront "'hieh can be
......... ,,,Wl'Ct'be.""'eutb;tnd.t24·0,o24·lS0H .. D.. pil.
thi •• 'be ...... rrutobeno.ul ..."'nwhy.nyont"i'h
Travelt ing·wllve tubel 1001I z""pe,ienoe.hnuldnotbe .. ,cecs,f"lat,hi,hi&h<'
Se>-e •• I.m;lleUr1 arc .mplo)"ina , ..""III",....."" tubes ' 0 fn>qO>C!IC)'.IOObecau .. nfi",~ialprO"""'ionchora<1"·
.. ner.toup,02Wofrfa'llGH'. An." .... iv.rutu"'or iltin. 'nconltibu ••• i",ificaR'iy to ,he ....
thcsedeYic .. ;',heirhia/lpi,.)OIO..o.J K.so,hallhcdrr..,
n>quirod Is only I milli .... 11 or so. Dein,brotod--band.mpli.
Iien,wuh.ldUband.,..;,tlhof..."o.n ......... ,.hcinpul
....... ,bek~lfUfrom""'no ... olp"'II.T'Iori ........ <J,;,.-
.d"".....,.is". . . 'heyarcebbofa~deviccswh;.hmtt'in:
Equipmentparameterl
.f.irfycomplic:a,edrsu
lnorde.,o ..,;ma'elhc.i.oc:orequip<nell'rcqu.redforwork.
in, ionJ OIIUCll I"'-Ihson 240 11 '.sornemeaw.-.oflhe' .... 1
l"'-.hlosseii.n>q"ired.TIIOe"",a".nu •• iondu.,01hc
pre$<nce of .... t . . mol""u'" in the """",pbe.. orcou"",
co.'er1aninfini'.ra~of""lucsbecau .. i'depe,,,"""lhc
k'~lnfh"midi'Y"hcsi . . . ndlhapenlraiOOtOJl$and'he
num!):. ,nlCn:epted. U.,...., .... , ,he lollowin, ..... I..... rc
probabl)'notunrypical
(.) WI,,,,, ... pou ••• Q-ldBkm;
(b)LiIh'dnalc •• Q-lJdB'km~'o<;:<ovCr.n,hc
p;t.h;.nd
(d Mode .... t ..... in. 5mm/h, II L·2..lB'km. one rain ~II
lOIcm dia ..... t•• a .. u"",", pe' poi,h
n..,.. ..... h.... addtdlo'hcnOt....lfrtoM1pooce.".n...'ion•
• re"Std'op.ovid.,h<,•• iou,esli".atesnftotalline-of.
,Ish, pa,h lou .h""n in f i,S.S)
TIIO p01.n1ial ra ..... ofv.riou •• i... of «Iuipment • .-.
,i".n in Tab!< 8.4. Th" ."~mes on i.f. bandw;d,h or 10k Hz
orLMH •• lreoei>'er ........ ractorofI0d1'l .• nLf.silf\OlJ"";"
.... ' iooflOJB.o>d..,.;.. .. lAindia.......... lloeLaU""will
24GHz equipment ha'· •• pia of'Pl'fW.imo'dyHd B Ind.ldB·bcamwid. b
llIebaoit .... h.. iq.... usedforlolGlldorforOlhcr_veauic!c <;A 'boo' J' . C!ea,1y ,he equipmcrll ........ 'rod ....... ibntly
bands).~ 01 «KI1'So! I~!lame.t those uwd 1I1OG HI.. The
equip ....... tcant~forcbeofsimilorrorm lo'hat~...:Ion
:z.::.~~:::' :''%'!:=''i=.lheR is • "",,lOr
8.43
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Precticel det8il.
Themoot ... itab\cwa>'q~ilkrOl'thisbindilWG20wluch
has ""tWe di"""";....s O'5OOin II)' 0-25O;n. •Dd inside
"_·_o-42OinIl)'0-1700n.V.h... rOllcan:p .......
y ....B6. \\'hen mader""", bra .... thill~ide ha,.n .t!enua·
tionoll8dB/IOort.Thedimo...;oruofl ... standa'dl'la ....
for ,hi, """q\Lide .... pven in Fi. 8.17. An .JIM'Ioa'i....
..... >'qlJidcilW022.IMCOfrnpondi ... d i _·_ " ' .....
.... 0-}6(linll)'o-uo;n.nclO2llOinbyo-l-«Iin
EquipmenlfOl ..... on 'M'bIoDd~.'.n""<Iy_oI
IlcveIopmenI.andPf<Wftldni"I'a ... JIOI~a .... il;lblc.For
wH».haDd equiprnen. Gun .. and 1m"",,, diode< a.., bei",
usodl"IIC""'a.e24G H~di""'lly.bulJ/) far'_devi<es
• .., ""'lICncrallya .. il;lblconthtlufjllulrnark.,. A$OCOnd
IpPfoach,,·hichm.a,ybe~ i "ollCncr' lepower.'8or
I W Hlulin •• ochniquaal..,adyfamiliarlOlh05euperitneed
onIOG Hz,.nd ulinglhislodri .... adoublcr .... "ipler.An
e.ump\cor . lowpow<1"l"'nocei .... ro'IIi ... llydc'~lopedfOl
2IG Hzbu'usablcat240 H,isloo..ninFi.8.U.lnlhis.
ap!)inlconta<tmixcrdiolkil-.lbolh . . . Iaw.!'O"'U
doubler and a •• harmonic ",i...".. An ""IPUI oflpprOIi·
rnatdy l00!<W iI obtained for an inpu, oIS",W. NOIelha,
,hc.BAlIood,... whic1lconnc>:t.,hcctOtS-botlO,hcdiodo
II malk. t~ht ~,on'he""lO' ol' ... dio!Ieoen' .... poalO
'hali"1enaohcanhe.cijuUedl0_ · ~· OUtpu,bytotali ...
'hcdiode.Th .. o4jon,,,,,,,,,ilqu;,,,~,ica1.Theposi,iortol
thc,worfshorUis m..'i..elyu..".;,aL Hi..... _ .....·
sion.of'he ..""'conf... ratianbu' ........... ractona ... bei ...
""..".,
A ro,wtnicm ~1 :IOU!tt fOf l40Hl conmtl of. Gunn
<>Ocillalo,,,,, 120" ,. tM .... 'pu' 01 which i. filtered by.
8 .44
~'n",
:;;:!!~ ::;:,n.~n v,yeo

"'o,er,o' b", . .
8.45
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
",n,i,,,·i,yof. r<tt"·.r. may be inc ........ bu " hcpric<:10

hepa,d i. 1o n<ed 10.lign thc ..... I. more pr«iSCly On lhe
di ... nl".tion.A.pc<:ialtluora.<:'c.i$lieofmk"",,,,,·e.eri.b
jllI'K:reliui.ft="'ilh"'hichhi.t!hgai ....... nbe""'-.:loped.
'"3lotS of H '0 45d U beingquittcommon, One is ,empted 10
,akt.d •• ntaStof,hi.f•• 'or , i,.,..,i,i,amean,ofdc,-.:lopin,
high rad ialed po""." r,oln.malt 'ranso',IIt'"" Ho,,·c'-".Iht
torr<$J>Ondinll bca,nwid,h. become,!"il"."",II. arid "'''''h
$killi.,cqu;,exlin h.ndhnglhc.eri.l.elfe<,i,-.]y
The appro.i,na'. 'clalio"'h ip bel,,·. ,.n !!"in and beirm·
"id'h i•• ~o"'n in Fill 8,92. ,,·hi.eh a<Sume< ,ha, I"" pin in
oo,~ hori ....",.1 and "."i.eal plan« is ''''' ... n... ,he u$".1
case in.m".uropcra,ion,Thi.flgurolli""",uide'Olh<
:~uJ':i ~~'~':i~~~:;~~I~~~: ~i:~~~tQo;=~7~
~~,:eJ';:i~ ~'u'::";"'- ~:i.,;,,~i;,: ;'~~~~i~n,~~~: :;I~t~::
.ngle,iowi,hin II ' . For <r.on ger <i,n.I$. 'he Io..m beam·
",itilh appli ... b". ,hi. is onl)· .. OO,, ' :0: 3' . T~", Ihi' can be
Microwave aerials doncrcll"larly b.,maieu .... even "nJerconlc>'con,lilion••
rho gcnC'-dl rom, of,~ pol.r di.~ram ora ,)picat ],igh_pin
•• riali,shown;n Fig 8.Q1. ·n c Jd 'i anJ lCklUbeamwidlh,
i. a "wa,ure"flhe 1'I"0Il"'",hal loa. bee" " .. <kin 'hi.aro~
indic"ed repr"",,,, 'he a ~"" thrQ\l~h "hich tM u'''l

n'3)"btraIAlo!dbcforelhcpo"... rlran'nlilt.dorr<tt,,-rof.lI,
re!>1'C<'1,,·tIYloah.lf( - }dmorl0a,enlh( ICklIIJof 'he Types of aerial
m•• ino"m '"3lut. The JOdllle\..,I.J", reprc;cn" , he beam
I'oc 'h"", "'ain 1)"p<>ofaeri.1 uscJ on the miocrow",'o band.
",dlh "ilhin whkh mOS'of'M !>O""'ri,conlain.ed ,,,,Vasi>.horn,andl'3raOOIi.erelleclOf'S.Thebllcr.re,,.. d
"cri.lgain i 'ofcou~achit'·""by i""re.,jni th.r"'por_
alall frequenci",,,,'hilt:horn,.re,..,,,,i.eled to ,Ioe high ..
,ionof.r""iytr.n"nitl,"<I ilt.p.nkulardir«.iona, 'h.
mi.errl"'-."eban,ls. ,\eri.1s of 'he Vagi-I )"peare beainn ing '0
•• pcn"'of. 'h.''''01I.. r ..h''''''ion'.lIyinc . .... n''he .. in be popular on 1.2%Mltl"' herc{hcir<o'~l"Itln«sand low
of Ihc •• "al .• hc o'[c<:,i •• po""., of. 'ran<m'''.r. 0' ,hc
win<l'g<con'l'3re<1 "',lhdishcs oflhesamtg>i" 'tpay. 'M
d"rocul1y in ''''''' design .nd '<\J"<I,,ltnl. At'~'I' <..eh ..
8.46
oortI<.rdIec,orsandcylindrieolporaboloidslrenowlinle inlhe,..,8ionof20'.Thi.pini,eQ"i ..... l<nl.0 . dWlof. '
uscd mainly bcc:au.. of.heir low pin ,..,10';""'0 plrabolic lea" lfi in di.met"r. Two or four 1imilar Yo,uc:ombine<l
disha,orapproximalion • •he""'o,of.ho .. mts;u u.inil.helt<:hni<t ... deS<ribodonpS.49.,..,.quivalen •• oa
dish .. or6f,indiamel.r.TabIe8.Sai'=\klaibQf'''''.I..... nl
Ieni1h,forlheb.asicYaJi
The mtlhod ofcons'ruc1wn is " raia!olfOl"Wll.d and.vid.",
Long Vagi for 1 .296MHz from.hefiaures.Thecri'ieoldi .... n'iDIISmartrcdshouldho
Thc:desianof.12~lemtnlY •• ii.. howninFiI8.91(.).and
'hatof'hebalun;nF~8.93(b).Il.polardialJ1lmisohown =e<I,;,.~e!,~IJ~;~:~~yo~;:=..~~~~~
inFiI8.94(a)"nd,ha'ofashort."e<l27-<:lemtJl'""rsionof ho~rimpcd.nd<Oldere<llO.xclude mois,ure,and ,homas'
marai .... llylo ..·.rpinin FiIB.94(b).Bo'ha.rialsha"".
pi"oflbou,19d 9. andlhereforewillha"" . Jd9beamwidlh ~~.,"~~n~I::,~·:::-"~'=~~~!:p.~i!=
8.47
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
u,;nga",¥,,(2SOW) w lderinlli,on.Tlw:demcnl,"reloco,td
in ,mall Ii'''''''''''
filed in 'h. boom. and a .. ini'ianycul
,lightlyl<><1jO,thanrequirtd .. ndnIcdIQleJI$Ihafl ... ."ld.r.
ill8inpIlQl:.JI11bilwaytMrtqu.i.. ~~Q;u""Yofconlt~·
lion. "'ilhina r.... '.nl!uofamillimet ... can!:>eachieved
E::f~:ra=~~~:t.:~:!d%:~~~~~~
arcall.pa<ed,7·7mmaparl
Table 8 .5
Director dimensions for th o Vagi aeria l
show n i n Fig8.93{a)
L<o>ath' t..ms:,h" I ....'~·
I1II
:u:f
~:~
. ~I "
8.48
V.......... for412MIt. .""2,)()IMI '~ ... II<:r-.."""'~
hylCC<l"'<Iy"""!i".,,"'hedi_·~ai·,,,,,.nd."'"
aeriah.hoperlorm ..,,11
Powe r splitters / combiners

T ... "",,'er.plille.. ,hownin rl,8.91.nabJeei,her,woor
~~~fr~~leof: .~":~\':'".=..:. ~t!~,:~o::,:.~a~
f ....... Tho._...... · y ...
.......,radillor.ndrelleclorrnaybnlbema.kbyoolderi".
alona'hoffabrico'edcolUial l,,,,,,'I'lChl"',for .... ,hc:aw<o-
J>riIlI:;n>Pt<l>noe lr.lns!on'II,iono.l'hc:innern",.*
=! "'/l ,':':~'::::,'~'i~:: -:rhe~:'~~:::
IOfOIberiwolAbiped """",,,of<Ocl.one limb of each of .""'''''i.....cly 11m In .... on.:;... 1 desi",
Ion ......
which is KCU .. kly filod.o ....Ih after ba>\li".. II may be ,he """'r ..... made from "I ..... --."'" alumin·
foundllClC"a$l.rylous<smaliclampoLoholoJjoinlSinpiaa ium'ubin •.• hc:cndoofwhlCh.nd'he~hoI<forooklef_
whiIcOlhon."''''IJored. Theradial","c"mpi.f.bricoted in"itelXfllreconrteClorbe."...,.1otl "nhalum""",,, pIales
fron> po!yl"'"" Or nylon. Tho I,ole 1o IOk •• h. boom may be borto.k>J "'i'h an ~dhesi"". Alter ... 'ivclr <0l'I>0' or bra ..
cu,,,·i,h I ho"ted piecc of ,he boom nolwia1. Tho41lA nu' .uhinll m.y be uoed.arni lhe p"" .. wl<k,c</. Anyo' .... r . i...
used'o""""""hisclampi.meltcdinIOj)lace ofin' .. roro<l1er"'i.hinrea""''''''ybeuoedpn::wiJeJ.hl l
The balun Il.Sembly is constrwlcd fron> I 7"rnrn-borc lhen.. ioof'hein.idedi"",nsionof.he'''''er'o'he~iam<l'''
lube IlOrnm kina. Approxi,n'lely llOrnn> of I'" o,ncr of I'" In ... , oooducooris unehanpod
_OCIi>"CroYeri".isstrippodfrornlhefulllen.lhof,he Otllcrr""", ofco...ial Ii... ohoukl ..".kju.... ""II
=. .
~~I::::ll:":eh:~~r~~cd':'~:
F ......... " ......... desi... dcuihfor.numberol"""'_
1Itu..,Jon!,
~k~~:::7= :~.~,':::!~::::ir;i~rr:e..J.:
......., a.bIes ~i.. ach of .h. MriI. .. lO.ho ..,..u..
"""I be of ,Ito <On'CICI impedon.c:e Ind""n
be of InJ
l<".,hisibecrilic:al~i"",ruionandlhuuklbe"·'mm.Aft .. I<n.lhpro.ideJlhcy.relhe ..'... i".II".,.,.,.""ptcl"....bly
~"i"~, ~:"~! ~'::.:~ may be pointc</ "i.h . Iuminium
long quad - Vagi for 1 .296MHz

A.inal<acriollo,bedesi",sItow"inFip •. 'S . ItdS.96
..... """"... lp,n of 22d1l ..... hioh I. «!ui""l<n' '0 .....11.
iII~mi ... ,c</ 4,. <filii. Four ....ch Mril.b """'lIted .""" .....
.... "..fO<nb"..r ...... as<ldi;ribcd ... Iow,,'.llof"""lK ...
~=t.=~=';"~;-:l'f~:nl~'::::;.h'!~
of'itedcsipistite ..... ofq".del<n .."" .. tI!o<Il>anrod
clcmmts. Theoc I"od""",e~"" p.n ."", bocau""oft ... ir
lo~rQ. I '''''I.rbandwidth
Thecon.lrUCliooof llleacriali.qui'..... ilLhlfu ....'.,d.bu '
Ibcdl ....n$iOfU.i".n m".1 btd".clyaJh • ...J 10: arl.r all,
I O' lin.rr(p<repraonlsaboulI "..r~n.of.""',"l<n.'h,
orll MII .. 'ndrilli".Iheboom..foruamp!e.II'IQ!U ...........
of.heP<l$l'ionofe .......... should be mad< from I siR&lt
poin.hyaddi".Ihe.ppropria'........... If'heiod.-id ....1
ppo "'" marked OUI. I...... ".. on .... y accumuil le .0 U
euo:nl"'dqrce.EIernm.. "'''"'han'he ...... tora ......
f"""fII ..... miniumstrip.' ...... o"""'"ift .. hi<ha~drill<d
*
brion: bmdi". with I j,pacin ....... 1 10 the eim.mf~
'pcCfficdin F"U,
.......,rad.. lorllm.defromcop"..rilrip .. hichi.ben.in'o
a flllle""" d~le", 'ha' ,he wi~'h i' l in ,m '.r .han ,he
~~~'.!~:: ~~:..;: ;I;:''':''e~::~/·::~ir ~~;!I~~
..... COPI>Crou ..... ndplfedielcaric.Thebolunnformed
hyoolderi",Iheou'... 'o''''""nof'heradia'or~ ...... ''''
boom. It ;' i"'f>Ol"l<lnl lha. ,hef_pasoeo I"""'Ih ,he
boom-lf .. kfltlO.,.,.oido.'htn'he ..in .... ybeo.iani/i_
CIII'lyredllCCd . .......,coppcrradialor,.nd.lIlC1l'"*S.nd
1OkIcmI,klinIJ,sbwklbeprol~ .. ilhp(>/yllretMllt:~
If'er.''Cmbly.followcdbylcoo'ofpoinlonllisurfaas
8 .49
V H F/ U HF MANUAL
f _ focalltn.,h
c - dC"pLhofpa",boIaat;tsoenl ...
Supposc...., ..·iI.h,OCORStru<1t ... proIilcof.dishl6inio
~:.:::.... Mov;nB' fl O ",tio (If 0-6. The procod"lC is N
(.)F...... equaLion(2)· - 4~D) - 4 ,,::" 11-6

_ 0-011571'.
(b) Tabulate ,boo <:;abla'ion> for .. maoy points ..
aa:ur:acy O"equi.... u.thef...... :
, ,
. "" ."."..,
.
~
'00 H6
,~
1-67
. ....... R•• Io.ol"DI.. ........ 00.1< .. 00 ••1.. _ •• " " ,.)-1'"
2-27
"" '"m
" •• , ••10-
,. k.n from I"'""" hlt(h. No'.'hlllhe ....;.llnoed no'

beoll ......... 'ype. Abfflood·beomwidlll ... riolofmodera'.
A plot ot Y (.om - 18 '0 + 11 vmu' , he ••1... 01.
c.lcula.cd ~_.he"",u; re<lcu .....
pinmaybecombir>ed ... i,h • hiah·pln oerbl or ... ""...•
beomwid'hprovi<kd''''-'boIh . ... or'".corre.;'imped.onoo Q'"phlc.l m" thod
... . lmp1carapltical .... 'hod fo' co .... ructl .... parabola II
.hown in Fi,8.IOO. The val"" ore itaolculllc.J from ·
Parabo lic dishes
A.riall I>....d on ","",boIoidal re1\ec10r0 a... ''''" ..-, D' 0
importanl 'ype for , ... microwaV& hinds. Their m.in c - i6fOt~ - i«riDi
.dnnta....."'thltin principJt lhey<:;anbe modc'0 MoV&",
ta.",.pinasisrequire<l.'he)rcanOl)enuclI.ny freq""""" .8o.h .us "'" divided in.o.be ...... numbeT oI_qual
poruin .... WI)'iI>ownandnumbeTcd.PoinlJwhe"'cor ......
In<I ,hey l hoold requi ... U,,1c OO1,i", up. DiMdnnl""".", pondi", linesinl~tdeo<:tibcthtrequ;....Jpa",bola
thl'lhey."'no\'heeuie$lt ... i.... ,omakc...,.,""eJy, ... ltich
l;".;l.'boofreq"""""ltwhicll.~V&ndish<:;anbe ......... nd
10.... dishes.", dil!kult to moun,. Inti mo7 ",-"" I hWl
winda ..
ThebuicprOPUlyot.perl"ectpo.noboJo;dalrdloctoris
lllat;tooo ...... . JC>I>tri<alwaV& ........ 'i... ' ....... point
=~:=":"~n:~~:is=~;~~~
eo..~ .• lltheOflCfJY....,e;"'Cl bylbcdishr....... diswl'
..... rceistefloctcdto.linakPOOnllltboofocusol ' hedilll
8 yeal<:u l. t lon
eo.......,im'formsotlheeqUllltion>of. po"'boIa .... , uIi...
,boo nota,ion of Fi. 1.9'11
~ : ~~.:;;",I;;;;D=====
f_ ~
yh.llb(lIh"'"""iY<:.tldposil iY<:nl~
D - di ..... '... ofcOITC$pondin.di.h
8 .50
F.ctoneffecting practical di,hde.lgn can be I..;",.oed I»' 12d l! .• ~I}' .... Mllnlil l pin. A .i~n
endunge !'e,i.!::'I;.,a...:.~:,~ 1100 ~ ... dl\lple$ itS .. in if
!llza 'IM .... q'iomhipboot ....... ' ... dia ....... ofld~tnditS
Th;' is tho most Important fal"or P"'" i, do •...,..i .... ' ... .. in.lf""'uendesof.mll ... ' iftl ......lio!howni .. Fi ••.I01
mI.lmum aerial pin .hll COU be ",hie\.·w .1 • Ji~n fre _ An effi< .. nc:y of 50 perccnl I.a .. u'ned, .. hkh ........ lobe
quency. and lile bcamwid.h ,,,,,,hill,. Tire .<.u.1 pin lypkal of belle, I mllct>' pr.>.clioe. A~riak w;lh. diamel.r
oIIlli_ioli_by Ieos l han 5 10 IO~ ..,..... lIy will hI,'C a "lfIificaDd~ lower
<fficicrIcylhanlh;. ......... Tho~incbca.mwKltht
" . .... tak ... from Fi,'.92.
Two facton lCMl '0 lirnit lire mI"imum pin tha,canbo
... h<,.Ai$l ... p'Ojcr;:IW ...... oflhedi.h.nd~;.I ... effi<i....,y achie""O.Qnl ... 10W<"rrnio:ro""'.... f""'ucnc: .... 1... pllyoic:o.l
... hkh;' <It1c, rni_ mainly by ,lie cfl"0CI1~_ ofillumina· .ilCoft... a.ri.ali' t1leIlmi 'i~f.c . "'. Thu, a JOJII aeri.1
.ionoflhodilhby,lrefoe<lbulaIsoI»'CMhrrfaeron"lrich "" 1.:!96M H<"';llha",adiameterofju.t""", IOO.wll;"1I
";11 be ofur:usMd bcIow. Eact!1l ..... tbcdia ........ of.dilhis could ..~I.,._probIemtinf.bric:a.ion.r>dn'lOWl" .... A'
doubled. its pin is ~uad,upk<l. ie incraoed I»' 6<1 8. If
bo'hll. 'ionsdoublollle siuof' ... i'aeriais, . i..... 1..""'''h. :"~i~...~~~'':''tre''''~~:::
beamwid.1I Lends '0 be ,hr limi'in. faeror. f".... ~... mplo,.
~o;,~~i~~i.o::.'m-=l~nO~.H~~ ~!I~ ~
~Wred in har>d~ncefl"eCli .... lyo.uch a dirooti"'l<!rial
r:
The ratio of the focal length of the di.h
to its dlametef
Thi... lio, f, [) ",in,'lIeno",'ionofFi.'.W. i. Ihrfunda .
...... 1.lfaerorllO...".,.,i~'lredc$i"'ofllrefo:d for.dilll
'IM ..liolsotcoul"SCd."""Iy .... q 'ecilolllelnalo .... bomded
byll1e rim of'lIed"" .. ".f-..nd lhorcf"",also 10 I'"
beamwid.llof .... f<cd_ryooilluminalCl ... dilll
efl"eCli.c1y. Two di$br;$ of dilf...... nl dla""'l .. bul ha>in •• '"
.. mefll> ..,IO(:;l.n ompl<»' i<!cn,bl ,«r.c:tic:oJ ... hoes'or.hrf/o r.l1ionneofromai>ou,1>2oo
1.0. Tho ,,,Iuc of 1>1' <:OrT"apOnds 10 I"'commorr (oeal
plane di'~ in "hio:lI lire focus i. in I ..... me pia"'" I t "'"
,i m ol .... di.h. H""'.,".r...lucso(11Iel!U ... tio ..·hio:hp .....
d""" .dccpord;.h ..e(""'ucn.lyuscdcommcn:iallyw ... ...,
~,::"~~~~~~~:C:;"=~~:":ri.~il~
<Od~,.lbcil.""'e...pemcof""""lpin.nd",,I"
dil'l'lculty in dcsq,ni ... """'*".
feeds. S""h consido ... ~iono
• ...,onimponanlin an.nlOleurCOnle.I, l rrdced .lbc" •• lcr
.•
:.':.~~,..,.pon"''' bctl.r,p'<)\·idedO\'C ... lIpindoti
A...'illbcwm,.botc • ...,.numberoffaeron .. hidli".

nucrroe .bccho;roc:co" ... f/D .... io. l.-ormos'.mal.......l'l'li.
a.""".'" ",,#, 0-'1 ' 00-75....,..,1<1 .PPl'U10 beopfimum,
~1::I!:..~OI}'I«<I'fordi$hesouu.ido lh io .. n...
Changing the geometry o f e dl.h

..... ,;'-md..... is reduood in ...... so i.. f/D .. ,io isreduad
proponionlllely.Th",iflloealplanediohl.... ,.h;a,
r/rJ _ O-25i.lrimmood10 hll(il.orilinaldia""'.er, t .... t ...
=Ic~':ht:'i~.:ra"r::;::~~rn~~~P~:h'::
oaticr 10 illlI""na",efI'icion'Jy. 8y.rimrni'll'ho dish a _
priately,.nyfjD ... io'n'."... thanl1leori ....lc:anbe
..... lizcd . Th;..lfeCI,of"""~ . • Iw.,.nbeproduad
el«tricallybyun<lt,.illuminatln.llled;'h.
'1M .."",elf"". hlppon. In the ""POli'o .. n... II, ...
ori .. nalcu ...... ofadl.hi.e....en<Ied •• bcn.hofro ... ioofU..
' ....,00."_.,ophIooooI_,............. ....,.- ...,...,ltin.dish";IIda:ra.. proponionaldy
8.51
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
The effect of dish aeeureey o n

performanee
An ~ndenandi ... of'I>e<Jettee~aa:uro.cy"",uired ina
...[ r-<-"'''-t dilh;'importln.rorlWOrelloOflt . J'(1I1b1a; ,l>emuilll\lm
I~~ E:~;::~~=S~~~o~~~~~~~~~
..
_.", :;
\ :"~.~!'finnuenatl>e ea .. withwhichdishcscaobe
Thoeredooioninpind .... o ... rlocein'qulari.icsdepmdo
PJ 1 1\ 1\ OIl two raclOl'S. Fn'S'Iy. the a..-.nt by ... h>:h tIM: KI.w
... <focede\lil ... rrom .1.I'Ue,..... boIoid.'Thiswillbca.
~ .. ,hemcanY;llu<oft ... J1C.1k~ lion;o_of
I
hi "'-+t l ._odttI&1h.lbe...,.,...,. r"",or;, . he .."" of the "";"", of
.'i.honreb.1ive tot""_ve..... h • •• hefrtquCn<')'of
opc:r.o tion.n...sadi"in(1ionismadebc1""",osbonra,,..
i~ul.ti . ...... hich ~to.di.hor"""", .. tcO'o'Cf'llJ1
\
'rIYJJ'
-'---
paraboloidal .hape bu. ",ith. bumpy .urf"""', and lOtI.
I1Inte ir~.u l . ri'ies w,,"re.belurf.Cc undula,esabou, ,he
meJln $hIopc or. paraboloidwi ,h a peti.od;"i.ygr-ea ••• ,hIon
..... '.,k~h
n..relationshipbct,.'ftnloain ..in. ,bepcakdriia.ion
and, ... periodicity is ......." in Fi.I. I02. "'ILich ......"""
!- - th.a" ... dcviationsoccuruniformly.,...... t ...... rr"""'of ....
dish. If,hcy.",rauic\cd to. lim".... ru,I ..... , ... loa
..'ihbeproponion.ooely .......... 1t anbe ...... 'IIa • ...t.cn .hc
pttiodicily or the inqularilieo i •• ..,...11 fl1lClion of •
.... ..,....... h.for ..... mple "l./6,quitcla... i~"lariticsof
.bout ),fI oonl!etolent"'beI"ontthe p in isteduc:edby
Idll.ll<ooau .. of .hi. , ...... Il''''''orprojccti1lns such •• riVfl
/---- Vt;1 -- --
8 .52
Ilea"'. or of dtpmsiol'lO lK small bo .... can u.ually be ~~~~~' be borne in milkl w .... n plannin, ,he .uppotl
Iinared
H~,."'''''''''''''periodici,yuoood. a,•.-a ... '' ...' h.lho Coppe,. aluminium. ",I""niled iron .nd Ilnned ;,oo.~
mui!P\lm deYia,io)n flK. IdB loo<;,; ...... uced 'o.bout ",iubl< mal.rials for,ho mesh. !'bin iron.1>d .11oys .... h
),I 16•• l>di';,;'oblll'lOle&!tha" .... ao.i_rallidIJ .. .. b ...... willbc.........,louy.Praaicald"ba.~li ldylobe
'hodovia'io)nu.:eedsthis ....1ue.. For . pcak =or of abou' ....<Ie from a numbcrof .II.opcd pie<;c;;ofmesh. II is_
lJ9.forc.umplc.,he Ioos=ulli",io .bou,6dH.in ",hICh .,...nll.lfO"h$lOmak•• k:clrical_lICI.bu,iflhcydo
casc',,"di.hcouklbe~p~by.n.= .... '.dishofhalf rtOI,' .... n'hcy.houldo ... , ... pifpossiblc:by.llea".ni .... h
'110 di."""er wi,hOlJI loss in pin or'wo.llIcl\\willbca.lillhl;.... ~.!>eineflkic""yifl .... ,ine
Sho<1.ran"" i,~",Iui'ios are readily measu ...... "'i,h a of'heo.·.,\IIpi.ma<iel'1rallellolhcl'bneufpola,ialion
"' .... Ctw:cki ... ' .... Iont·ra .... accurac)'rtquira.pa .. ~
,....pIIo,.
.
",hlcb shook! praerably be accura~ '0 ",ithin Posit io ning tha flHld off tha 8XJ. of th a di s h
abou, jJ1Il.M.' hockofc:on<l""".... f*"'boIa."'&i'_ FiJ8.104"""'.. ' he .. ~'iomh,p~Iou"'plnol
::,~~~'.~.:'!i;,fu':,~ht-ci.'::~rd~...~~~~w':'~ 1~"": ~.:~= ~~ .~~~ ~:,: f~~"::':'~':id~-r'..":
,ho,cmpla,. i, hold .pin" , he dish, an .,.';mal.... n be da'a ......... ,wo im""""n' f~a.ura. Firs.'y ,hecfl'«1 ofli~ely
.... deof ' hea'-en~devi.'ion.1f,hel\\i la ')'S'''''''''iccrror . • rroNinoolUlructionon'.,i;olga inis.u,p,i';nalylow
' ..... . .li""chlo .... in'he,.. I... of'hefoc:al .... '.h.hoscn FO'hJOmplc. oon.;dera focal plancdi.h 5f1 in diame •• r
"';1 produce. bet,crfi, •• nd 'his isopccio"y'rue ,f,he .-I ",,2 -)(; H<. This w,u 11.0,..,. focal lenllh of J5in and a
cwYIIlu~is>P/lericlI""bcr'hIonPl",boIoidal .. i s _ ldllbe:!mwidthof1"W.... IOI).lf'hefccdi.otr... by2in
"rna ,he ....... An .""ra........... of ,he muimum =or C.Ia .... CI)n$I ...... ional.rror).,bm lhe 011'""""" is abou,
meI",red by 'hi. method <:<>rrespanch 10 'wicc' .... PCIIk 7". ie I be:!mwidlh.The""uhi.,.los.otinpin,.·,llbeopproxi_
<lcv1.lion.From'hepc.kvaILIC:an~ .. ",,'ima,cor, .... period • ...... lyld R_ h wouldbce'....... "ilh.di'hoflon~'
icilY, . ndtima,cor,he likely Ion or pin ala parti(ub, f"c:il knal~
r"""ucnc:y c:an be obc.ined. Alt., .... 'i ...1y ,he maximum H"""" .. r.ilmu'lbenoted'ha,if,hef«<lIt<>lf~by.
r~ofQflcra'ionc:anbees'i ....1ed,For.-'lImpIc. anain ancl<. lheft,be be:!m reflected from lhe dW> will be
_ ' h e ....... i ..... mdcvia'ionf"""'he'emplace ........mI oll''''''o.''''ahlyl ...... meo .... '. Ir,hootr"" is in ,he hori·
"",... , pII ... ,hen Iheerro< .. ill ....... ,1y beelimi",,'ed in
::.:''';''ck;.'':~tr'::~:~tx.:,~;''!,'~~~~'':'h~ 'peak,,,," lhe acrial on tbo Qtbcr .. a,ion. HO\II'eVer. if ,he
freq ...... yti •• P!>I'O,imalelyx....KI'h.II .... .,...kdeyiailon
is.boul l./ IOan~ lhe pc,iodici'y i•• bou, H. From Fi.
8.1 02. ilc:an be ...... IhIol,hi,di.h,,'ould havca loos in pin
oIabotll HdB. A' HOH .. , be peak error...,.,\d be l,J26
~..'!",~~.botIl .. 'lxpr_blelossinpin,.ould
MaterialS of construction
Oi.t.es uplO. fewf.... in diamel<:'.re ...... llymade f,om
ooIic1matcrial.Aluminium,CK_·_lIymapesium,is
froquen'lyprd'...-...:Ifoo_ ........ iont.e...o""'of'nlow
..~.ilJhilhfonnatNti1y.nddu"'tNli'y .• ndJOOd~Ia:I'intl
chltK,e,;""",. Wi,h increui ... dish .i.e. "';ada"" Ilarts
,
o·~f
'obecomea .. ,oe~problem.A • • wind.peedof5Omphfo,
nan'ple .• nO' uncommon val .... ,he f""", on I flal object
is .bou, ?I~If1·. The J1 ...... u'"' .uppot'i.... di.h ~fI in dia·
_wouldloUli'uI"'il>dforccof.bou' IOOIb.onIOPof
wllirh the nonnIJ .... incerina ..fcty factorof5.bOIIld be
Ipplied ::i
FO<tun<lldy. amaleuN c:all ..... d"ba In which' .... main
I\\l\octi.... urfa •• i•• mesh. I"" lowe, fronl_lo.back ... ,in
o."j
resulli ... ..,."paml "ilh. solid dish Is rda'ivdy unimpo ...
i.
IanI. T .... ,ossinpinuafu""'ionor'.... ~'meIl$ionsof'ho
mesh are &i'oen in .. ',101. Bmodly IoPeOli"" prOV1dod
111.01 ,he muimum dimoNion of ,ho .... pe<p<nd .... ~< 10
Ibop\aneofpolari.a.,ionisk:M,han . boul l,Jl0.Ilw:nthe
louinf""".. nlpln\lliUbe .... ,II.onldli. NOI~lha'.pcr
f«1ly .. ,i,f.ctory di.h in principle Q,,, be made f,om •
... iQof.h.pcd.I..... n.. l'IJnnin."",. ,IoI.o'hop ... neof
poLoritalion
C1ea<ly' .... morcOPM ' he ...... h'heftihelolo~r'he,.'in.clo,.
orl .... acti&L H~.'Mwittda"" .... ybe_"ttIII'i ....
IhIotQ, .... Ia'e&!f<Omthe~._oflhelnl3l\ ••1>d
8.53
V H F/ UHF MANUAL
l
~
'"\ '" '\"---
i'---
~
i-··'\ 0·3"
\ \ '".. ,,'\
1\ \
"".. ,'\
\ 1'\
f.....t,.."... . in' ... ~rllcolp/lone.'h<naproportionol' ... f l>t .... in f:actotf.v.... tin.'heu ... ofa IowflDr:alion
nld",~po .... rmaybed'I'CIC1«1u"in'(>''''air<),d<)W1\'o. ,hecornpooCl"""oI, ... eri.l.lIocIu .. , ... f<o<ollitplaoodl'
Il>tfo<;:u, or rtear to i•• I"'n ,he . m.lltt.he flO t.,lo,h.
~~~~: i~;~~W~~~ ~~:~,: If"""'" , ... Iou ~~%7r ,... (0011 Itn"h •• nd 'hemore lhe ..... !>ulky i. ,'''
"M<Ond mos, iml>'>""~' '~alu", i. ,lui, fot dnha oI l1i",
fill ... uo. ' ... f.....t may beotl'!oe1 by. number 01 beam-
..idIMbcf""' ...... ifican'rcdtxtioninpin .. in'rodu<:ed
"nimpon'n,raclorf.vourina. h .... f/D ""... iI_oI
d .... contI ...... _.ltseems.r.ir ... umpoi<)n'hI"hcet'ors
..
~:=~,~:t!ed,~.,; ~..:.,~~':..:~~'t!.fw:
1I11)'.lonpidoeaclloll.. t.IIMHCNb!inlonodnhlobetOKd
LnvolYod on makina • ""rvod JIL<f..z are ",Ia,c~ '0 , ...
dqruol ""r","u",. The ftatter .... d.... (~ .... hiah<r ill flO
nllio).ptobably' ... ....,......,..nu.lyi.""nbemado..... ha.
.1 Iny rimo on """"I""" """bond.Thn.pprOKh .... Ib< ., ..... dybceno!>own.'hehilhe" ... ffDntrio.heless(ri'i<:a1
.d~."' ... O.... t<)lh<tmolhod.<)fmulliband '"",,inlin Ihal aloo i.lhe ' -" iooill& of I'" f.....t. For dishe!. which 1<&
..chof,hcfecd<C.3.nbeIMependenllyfOil.nd.djuotod apprn ...... ,ion. 10 paraboloids. f01' example. 1>t conal
wi't!<:>uI .ITc<:,illll''''''''fotothctbands. lt lul • • millot ..r;.It<leM:r.btd ... I.... 'hcte io.da' ...I..ions.hipf.vcuti ...
m«hal'llcald;"'dvon'qc:,I\IIloncha"';naf""l"""'Y,b< • hi", (10 ratio
A MCOndfactOf n ..", 01 foed ..... A. is ohown by Fil
:=:~~=~~~~~~::':~I~!!.~ 8.,,(. ,... '0
=. ::
beamwiod,h of ,he f<Ul ...... ircd in""".......
!n:e.,"!='~y.~to7:'rl>t..~~~~I~~!d::
!~I~ ,ffeet of obttruetlonl in front of the
ocri!"';.~~,t~.~~::::~~bit!'m~~~
Fiuin •• f<o<ollinfto",of,hedl.hi"""illblyob!lcur ..
of ,hcdioh and ,hcn:f"",coutQ-...10M in .. in. T I>t.ffc<:1
,..n ino ......... ,.hieh ,ends 10 compound the difficul,;" ..... ean
t.c ...... frornF.. S.114, ...... lof'bt..., ..... nta""in'hn ... _
itlutptitin&!y ...... II.E.m ... hm'hediamolctol'heobs.t\II;· ."'KhieYod,."""'btfIDnt'io.~o-~loo-6..
'i<)nioo-l'i ...... thod;.meletol ' hedtlh ' h<lottitonlyld8
MOI.poanicalf...... (~P<"I\IIPI''''*buoodon' h'' ~ d'::: :i:':::-:n'='::.z: or~::::'":::=
Cuotpain SYSlem).", u.....1)' m""h ............. nd ,heftier. 01. f<UI in t"'horiwnlaland-'iCIl p/Io".. •• nd.bo . .......
will"" .... -'~bIodrect d ... lotl>tla .... hiftwi'bf""l ...neyin'h<p"..., ...... rcol
muUibandf.....t ••""huloaporiodic ....f'. It .lso.IIOW1'he
!r:m0:.~;n:t.:. ~~~~ of foeal length to .ilinloff.....t••,onl'idtonc.no'...... anahern .. i•• lo' ...
..."., fo'm ofmuhibl.n4 feeds. Finally. fora .ho<1 foc.1
Thc .... in,.. ..""'lonofin'...,.'oI"""""."' ..;n.nd ienathdi.h •• """'n . ...... li ... ,yla ...... paceiou.Foo,.fOOlI
e!6cimcy.bu'factortW<has ..MoIcoll$tru<:lion . ..rrecuof plan<ditJl.fortllamplc.onlyt"'_containodwillLin
ertor1iJ1eom,ructionaltd,he_oI,bedaip.nd,uni... ,he4d8 beamwidlb 01 .... fud n rdlccted by.hedisJIif.a
oIf-'s •• ",aboimporUln"~1obc k-.d and fron.·,o.bKk ed ... ;lluminationol-.Od8nopccificod. ForldiHI-.tblll
r:ali<) .rc oIl1O<O<1dory imporUl~" in .ma,... , <>pen.1 ..... fJDntlioolo-7.lhepowercontainodwithin.9dllbeamwidlb
8.54
i. rdI<c.cd by lhe dish. which , iluali"" i, ra,hel mo", dish. ra,her more ,""n i.u,u.l. bul,hisne<:d nol presen.
effieien' any problem •. -f hed ..illnof.ui'ablehornfot<!<for.he$c
The al»vcfaclorssu""" ,hat the laljer the f/D ra,io ,he di,hesi' livcnonpll.S8.Carefulmc.su",men" , u""" , hal
::r:~,:::: ~~:~,~~ ~~b~~ :~S~~rli~~o~

Lhe lid. werc inLcnd<d 10 ha.c a spherical ralllc:r lhaD PlIra-
again .. V<'ryl"",focalleng.hdishesi.,ha.amorcdin:<:.i,-e ~O~~;!r~,::a~:,..,~~::,~~'~r~~~ ':!~ ofcu~aLure>

and'he"'forebulkierfoedi.nece.sary. lnpracticc.the A d''''bin lid mayal'" be u<ed lof<mn the «n.rc potIion
on.Uuc,;onof.he:ap<r1ure .""hfot<!<ca".. isonly.i",ifi<::lnl ofalarllCrdish,Thehesl.fi'l"'nl>olai,detenniroed ..
whensmaUdi.hesareusal ... ,he",,",'erfreq ... ncin.Frn- described on pII.50. from ",'hieh lhe , luIpr of e:<le"';on
""". ama 'eur pu'poses.• he optimum fll) ra. io the ... forc pic<:escanbecakulaled.Nole.halu'hef"""IIeOJthoflhe:
..,ouldappearlobein.hera n geo-3toO,n lid remain. unchanged. "".1Ic:
flD ra,ioofthc:d;.h formed
willd«rea .. pro(lOf1ion.,ely a.il i •• xI.nded
Co ni ca l r efleet o r
Lnlhe desi",.hown in Fig8. IOS , Ihc: principle in.ol..-.d i.
Practical dish construction .halaeonicalreflcc1or."hichi. I,lflgly curved , urfacc • ..,n
approxima, •• ullkienllyciooelylo I paraboloid tOOl . ~ea
Th e dustbin lid di sh r.fIec.or ofwor.hwhi1e pin. In . his ",,,y .he problem in
~v.ralofthe'moo1hlyroundcdlyp<of",l.anizcdiron ma):-inll a <loublycu,,-edsurfacci.a"oidcd, ln i""mplesl
dullbinlid,luIV<'boonclleckcd"""",d inllto.hcmelhod forOl.a .. g""'nL i,cu .from aci",ulard ~ {)frne<h"'hichi.
described on pII .50. All no'.., boon wfficien.ly accuratc benl 10 form a.inll;le eonc. Solid shttl m.y be used if the
p.araboloid.'obr:u",fula,dishesa.frequenc;""up.oa. incrn$edwindagc""uitingis o=ptable
least 1000H:. Being,ypiocally 18in.02nindiam••• r.lid1of The desi", iUu,t .... ,cd a pproxima,es 10 • paraboloid
'h i. ,y~areache'lIandreadiIYI"ail:lblefllnl1of"d ilh"
ofmoderal.pin al.h.highermicro"'3,..,frequ.ncies
All the lid. me.sured h.,'., a rel.ti,-.Iy long"foc.al leni,h"
:;';~!~~:':: :'~e~2~t~~~".,=~~~~~:u~"=:
lionfrom aPllral>oloidisless lt•• n '-J16,,,'hich •• luecorm-
",hieh correspond. to a fll) "u ioofal>oo, 0 " ' 0 O·~_ This pood ••oa loss of""ly abou' Id8. A ",,,,,, ...ha. larserdish
means'ha.,hef«dl)Oin'is.omed;'ta"""infron'oflhe in prac,icccan br:madeif.hc'olera""".tlheccnlreoflhe
di,hi. relaxed.Thioi.justiliableinl""ttheccn,re •."ds,o
::~~.~'''.Ji:::: ~~o~~nof~~c:~~~u~:7;:i~~~
low'er conc is used . bul a fttd approprille 10 ,he hillhe:r
eIf«"""f! 1) ral;OOluSI ofeou ... be~mployed
A much belt.r approximalion 10 a ""raboloid can be
~~~i~~!,:.~~~~f~~~m~=ifa,~s J~;~.~it~8i~:r
coneismadeeuctlyhalfoflh •• oflheou •• ,.The:maximum
elTOroccursinninepla<:e<oneac:h ..... ion.ndh... valu.
in ali ca... ,iV<'nby
~"" - SIHfID)
~f edi~h i:.:-:,;:I.:::.,~:.,he~~.~;=~h~~'::;
raOJ"Sfrom8 J. foraf"""lplancdi,hlO 19,1 J. for one wilh
.f/D ralioCQual to 0 ,6. Tbe sh.pes of the: co"'" ""Iuired
canbr:del.nniroedll ... phicallybyfiltiOJSlraial!tli ..... ,olhe:
""Iui.-..d ""rabola ,,,,,h a, 10 equalize and minimize lhe:
elTOrs. All=alively,theymaybed.ri.cd.ialheequalion.
,iV<'ninfiI8.106
Afibr egla ss reflector

Fib",glus.faced with alumi" ium k itchen foil or fine mesh
~~b".., 1I:1~::~.odio;n~::'~"':'~io~l~f ":!:!
... mcienlly accura.e for u'" at the higher microwa"" fre-
q""ncies. Somcformofmouldi. r.quired,and.hiscanbe
an exi"iog "'lid dish Or . p!a"ereutlaken from one. A
nl<ll>od oC making a <and mouk\;,iUustraledby Fi,8.107
A '.mp1alCof.hedesiredsha~i~rol. ted lbou l.ccn.ral
pi~01'O Cu, ,he: <and.o .haprwhich then i> ftxed bya coat
!r.:ii~' I~rf~ ~!n'~1 !f~Y~~i!'~ fi::=.rer,a~lt w~~

8.55
V HF/ UHF MA N UAL
--
;._ - .ii,
....". '... __ '.. 0' .
~O~~" .... n;e,., '.'''''0'
lypoc:all)'jinforadish4f\ind;amelet. PI)'IO'OOdornw:uol
'l;trcnenculco s"ape.",incoJ"fJ(Jnlcdinlol"""fU<1ur<
."".nymnunl;nafl.<h"Clr<quircd aloolr<bu iltup.Th<
nbtql ....houldbe.IIQWedallc.o.I ....... k.Qharue..befo'"
~~ ·:.::I.!-='::'''~·ht.~~~=i!~~~~
bnish.ilI<di<hiofllOOllbybon<\ina .... wi.h..,.;"pt'OC'IIl
0<C1 ......oIllumin;"m fQiI or",""" ...'hieh.....nap by.1
~ 1,11. An ... mno>ina ......... "",i ... I"" d .... f........ 7 he
painlOdfor pt"ot«lion
Amodiftcationtothi.l«hniq'll.i.toulCfilmgLas.sul""
.... in"""'tfU<1ionalmatCfialbuttoka... la,sc ho lol whit;h
.",lat.,liIlcd with tN "'""". Thiomrthoclsi.l:nifiatn.ly
rcducalhcwi ....... compared ..·i'h ..... iddtSh
Construction of a mash dish

Fip 8.10I! .nd 8. 109 .""", I mc,h.od or "".."noeti ....
=~"=:ic~a~ ~i~7a':!.,:~h.~~~~~e.:::";"~
lwolt.al""CO facililllt.I .. _ ........., l!i.... 'rcbs ....uf"""
_1CtpmO/"{..... rinc)ply.ooodddl ... thc nut'nwpeolt""
4ish,lncI in ..... ci,d." 01,.,;", Nip in nutl<i.,.,N","""
_r"....tol ....... ~ .. b<>I<:tidalwpc.Thcpcrimct.'it
.... dc f.om popc:r rope imp<qnated wilh re.ln-ordinary
.opc.houldsufli<.blltl"" rcsinmu.t he well worked In
Sha~KCti<>"'ofchicl<cn"'irea .. clippcdIO.he.pidct
... ilh 22. liMed coppe' wi .. and ,he tlnalSlfU<1Uft II
proIDCltdbypaiol
Thestre, sed pera bolicdil h

Thi. impoMartl desi,n ofdi,h in iIJ ori"n.l form i. IZf!
ill d"'mclCf)'C1~ .onI)'22Ib. canbedi ..... n' lcd'oft'
im.idcart(Amcrican)ca'boot . r>dyfl .........,b!cdin.boul
.,min. ThcMrialhaslpinofaboulJOd8all,2%MHI •
2.104MHL AI ) .• """ "6(; Hz
• "" .pproJ.i .... tdy J6d8.1
8 .56
a,...na< ....... to.hcpolc a nd'o'~f_.ndsot"eac .. of' .. ~
'pokes 10 d.form Ihcrn,o.h<ror",,' do ...... T1tis fonn '"
ronmI>Ctionprod""",. hi", resis'anoc 10 wind Ioodllll
Wlll4fQfUa<1'n8C>nthef_ot"thediohl<"nd$tobelaun
bylheli".,.,.nd.I••" ""'IIcbad! ollhediih hastoOACUd
the, ......... Int ....,.... bdon:' ... dl ... willddonn.J!Pf"t'
ci.ably. lkcausool' ... p,..••".".ol'henPdccntreboss.nd
,hef.C1thllt""Oildl",iI"",,"ppliedak/natheul.ot"thc
reI'Ieotor ...d.,nceforprac.icaldl.h«lhe<lc...... ot"bendln.
rcquiredl.,..la"velylarp:.theu.apcprOO..-lI.noIp ....
c .... y. po. .. boIa. H""',",~r. II is ,"lfo<in>dy dooc for...., al
L.296)o.t.bWl".OUlfllnhcr~.iu«mon' . For ..... II2.XI4)o.t lh,
"is"orthwhi"ddorrnilll,hetod< . llp'Iy$O,hatlboucr
~~~bI.'ncd"-'lh respcc1 '0. lemplo.~ollppropril.(
=rcd
The orl.ln~1 ~I.h " ... <ks"ne<! ' o hi'" I flU ..,.0 orD-6.
If'hill .. tlo;.redU<<d''''nt~l...a:u''CYOrlhcdl.h
""h. pa. .. boIoKl ..m •• nd to ".,......e.and.ioo
Sc1'"IOlhc ..... ot"...,hSflOl<eis.n~boh'lIo"ou&h ... h~h

l.paMCd. Im&Iholj.ndiameo..... Iva"'lCdir"" "ire
.... hich dell....,..he pc,ip/lcry of the dish. 'fhe md. of 'hIS
wlre.re ....~rlapped by aboot 61n and bOIInd with Ihln
"'ire. Tile nul. $urface of lhe dl!.h conslllS of n>eih
,,· .. lch is filled '0 ,he bacl! 01 tllc d ...... 1"I"'ori.i ... l,
aluminium "';ndoow oc .... ni ... with holes .bOII, lin in
diame ......... \>ICd. Four .. n","1 '"* ~_n \OICIher
u will "ill have. very"'''' p in but les.df.,icnt
",II be
n...reis.ol"""""",no ...a$On"'· ..yt ... me.hodofronOl""'tion
"",h nylon Ih""'d"":rIMqU,.;r ..... b .. i1h.""'",. .. pol
IbO\I'lin.The_-n half,..., , hI:n cu, '".d\apc lofi, •...,
.hO\lI~""tbeapplo«lto~l$hesofmllc .. I'es pon me'.r wire ... i,ha lin """rlap. and",,..,, .Olhepc,;...... ~r
The main pd""i" .. behind , ....... ,... is thai if. uniform ... ,~af' .... ""ttin.'k"'ln ,"'m<sh,o.void .hctonsion.in.
rodil fiuda, i""'n1reand the md. are Ioo<le<l a, TO"', IUlCS.nd 'he""",es. Aft.rbending' ... di'h.o .... p<:. ' hc
• ..,Ics'otbt .........,uisoltllcrod.t..... thcrod ...,"beNI o,· ... lIpbel ....... eac:h .. n.tllol ' lKme<hnolyfl ...... nlnd
lha'allhepcnmeter ..... ~ju<oed,o .. ""' ... balfi'anol
=:".:,,:;~..:.::..~t~~t~ioh""::..'!..~~';,:':.'i"I·~ :::,~~~~:';~~~ !::,~=.~~~~""~
1./'IIJ'_III.E''''t... n.polcoaresellna~''''bos$.h''''''''
... h~h a pol~ projccll. f ilhin. lil'le$ of app"",".'. "nSlh .1'ppcdol'l' andfoldcdun,'ln><Iuired ... ,n
f ....h (or 1.2?I>MH. and 2.XI4M H. <le>1.r'I«I <$po.... lly
forthl.d lf h. bu'of""" . . . ""'....
Hf/D .. ·i(>, .... ci ...n Ottp8.66
,,'i,h any d;.h 011 he .. ....
~~:"-::.
\!:7w
P'o,.. hi."",.o;:-"".,u",oo<OY-
5"""' ~!:!!.'!.~~':'_" 11$_'
......... n.._--,<WO .., ............. _
8 .57
V HF/ U H F MANUA L
The design o f feed, for di sh es mhlledbylll<foodpol5CSlround Lheed .. of lbe

InlpcrfCClfcal .l"I.mf..... pa ... boh.<I"h,.lIlhe .... '1J' di,hlnd i.losl. The",is d ... rly.nopLimumbcs ....
... ouldippea'ioeme'.. f.o"'.poinl"""""'pla~allhe widlhoffoedwhichresuluin flirlyuniformillum;na •
focu., and ... oold t)e<;(lnsain.~ " ',Ihin, wn. l'I'hkhjuSI lion or lhe ~ilh, but .... ilh limillXllow:s around Ille
inlercep"lherimof'hed loll. Alllhe .... 'l)'llI<n""ooldhe ed ... This is achlo.-ed w.... n lhe ilIumina. IooI1 ,he
rrII«.od bylhod,oII'nlhor""mofa pia ... "'I" •. Thll i<leal od.., 01 ,he dilll hlPPfoxi""'leiy IOJ U -',II""'
pM:IUn II oompI"",1ed by u.e ..1 racoon :~='==.Ind Ihioval"""'iU he USumod '"""""",,I
(I) I'ractic:al r-u I'll .. "" wrp N. oIf. Gmcntlly lhe (b) ElecaUKlhe rimoflllJl .... r.aboliodioh is funl>er f""'"
_dtn";ly;'a .......,mumlllhe ..;'olthe foed lhefeed,h.anislhecetlln: • •hen:isll"",dysornc:kIIs
::'!II~.n'~I'! ';,7.: :"':w~ ~:Yr~~~ ~
11'111 "" " besp""ifled i. 11I< be:omwidlhal which III<
bu' l linlhelY>l<m.Thi.IO£<is""IIedI,,"~Jou.
I ndl1'1O,;e.,..",ordin"".he fIDTlOtiooflhedish
For . tocol p\;",.dioll. il is equal 10 6<m. Th.",forc. to
p","",dcnli'y is. fore.u.mplt. half Or one-I.nlh of lhe
maximum ..I\Ie, T her. is lhen!i'ore I jud_nL \0
bemadc:<mlhoOl)llmumbeam..'OdIhol.foedforl
"vmdioh. lf,oo_ ..... iII...,.. Iedb)'~. . ..IIl(.).
=:::~~~~~t~2~:;~~~~:~
"""II\, «IWlI 10 '''" .........boended bylho nm ollho
,,-loflll<enerlY radialed by,befcali.,dltC1ed dkll .... s rOCUJ. ... hida is IlO'in'hi$_"""". For.
by lbe ~ish. bu, .. nee lbe ctIC<$Y is ronccnlra,ed II
dilll of ton..,. f"",,1 kn"h. ''''''''''''' 10M is lm*1",
III< ""n'," of lhed"h • •hon lheOven.11 pin of ,he F<)I"cu.mplt. for. dish hlvi"," ffl) l'I.ioflju.1 ' 0
.eri. l . uff.... lf lhobQm ..'i<!lhoflhefoedi.'oohi&h, o-6.lhes~10>s;.I ·5d H .Thu •• 'ui •• blcfoedwould
U Iliumalod by FilJ 8,1I2(b). ml>Ch ot ' l>eent'rp
:~~~ ~~h. k'.<'B bcsmwOd lh equal 10 .I>e foed I nlle
IcI Toacltio~hiahdlk:oenc~.lhed .. hmuscbe;lIumlnaled
.:::;a~
nd c;;: ;:':::b ~"'!.:! 1.!..~::h"::.:~
'"Utical di ..... ionI. Unfonunamy I'" commonly
uilCddipole/"'I'\ccc .... nd.in-canf-u."' .........11y
001 "ery"'isfac'ory in Ihil fCSpcct. Pyramichtlhoms
::c;:,~hin,,:~.~';'~:"CX)'.n<I too, usc""11 be
(d) Theptweoen'rcolafeed isddinedu lhe point from
... hich,he......-.y.ppe.a .. ,ocmanale. lnpraclical
f«ds .... pbas<""nln il.lrelylpoi .. ,.mocl........
ollhef"""is.l ...1O""li"'iflcanlf..... iorIof._~
kn&t/I. The si"Mtioft ilrurll>ercornplicalCdby tho
8 .58
fac •• ha ...... phO$O<:en.rein ..... horilon ... l(E-)planc radia,cd by ,he feed a••• pherical w.",is.""""rtcd by
may differ from.ha. in.IIe.-cni<:aI (H _) planc, Mulli_ rdlectiona"hep.araboloidalrdle«orin'o a pl,m.",.. ,...,
band f....J. su<h q los-periodiC arrays .uffor.1Ie The charac,.ri .. ics of.he feed re<]ui"'" '0 illumin ........
addi.ional diiad,'an'age ,hal ,lie pha.. com..., will di.hcomo:'ly.~de1ermincdbymea."'inll'h. f/D .".ioby
"""'" .i",ifican,ly as ,lie f~qu.ncy ofo"'"""ion i. .heme,hod.d...".ibedonp8.SO.lndde<ermini"alhehe.m-
chanacd. The loss in aerial ",in due.o vari.,ion. in ""id'h of.he feed from Fia8,114.Thu.'hefcedfo,.focal
,l1eposi.ionof.llepllao."""'re5ciearlywillbelari<T pla""di,hfor w hi<:hC!D _ O·2,.hooldha,...,.ld liboamwid,h
wilh dishes of.hort focal Ienl'h.ir.ce ,h. elf«1 will oflH' . Foradi.hha"ingaf{DralioofG-7.lheld8boam-
be {HoptHlkmally area<e,. T hi. i, .001 .... ' fac10r ",·id,h shouldbo46' .AI,.rna.i.,.,y,.hcIOdDboam w;d.hmay
~:;;~:i:I'1Ie u.. ofdi.hes ... i,h a rela.i.-cly hiah he <pecifietl. and ,hecorrafJOf><lingval""i,8l'
:~:md~~~:r~I:!~~~.c;;~~1~~;~~D:E~~~
requimichang""cryrapidlyal.heflD""'ioi.reduced,
Practical feed systems which mak", ,I>< d",ign or .ui.al>le feed; for ,hon focal
Ieni.hdi.hesr::t'I><rmo~cri.ico.l
Direct feed The ma inad,'.n'ag.. oflhi~me.ho<l ofmou"'inK .I>< feed
In . hi.me.hod ....·hi<hi.iIluma'cdbyFiI8,llJ .• hepha .. a~ i1S.inlplici'y in corwxp.;on and """"",,,lion. I. ha ••
un.reof.hcf....Ji.placedu.l'Iefocu.of'l'Iedi'h.Po ...'.r hilh o"erallefficiency.• nd i. Ie..'" ,he back of.he di.h
dea, which can f.cilita,c mOlln.ing.he dish. It. main
disadvanlage i. ,hal wi.h di.hesof lon8 focal leng.h, ,tie
feed suppon s.ructure is qui.e bulky. Fill 8. IIS sl>owsa
practical ae,ial.ysoem of lhis Iy","
Indirect feed
Fia8. 11 6 ill"Slr.'es,he 1IWmt:'ry or 'hi' me.hod. Power
radi"e;lby.hereedi.~lIectedby.pla~lub-rclIcc'oron.o
.1><main~fk<:lo,. A.phoricalwa""g<ncra.edby.hefeed
i.con"erledbylhe.ub-~fl<CIo,inlo •• p"",ical"'".'~of.he
.. meradi ... ofc"rv .. u~bulmovin,'ow.rd. 'hedi.h.Thi ..
inlUm.i.""n"erlcdby.hedishin'oapla",,"'... ~
:: ,40HH\-t+++-HH-I
I ~~;~~~~~~K~~~I~~~~§~
cho;e" .• henilSposi,ionisfi.cd _ ilrnu"juSlin'e""p,'inO$
1"'+-++--'I++++-1---H
! ooH
.f \-t--I++++-1---H
; "+-+-++-+---+,+-1-++-1
1>'"~O
:'~.!i!~~io!h:, ::::~:: ~!,,!B':::t';'o:~:htl;': :::":,o:h~~if=:'
'''~ 'h 10 6""''''::.!~ ~~!~~:::'~'=!:B dow" .0"'.......
8.59
V HF/ U H F M A NUAL
~~:~:R::;~J;~~Z~:~M=~~:~!:~
Ippa ..... ' foal ,.".,h. A S<Cond fealu .. iI .1101 ....... ill
""".n..il!oli'yinlhe.,.,..,ioni".oI.hef...... T...... iI ....
"'"""""hy.f"' ..... rnpk:.lhcreftlollould""'he..-."1Cd
r"""";,behind,IC,heq, ... "''''.. cqllal.lkca .... 'II< bcbiod,llcdilhllrilll'hrvulha .... ,ublcllok.
.... b-rdleclOrltpla"" •• 'Ioe .. inllald .. hhas'hc ... medil....., ... T...., ...... ho<kfordcunnini ..... he.hapeollllCh)'J><rboIo
~:~<><;'~Ie~"'~.~~ :"it~ :~~oo:,.:~~

... ci·-enbclow.Thcpaphieol ..... hod<kocribcdf_liY<$
afooJf"...helF">fT'<'l'Yof.he.ys •• m•• nd ... r«ornm<ndod
~ ...... p. Thc -'Ond n""lIod .""blos ./oe lI1opo of ,he
Thc ... b.rdledor;,u.... U)'madcfrorn,.,IHlrna1<Tial hyperbo'-'obc:calculalcdd,=lly.• ndin.f",mmore
.ince hi ....."",II.bu,mes.hor"'i""runninlp.or.alkl,,, ouiuobleformachinil1ll.he.ub..<fIe<:lorfrornllOli,I.Thc
~":S~: ~1~':::::I=:,~~::,=1 by In$lhan '-'10 "lfe, d<:/.il"i"ror"",.;""islli'~nin.""f"'mohpl'll(lical ... mple
Thcrnainad •• nl"ll .. "f,hi • .....,hoda.. ,hOllhcfeed

c;l.nbcluPJ)OncdfroM,hecen",o',hcdilh(alihoulhlhil
"""Y <omplical. "",ulllill, the di.h). and only •• da'ivcly
IW""~,ur.i . -'.o ... ppOrtl/oe.ub-..Ik:<;.,,,.DiJ.
advanUOp:s of,he ",."hod .... 1101 an ed"Ii'~ninFi" . I", s..lIicaof'o< •
• re~todistinp"hpo. ....... ft1.M«iI.cd .. ~h,,,",,,"1
and''''~inualdilh"",pecI''dy. A c:omplclcdconsIfU<!ion.
8(1U1.l1y f",.n 18indaamtln di~h in'cOOcd (",opmlllion
•• 24(J l bil si>own in Fi.8.1 19. The procoodUI'< iI u folio ...
(I) Calcublt'''' dish 1>'' ' ' ' r...... ......,,,,,ble n~m""" of
(2) :~:~~r': r: ~ ""i<> r. /I) ror,'" ~in ...1 dhh. I,,"

..
1~",:~~r:::: ~r!i~' r d. and Ih. pOIilion 0",,"
(.II ...... ;o'.{D.houldp.. re ... bly~.bou l
0-5. A.uucs'cd ""I... i.O· ...
'of'....
(b)l ... diame •• ub....&c1"'d.hould ifpoMible
C.neogr.ln fMd :l~:~!:,!=~~~:d~

Thc .......... 'YofaCa....,..i".ymmis"""""·"i"F".. I.I11. (c).hcpOli.ionol .... ' ............ o"'ical.hutpra.ai.
Ii issimila •• o Ihcindirect ' ..... .....,hod.lreadyd.t:$cnbed. eallyopeakinatbouldbcoap.obkolaAjuOl........
,hcaoeolialdilfef'tGCUbci.,.,ha'U",pbna.... b-rdlec,,,, duriIl&MaI.Ii""""",.
ilreplM:alb,._shapcdrrikctorha";l1IIlhcfonnol_hype•• Wll<n."'''ollh<xlhnoopo.nomele...... ..,..afio,:I •
\>oIoMI.Thcmal .. ""'uhol ... ilcha ...... 'hll.hcv'nual d""
....., by Ihc'eo<! tw _ """". 'oallenFh Ihln , ... real dilh
•""".11< ,"ir<! iI Jiud. For,'" oumplc ill""...",,,.
' ., O ... ill bemadc:0-.9. d SfICriI\<duHin(d/D-
:r~~ ;;e:"~~~~o?l~~~9~~ ~~.":'!:

Thill. dilh oIihol'l (OQlknllh wllidlcan\X:dilf\cul"o
illumina •• <flIcientiyean beCOlwenltd io.o ""'" ""..""..
8 .60
Ol ~v~!~~~ :~:h ":.::7:~ of~: =:~;,:)d:
~~~=r'::.~~~Wb-mla:.or .nd F, ,,"hlUpccl
.') ~ :'lJnof'~vin"'l dn.t> O. n ...."n IIff, + t. -
1'1 C.lcula'.usin. .......",.,val""'otyasin .. cp(I ) 'h.
",<>fi!e of ,II< .ir.ual dish from ..... «1"",>00 ~ . _
~~7,;~~:~7..:':"~ ~I:~: g.';,::~fi"

(OI .kMnea<hof' .... pIoI'ed pOi.n"rorbolhdio.he<1<)' ...."
.....,'' :NI
respcclh'c rocus. l '.... l'Oin.sofin •• of lines
","""pondJd,10.he .. mcval"",ofYI "ndy.'hen
....
,!:~n< ~uimt h~p"rbol • • rmm which . 'emp" " From lheoe rcl"ion.h ips. ,h•• an ~ y .<HIf"Ilinalts of
,he reqUired hYP"rbola an ... calcu il led . fly 'Ub-
~::',,!!:::'"a:;xofC:="~~::';::Y';"~I~":.:~~
~::::=""", .... ",(o<mach'''i''' ' hercI'koclOl"
/\ / \
/ / \
/\ \ V , / V
I \\ / V V V \
\\ \ / / V V V
'""" ,\ /:
"" / 1\ \ ,\ \ /: / / V V
~ ~l'"
\
\'~ /V ~ \
:,;~::::2. ~~~~~~ '\. ,/ .. ,,;...,_ .....,._-, .

\
\
!
"
8 .61
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Acompleledaeria ..... nclhislypeofrC'edbsll.ol''1Iin
mT1TLmr
Fi..... 9
Pyramidal horn feeds

P)/r.mid. ,homslq"" .. ""il\can'ad ..... nUl..,so •• rmoototOO
UillJ'r c:Jm:
l)'JICSofr...... which .... k,..' ...... eopeci •• ,ylu;Ulbleforu ..
b)'..,.. ........ Firstl)'.lheyoffi: •• ,.;nuallypcrf«t .... " .. over
• wide ranae offrequmcieo.nd 11Iero:f"",.", uncriticol in
lhe.rdosi",.ndcomtNCIion.E...nq";IC .. ""dimenJiooal
<mIt'Idonol.tr<ctlbequali,yof,h"ma,dI.bu'ODb"'"
~-~,.--i .~E3EE
.::::...:...- ..:{
efIicioncy ofillumi .....1on
Ih.1 1 _ hom, <::on be
of.'" dish. A OOCOI>II.dvantqo."
daillJ>Od 10 produce ",,'imum
illumi .... li"" of I'" di. h in bot. pl&n ... Wilho,her lypcsof
Z='d::=:'~!"i::::r.: =~~~ ~..!~~~mw;dlh in
n..rormol . ltomitilhowninFi.8. I!O. llo:>DOisuof
• ItfICIhoIwa_-ccuillc .. hichitlLlRdin one or lwodimen·
....... lop«>d~ .... beamvridlh'"""'ire<l.Forl ... hishor
m~I',verrequencics., ... Itom"iJl prnb;:obly"'fedvia
.... _uidt.and 'he I>ody or I'" born reed will lherer"", ........1 .....
us ... lIycon';'lof.lenllhor_~uidewhichma"'he$'''' -----'~'-
f • •.120. .... V1>Icalpy'.mkI •• ho'. ,.............. to . ......
"" .. OO · I/D' .. loo'O>llro. ...... IO.06OMH.
, 1t
:ti=
I I+ H-
:+ + r-
1_ +-11-+-1
:-h+-I,4-/+++++++
~ .... ().$ i ... :
.... .... CH ,..,
,. ..I!'i..::.:.~:~·.':';'=::.":~!-:.!:.!. ........
8.62
~! 01 ,he .y".m. A"he 10"''''' mkro""a'" f'.q .... nc.eo. A<.n • .amplcollhedcoi.nof. horn forl'\lO<ificdish,
Ihehornwill"'obablyh<fed,·ia COilxi. lo. ble.and.., ..... foml oon , idcr adi,hofdiamc:lotO _J6i n. ,,·hichhul<kPlh. ,
oI""""lIuid<::ooui.'cablt, ... ".i'i"",,"illha'·clobc il. conI .. 0 _ 4·26111. lobe fed •• IO,OSO MH . f","'hich
MlpIo~ed. ",ho",';10(\ ,I>e - . " ..... ,hod is . he ....... I, h ~ - 1-1 74,n. TI>e focallmalh 01 ,ho dish is Ii,..," by
not-...aryi" . h.. ca""I<)...., .... n<II«I".. , .. ,.,Odc 0'160 190in.• nd,he"D",lio.he«{o)rO"IHl.l'"rom
T,," d'...........,.,. of I,," Pl"",,,,W:lalhomul fu ..otlonol Fi&U2" ... ,.. _~ ... to.his",.IO."
Ii,..,,,
lho f'D "'.10 oI.ho d .. h 10 be illumi,,~tod "'" in
~~~.~. ~~~,~:: :;';h~~I~no~~,:tr..~~u.~~";:~;::,::,,~~
lI.pla.... P<"urcAjl ~ O,96
A _ 0'%bY"I74in _ l'127i"
h O!~"madefo'"""colou. Thodimc".ion.a,..i".nin ro·rla....P<Mu .. 8/ l0,78
Icn""oI""a,.. Ie...,h •• ,hc:f"",uencyof ol"'f"alion. thelCtual 8 - o-n,.,byH7.,n 0·916in
d.......,tiomofcou ... be",.dc'ctmlned 1»' muluplyonl.he L> A'/ l - 1-121'/ 1-1 74 _ Hlllli ..
' .. I.... oIA ' l.twlB{lby'he"'.. ' .. Ie .... hill.i'.llhedeltpl
f.. q.... ncy A"hiif""' .... ncy.acoII".""'n."" ..... ui<lei.WQI6.oo.
It can bc"",nf,om r "I.nl thaI •• the f ' O ""'Oollhe ~'''''''I>or''wuukllta'·c.n.pc''a .. 0I1·I!7,nbyo-9160 ..
dl.hi.rctlu<:c<Ioo'l>eail<nurcuf thc:horndo::'...... Thc ~~i.,:,'''11 to 0-9", by 0-4, .... nd th" desi ... i. ,110 ..'" in ~'I
limi t o/ .l>edesilnd • •ai.,..acl>odfol">l"·iU, .h.Adi",,,noion
.1. ,,,'ue 01 A / ~ eq .... , to 0-8... hkh """",pond. ,,·;th •
minimum 'jO n.io 010'". For fcodinldi>ltotsuf..".U.r ""i;;'~::::: ~io°r...~f:'·l~~~nll~.!.~ a~',..d~~
I/D ""IO,.C.owcrain.).. oan maybe ....... AI,.mah,"C!y apc<.u .. 0I.·7.inby7·l(1;",u.l"'rinK,06-5inbyl·25in.if
01 '''" .....
'ho ...... vquidc may be ... , .. t>lyohaped '0i""realo(\ WG ... "'·c .. IQo<d •• ncI"""'orU(i H",,·""ldha.... n.pcnu ..
ill bnm,,·idlh. bul.' ,h;"\h.pi... !\a. ") be oo.,mlnod r::,:r~72;nbyo-)84in'aP<.;nl'OO- .. ZOinbyo-I7Oinfor
u""rime,,"'Uy, m .... h Of,,,..dv.n'.lI"otl>orn f«d. is los,
[[[]]r
.[DJ 1=. ===
J
l
8.63
VHF / UHF MANUAL
Py .... midalhorn.foru"'mlhelo"..,rmkro"'"'·.f,-.,q".n. lenllh.,..nbernade"'m<"'h.'.",,"erlh.n~f)''''

c;es,,'ill~ne"'lIybefN'iaroa~ialc-~bler",h"lhan""''e lune the f,-.,qucncy. '" tha, il ~.n be proci<ely tuned by
.uid •. andlhiu!foclSlhed.,ignoffeed.;nl"·u,,..y•. F;rslly. .ilh., a <crew<ct in i".nd and a dju,1e<l via a small h.... in
a«>llxiaVwa'·.8u;d~!ran,;,;onmu"be;neludN;nlhed",;gn thewa,'eguide."rcapaci'i,-.lybY''''''''''rnountWaJ.ho''''o
Ind.l<:COndly.,hebodyoflheh"'nneed nolbe of a Slandard Thec"... illsock«i.oc""..,,J.pproxim.o •• \y ..../4fromlhe
•• zeof"...... auW •• ;nc.;ld<>esnolho\,cIOm.. ICh ."'..<Suidc end ufthewI""IU;d •. lhe di,,,,n .. bein, varied by mo"in •
::,:m. Thedes;gn of IIIe narc<l par, of the f«d ",mainSlhe an a,Jju.lable short. Three matching ..,...,..~ spaced ', '8
mayal",befineda •• hownloaidinmalchiq
The perrni"ible r.n~ ofdirnc:n,ions r", =,.n8ul., f'i&8.112alsoillu.. f3lesa'....,iolca .. ordtlian, F"r
wa''''luid.are di<cu.s.edon pa.l. The "",xi",,,,,, rani" of di.hes ...,;.haf,ura,iowilhinth.raIlJCO'48IUO·H. the
::IU~~ !~~~~t!,:::~~e~ni:ll;'~~~: ~~I ,~~"~~~S~ broad ";dlhofth........ guidecu be mad. cqWll '0 tbt
apctlur. of U.. hom na:essary 10 achie'-. sal;sfac'lH)'iliu
pra«i<.lrangcfo,Q; •• OO\lIO'6l.IOO'9Sl..andlhema.;. minalion. Thi. mea»> Ihat ,he wa'~II'";d. need be fLt.-.d in
mum '":I.loe r", b i, a\>ou, O'4~>... The l'I\I!,h uf Ih. f..d lheDclim<nsiononly'nd Ihi. s;mplitiesCOMlrucli"". For
.h<luld'isniticantly •..-da guidc",,"elenglh )".the ,'al". dishes ,,'i.h a higher f/D rn'io.'he.penUn:OrIMCUrrn-
"rwhi<hi,sivenby :'::i;d~,::,~-:,;:;~~;,~ l.. and ",.,'.guide m.d. with
'.- i =CiJ 8,I~J'";": d:,.:;:n o~o;~ ~~I~~,~~i~ ;~..,'~:.~ ~~~

e,,"xi.1 cable 'Ypkally ranges fmm abou l ,tin I I ,he
;r
hiihesl micro".. '.., f,-.,qllen<;'" loabou, l in I llh. 10~'C$1.
whe", l. _ "'3\·.len,lhina;rallhedesianf,-.,qu.n<)· "'hile ,hal oflhecros,harraJ\JtI f'''mitt'' Ain. MOIeh;n,
A paperdes;lnoflhorn.ul1ablefora dish havin •• "' ........ nd anadjustable,honapinmaybeU>odIOf.cilitale
malch;nli:
~~n:~I\~nO!!!i~:h:r"~ ~r;:~~a~'~~~;l,~~:i:~I~~~U:~ A Ihirdlypeofl .... n.ihon i.shown in Fi.8.124.Ataperw
broad f... "r lile ... a".guide body. lile inner of which i. ridll"" llea" a ",., .. elenM. h 10"1!' i. used 10 .ransform lh.
ulen<kd'''nr""""".",dia'''rre.nnantaI1.297Mlb.TIIe SOOinpu'.otlleimped.nccofthe .......... uidc
. . . ... n, Cro ..·b.or " "

<>O-I.,.I/.....guld.1f.n.I"on
8 .64
Circ ular horn feeds Table 8.6
T hIS Iypo 01 («<>mt~uiniu~.lI.Si"ho ..'ninFii8. 12J.
,~
(Mil.)
I .N7
(.) ,., ,.) (iii)
I,JOl
:!:~~~o~r;:~·':.~:. ~~".:":'~ ~r~~:~":·;~~',"!\i~~I: ).4H ;> U
form oI • .-xillJ"",'-clluKlc '""n.',i<ln 1C....... lly u...J Wf\,i~"
ofl l./amonopOk.""COillppro .. mo,eIYlquancrofa
...ido .... '·e .....'hf"'""Iot.~end
The<Je.i ... (IICI""lrenfoll",,,..
_,,,,,,I m,n;mum ,,,I ... ,LIQ'ClOlCd for O. OM l.. ,he
(I) The d;"mt'cr of ,lot feed. D ....... , ucwd 0-5861.. be;to .....·od •.."
re<p<ctr,dy a .. .f6" 100 78' . Refe..,..,.
"'''''re ~ is ,he .....".lenl{h ,n air ., ,'''' ........ f..,.
q ... ncy. 1f .... 'hanlh;. ...I .... 'he .... '·q:uKlc .. ~~ ~,!~:: ~,:,,~~:;t;: ~~~":r~~~
"""",,,ed.1:>o>-c ito "",·off ........
Ie"flh alkl K,iou. re:<1,."""-cly.,hat,,.mcan ... tucofl)$6. ..'hich
aHenu.""" will OOC\I'." re.""".blepraclical rel' .... nl1apl'","malriy{he n""'mum fill .. t"'of
minimum "I,,,,fo, 0 I. be, ..",,, 10.,,11 Wpe,,,,,,, ' II>e,h.h ifi' .. ,obe ill~",,,,,,ooJ ",..onablyefficien,ly
, .....'.icO,6St.oo-7).
(b) ·" IotIe"llhof , lothorn.L.pref.rably."""kte.ceed n..,. .. . I,mitedamoun . oI tle.ib,li,y"fdcsi8l'_ If ,be
••"ide .....'cI....'h ,~, wile ...
~=~ :!{ ':;' =,:~';i,":~ :!: ~~lI~~~h.;~~
n...,..'
TypiCtol d" .... oIho.n.fo< llIe ......... micf<>o,o.·....
f""""c1lC1CS baKd on O _ o-M l . . . .".,n ,n Tablt! ' .6-
Tbe~".... nlpt.a.ccm''''"..'befCO<lll ..,"be'''tllc;lqIOII
Fo< D _ o-6".L .hould be •••• ,<1" ,han 2·",: for :!::,::!'=:::=h.;,a~'thpoon'""",,1d bemadc
1) _o-n, I• • hoold I>e ~,'e, 'han I·U. NOk ,ha,
U lbe J""",'erof II>e f«<l.ppro;,,:hrsO"~6)..'1>e
l. n.'ho('heoornreq"ir.tlincr......·cryr.I!"d ly
(e) Themonopuk.hOl,ld l>eabou' ,in ' o l in in dia"",«' The dU1I1 mode feed fo, 1.296MHz
.lklh•••• noHraUfi"""l.nl{hof.bo"'O,2l..A"''''w " he fCOillhO,"'" in Fi, B. IZ6 "'~, tk.iJlll'd for u<C ,,' i. h tile
,.ppodIn '0 '1Ie."" ....
blrsi,. ...... n.n,freq...,....,.'0 <I"b.lc\<:ribedonI'B.S7,bu. will. of...",""'.I''''''Kk.,.-«llcno
i1luminallonofanyo,h<rdi.h ha,·;n,. ( 0 ",.io of 06..
b<.dJ"'ted. T lledi ... na:be' ..~ntllemonopole.nd
{be oIIortc,n:ui, """'hedclenn...... bYelCpmment Theoy~nd,io;:al"'-" I ...... todard 'in .... n .. an.J.be!o<plum
~ =:'k! ';U!7!.",':: ~ :: :~.:..::

Cln,,,~(:Inbe"""'ad~.bIt!
.nd 'heronical >«1"",,1" modo fmmph"niLCd>h<ct
..... Sq>.umiobeldinplaccbyu""OOcdpol)">lyrcnt
The I,n diamoler b<;o •• lubl,.. "hich "'-''''' ,hmUP ,be
(d) The F.·plano(l'Iori<""tal)and H·plano(,cnical)).d B ~nt .. oflbehornac: .. nthe"",.,rol.lcnc'hoflLOlod
bcltmwid,h""""cn by lbe ""IUClof 29'4 l./D aftd ron .. lcablc.·,'lIc;,n"",.nddiclcctric i.ob<.,nnlbyllnp-
SOW 'npccunly. Tha, . hcsc differ ...."'fcaotly i. rin.,lIoou,crin,ulal,on.ndronn«torfron,.lcnll{hof
SOOimpc.Ja"""lIr.. blcro;ui.lcahlor. T IIo.Jid"" .. ic.hot,ld
~rn~it:% ~,'':~~~~:~~o~:,~~iSo;~: ~r.~~';i:".,: bel loodfi,"'i.hin ,h. bra" '<lbe
8.65
VHF/ U H F MANUAL
The feed horn for 2.304M Hz

Thefm;l I>o<n ob'"m ,n ~1.1J.127 " ... ddipod foru..,,.i,h
lho d .. h ......... ib<d oro pI.~l bul will. orooorsc. be ..... hIe
.. ithany01hcrdish .. ilh~fiDral ioofo-l>.ln'lu$fonn'ho
h.orD"",~fOl"ci""'borlypol&ruoc:<I$I""'''.lhed,rc<1ion
of""',' _bci"'~''"'''''h''hof'ho'wo~on
~ 'tr~'~~~7:::::! t:;:~ r':I",:u~'r:': Waveguide feed for 2.304M H z

~~;:;~Ie fmm I I>< 011><,) a nd 01>1; of'he "",n<>po," co.n be rhodC!li.nof.fm;lfo'd"~oflhul"\focallen.lhi •• h"wn
in Fi.8.130. lIylhc "",of" I OCIUe, pin. and by CUllin, lhe
Thoq'lindricall)ll"'of'hoho,n .... ""'dofron,"n ....... ....vqu>do 'n ,he waY" ..o".,n. lho.ncIe of ",d .. "oro can be
.ndlhcconkal~ion(rornptv.ni.!ll:d>hoel.Th<I"·O iIlCfelKdsi""liocan,lycomparedWl1ha pla,napottu .... The
flbrqb ......1'f'Cl'MS .... OKh slotted a ...... half 1M.. Ien",,- fm;l;llunedbyadjllSl, ... lhe""'''ionoflhe1"f ...........·hidl
.IMIIOIflhcraI9O".ndJlucdWllhanq>o>.yccmotll.The "1,,",,~mtlyboitedOl"soI<Iered,npbce. TherbnoofpoLari.
''')lII0I""1 iI .im;lafly al....! inlo 1M hom Slru<1u ... aher .... lioni.paral leltOlhe_l1.rpon
1"OIIJkenin,lhecont.aclau1"f...:es
bra~.~~~po~ao~'::'n~::; com"",:tioft for lhe body .re
Dipol e reflector feeds for 1 .296 and

2.304MHz A dipole feed for 3.3GHz
The bal.., arn ............. of lheaf<eds ..... i.-er! in Fip Ad,polef....t ...i ... bltford.u.a w l1hanf/Ora"oofo-ll
•. llS.r>d •. 12SI.Theo'nd.. loonpal'""""'k.. I......... otabit loo-l' is tJtown in Fi,"'ll. Tlul typo of"f-.l <2D he
r"'dw... ... ilh.nr/ Ol1lllOvlo-lltoo-n."J'"hefoedo .... lunedf", mini_yoWl bya<.lju>li ... lhe peneln,,,,,,
8.66
;~ .~-~.
_4.6r.t" _
Dipole f eed for 100Hz

Af<>«llWt.bk(e<d"""" ... ·"hanfjD.. tiooofOHto01J
:..=.nr~:·t~I/;~~..a'::.!..,":":~t:tio~
~:::tn~~t~nd';:::",:,~r'!:~~~~
thed' polo.nd.t .he_"",bct,,·~ ... cl>.nd"" ..quO<l<
Tbe&.nd ll·pIonophoorcent"".",notcoin<Mknt.but
Kpo .. toOft can bt ...,'«ted f!lt" mMt
.heir pu~. Tile
"""',<:<lj",t !:orhiftd ,hedipok
mo:an phlt>. oxnl", is
8 .67
V H F/ UHF MANUAL
W aveguida rea r feed for 10G H z

~I'U", I.Ul iIIUSlnta lho: ......... '...,. .... 01 a ,..,r foed
.. h"'h .... n ho:uoedua bIo.ilforupe,;mtnt.".,., . Alt hou.h
t~ ori!i""1 U'lt1 tn!cnliN for opcrlt lion., '·Xi Hr. lho: rcal
<an probobly be ca,ily ..... up for lOG H, . or.'''n .... k<l for
wi<ltlydiff.",nlfroqu<""ieo. l t<onl ,.tlof. kn~thof,tatld.rd
l a rge horn aeri a ls

Larllt p)'ramid.l IIornl Ire .11 anrae",'. form of UlUI
panic"lariy for U'>C at Ifle hi.llnt Ol"'''' ..·..... frequ<",,""
n ..ya .. fur>Womtnl.llyb<ood-botldde,'K:auhich.howa
,·,n ... ll), perfC<:t ""'''h <W1:r. wkk nllF olfrcqueoc..,
1'l>oya ....Olpk ..' .... 'i'I.lok ... nloldm.............. II-.:ut-
xon in comoruc'lOn and II>oy . - l noa<\JuSlnlml, 110<111
.... "'pecoa'IJ.u".. bkfur....,"·"hlran....," •• rs.nd~~
cmc>IOY; ... f"",",unnin. «<111a .ors • •fIe frequency .... bi~.,.
!r.;.':~a~:!a~~~I~t::II'~nr;:'~"'~~r,,=
• d«ib<l or.., .. h",h "" ~ .. Iflen' u",rul in both lntllal"
<1Ic<~1~'heperforma"""."r.YlI.nu.nda\;.oln"""n • • ,
.. r.... no;cll.S.'nSl whICh Ifle pcrl'ormar.ocofot!>er,ypnof
;lfriotlcan ho:judllt'l. Thci,maindlud.anta",i. ,bo"""
:~nbul'Y<OlllP>red"i'h"'fIe"~""'olao:r"lh"i""he"mc
An eumpk 01. """n _lal for 10011, i. >hou'nin ~"
'_ ' ~. h c .....;...
ol'kn,lhof ""'...... ide'PI',,,p..... r«
~ _ _ _ _ 2.'·_ _
-- o.,'- r - - - -
8 .68
of
i.. oenl ... . ' '''''.pcx ,he hofn. AcC'Onlma!Y.'hcr.. kl .....
,"" nm "p in p~ rompaml .. ,.It
that 110,.. the ""nlre
I, ... of.""""'n.ndthisc:a ........ k>osof .. in. I(,helm,,1t
'·""rhasc ..'cxoee<Is
ot .................... uccdf"" .... ..,· ....
""Ir ..... '·...nc'h.·henlo ... minorlobc$ ..·.lIbeproo,luced
A prx ..... 1ho<ntl..... fore ... oompr.;,m .... boI ...,.,nlC"tC>'...
,he ,10,,,,...) dirtttional pane,n and ,""""in. ,he ""<nll
Ien,,1t of ..... hom
T .... d,mcn,io", ot.n op"mum hmn.nd.he.ppro.i""""
ldllbe"mwid''' .....''''''ninri, S.U' .Thedl'''''''''''"' ....
I""" ;ntc"",,,r,,,.,,,kn.,h,. •heac,,,.1 "'.. 'u"'" ..""or
oou"".'" "btaiocJ by ",u'1ipl)'in, " ",'·alt""bY1he"".-c'
"'''1I1h",.;,., ,,,,,010$;1"(''''1''''",,>,. l'i."",$.I3';''''''''''
on ,II< full""'in~ rdation,/t,1'> "hid ~"U"'•• n <1lkitncy
"f50p",,,,,n'
:/~ ~ :ilt0 ,.+..",0 _ ,..;" in .hooI"'c ',*1""
of~';;':-U~:-!, ~.'1~~:,t:.'~~C:='l'he ~
r rom r ,.8.IJJ
~.~ lI~ : i:i = i~: :J~~n

.hot(.eqattoO)'oI_."hio:h;'>mOOthlytla~inbothplo ... ~
10.111 •• ""',·c
inlide thot II'tdeaone><pand in onort!e,ly
manno,.\\'hotnthotkll$,hofthothomis,·c ryb ... romp,,,ed
,,'i'h'ho.pcrtu .... thc".... '.c.""...
ingi.ne>.lyplana.lnd So ,he horn w"uld:.a,,,.na,,,,'1Urcof91n by 1'4<n
,he pin of the a.ri. 1 is d.-.o the tI.""...
4~AlIll·,"-he ... A and liar< ,hcdimen,ioMof.heap"rlure
,ical ... 1""
~~;~~::::~.;':~dU~ ~~~i~~hIJ~tn h~1,..0,,';,;;:; ~
Fo, I ho,n of ".00.1'11"
Ien,' It .the ..... ,·c i'.phe."",1 "'i,1t a"p,,,.,m.tc'y 16
8 .69
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Nolo 1,,"1 ,.,.. • ""en 'POOrl~~. the "I'"mum "'n~~ L

... ,on""~~Iy",,.hlre<l ... n<y.lr.ho<n .. uoed.I.""""'"
.. ""."'''''''f............,..''''"'h,,,f,,, .. ~oc~II,,;u~.
'''8'''n'''' llbema l'!'... ,Iyk-H'lIinibepml.... N'.. luc.If
t,:,::~or~,~;~~~~='~:7hn ~~~:;n~:
A, ,he Jo,..... m;em".. ,'", f''''lL><1lOIe<. the blll~lnn~ ",
ho<n<boc<_.'iJmf.... n'd, ... d,·anla8" .• nd,he~f,,...
,foc:Y'r< I,,,,,, u..a' at I~ f""l"",..." .... I'.,.."'~mp"'. ~
1o.lllho'nr..... I.Z')(, \lH"".... ,ldh"'e.n.poo'U1r• .ro.nh)'
JJ'nand.loni,h "r"t. n"'''''' ... ~''n''o,,',' .... ach .. '·o'' by
• ""rabol",I"I.aoou,Jjn".. diamet. r.or.,,,,.10 I.m,Vaai
Const ruction of horns

Hor"'."'""u.llyfab'..."I..-.lr"'moolioJ ..... ,c'i;ol."""".h
::::~,~ ~a:;:::...:~~~ .!:,~,=/~ ~\.":~
ron ..."'n'... ,........ ~bra ... _'Of"nplaloAI"'I\.n.un.
'n_......
i>rlI~lyU><dbcca'~of."If""," ... C""'"uc.
"<... of'he ........ ;.."n.pl<fo...,," .... 'hict....,.or'he .h<cI ..
~i~!:. ~~::::;~~:,~,:~'::: :::tt:~

COII>tm""""olh<>rn<,The_ryof.l>om,,....,.qu".
~:o~~'~: :~.:~r;'I~::; ~7,;:,:5~' :$~7'~,' :,~o;:,~,~'7.:
'r»ro... n"eiy 2" . ' 1100 """I/"i<k (r~n".ion. ror •
, .. "".r"".lIy """0"1,,1., ohj«:( .• ho,n"onl.in< fow "Ih( An.'I •• n.. "'capp,oa"hi , l oOmttlhe_'~uiol.",,'ion
.n".... " i~ .. .."cr"tC ""II "orlh "hile h.""1 a ,,;.1 ,un
u<"tll.d..,.pmalo,i.ISu"ha<I'npl.,.o,.,.ncaldt>o;ord
of,h<ho,n.Ln lhi,c.""he wa'·8 Lttdetlaugo;'lapored
tnto,"n.ILy. h i. n<eeMary,h., ,100 th..,knos, 0[ ''''' , ..... (
belo", ."on'l'"n, 10 " ... n ....... ~pen,"·e "",'e".1 U>N lof.b,ic'al. the horn be "C'y Itn,ib. '0 (he " .. II Ihick·
'h< ..... ,OOd' ,,,,,Ilinc'"''',uc',,,n d<:""ndonll",'ac,lil'" ""'"'''r'he ...a'·.gui<!eoo ........ ,'''' .... p ... illbeforme.l ..
j~~~!~ :.':'!:.': ~;:.: ~~'~~~ :;,i~l;u"! ":~~.::.~': "t~~,"';...~';..':::::; :.~ ',~ ;::;=~~'::'::'';.,
T hn .......,prno;n' . _ " lra"'i'ion.nd.kobe $l1·on. ;,,,,,Lf. Fi, 1.136('1 illo"".. , .. "'hal i> probabl~ .he .. mpln,
enoush'o ..·;'h... nd' ......$CmKhan"""foouo"h.,h'ond ..... 'hod "hich is 'Uttable I.... Itarm .."h .pt"~'" u~ 10
'OConc: ...... ,•• ""~f'OInl. h ... llbul 1......... IIn' 1>0,,,,, ..,·...,.Im.;he>.FQUrplat.. l'1flhecurm:1.~pe.re .... _
_ f"""I'1f.".... 'h<n, ... ;.noa:o... '1.·,.....canl. ~.'he u.;~ ...... ooIdttml""".St"",,ill''''''''''''ltlique, ...
fo.m of ..... , """" boi(ed ... ,nl bra.. """''''. tn,O looIH """,,, •• Iocaltled. ,hejoi .... can be made I'f(IIrt«fIdJ
'.Pf!<Il'n'foc: .."at.. of, ........,, '~ulde.ndl .... hor" ..'h..,hlrc and Io"Io,.gjn. is rcquiml. If •• hee, bend .... dr;>';" is
... ~nlly wlJl:ml in p~. I, iJ imrorunl ,1\11 Iny of 1.'atlable.lllcnothcTanproachnrTllybclr\N. A" llholO"
,foc:"'''' .... proj«lin.in<kk.I<>jClhtt ..·''hanyell''"''.ooIdc:,. by Fi,I . I:l6(b). ,hru .ide< of. horn can be beot r.om •
• r< ""., "" .. '"lIy ",n",,'e d The ",i", ""n a\", ha,'., .;n.Ie ..... ' . I' ;,a«lnwnocn(n'."hodof.<;emblyif lh;,
sccond lunc:lion: Iha, of jtillinl ,100 oon'ponc:nb in pi""", romponen t •• b"",ed ,olhe".. "",uodc. (hejotn,d• .a""" up
prior.o ",kIt"n •. Thi> i. ""u.lly """"'''''1''
01' 10 six l~roulh'h.op<n<id.,.nd'h<fQU"h."'er.ltedhy",,'d ... ;...
romponc:n"UlaY h••" 10 be joinc:..! '08<'''''' "·ithin •• ",,,U W;lhl.,.ol>orn,i (maybe nrt.""'.ry,o"",d",,,.in.ap.
",ajon .• ndi'nI.ybc:dilllc"ItlOwldo.oncjoinl",'ilho", ft.tneino.<k,(oge(adcq" ... he;o lin •. T hi,inlrod<JCel;,he
.mx( in •• n .djaccn' join' p,obkm of diS(OrIi,," of lhe ,hoe. due 10.he i......·i,ab..
"i""
I'o.,he .... v•• 16 commonly uoed ., IOGH, •• d ... ,,· ",,",-en ,,",if\.ll_ II)' USinl ,he I.. ~ni<lues .I>o,,·n in Ftl
'".., .... y ... ,.ktn of old En,Io,h w..·. ,Utd< "h..,h ,,". B.I36(c)(dl.nd(e). the hornsca" be ....",b .. d '0 pt"od"""
common in ........,," 1I",;"h rada'. Thls ",., ••"kIt has ••,.bI< mKhanit;al.lruc,"'" p.",r '0 ookIc""•. The'p;lCtn.
inl ..... 1 d,n..,,,,,,, ... It" by Itn "hich .....I<h lhe .~' ...... ,
dt .............. of .."a'·.. uidcl6.An.~llon •• "pporlrorlhe
..
:::":~':".~ ~.n' ""reI'~ UI '''CI< '~QUkt "'" be ve>'n
..... '· .... idc,'hotn .......""'" can be """"'by.It1"""he It " ;mpo<tan. '0 ha,.. aoo<l eloa,ical «1,".1<1., (...
comm..bou, llilf .... ' do"'n • ."...'...."h of, ....... ,-.."odo cor ... B.bu'a •• he ........;me'he . _mor.ol... ,;nle'naIly
.ndtla"n.'he.icIn'O ... tlthe ...... of,M""'" oItouldbem;n;mi,ed .. ""Iony
8.70
9 SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
Geom e try of orbiting satellites ~':.~;:c:/;:;:,t~ ~~~a~~ orb" '0 Ihc obJCCI (or IIIe
T~~Ia:~e.:;~:~~;:.'~.::~::=:~,:~ Nowron.odo:, IhcSltUOIIOII "'hcn:lhc,•• ,,, l",oobJCC"
or
,ion. 1o:01~lIil" " .• '" thou.hl of. The motion I.... pl ..... ,. "p.1"'I~byadl"a"""d .• nd ...... ollhcobjec .. i"olall"'
• rollnd theoun lias b<.:n •• ubje<1 or.'O>tl~(()f", "oal many ~'''''nd Ih" "'''':': SO<: l'i. 9. 1. If ~II .~Ir.r.cou,
elf..,,, a ...
..
=~~:.'~ 1:~,~~~,;:~~ ::~-:!J;o;;~',,=
,,,,on:,j,acond'llon ofC<luilih'ium ",I1",;" .. henllle,wo
for= pn"iously ~n'ioMd (ie I' and f'I.ronlpleldy bola_
pI.<:<"J,nOfbo, oround,hc ... nh, lL iI_in'ondtd,odcri,,,
,he!c ............. bIolmomyto.-howmos'of'heinforma. ::-~~,I~~'I:U:= ~a::"':~' ~ :::I~~'f..: ~~;
lion~u'rodrorCiIcu .. "qOfb".I .......... cnfora .. t<·ni'.
can beobtainal (rom. (ew ... '1>1< ....... "".... r~~:~~~':of:.s5~~ r:""7=~~lt!:=:;
The fOfClO ofauracl;oo beI""""",.n)' ' ..."obJ«:"nd<fine.l
in,hcba""Ia".. ofphysic:sasbe,,.. .... _ional'othc
.....<.W$ of ,be ,wo objeo:1$ dIVIded by,,," $qu .... of ,he
di"."""bc ...,o,cn'hocm.Th;,.m.yb<;'... ",.....
~ ' 7'
F_m';.m. •• bel" ... , m, and m, a'" 1M ...... """of'M twOobjooll
$tpllt;l 't'll by. d"l.nced,"nd ,i~ '.locllyofIMrolal;'"
Ob,ICI:1
."lIercm, .r.dm,.""he'".............nddnlhedi<ta""" (r~kln. ,he ,.;' .... ' ion or . .. ,0111'0 In Ofbll .round 1M
~ ... ,ina,hnn carth,di,thcllUmof,he",d;..sofl"" .. rthR(6,1750ln)
Th"COIIC<'fI' iI ....""""" I",hcP«>l1<"rtyo(maVC'''m .ndIMhci.h, of,hcsa'cUIiCorbllh,!
.. bt<e,he'O<CI!of.un.ctionbt'''>a:"'.'''",""",s(..;,h
"'PI'MI,.poIan,y)increa<c5Ulhe"~hof"'h<r.orbolh.
;r::r':::~:
"".,et.round.
objo:'
::::':-:~:·w::
poinl. '''" ...... r'''''''I<" ....,.,''cd ,"",
I.rod. 10 ma~. ,he objc.;:1 rn<W<: .""y from .fIe: ",,"'re of
r<>lallon. Th .. can belik.r>ed ,,, .pinnl"llo"'cij!h t a, ,,,,ndon
a pica: of "ro",; the ...... vier the "~i,hl and Ifle fa.,., il i,
.punllw:"""lnis lhe'orcepulliftlthe _i.hl a_y,Thi.
force is ~no.'n ... IIw: ""n'nr.... 1 or ""ntnf'<1.1 force and
Clnbe .. """n ......
'hcrn'"ic:aUy ••
p- ~
.. be"'m k ,"" ....... ollh.e"""""I.YIII'-.,loc,lyanddis ,ht
9 .1
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
" ., . . . :''''' .... '',,.n''m'rt''.cirdcd;..... nocbe1'''UI'I

"",po,n""",hoce;o.rth,h,o' ""noin.ul'3"""",olr_'bo
V'R-Tt; .. ,din •. In FiK9.2 ,hifi< ' he "'... ,h of.l'Ic"rc Ar A·.""
I;:Inbe,oo..'n,obe«jualtoU20 X ' lkm."·tocR'''i"doV ....
Thoc Cll'"umf.r._of thoc <>,bl1i'I,,~byl 2.:( R + h).nd ,.. i;: ()o(:a, 6 ,he "bol·. p.... n"'t .... ha,..,
lhe follo\\,,,,
If lhoc lime '.qu ire<llo c",,,~"',o 0". 'c"ol",io" (k"",,'n a.
th ~ o, bi,.1 pe,iod);' ~ ,hen f",,,, ,hoc Mo.,."al ,..13 ' ionsh i~
Il alf.n~ l . of,i"b,li, y
of ...1«111 - d/",,,,u + Ii"... i, ... " be ... ",h.o,y _ 2:«"'.+ hi. Sla",hciMh , 4.HOI<m
~~~;::::
9.100I<m
.nd ,h,ol by ... ""i'"' i,,, ,h is in "1''''''00 ~ "., ... n Orr"" 1.9IXllm
. ,thefollow, ... u~fo"hepenod :
'-:..c.RIhI,/? Copple _ s hift

Th is.~~ 'hI"l>oo,bo,.lpcriolJat o ... 'clli'.""""'. A ,'cry import. n, fat'or "hen """oide<ins the .,,;tabi;,.,
rlt'tlyindq"'ru!o:ntof ' .... ·..... &h'of' .... I'I'.lIi '.anddo""n.l. offreq".ocy band> for " .. in a SO'cll"r "' ..... i<e i< the a"","n,
only On ' .... I><,&h' of ,1>0 o,b". TI>o ~.",.., m, i. known "' or d",,~"'r shi f' ,hat i• • "1"<,",,,,,.<1. "lh " i. determined b)'
,he ,r~"itati""al rna .. o r , ...... ,th and has a ,,,I,,,,
of tflcon:Ia'iv.,doci'yof' .....lIel1".tOlhcpointon'M •• r1~
198.6OOIo:m'/...:' .ooi .... "'aloOS ..,i, hf""'l".""y.rfOm "luall<>nltthe ... «II,..
,.loc;'yca.n be""Ic"lalcdf"""
I~"O::: ~~~:w~';.,~'= ;~!';:la::'~~:;1~=~
In r.." ,heotb ....". ""'cump!e'.i)'ci,..ub,b", ,hoc .. ,oal"""
""'1ISe ,ny ....1IOI" ~rron lo.M akublloft •. lIy",MIII,,"".
v '\r~"hkm'''''
'hi ~YlIl ... ath in ... "",,,," e.he .... iod ..
Sub!."''''inl,'''af'l'<Ol'lio'c,.. I''''f'''hr'''O<ca,6",~
.- h:=:1;~~if;.J~!8:~WJ.." " "cIoo:UYof l·1Jkm,_.

Fi. 9.),h.o....... lelhleOfb;t"'hich"inc:IiDCd.'a •
i.at"""" ...
• "."" ' olhc«j ... ' ...... nd.po;nt P ""' ... artha' a
h ....4nbc.ho"1IIh.. ' he'.Ia",-.,·.loci,yrOT an
TIl". ,he $,1 lOlIi.. would co",pk•• ~bo", I~ I ",b,,. each
o,'c,hcad passi<,il'." hy
d;ty. Fi. 9,6 , how. """'· th . .. ,oll" c"..iod ,'.,ie>
f"'tYrical
v' _ ,, 5i .. [(."05- ,( II ' ....~:~: ,h :) R')]
"ah.... of.t"'ud . .... no'I>o' ..... mr""ha. ",II becom,dore<l
bl.... ,,·hoc,.. lhoc sa,.lIi,. al,i,U& i. l',8OOI<m. "hich P"'"
~~~':o::~~ period 0( 2.11'1. and "' ~_n a. "~ Whe",I I .. . ... oLtn,bc1,hl'o , he .. ",U,t<. Th"u,pt'CSSIOII
mlCtly c...--o """" ..... it 00a IIOt tau aa:oun1 of
It "'"
Monrat ,he ,..",. """" inotbollIl _ ' r y a,.. ..If·
""pb""OI)'bo.others"",ynotbeoo<>b,·....... nd,hoc..-e
impO ... nt ....... "'I.. tedbclow
sc...,.III,. poInl: tbi,is the point o n ,he earth ,h,ot lia
~:::-I~:~ \':~';;,:::m~~"i' ...... ,hi. poin, ,he dillOn<"<: to the
AICftIdIIlll and dt;,c"ndi"ll """"0: ,hne,.,rm ccf<T to
",'''', hoc, ,hoc oa ,. lIit< i. fIlm'in, .0".. ... I• • he North pole
::=:''''!.~)':b::", ·rds''''' Soulhpo'''(''-r''''in,). , a
Iblr ...... flf.t.Ibilit)·: .... f.." ... IO I· •• 9.l.'h .... ' ........ '"
!.~;:.:;':',
rrom ,he
':": :t:'~: :~,t1. tc':~"'::!;:.,:'~t~
rolloooi"'e>.f' ...~ioo
e... ~_ Rh
SIa"tItotlKht:. hcdlS ,anccr,ortlapoi .. ,,,,,,hoceanhlo
'h . .... ~II"r, Thocn"",imu,n ,Ia ",lI<illht i. "'11<" ,he Iocati""
i l. ' poimAon F i,9.2andi ., i,~b~
Staat ...... ' t ......... o r ,he .bn' ..... h" bet".... " , .....
"""'tJ "" ,he ""rth. via the IIt.llit•. The ma~imum
.lanl
"'.....'iIlbe'.,..;,;elhc ....... mwm ... " .... i&h'.i.l R ...... II
is _ .. ry 10 kno'1' thococ di>lanoeo .. hm ""lct.tla'i"' . 1>0 fil'.I . Tho_. "ol ...tol"t.orltolt._",,,.. ,..,.,,,.
pa'hloucofot .... "r.nddownl,Rkpa'... o I _ c ; l ."" .... _,....,..lhol
9.2
SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
' .... ..,.31>"n~' .....~"h " 'h,,,11 n>Okl,r..", I.... ,.I",,~,·. ,
r.;oll""..
,', Vlv ' S,n ~' lv ' Coo . i)46COl~'
H.n,oef.,.. . Ioc:o' '''''.'III"",<ltul,q'anlla ... ,.lhlc,,·ilh
an ,,,,,I,,,,,,,,,, 011£le ~ 107·7 la, r"rO<ar 6) v' ""n be
""lculllcd •• 7'~Z ~ "'"",' . nolrorall;onlnoll#~"'Y'.2OOIo:m
tVXlO mlies) lbe ~13""" "(lO(iIY 110 5 (,IIkm «<
Ib v,n,lh".ca la,IIIM , he ~II"'.''''<JO'') ,he.mounl
~d<>rpl<r .h;r'''''''lrul~lcdbt
;- f
Whaoof... , heJot>l>le .. , hif,in " '.~i<I""'.""'"yorlicht

..... r ' to. ' '''n<m'''cdffUl''''''''1. F.,..'he4H·I MII,Ix~ .....
~;'i:',.!":~rom O'C"~I .... <hJ.ppkr ... ,flIL • • lan'he"h'
,~ I.J." ..... ,;, ....... i<><~_. , ..'wo
_'...•••
_ 0. ............
_ ........
t. + '61 >< I~ ~'I A IO' .. , T....... n . .. . .' . . .''' .... ol ' . T...
d;'-_t;"" o',o,."o n 01 ' ..... "h ..... , ..... ,."". 0' ''''
Th;' n......... on f.~'.'h", ", ,he,;oI<lhl•• rr"".. ooc.lhe

oMen"r ,he bca<;lII1 freq""ncy .. ill he r~"cd . ' lk ll t
hi,her 'han 4J'·IM lk f.llin. ,o the """,;nll ,.. I"""htn
'''''""<lIil.''",,crhtad ji""hen II", ",Ia,i,c ,.Iooi,yk
'~rO).lhtncotl"n"inIlIO docrc/O\<: by" f",'her I·Zk lb So
' .... ,olold"flple'.h,fl .. ...l: I·Zkll ,"rI6,4kll/ .••• ho"·n 'n
Fi, 9.4. 10 .hoo l<l be r...... mhtmllha l "'hen "."nk arc
rda)~ by ''''' ''' '<:II''<'''''~",lIbea'II"If\P'''r.h, f,u'' t>ooh
IIIe "I' ~ nd do,," Imk '. >0 ,hal Ih. ''''0 ' -a i,,,,,, mu" to.:
.'I.t;'I.~"~~:~: ,he ""',, """" dup","'r ,h' f' Iha, ,,<>uld be
:p¢~=~,O::,:O~':~:--r~~:;\;~,i~~i~.:. ..·;,:;':,~~
.ion for , he rdal"" ,·dochyba::O<ne!tv. '·C"".km '"",
onll""""'. ,n·5. ,'. '·8N'm'5«. a nd lhe: n,.,imum
dow"r,hif,,, 14k H ~f", 11",4)5' IMII < be....,.,
~f.~g~~'!:~~~r~~"~~c~I"<: ,he urlh ,,',II hOle ''''a lcd

:...~.::: ~::.""::,~
lheequa'or ..
::,",.~:::~;~;~~ ~!":"'~~~:::
a m....,,,,,,,
"","'And <It.. rm; ... """ far ,he
urlh"';lIha".ro,.'cd~unn."""comp"' . .. '.II".",b"
!!:n~:'hif"::":':.t; .~bi;'::'h;:h~ ~'Ih:"n~ ,:'::~
",II I"". ",.. ,cd br 11 lj·.".r ea.:h orb... In "'her "'00-""
lhe Ion,iludcnf'to.pnin , a,,,h,,,h ,he Wt'dl". Ct<K>C> ' h<
.qua,or .. i... ra.~by!8'l'"",,,bi'
Max imum n t e ll it e v i. ib ility t im e

Fi, 9.S """"~ a ",.. II". "'I...... orbo' 1>11..... ,J,,,,,,ly ",....
,h<u rth ... "onOlpoon'I';""""r,h","""lIonlhe"",,,m1l.
is.k,bIoroo-'he:ma"n1um"'nalhufli"",. Th<oc" .. ldura.
,ion of ,he "".. ""p¢oos on ,to. ,'.lot:ily''',h< ."".IIi,.
,"'hd.. a. ),," a",,~,Jy """" J"",,'n, it dc1c,m,,,",, "" il<
al ......s.. The »IOU"" e<>mp",,, one .0.IIp"',. orbl,. or
160' ,in,ios.,.riod:,lIcrctorc ' <> ' ",'·0 Ifron, ' he:"",n' O,u
B' on the orb" ... ,11 13k. Ztl JoIO " ~,"h."".;., ' h<h.lfan,1e
;:';:~i~il~~~:~ 1I~"" ";':~:'i.:h"~he~:;IIi~c t:~ ~;..!; ro. U. Th.... . 1111. con ... _ . '0' 11010"\1'" .." ... wh ... It
li.......,'.•;-'" i. n'lmin po .... .
dlroct1¥ o.:~;~~ ".':.~~~~.: :.":!
.! '.:~ 'hi ,,,,,"", II
9.3
V HF/ UHF MANUA.L
,,:_~r"
j: f.. ~" i
, f"
f..
L"
f .. 1.1. T", .1....~, whlOh . . .,. I1"...n ", _ " ...... w"h ,h •• ""~d. o' ,h•••,.IIi...... o'd'"~ '0 ,hi. oh",
I
tW' '.0' tW' '20'
Ilf
9 .4
ln pnoc'iccmos' .. '.IIi•• po....... ilInotbe ......,rhe.d.nd .""" •• a't.inpoin.on'ho: .... hlt'ho:oame'imelO''t1')'
;~ ,t;=~t:~~~i:~o~·i~·hc:~':!.~;,i:~. ~ :;::!~;:
day;th .. it k"""''' ........yneh'''''''''''''bi'
If,lIc: ... bI1of,he ..,.lI i,.i,in,ho:pl.ne''' , het<l''''''''
wi,hlhe.7.iri IUdeoflheUlcllilt, In e&1culalin& the limcfor lho:nbo'hihecarlhaoo'heal.m,....illrolll.togcther . n<l
,,·hith •• ivm .. ,.lIi!e ma~ be..,.,." ' ...o .... ni .. fIOMlti.un. 11Ic: .. ,.ni'....illah,'al'$ be abo,. ,he ...... poi.,t on ,he
h1',. ..... niden'itied.n...... .... Bnd lI' inFi. ,."which canh; ,his it I<n(no.·n •• a ..... qlk>nary<>I'IM'.O ... of,he
.... kI..' •.-n •• thepoin' of_uisllion of ,he oa'.1Ii,c(AOS) _ a d .... nute>of'hislypcof"'bi.is'Ioa.'ho .. !eJ1i'~
""" d", point of loss of ,he oa .. I~ •• (LOS) fnPO<""veiy. II .1"-a".._D.,'he ...... l'O'nlinlhe ... yand~IMre
shouklhe.ememhered'ha1.i'acpooil"""."'boo>Cdon .... nol"Obleono . . ilbori>o,pr..:I.",OfI Ind
IItfiooI ".tti.,.
l,neof .iah'cri •• "".ndobse.....,om hi,· • • ..."" .. 'hal With'hemll<h"ilhe'"llI'udeof'l>e ... 'clli'e'heCO\'~ ....
oa'.tIi' •• i....."mayn'''behea'dun','lf'... Of"in'''''''''C'II... ..... i.,'t1')'.rcaltyinc"'.>Cd;.tn>i<.,<o,'.rallCl .... ..
befOK.,ho: .. t.lli,.ri... ab<".""r.llsbelow.,lIc:hori,on li.. ",nF,.9.'
Tllc:n>oind",,'NC."·i,h . hi"y"."r",bi'i,,hal,he ""th
losses.", mll<h h'llIc:. Ihl., ,ho$t .xperienced "'ilh lhe
suboynch''''''''''otb,ts""",,by~'.ma'~u< ,,'.1Ii'n
H""',.'·.... If il olO<S ba:ome p<m.iblc 1" .... '.n .maleu,
.. '.lIioein'OIJO<o<tI'ion>ryorbo" .............. IdI ........
«n., .. lybe. ouIIic:ion' .... mberof.ta'iomoablc'o".. it to
~:'i~~,•. ~~~lf~' ~oc:;,.~. ·i~!:..': ~:":!\:
di!lkultto ... lay1hem',i.....'. tlo'. a' J6.000km
F,ee 'pace path lou

ThemJUCloon in Iianol1eve. belwern 'W(lpoinu .... ricI ••
' hejn.~ .... oflhe"l ... "'of ' lIc:disqrw:cbo<' ...ftIIlhepoi .. ,.
""'1y
:..,.!d.:..~::~ ~~,::Id . . . . . h., • d,...""" d
Comidm.....,isotrop;c ...... I,ie""" .... ' .. di!ota; ...
from I
-;;S; W/m'
1= E-
G_~
4
~ it lhe
" 'he .. A is , .... ««1i. . .per, ..... and ..-,,'~.....,h
H~.lr.nisot""'"'rcai,in.M'i.,wt .. I'Iac..:l.,.
t,ona d from ,he 1IOUfC< , he ,=,ved po...... 1e,.. 1 ,,'ould
P Gt'
1', _ 10 " A - .-;;r, >< ..-;-
If",on ••.,uopOo ...ial.hence
p, P >« "'4,;d)o
n,. .. ""<)f I'!(, I',kkno,,,., •• ,he Io>sbe,,,,·anh..'oioc-
(fOpi<: . ~,i.k. or Ih. I,,,, J(>Q'" "",'h Io.u. F;' 9.1 .Ito ....
• """"""","·h",".""bln,'" r..... sp;t« lo$$ to be C1l1·
<"U ... 'edf" ..... , ...... ruq~
TI"acki ng of satellites
A'hf.• nd'o..",.,.ex' ... " ·hf.ilispossiblelO ..... "'II'' ,.1y
Io"'p'n ..,.... ,ha, h.,,. ''t1')' " 'ide: bnm",id.hs Ind
ron>«l""nl!~ do ,M" ha,'. '0 be diA!CI.cl ,owa,d •• ho: "!elli le
lIo"""'·.r . •• ,l1c:frcq..,""yi.i"""'"s..:I'hel...... bC'c<)me
~r:.!< ':~n~ !'ndbcc=,,=:";'!"..~7::."~:~!· ~~
,,,C>bta,n,hemuimumlianalf«>mlhe-... ,clli,ci, .. _ ..ry
,,,poin,,he ...ial ,.. ,he n.h, d"ocoi<>oL
....... H_,_fo, ..., ....... , ... ,," .....,._'''' •• f...... do 1h1)OQC: no:tds 10 know ,he .. dmulh (htadiQlllQ(l
"'''_H_'''_," .....To-a,"'" of ,he oa ..
U;. . . .i, pr<>t~'h ........ ' he_.
9.5
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
The~i ... lon"ludeQ('he ... ~'dli'.po;", .. 1

time,.n"I"'oq""""C·~;"ai_by
1 ... ;:m-I(co<U~'.) rosbl ± .4
Azimuth- e levation contour chart r... ''''''...... 4 .. d''''tu 'I>e ''''''''On "flhe e."h; ' ......"b
lti.fi ... In«a.. rylod". .... cha"."niiarloFig9.9 rol".'~y I e."'yminul •. Whenlhcorbi'i,"'''''gra .... ~
,,"~kh ,i""lhe hear,nl rnJuircd ,ndi"", 'hea~riall"" · .r<h ~::~,:""rea,c, Ih.n90· .14".dJed.o'.... 'wi .. il;,.'u!o-
aPOin,ofai,cn""'ude"...JI"""Iu.J~.The~ry
"<PJ ore lhen (...., i - . di.Jf'lm On pqe 9.8) A.an."",mpk.conS>de.o..., 7 "hl<h
Ilt1'IO$,llSmin.nd."o.bol.'indi",,"onofIOI-7"'.Tofind
"". a
period 01
, ........."ono('he ...I>-.. ..,ll".pOinl'hesc'wo'.. IOI<$m""lIt

I. ~~':'.~-:"~~~I~ic<c~~:,~::,~~~I;~ ... b>'~u'od i" ' .... 001 ... 'jon lbove.. Tho locallon.,a "_
lhe poin'"",he earl ....'hkll i$d"e<;11rbt\ow l he"'I~I.
l'Ie.oouklbtcakula'cd."".. 9_'~lhearealcirc"
~~;Irno" If," , ....... ,.11"••'0.... ,... OIl""'''''
iI obw"""
anlf< Dan<l ,he ,,,heo-paramttct1 _uircd in lhe h .... -'I" .. (.I6OKI8)II'IK";"(101·711 "'.6'
c.ku ... oi""'.Thisu.... c.nhe .... kulaleda'follo".. and I ros-I IC05(J6(lKII)II'1 QI.>s(SoI-6)) 21[8,4
" <M'(";-, .<M') ,~,,= rr'hclonll,'''''''oflhcoq''.I"r cro»inlli., .. y. 11 WInd

' .... .. '.lIi'.i.in ' ..... ""'ndinllnod.(icmo,in~inadim:'lon
whe", ~ i. I.... ~k'.. lion anlk or I...... ,,,lIi'e a, I.... 'o.'a.d.I .... No"h Po>k).11lc ~ub-...,I<l"'cpoinI3' " . .
'Ia,i"" Ris ,he radj""or,he.;IIlh(6 ..IHkml'nd ~j. • l"t~. ;~.«Iua,or aOS\inl "ill be "'6·N~nd lS t !l!
1..... It~u<icnf'hesalC!ljl.(I.~m'
1. Ne>"j,j<nccasa'y'o ..... lcub..,'heLa'j'...s.orll>epoin' Toplo"he"""'pie'."""""ll"'Ilhnilho.'n in ~,,'IO
:.~':""'~~'n::-~."lI ("1 O-I ... hicfo ror.~ 10 ,toe lhe abo", ""IeuLa,,,,,,, m... , be repe:ttod (0. COtI ••..-
in' ....... h of'ime... y ..... or I.. ominul". T"'orbo .. IPllb
"" /j _ ";n '00$ D + ,""",";n Drost:' lhouklbe ....... 'cd""·' ",.,..ro~n'.hcc'so'hal;tCi1n bc
fKlSilloned "'." ,hed.'-"ionronl"'" ~iaKram
..·......,/j'.lhe lalil""" o(,he poin' bdow' ...... '.lIil•.
ic I"" ",tI-..I.llil. poinl.' i$ ,he I.'''ud.ofl .... ,...,.i''·
;;.~.I.'jOn .nd Ci.,he heartn,'O ""'Ih(;n , hi, c....
U, ing the azimuth e le vation chart
l·b.tin.COtIlp.. ledbo'hP/lrtlof ll"'chart.i' ..... r no.... !>ou.. d
IO""I.,ooi ... 'heapp.-opria\euimulltand.k:"lionof'~
3. ::~:I~i.:d""::~~i,~:Qn'ilude oflhe • .,tHa,ellil. "" d[il.~'any';""'duti"llj'" ra.o in' ... 'oJ..,...i ... _y
Tllco'bi,.Ipo.'hisfi .... po>ilionod""'he.Ic ... 'ionCOftICllll"
oinL _ oin~~"D diqram.nd ' ......... torl' .... "".adla",.liJncd n..
CCI""'orc.<»>in,po;n,on'l>eotb"aJ,,"'h"'~."y;"~
.. ht:... L;,.' .... difl'crcncei"Iofo"IINkbe1 ..'..... , ....... l>- 'ionN a' lhelonaitlKleof' ........ aU>'''' ...... ''Coflhepa'''''''''
"""'m'.pOin'.nd'I>e..,""i>i ...... 'jon ".",bil. """orbi'alo1l.'ais",~nf"" ... ucendin.lnodo.
al'houth ' ocakula.. ' .... ~'n'nodc:OIIual"'''''''~"'
Thu. ' ..... lI'udc andlon.i'udeof.poonlrorJCSPOndin.
10. """icula.ckv;o,ion .n,"
"'""""',,e.lcub,od.on.
headon.o( O. lli,nowt'ICrbi,(28 ·7 fo,o.c •• 7)
olherhe.din",a'lhe .. ",. cl ••'alionanll •. (Nn'.i l i."" ly Wi'h' .... o.·.d.yinposilio"ill.nu .... pos'iblclo ••a~otr
r.ccc>sarylonlcula lcpoimsfurhudln",bel"'l'I.'nOandISO· I.... co'respondinll ..iooulh .n~.Ie"lion of,hes.a ,cliltoIOl
,.;nceo.... id.of'l>ec""'''i.'h.mi''o.i ..... ,cof'heolhe.) Jutrl<ien'<icl'<cof;occu,acy r",moslpurpoocs
Thi, I"ocod~'" nl"" ' .... n be uPta'N for olhe •• Ie'"alilln
.n..... upl09O".
Sateltiteorbital path
H...... d"''''nlhern.ni'only''''''"inl lodc1.'m''..... he'''
Iho .. lellil ....iII bea,"nrsi."n ' in... The oolr infOfma'ion
,htoln""luircdabou"he .. I.IliI.i.ll>eorbi,pe.iod.ndlhe
.ngleo' in<Iin.a'i<>nof'heo'bi"o'heoqu. ' o,-;.lpl ..... Thc
la,i,""" of ,he 'btl-salelli,. poinl i, ai."" b~
sinh _ .in (J6OI ',) >( .inol-
.,ho•• ,i. I"" Ien&lhofli"",.f1 •• lhc .. I.IliI.IIa.C,,,,..d ,he
oq ... 'O ••• isll>esa,ellj,.orbi,pe.iodlndol-islheanpof Tran s mitt ing station re quiraments
;ndi ... 'ionof' ... orbi' .The .... IUOSof .,.forOoars hnd7a'" ro .... IcuLalO 'heamounlofpc>'l'l'O' requ,red from an ..........
101 ·71'.nd 101·71 ' t>c:SJIOCIivdy. Ho...,,'Cr.•""h ........1i lIal ..... 10 ac=s a ... ".1111.;1 is ftnl ..........ary '" know 11M
dilf... noois unJi ..... ylocaUloC.nylisnilic:on' orror. Thii ......', .. ',~I"""'hd.I'he'npu'loll>e"''''I~'''...".;'.,'.7ho
Inpislrt.'"'lIan9O".nd'..... IeUi ... orbi'is ........ red'oal ...·c l .. ' .... ,npu'ofo..ar6("' rulloulptll ...~ - 100d1lm,
:::;,v-":~ic,::;,~: ::.':..'"' "'n,crly di.c:crioo U ll>e
wh",h should mna1ll IHlICal ror fUIU~ ... 1~lIiles. TIlt
requlrcd •• ound".lIonl"'" •• i.caIcuLaledasfolJo-,o...
9 .6
-
1'1 J"" A l-
t
(
I
'X
l-
i-
'~"" . ......
9.7
V H F/ UH F MANUAL
a
"'.
_ l00dRm
4.S~m
149dB
49dBm I-+-+-"l\+-++" •
o,l9dBW
T h;'e,,,, .. pond.IO.n .ff«,i,...... dial.d po"~(.rp)of i
.bou l80W.Theerpi.lheprodue10fthe ..... i. lp;nalKlthe
. mount of pow.r actu.lly fed to the aerial (no' '0 ,he
fe<:<kr).Th;.foll"recl n be achic,'edc;,herby f(Cding80W
~~':I ,:~~,:i:i~1 a;;!';;; ~~ ~~:~~n~·:;'io:. :~~~~'~i~

b<lt<r'''"", " n''mnidi='i"nal •• ,iol,in.cen", ... cking"f
'h. . . '.lIi'.i'''''''.... ,y. Al hiShe'frequ.ncies where the H
.iSna llossosar.' ....... ri'moynolbequ;I."" •• 'yto
scneral.highlt.eI.ofrfpo",,,and;.maybecomen«es.. ry
H 'T
to uschigh·i.;naerial.whiohr.qui .. qui'.acou ...... method.
"f ..tenit.tracki_,
-H ."
--'
,
vt "
HrHr~rw.rr~~ 1 I I I I I I I I
~lg •. tO.T"'~""t.t .. thfQ,O..,.' ·.tn 10j , .. __ .... ;........
Ib) 'hollolCondlngnOOM
"
.i
.
07
~40 I-
~ 7.i' b 1
"
\ ."".
o "R Q " \
,/
~i
,l'
9.8
Receiv ing station r equirements Optimizing the receiYing system

'-or"n,~,i<kbandor><ratoon• .• i¥na'-'o'noi,..ra'ioofIO<lB A'hf'heMisein.r=i.in~.y .. "mi' 8<' ... raIlY'''·a",pc<lby
i. ana=p,ablc,,'orkin,Ie>.,l.althoughforc wwork,ng lhe'..,ryh'ihk:....,I.ofatmo;ph<riocn<>i... some.imeskno ..'n
~:~~ '~~~~ 1c~~,lc;:'3J.~ol~~;;:I~:a,~;!~~\~~',li~i~ ~
as sty no,se (or ItmprrJIUre). The variarion of'hi~ pam_
3HI7. bandwidlh for a 'igna' ,,",oi"ed from a "".lIil.

delh..,ri",a~ak[>O"'<:rof'Wat:!9MH,.Anallo",,""""f
lOdI! i,mad,foro, he,,;ignaillha' moybe pr«cn. in the
2~'.~E~~~~O;::~~~~,~~k~'~~~~;~':
"ln ifican' elfec,on' heo,-cmll.y,t"mpufurma",", Tttu,i '
inpu,pa .. bandoflh<$lI'oll'lOr""",..".Wnhlo .. du.ycyck " ",ry ;mponan,. fur S~!1<ms workins a, ,he low 1o"el.
')'I'."ofmooula'Ooowcha... t>andc .. wchanallow.""., """01""" in "" ,elli,e and moonbounc, "...,kina. 10 ..rou""
"",,uld p",..idc for "0001 SO Ir~""ni»io;" Ihrou,h Ih< .heintemal leCCi'-cr noi.. 10 ,he 10"..,.' J'O'Stbie,'.Iue.In
.... m.. pro,·i,''''I'herea •• no.,c ...,i,elymong.ignals 8<'n¢r:ol,his""",",u.mgthemi"i mum offcOOcf .• nd .. "",,,",
f~:~· TheleCCi"'d'i&n"I-, o-noi"" .. "oi.ca k"la<eda, ;:~lif"''' "nh ,he low"", "0".., fi~"", coo.i"en, "'ilh .""ful
Fig 9.12 ;h"w, an outl ;"" di.~,"m fora ,yric,llo\\'''''el

""",,,·cr.An,npU'fil«.i<nor<ho,,.-n<lnce,helo«introd,t«<!
:....~~: ~~;':;~~~ 'i~d,;: 1~~I~~;'~'~r~:~~~~~~;,,~
~7:,~~:,7~ ~~~:~;i~~r ~~~~u~.i:1 uf «>Uf~ ""nerally be
R<e<:i"ern";",band,,id,h
R~i"ernoi!oefi~ure
Noose [>Ow.. ,nleCCh·.rband"iJ,h
The ,,",<i'~f nui'" ii~o", i. """nil' due '0 . """,pher"

noi"" If ,he r",:.i"n~ >ta,i"" "'e", ",u~,ed d,,,,,,'ly below F,g •. ,2. 'n,hOmH:mw ••• b.no"h, 'ow"gn""""UMdc.II
the ",t""i,. the ""th 1000woulJ bcreduccdby abou,lO<lH 'o,'ownol... ,ocoi • • ,o, An outl'no o' .,.".b'. 'H •••• ' I,
and.he',sn.I_,o-n<>isera,iororr .. pondinglyi""re...;d.A
funll<:r impro,·omen. could be ob,~ined by emrlO)ing.n
acrialwi,h"-,,, .. ga i,,
ftn~~~~n~~it;: ~~;:il~un,i~~ !r::;ho!~':'C:'::'di~~e~~~~:~
one ""in' on ,Il<: "",ei,·cr. normally ,he inpu, '0 ,he fir"
.mpliticr.Th,\i,do"" •• follo\\.:Skynoi ..-.. ,)"pical,.. luc
m'lIh. be 100 1( . "h"h ;.,he«lui"alenl noi .. ,e",pcr~'u",
.,lheOU,pu'of,he.eriaI.Thi>noi"" .i gnal"illbe."enua,«l
b~ ,he f.....J ••. wh"h ha. a I"" of 1<111. or 1·26 as a ra,io;
,herefor<:.he equ,.alent '.y noi« ,.mre"""r<: refe,red 10
'heinru'of,heamphf""i.
'00
1Tt. ,79'4 K
!~~::~,~nn' onl)' h.. a I"", bu. aho incre.... the n.oi<e
I'IICooi .. 'emrerolt're,,'he,nru'endof.hef<'ed«"R"_
b)' U ' 26 - 1J " m 7S'l K.TheSCneraloxpr",.,on,s
,10>, as. r~ ,i" I) " "mb,on, ICn'IlC"""'" in degr= I(el"m
::~'P;ihe ;:~"K,emr><t":l1Ur<: referred '0 ,he amplifier inpul
TlICoo"""cmpc,",ureof,he.mplilic,i'ca kul.,edfroma
;;;ft(, .. a "'''0 l) ( ambien"em~ .. ,ure in dei","K""-i,,.
,,'h"htn,hi.ca sei'(2 Il x m _ NOK.Thecouplinglo«
f;gl." . T""o". '."no'.. "gm . ~ompd " "h'no""'"'''''_ be, .. cen ,he ',..0 ampl ,I"", ha. a ""i« I<m~t":l,urc of
'u, • • ol 011 c<>.,,,,,n . .. ,, ,. I. " . d <o,"ng,. ",,'n,.•, . o... , • •
'''.~''o, • • ",.'.m." " .,'n'h. 'oc.'' ' ''Cu_(.), • • , ..... ..
cM",",nol.. "blm.n_m.d.n";.. :(clotm"'ph""'noi•• : . "., (.n"IOg~ - J) X 290 14'SK . Thi<'·alu"i.,educedby.0e
Idlotmo,.h"'cnoi .. t.om.h""." onbyo'fl!. n . nd ...,. ,
ampl ,f",riOinw henrer.. red,u,he",mplif",r'npu'.hence
9.9
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
'hcoq.ul ..... '" """"'"""",Dtme .. ~.,. 1·~5K.T,,"

mi_"a ... oI ' hc""""'<l."'plllic-r"'''''I,yhu.mlOCh ..........
~fi""etIlaR.htfi .... lmphflCf.bu •• lwhitlw<.lwpin
01,110 fi.~t " .... ,he 1oIo'C1" ,he ciT... of folloloin, " ..... An
$d ll nol ... fi"'~"'~ui,....".,to."""""""porat_Or
\.,,"lottSIO . ) 2900< ' .5H· K."·hlCh" •...,,,,,,,,, Iu
I~. 1-o~orl('1 K"henrd~rrro'o'hcln""."r'lwfi'"
~" .'" C" .'"'.A_'~' ~., '"~"'" ~ '
Oscar 2
" ...
Dttembnl%'.ndco",,,,...,oI,,'ODmWIdttnct.ybeooon
~"n, on . 44·98 ,\111 1.. M<><c ,Ila" '.000 ...
pons of lilt
~~~~':~f;='oaI from 600 IlN'tur ,u,ioM dUtllIt i6
Th .... ,elllle"... l.aund-ood"n 2J" ... l%2.1>d op<ra,C<J 10<

~~,t>~ li~c Oscar I ;t CIIrrl\l\l ,. 1.1<1"",ry bcaron in ,he
I
::~:~~~ ~~: ~~:;.::~~~"'~~~ ~~.;;~~~' :~'~:~~ 0 1<:8,3
:':;';~~~III""ratu,..,is'i"'Ply'he.u"'<lfca"hofl •.., i"dl\·iJ".1
'··f""'."'.....'·· ..
Thi ."'•• ' lw;fo ... t.lh •• I" the",,,.IJ.be,n,
.. """hod "" <) M .n:~ 196.'l. only on. nlOnlh bef" .. (arly
}~~'~.
I"."'rllr..,
~~,,:~~ ~~~~~ ~::r~~I:'~".:!b ~:~~~ ~ ~~~
.'ounJ '4J9 \lIt ,.ta po"~."...,loftW p.c_p.II. 50tnw
..
Coul'hn,'o.. Idemeu)' beacon a"", rad .. 1<'d on 14~U Mlt l. Ope .... "on
~nd.mpll(lCr,n""",r
b\tcdfor only, " o .."«k.. du.in ...'h..,h '"II,,_Lhan100
~~~~";":''':'.:';,';';=~~Ih ,ho .. tell,te, 1....11IdJO\I '''0
The""""lIp", iocaku ...c;.I f.o.1I
!II ,o,,-(k!- I)dll ~hS"C::.i.u""hod on 21 Il<:orntber 1%' .00 carnal" 2m

'0 mom , ra~. U..r""un;>,.ly ,he .. ,.Ih,. failed '0
"here T ;,.he'OI.I«.jul..... n.not<e.empe .. ,ure. II."""ror ""h"",~".~""'t.,..bol.nJonIYOf'Oral ...IIon•• """lhf'"
• hern..,i,cr.on<i~rro.hrtlOl .. fi,ure .. 4·8dll.U)·doln. abc>lll • .!oLen ,,,-... way ~OIt,:oct~ 1o lie m.<k. 11"".,-. •
~t;~~~~~~~;~i~:~~I~n..~~~il~~,~ ~~~:~':::
.hl<lyllO of"",ku13"o""" l'O'"bk 10 IOC-~I. 11'1<>« 3,.... In
• rw<i.i""Y<I~'" Ih .. h.,'••
,i,,,,f,,.. n'dTc<1 "" IlIeo".rall
",,,,,,"I,,,
,,,,rfurnun<e , ' n it "~n be""," "h" IhrC"'" i"f
11Ie_"ndalllrllfk'<~I\",,'beianorro
Au s tralia' s Osca,-5 (AO-5)
Amateur satel lites launched T he flf' h am,"cu. "I<IIL'~ "'-a. de5i,nN In" c"",,,,..,,"" in
~';!~;:~"~.:~.~'!;" f~';:7iA'~~~';"'~':, ~:'~~~'f:
Oscar' WOo<e opnatlOm befo .. ,n laundl On 23 Jan"".,.. 1970.
r hrft", """"""""cll"c",•• de:sicnedand bollit by , 1w; AO·, "" ..ltd ,."'.....,<}' bcacoru on I+lOS\II" .00
rr..,...,O$ca.,tOoo(o.car"""lICronymfo<Orbo"", 29~5\ lIb_ and , he ""e. "'>Uk! be ."',,(1,",, by poulld
9.10
~":"Ang·.'~~":'~i<k~lO=U;~~;::C:%i::~=
...s..rd.AI<o.'hc: '...
')'SI~."·hich ol'C""" .... "'b<aoDm
.nO'll'roin'·nllplionofanorna]""'I'fDpaJ;llion. Geost8tiooary I5atellit85
~u,u ... . """N' ... ,.11""" .... nned for ,''' ,mmed .. 1C
AMSAT- Oscar· 6 ~'::,,:'."e!i~~~':,==~~~,:,~~,~'\~::-~;,; :

O"'.... r-6 ..,.. ,.u~hc<J Un 12 O<1ob<r 1~7!a. pan 01 1M ._'rur$.01clli'c"""'ldllO<" ....onIin ....'''''.'i<>n:oryorb,'
!_~,~).A<mcn'ioncd """'iou,ly" "".Ihle In ouch In
::::~ :'d~"el ~:,~l>;"~,.;~~~n~~;~i~~~~c~~~,~~; ",b" ",_in< in.n al"""""""".nl rno""'" ",I.,i,,,,u lhe
O>c;or·S. 0110" '''1 "cu<.' oa"h. l'he.-.arc<"ih""",,,on.i,,,h•• WJJIPD",,,,,,,du<
I" 10 ''''' "".lli,c ",,-.,ral limes <~ch
IU ,,,,,r." may ....' bc<r" ,y"lu.>j"". ,. bu,
~I~ ~:;,,~:~:;;~n~~:;,"': "?~~~~"~::.~~ ~ l~~~ ' hc>ca"'llUt I,koly ' 0 bo.ii'l ifo"." , "·"" . "",,0uraorial.
d ..... m of I"" 1..... ",I"JJ><!<,,,.ho"'nin F,.9.1).T"" ,nptJl The m,," '''I'"""i.,e f",qucncy bond f'" ,he do~'"lint.
je .. ,.IIi,. 'n.arlh ... "robal>ly 1Ocn, (oc'u.lly 4H '"
f<"Cq".ncy nonl<' ".-as 14S·9i)lul4600JMII •• ..Jlhe"'''I''''
","... 29'4SI029·5S\1I1, .iou.,
')8\'111,,- ,hi. f""'lucncy I,;,. n:1.Ii,dy ca.y ".
"""i,,"" ",,2')4S MIl ••nd 4lS I ""hiclc "',.. ...,."..r n"' ... fI ....... (~'o .1<1111000 h,.h •• ria'
11<.....,., .. "",1. ".'" I ..
Mill ••11"""lh.he Ia".,
..
f.,1od afler. shon
"pcrau"n.A~"f""' "'''''Oscar.(,'''H'heC~'OI'Cuni.
pen"" of pin.(W'02SdIl). ~ o.- 'heup-l'nk Ihc:choice i. ",,,,",ho,
_'dc"'ICbu'duc'''' ........ U ..''"'''hhi.... '''''''.... Ic,,'''1<
..·hich .. u8lJO.b,.n ....""I"Slo ..."'un"""""blcol .. oron. ""'ybcc<.... "" ... ,4SMlll ........ "'OIlO<"...",.,..-cdiOlu"on
A """'..- hn~ ("'-''''' .bo>"'OUJc<SIC<J ohn"",offmluc""'"
~=':~~:.;:,~~~~"=,,;:;hc:.,:,"~~n':.i ..." ..... 110<"1""·
bc".oronJ.isna1 b)' ~..i'.bIy ~C)i;n~ ''''' """ilblo.-. TIle 'n"" of
mcua.. ..,nnllcd, .. 'heCodc<oOl'C ... nttN (,,,,,, ...,,,,,,.
1. .
"'bi ... ld.:o.'3'O'.kmtlrypa""mcI<n....,ha.b.l".ry~""a .. Z",.,.i""

•oo"un-.,n'dr.l'n.O"'..~"-..••" ' lfunc'K>n,"$,,.II.h... Inpu' .. ' .. la' ..'cllit.f...-f"IIQU ......
~'f"" 'paa: ""th .....
..... fl)r""r)tar .. orc"'''on.ahhuugh''n'''''ofn'''''''''''''
".fct.:m.~"i<'''''n'",n"""-cbo,,.ryl''J''<r I'rop.1gJu"nk><.
AMSAT- O.car·7
~:~~~~~~~~~~\~~:;~~~
T"'n~n,ill.r pOwer
::,::~::I<::,:",~~~'l~:':'r~~'=~~n!:";:;
... ·hich""'ybtkC)-cdb)'.C....... 'OI'Cun",imi' .. ".,he .....
70m0 ...... "'i"~
cha""'I.rh'io
no..'n on Oloao,-6. A hritf ..." .."ary of lhe of s"ICIlOICC<1l
,clI'IC".....
'hc .. lCllilen ..' .. nbclnw' ....... u ........ onlS r"",,..,...,.,palh""" nUB
Nu'cnlllO<"'1974f"'''''heW'''''''nTo:.IlI ..... in'hc:USA
145'. l<I"" "
f<1I'<'IOl ..... Th .. " .. m,larl",heoncn"\On(>n
M "hicN ..... llOJadin.faclor
Prop.3puonk:>s.
,."
Osa,-6acc-ro 11\;01 'IIe""",CI'"u'p,,,;"inc.,,,,,,,,, '" lW
~~;~:i}~~:::~:~~n::::E:~~~~,~4~~
f'oi,n"n •• ndp"I,\f'nl""' .....
(iround".,,,,,,.., ... lp;n
R.,.";,,,,, .. ,,,,,I1c ...1
,."
M'
- ' 61dIlW
Re';CI'c,_fl,"'c
~~;~~:',~~:;~
.,,,,. linc.t.
.
<Ie,"."" ~~E~~,::.:::: :~~.::.a~
lien«: i. mo'C ctiio;:icnl ,,'ilh luw dUI~
rye'" I~pe< of mod"l .. ion ~"ch a, c ...· 0' .. b. T he in,'<>1
SiJn.>Ib.lnd,,'Odth
~!':';:"n:,i"'''''io ",..
)k llz
,69<lIlW
~~~~, '~"f,,:;,~:J.' 'i;S,:~,,:,~~;::J~,~:~~d '~~~9~~'~~~

'~5 ·9lS Mll t. The",hal ... a'clc,,,,,.rybcac""."45·9n"'11
f"or,.a ..... ,ofl""di".uflh<2m .. ltllil<"""",·«il""'"
p",,,.bie '" "p...,n. oolb "'pc.t'cn ';multanrously
'n or<lcrl" """""",hc:rq>c.l'e'andfoo:"... ",J",,NI"J"Cr
of , OOW " 'ill be ""'1"''''<1. p<efcr.obly II,- u<in~" ..... · .. 'n
Frequency allocations to the
.., ... , 1,1d. b'''''k''d 1'O'""".mpl>foer.... ""'" Ih .. l'Cdocn ,lie Amateur Satellite Service
ncN for""",," ... , 'nd ... or'hc ...... 'il •.
TlIc""'pu' 01 , ...
n:pca, ... i<abou,8Wp.c.p.fed'o a c;'-""Ia"ypOlo.iTl'\l ::;,':", ;..=....'":= ~~~:;;~.~.~~he....!~'~~
='\;I~~~.=~~~",:~<!'~.::t:;; lho •
• 1"""'IC . "...,ifi<frftjucncybaOOslulhc:,-..r"""$&ICII" •
..,,""" ,'''', .. 'hc<.,n:ady.~" .............., pr.....,....J ror .be
I'Iownon OsaM>.bu'd""" ..... """""c ..·hcn ,"'4)21u f"' ......
A.far •••""'''''''' ..-cn:cu''''''''''''''''h .. dfCCl''.. ly
I.SMIl.,,,,nlpOn<kr " 'n ...... (l"hc<lupp .. ,>h,flallhio
freqoc"'Y .. "lIbcup'n
~"Uk)
""",n'okSI.... ';n'''''''.'n.,.''''nll.,lo<ah''...........
'hrm.a' BIlOOOllon"o'heA=tourS;nclhl.Sc,,'~ ....
''.of
l..104~ m .booo ..... Aheaconl"'",mi".ron'hi.f""'lu<ncyi. ""rnpk,e">1 of,he.IIOC'.uon." 1I,¥.n In Tab" 9.1
9.11
VHF / UHF MANUAL
Table 9.1 Signal path loss

TtIc moon rotate< in a ,lightly elliptical o.bit around the
:':.;~:: :~i~mbo~~:~i~~~:'::''' di:t':~! (:";l;:~
fX"'iJlu) .'" approximatoly 407JXlOkm ond 336.()(Jt)I;m
" .......... ,'b.ooI respe<li'-cly. To an obs<: ...."", on Ihccar1h ttlcmoon. "hICh
1.000-J. looUlz Ioqualprima.,.
"'1""".2&) had a diameter of 3.3OOI<m. sublend, ~n an, I<.,r ,00..1
Eq .... ,prim • .,. h,lf.dcgrttlsecFig9.14).soloachoc,,,bc<t,,,,,ull,the
«';"nl,2&3 'r.m'mitti ng(aml"",eh·inglaeria lb<a"'''-idt hshollk!,de,lIy
~qu o l p.im.fY be: 1\0 lV<.,e. Ihan l~ i, ,'.Iue. In Pnt<li"" lh i, i, nOt u,ually
,., ;0.-. 1.2&) ach .. ,-able bul d""" pro,idcan ultim ... obj«ti'~
Equ"prim.". _~odcclde"hat 1)-"" of equipment i'nl'Ce<$alyth<:mosl
"'l ion 1.2&) crl"cal para"""". lha, _d' . o be: known is the cff~'i'-c
Ut"olpfimOlY
r<, "'nl.2&J path I"" for .. 'ignal fdl~ted by the moon. A con,·cni.nl
Am.,.u . ..'<lIilemoy wayofe~pres.'ing'hi,i,'tlcl","'ljf}k/os'.icthel""b<tw""n
h'o.Cfials Ihat rndi.,eequalll' In "II direction<
F.quolprim • .,.. Con,i<lera "an,miUeron lh.ca"h.,d"t inianeFkcli,-.
24·12S± ()-I2SGII. po""rofp, w.lt$eq"allyjnalldi~tions_Atadi"anced
i ••I",d..isnOl«lfor meu"sfromth<:trnn,min •• ,hepo"-"ear.bccon'i<krclto
indu""" ."",nt,l\( be:e,cnlydbl.ibutedo,,,rtf>esllrfaceof •• phen:ofthe$ame
ondmcdic. , pu,po«< .. diu" The ,,,.face
a.ca of ttlc ,phere i, 4"d'm' .."h.
amounl of power nux pa."n~ Ihro"~h ony <Quar. met", of
'he$uff.cei<P.147rd'Wlm_Thi.;.knownUlhePd"'~tflux
dmsll,·.and "'htn mullipli.d by lhe apcr1U", Of .. pIU"" .....
ofa.naeroal.i"-< :StheamounIOfpo"",«<ci,.. dby,tlcaorial
Moonbounce lhe lotal rf PO"'"collc:cted bylhc moon de""t>d. on !I\e
~urf"cc.n:a a<_nf""n l heearth.Theapertu ... ofltlcmoon
~~"':'~n: :~:'n~ o~ui~,~~~~i::'t~h,~: :isrc~~:';~:l :~ ".pproXtm.tt.lyeq"altoT.D';4m'",hercDi"hedi.m.t.r
u.ing,hcmoona'a p."i.,. ",lle<lorofradio " i-f\Ol •. i n ,hi. ,:,f~tIc mOOn. 'I'he PO".... ollc:c'ed iSlhu, the prod""l of the
'n~"tenl po"c' ~u, dcn,lty ond the moon', apcrture, i<
:;hj,,~ =:::~~:'::~t~'":!~~'o~;:'~P=~cli!:d~~7. P,' 4~d' x ,,0"4 o. P, D' 16<1' Watt., This po,,-<:r (0. m()fC
"isibl. '0 bo,h <>f'hem. Mo""",-.r.th".onbe: •• hievcd., a= raldy 0 ccrt.in amnunt of it) i. ",·,...dialed in 3U
~':"r<:C";'i~~':,;o produce a PO"'" nux don.ily at ,tic surf."" of
~i~';:~~;~~~"'"~fo~~a~:~~~i~ni~.u:'::n"!~;;:t"!r::
ronh_m<H:m_r,n(,,,,..) "'crkingond ,he.Qlllpmcnl requln:_ I',D' I6d'1 147rd'W,m'
m<ntsa", discu5Sed I.".r. II ,hould bt polnlcd Out at ,hi.
"ai<th"cmedoesnolr<lyonf... kenh''''Ooemen''in Thea !"'r1u",. ordTccli •• captu'" .rea. of on i"'lropic
.e".1 " found from ,he equation A _ ~'/4~m' ,..he", ). i.
~':t':~~h~~fdt~ ~-:~: .';a~S;~~:;;~· for the hands ~'7lc<:~~~:;'~h;",;<;Om~ ':'~~f ~evel of the ,iinol aft.f
A' Ii:" "aht it would appear tha, ,he ,,,,,. high.ignal
I"""" In,'olled .."uld put ,hi, type of communication
be:~'ond the ...... h orradiu amaleurs. 11 i.lrue 10 say lhal lhe P, ~ ~, X~ or P, x (~6~:)' WaItS
lypc of ( Quipmcm ",quiud i• ..,rro;whal 010 .. ~omple~ Ihan
lhe'YPlc.. l vhfcqlllpm<nl, h.'i.con'nICrci.IlY3'·ailable. Hy,,,,,,,ilullng$Uilablevalu.,fotD,),andd,hepathlo..
fO"~.I1IC';gnal""nbefound. For432 MH"hemean palh
~~~I~ s:''::f~\,~ha~~n~~~uipm.n' in ,I>< importanl ""'as 1""" 26~d8 ",ilh a m.. imum ,-an.uon of ", IJD due: 10
Mo<tOfthcc",n>o tc.gi,'oninthi •••,:tiQnrel.t<toe",cat ,ht'-ar ... uonofthedi.tancetx:t"""n,hce.rthand moon
:~~i~~t~~:~~~ '~'i. ~~~J.n~;::!-:il ~~. i;:~c~~n :,;=

Fi,9.15.1to",.the,-.ria'ionofpa.thl""withfn:q""nCf,h
,houldbcremembc.ed lhatlhi.i .,hcidea l""",.nda"u",",
il i,'heccn'",nfthe,hfechand'mO$lfrequtntlyuoed.i. th.l all ,he eroc'¥Y r=ivcd by the moon i. re'fadia'ed
144.4J2 andl.296l>lH.
EME link budget

A. fora ... tdli'.sy"e", the I'OC<:i,-<:<,l.ii-f\O\·'o>noi.. raI;O
m.y be cakulated from a powcr link budi<1 U follows
The <:>verall sii-f\Ol"<rnoiso ratio i. given by
," +='T=-===0::::
~of-
SNK _ 1', - L,. + G? - Pc + G. _ p,.
"'l><reP, - tran<rnitlcrpo,,'.r(dBW)
L,. - ' .. n.mitlcrf«dcrlos.(dll)
0
." -
f1a '.'4. To.nob",,,,.on' heHrth,l>Itmoon .Ubt.Md...
0"1110 01 onl. ho" 0 dog ...
G. - 'r• .."mittinll a.fial a:ain(r<la'ivc 10 ;"'tropi<:)
Pc
(d ll)
to .. lpa,hl",,(dll)
9.12
G. _ reaivinl.eri.1cain(dB) F...,mthe.bo'~ atlc.tl.lion'itCl'lnbe_" lhat"""n ... ith
p ~ _ reai'~r noi .. po ....er (d OW) fairIYs<>phiolic.tI«leq ui r men'onlyma'llinalresul".re
obtained, On" faclor of major .iinifK"""~ to UK amal.urs
Thela.l faclor. r~.i.del.rmiJ'led bylhe reai,-erl>and\\'idth
i"h'lInOulpul po ..-.:rof7SOWha,becn .. ~.umed"'h;';hi'
B l ndlhetotal'Y"emnoiselempernlure'f.
abouI8dBmore 'hani'POS.ibleunderli<c~condilio ..
p~ _ 10 101"K x fI x T. ,,'I\crt K i, IIoltz"'/lnn'o con·
51anl 1'l8 X 10 - " Wa'I$/ H2. T. i, the .um of lhe in·
divid ... l noi .. 1IOOr<:e!.... r.rr~d to the outPOl of lhe .eriol
!~'::%~:"'''::'I~~~~ ~~<>~t:':. "o'~~i~icc=u~:~
lion,givenabo,-ehavebe<:nbaoc:d<>nanopcra,ingfn:quency
T. _ T. _ (L. _ 1)Tc -+- L. T. , of4HMHz. ho"'-~"r""",communi"';l1ion i, equally POS'ible
T. _ aerial ,emperalure. K , .IOIher.matcurf"'qu.nc.... priI>Cip.a.lly144."d l.296MHz
L. - reai'·inafeed.rIO$S{~ ,pre5$<d"arnlio), At I44Mllz lher-.:ar-.: 1"'0 main problem,
TL _ p~ysic.tlt"mpe"'tureoff«:<lcr{"ormally19OK),
(a) theiI>Crea5t in ,k.yt.mperntur-.:.typicallyZOO_JOOK
T. - """""',nO;$ttemperalure.K
~~~~.1~".:~' ,he ultimate sen,itivily of ,he reaivini
~:. ~~~i~~'tl~;..~.;~t valo .. into lhe abo.o oqu'''i<>"'
(b) :'nW'Y largea.rials ne=... ry 10 prod""" the ""Iuired
EJl a mple The main ad"an(allCS <>f(he 2m band are that it isqu;",
r.: : ~8d~dBW{7SOW' e.o.SY l<>lICra'" lhe high po ..'erlevel,(.uhjec-t to licon,i ...
conditions). and al"" the p.a.th Ios.~ i•• ppr<>:timattly 9·511£1
~~ : ~:~rl6hdi'h) leu lhan for 4)2MHz, Al higher f""lucncies ,he sky
lcmperatur-.:is sliglnly ""'tba... t412MHz( .... Fi, 9.1!)
and il is much mon: practical 'oC<>nStru<l high lI'Iin aerial,
T. - lOOK tllata,e nol 100 IAr&<. The major p",ble"" enc<>unl"r-.:d al
L. _ OdBliep.... mp.' .... i.lj hi,her f""lucI>Cics a .. that lhe"",h I(}SS is hillher (an ",lra
~. :: f~KH~noise:n&ur.ofl.ldO)
:~~n:'~~~:)~~~:O'" difficult (and expen,i,-.:)
T. _ IOO+9J _ 19JK
s:~ ~ ~2fl~!~ Equipment considerations

The foliowinil comments r-.:late specifoe.o.lly 10 4J2M lil
:u!,:~ bf~~ ~l~;n~~~.... hal son of c<tuiprnent would
Rece iv er
Wi,hmoderntntn,;,,<>rsitispossiblet<>conSlrUCIamplifiers
wi,h """'~u""'down toaboulldfl. ,"'hieh is a noi ..
lempenllU", of7S K (.... Fic9,16). Since lhesky noi<eat
4)2MHt is oflhe onler of '0 to lOOK there""," ""very
il"3t advanlall< <>blained by keeping the reai'.... noise:
'.mpt1"".uur-.: down 10 this value. For e.ample consider.
oy.lem wher-.: the sky temperature i, lOOK ; if the rea;,,,,
noi .. fiiU", ..-.:r-.:red...::edfr<>m4dlllOldllthera:<iv<r
ocnsiti,ily ",,,,,Id be iI>Crea!Cdby alrnost SdIl.T<>ob1ain a
simHar inc ....... in ""'ili,i'y frorn ,he o..iol it ",<>uld be
= ... ry to iI>C ..... oc ilS "perwre by a faotor ofthrec
1.~~ra~~~ iSo~q~;r a~~':,~: a~~:l~:I:~r ~~\:
fiiure.Thedegrodalionat.usedbye,-enldlllo«""forethe
~~~i:t~~ ~he~'!.~::'if,':t'~ ;~!;l?t:.":;;:=l~o;
.s cl"""aspossiblelolheacrial.i<!eaUym<>llntedallhefeed
PO~:;~h:,,:,!~~:u~~~..!.~ communications (he .ffeet
i~~i;:~~:."~~~::".~t~:':~";;:~~Y~ ~~o
cn,ure lhat (he sta,cs .ft.. the pre.amplifier. and the
~~::';.%,~inllatble.donOlSiJltif'-""nIIYde~radclheover.
lt i• • tandardprac(icctou.. convenlionaI412M lI ~down

converters with an i.f. OUtput in tbe ranll<ofa co<>d quality
hf..."..;,..... h i. imponanl thaI lbe reaiv.r.hould be ''C'Y
~~·t~~~~ ~n~~~.~I~~::.,al~~I"K!;;~~l~~: ~~~;:.~

9.13
V H F/ UHF MAN U A L
lal~ '!':.i"~~~'~~";~~ha,::.:~ i~h~~e ::~~~~if:~,~~ci,

.nd o,dc, of .. lli~ may be es.ablished, In .el'H:.-al tho
f ... q""""i<:s~~.", 144'OOO. ,I32-000 ond 1.2%-OOO MH •.
~~~~! :~~~ ~"'':i~b~'~~f, ';~n~~~~~:i~~~aaU~
w;th a $u it.blc.llow-a""" for Dopp'"'hift and cal,b"'tion
erro'. The p-roce<iu", is fo, the fi~t "'perll",r to .. n~ i
of ~':ai~::~n~:t~'~i~~~'~~~:m. ",oa<ure",.nl "f.un
1r:.n,missi"n!lCquenceforaper;OOof2tmin.,hcnhclim·n.
for.",plyfo,a,irnil.,pe,iodof,imc.ThecallinS!lCque"""
noioecanbeu~a>~~uid. _ Th i , c.nbeachio,-.dby <on<i,,,oflhetWilca ll .iJIIU.cg(;lU IIF<kG1SII~·( ••,,,m,nl
connec,inll a ,,,i,ab" v"I,m"., (pref.... hly one wi,h a ~II .11 i'beinMu~) , ' n.,cadoflheu,u.' RSTmct hodof
sca")ac,os"lIeafou,pu,of,her=i,..,r.Mca",rcmcnl.of "'porling, anolltc, sy"cm. TMO, has been dc,'.IQIltd
,!I< noiselcl'cl,rcU",n,.1<en"'i,hIhe.c,i.1poin l<:<l bOlh .".,..·irICallyfo,c"",_The",ason f.,..,hi,choicc <>flelle" i.
lO""r..har><la,,'ayfrotnlhc,un.Tho.,houk.lbcdul'H:,,'hen
lhe .uni,a'ahi,hele''''ion .• r><I'''ilhlller<<ei,'e,-01><!'ll1 ing ~~ tt~m:::~~ ~i~~b~'~; .:n:;!~a~~o.~I.y;:a::
wilh itsag<;'''' i,ched 01T. The dilT.",,,,,,, heNcen tile twO ~~;i, ~':f;'~:...,..", The n""nitlj! .,,,,,,iated lI'i,h .aoh
",.dings i. la~.n 10 be the .lTeeli,'. noise f"'m lhe 'un
~:'::~:~:~2~,::~~~:0~~:'~na:h,~~n8~lIn~; t'i::t:~ ·"-r=p1i"nofS i~na lb"'nO,p 05ili"eidenl ili<a.ion

M - .i~n irlC$""py "fpart.".p.1r"of.he""lI.ign,
O-sent wltcn bolh "" Il ,ign, h" 'e been .u=<~fully e<>r->OO
Tra nsmitte r T he .."., R i.senl ",henconfi,n"';,,n of con lac I, ie.he
M.ny I... n,mine, design~ capab" of prm'idina hi.M ,f l.tle,O,ha,beenr=i.~
po"'.'" h.,'.been publ"hed. il'H:ludin. clse,,'herc in ,hi. If . illnal levcl<a",.ullkienllyhillh.lllen rc"""ion back to
book, Th«e frcq"en"y u'" ",adily a"ailable hillh po""'e,
trlrO<lt<s.ochaSlIle4CXl50H,M"i,hlhem:ei"inll.y"em ~';" I~Ta~~:in~=~;=s d~~ S;;:~alf~I~~~' ~~~a~i~~
~:;'~~;,,~a~~~';:,'il"~ I~~~~;t: ;~~':: ~ h::~:~
wilhinlkH<oflheehoscnw",kinllfrcquenq
Aer ie l
r !l<mai n rcquircmcntofll",aeriali"h,'i'spin.houldbe:
a, high., poo>iblc. the limitalion, be:;nll,he rhysk.l,i,.
that ,.. n be 3«","mOOuled. AnOlhe, '..,ry impo"an,
eonsid...'ioni.,halllle.idelobt .... ponses . hollldbt!l$
I"w a, possible. rflhi,i,nolro, il i,poo.iblefornoi,y
rource5whkharc n",,!I<rcl'H:ar.he main beam ,oscriouSly
deKradclheaeri.'noiscl<mperatu",
V.nuusl)'pesofae,-i":a.-..possiblefo,thelhreeband,
considc:r<:d.e,,,,rdbotkdi,h,(Oliinea''''ra)·.andYalli
armys. One of ,he mos'eon'.. nlCn' lypesi"hed .. h"hich
although having Ihc Ji .. uvan,all<' of havinl a lo"'cr lIIin-l().
v
,i,. rati<> 'han its """'1><l iIO .... d",,~ PUS""'" so"", Olhe,
dcsirablefcalu", •. I' i,quil e ... yloeoMlruclandduttoil<
non·f""lutncy .. tec'i"t properti.. (t.cept for ,he feed) it
ma~ ~Iro be: ~KtI on olher bands. In or<kr 10 OI'ell;O"'.
foro~~"':i~~.~o ~~a:i'::,i':;:' '::~!;,sn=~~ i:.i'='::~i~

.<hiol'<:<l"ith.di'haeriaL H o."-e,..,,,alp~n,themajo,ity
of~crial'used,i",,'udi~dish .... mploylil'H:.'p<>1a'i"'ti<>n
To""'intain theh;ghcst(>O«ib ... i.n.I .. , .. "iti.n....... ry
forlheae,ialt<>bek.p'p<> intedinl""dircctionoflhemoon
Two rnethOO. an: e,,"'m<>nly "sed 1<> enable lheacnallo
follow too lrack oflhc moon. The .. an:,tH: p<>lar mounl.
whkh ... qui"", rolalion aboul 0.... a~i. only, and the
u im"'h-<:"'"3l ionmounlw~kh.-..qui .... rotation.boutlwo
Oxe<. In ,pile of the .ppa ... n" ~ ""'... cornplo ~ ..·d mOun l
i,i"lIernorcpopula,ofthc lwo, lnfo,ma'ion ...p,ding ,he
:u:~,~ra:n~:i ~ 7:'~a~::;i:'::~ ~~::. b< derived f'om
Operating practice
Sincee"",provid",.""ha ma'Jlinal""'thodo/communk>.·
lioni'i...senli"lhatcachOl'tnttO'$houldadoplidcntkl>1
~~~ ~ ~a(:!;::!/~i~ ~~,!~::=~f~f~~;

9.14
·.h""'ble .o ~hcck .. hat mean"", .... 10 be .. ken ..'he-n.he Compk1c InU mo.y ... h up '0 ..... hour 1O""'1'OU'.
lCS...... ' .... np durill&"·hich.imeil"·inob·.. ~lybcl>CCUY.ry 'O"""lClhe
..,".' .kNo•• he ''''''k of ,he moon. AllOt ....... problem ,IIa,
.,istsis IIIaI 'hepob","I"",oflheI'CCCi.'ed.i,n.'o/u.nl"
d ... 10 on ~lToct called hraday 'Olalion. A$ 1Ia$ been
menlioned .I... dy on. me,hod of o."rronu~ .""h.
problcmi"<>u.. circularpol.,i,.,i')n,b!o',hefading""nly
"",lIy "lInifican, a. )44MHt artd ,he problem i. u.ually
/ "'''rromeby.."ually,ou, in.,hcao'ial.or.whc.. ...,.,ible.

,he fm.!. I, $hould be ",membered. """.".". 10 mum ,'''
.... korpolari ....ion ". ill or ... nal , ...1..... I... I><'$Inni... or
'Iwo'ad,....
/ .... h " .. n"";l>«Iaent>O.nd
,ra;:::'~=:~r:~,:~:!:=~:::::c'~
and"'''his..-e,lIanHO.OOOkm"ndCO",,",,!uently,hercis
men' duri"..
alimedtbyofal>ou.2J. be,,,...,n'ran<mis.ionlnd,,"p'ion
of ,i",AI•. AI'IO. diIT.... n' ""h len, tillan """u, due.o
'm rcfl«.ion f,om dilr.... n' "'''' or ,he "lOOn. '10 ,1t&1 ,he
tcee,,'td si.n,' con,i ... of many <omw"e"" ."ivilli. '
.lil,h.,ydill"."'n.'imes.TIti.... n<:ouscdi .. "rtiooandi.
,,"flicub,lynOlittableon'·Oi!:clr,onsmis,ioft.(ic .. b).The
~
Ion. '"OW dtbyn"beofson",benefilin ,It&.il .... blco.
/' / s•• "on .omonilori......'nrefloct<d.ianah
The ,fb,r'~ mtl'"mItn. be' .. ...,n and
lilt: 011111
V
I'D()(In
/ at ....... he ....... k.o ... /fer. ,)oppIe •• hoir•. "hichunlikctlu..

~~petienotd .. ,.h .... ¢l~ ... ..",..,i ... '...,.t.ly """,....... The
....1... "'the fn:qucncy shif, .... ,in a«<Kdin'.o ..... 'ime i~
..... lu .... <:y<:1e, b~t is"""or ,,,,a,~, ,ltan ± )fH" "here f
", .... ' ....... miuioft f... q ..."'1' in MlI~, So a. 4lZMIl~ , ....
,m ma~,m~m DoW"" .hift ,,"QUid .... aOP,o,in",,~ly 1'26kH •.
i. if , .... ' ra n,mi, frequ.ncy ,,"~re .""c.ly 4lZMI·k .hen ,he
~i'«lfn:q ... ncy"ouldbe41200126 MH,.o' 4j l·99874
Mil, dtprnd'lIi on "he.he, ,he ~anh and moon ...".
aro,ooclli".eachothe,.o,n"",,,... r,,,,he,apan
Fi ... li)'.lhechoiceltas,ohem:«l<,,·hen'oco.rryou •• ho
/ ,..... The'....... ionofcanh-moonsq»"'''onm<.a .... ha.....
"",hlosoatn',,rybyaboll. !<III '10 i... ad~i ... bIt 100/>050 •
•ot'.....·...... 'hi$fi¥u"'isamin.mu!n. h isolsodeoirable 'O
FI~ I.U,
. " ~
....... 'go .. '.II)
DII:':':.' .~-"::':~I,~.!'!hJ:~~!~; ell~. "~ 10

conduc ......... lIwhen'hemoonisin.qulet""nof ..... ky .
..·.... Ixn·•• hehori""'anda"ayf'omsoun:acfno,... uch
.. . hesun.nd ..... milkyw;ty
If . lI "f.hose .«hn iqua . . . .d"p,ed. ,lie ~uipm.n '
p'."iou.lyou.lined.hould.n.bl.cO"lOct.'o .... maJ."i.h
o'Mr""ion •• imil •• ly~quipped
9.15
10 TEST EQUIPMENT
AND ACCESSORIES
':J
] N,~~, C:"':"~,::'~~ ..t=... i<~==b~
" ... 11 •• ''''' ..... ofro'nnltfcia'Iybuil'ttluipmenl .• nd ...
placed ., lea" 10 ",,"elcna'M from ,he ......1. Whm
""-'''', ......" 1>0,-.: ..,...,1.N,n . .... 'Imum mtdi.. on 'hIS
,'OI,me,..-, III< fml Ii ... nlly ... , .. Mhel<Mnot be "Ib,"on<l
r<'«l~""..,.,nu""."'i""ras<dthc"'."'prob~.,h.t""n .lI<rrlorc"""", """"r ""i1I bc_"od. H"",.. , .... ,f , hebn,
01IIyh<"",;'f•• '0'ilytackle<lu'inM.ui,.blc'«lC<:lUlpmrn' Ilasb«ndo"" ... i,h,hel"C$Ourccloa,-..ilablc:i,i.hi,hly lik.ly
r ot" o,",,,,pk. II>< 'os<e.<; of" =a,ial cabk ;""rca... "ilh 'h.'i<>O<I~ul",,· ill bc ... hic,-cJ
~~;;~~:~::,,',~::..::~:.:::r: ~o "::i':!':<"~:~
"i:~'i::=.r=:::~nnol",,,or moun' ...... Reflectometer for vhf
impo<lanceuioe>.'remolyd,l'I'<:uhtoadJus,aninPl".t...
"'btn_",.' .. diofrcq....ncyi~fodin'., . ' .."""""""
~£'"ii,~~~~or~~~:: ~::: =":::~::~:. i:

1,,"'''·hICh;.cO<Tcc'ly.erm''... <'da'i .. brcn<l.lh .. .,.,...... ..
~=':~ti:~~~':: I'; .:~:;ra;' ~:::IIf:,"~,t~~':

,hi.ch3!'1cr. TI'H:Y."'F".... lIy"rai'h'fo ....... rd •• n.l pro·
"i<lcdc.o",.nd.tI.nlionlulklaili<,aken""i>facloJ}'aoo
,f., of
I""" 1'11 '1 rep.-nl< ,II< i<k~1 condition for ,II< Ir••
,,'i.oblc .,..normanee "iii bcKhinal. K<:a<kn.", . 1<0
".,•.-c.f.on • • ' .... n""i" .. u).n..,.ial.)' ........ Su<:h"con·
di,ion io •• ",Iy. ,f",...-.ach",,-..J due '0 ,he im""""bilt.y
~~~~~~ Uttt'_"'forl~ RWiIIA, ...,_. publMrd
::!".I~::. :~~=.~ l'!:b:;:!I:~O ~~u.=~
Tuning adju stments for aerials ~'.~':"'~~~o:,,~..:!::'~:;: ~~n1~
T otu .. up.ny""rj.l.y>le"'OlIS ....n' .. II"k~pit""... y po"'''' ..... f1ec.ed •• 'lIion.ii--.e'mll.a''''''.n<lio.,,<>Il'1P1ed
from I.,IC object., sud, •• buil~",,,,. ,..,.b .",1 1<=. und bock d""n lhe 1"", apin by ...... nl offunll<. " .. "es of
,he . my u .. U , hOllld .... . ~."I"-O "'",'.k:n~'h • • bo,.. , .... "01Ia1l" "nd Cu''''nl tf,,,'.lIinl in.htoppOli,.di...,.;on.'o
~""' ..... Hiou""""OI"emPlany tunin,indoon"ncelfl,o beeilhcr.t..o.-tlCdor .. ·"'fI«:led"llht~,orao:onli ...
cllanllCin'he"" ...... n<I, .... w,IIre:wl!incon!plt!c:lyd,If""'n' :':;::I::r,~~;,:""""''''' imped ance ICfTnina't$ or ......
rc<forma~ .......... ,he ....y"'al:... ""'.od<.
Undoubttdly'he..-.eff""""-':'~"'Iu<f<><, ........ ul' noe.moun, <>fpo .."r ••1IeaeI1 (rom.he ...,iolor .... d
."y_ ..
I . )-u....... a"~_,.,...Jfro''''<><,~",..
,,,,,.,.. If,herc,,z<:,o,,",,",,,I,,,, rrom,hek>od.'he$'.n<I,,,,· ~~n;::=':':h;''':i=lri~~.=! ~~'':;.=::
..... er.uioon ' htatrialfotd<'i'uni'y.Undt,'b,$con,Ji.ion. 'hcli .... "'inmor.pnCllatll~.""' .. and' ......· .'·e.~lIo.
knQ ... n ~. ~ 1\;11 line. ,he n", . ,mum pOwe,;s beinll r.Jia'cd may hc cxp.......w in 'e'm' of , he ""io<>fIt>< lo",-..do.
AIla<,ialma'chinll"<lJus'nlCn •• ,horJkl.herrlorcbe ... rrit<J i... idtn •• lHllhtback ...... rdor.-elleotedpo"·c .. (t'i.IO.I)
oo".,.,ma,a.tan<lin"_,·e ", ,io.,runl,y If,t>< ....·• S.• t><n.t><vol,a&"",l'kctionooeffo;:,.,,,K
ol~,:a,~.,~~::~""a.::ia~";:!~'::~";"::~~~:"= "''''cnbr
.... wn>wlOnlI\k>iafo.-'h .. io .fIeId... ..",..hmeler .......
!>rn'", a c'Y"al ...,I'm,"e.conncaed,.,,, Ilalf·".. ,,,,J'p01e
10.1
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
CkJtly iI a de\oce can becon<lrucood ""hich ",;lId.lfnm_ ",,,dli"li in ci,hc..-or boIh dirwllOnlon.he ...... ~ ... _ U ..
'''lly ~ ' 0 ....,... ... i ~ Ie," .. of d"DO""" .hcn....,h • coo~.u,..ion of .... on ond .. """i"li Ii .... "",y be reprdcd
d<"oce""~beuocddH""'ly".n,,,,, .... ~ .. andi ....... , .. """'. a.aM ....cIl8AdC".'he ...""'".... rm<of ...-hi<;h."'I'f'l"..Jod
.nd.be ""i<> M of Incod<n' 10 n;11c<:10il """.r;" p"cn by by the dil.tnbulOil ... pac,g...., C and mutual illll\"\l1II.'I: L
M _ 20101 .. I/Kdll (ii) ~r(~~~ ~i~ ;::..- ~,"~ ' be ~;cft,',,; ~i~;n i~be.~::;I:I~
h canbeshown thalif a h".,,~kn~(his>h(}n<(}m_ bal.r.ced at all focq".""i ... , "d"""" """c, f,om tho
~~':t~ =·=t~ :~(} : :;-: : : ;

:::1~7i:~ :~~~~~~'~'h~~~=:;:: ~~~t~a:.: rn7~=,!,:r:.~ in
~;:- ;:..~~ :=:==.~;,~:~:r~~~~i:mo~:~~

the 1... <1 r. bu, a I>roporIion
",hicl>i<rn"...,.i",typroflOft""",llOtbein<:idcnt.nd
.. ~'ed~,n'he ..... ,.. I,"".
.~fS
g·-;-----;~~-~------------l
1"hi< i< the pn""'1>1<o bthind the reflcclome1 .... ~"i. 10.'
Th<occurvyof.""h'nin5lrumcn,oIcpend<ulIO" , beoo<_
""" lerrniruni<>n uf.hcoampl inlli...,., Any mi".... ,chOll
tl\oOe hoes "'ill rnult in ...aruli n....-ave.long lhem. and
«In<eq""ntly the,f,·.. I"..".rf'C8,;nB··,hd'ou.pul,.....
n'i .... IS"illno,bel>"""'r'''''''''I'u(hefor .... 'd.nd'.~ IOil
PI"'·cfS. Th;,p;","n.'e'ofpcrforma.... i.,.''''.d' ....
i-c- ::E::I dJff<'M'yof'be~flcclon .. t.'.• nd" ....... >Ured.< t.... n"o
{)I ..... ,·uI ... ",doc,·.1oped un.he back ..-.rd ..",pI, ... line,
.. 10m II'. iM.nrnttfll k. indf.eomdly 1~M'l'lIIltd. 101M
~ol ... .., on ,his ... me Ii .....'llCn , he i .... "'mrnt;, fn<nei"' •• pc<:1Iofl ....
i nm""",".itsclf.Hh... lre.1ttyb<en.ho"'nhow,,,'u yol.
taICi"l&ybeobtained"·hich''''r><oporIlo ... ltotll<f",,,,-.rd
_ .....,( .(fUtIlC. *"''''"1_0-5

:.~_H'. . .'-~-7
~'- 1,~1.;.:~t":~O.:..":!·::'.::-:~'=t': :.==--~ . . '"
(~\.:
. , ,
" I .......
t: ~O(.U"l) ----;I"-------=---------J -----
_____j____
*tv.
m ___ = _____ l~ ___ _
-....
""IO.l. M..w.. l.ridgo,.p'........ '6"6Itr.MnIlMOo~'"'
10,2
and bKk ..... nI COn1l><'f'e1\t. of 1'0"'-' " rnr«thd,.. 1 1"",~·"C1. lorlkt..., ... ' ....... I;."""""""'" r«I,ficd .• .s.: v<>l...,. will
the!c'·<>Ita..,..,..,."noifara.lio fmjlOO'nC)'''''tu .... and i," bo"""'inoo.l"h"'hdl"'opDI'l""'""o ' ..... udior~
=:7,~::~:':',:; dc: bero,.., 'hey <:In be.-l to ' -olt... nlUdu",i". lhe <arr", •. 1'1... ,-01• • atn . ...... be
u.... 'ucklk<;t' .... ""'.. 'and.h" .... nbo ... ,ibral ... d'r«:tly
'(I .... ro' ..... nI,-ollaJ!<i'a''''nF<lI ... p....... uoof~''''' .... 'I' ,..""nl ... modulation. Til;. o~I'b ... ,ion ,,-ill _I><>. tu ~
ind""'Hn, nltl~'. Il><n de",,), Ih. """0' <on bo <ahbratcd n"'o,de,.be independentO',he , .. ""mi"cdpower.• i,..,.
d"""I~;n .... rby~,,,inB'I><'ItIk<;I~'"p ....... "':<:\lb~tho ~~~'~~t.r has b«n odjuSled (0' r.... on .he samried det""t'"
b..d"'lI,d ,,,I,,,,.. 00><1 m.kin, ,It. . . 11owa"", for .n~
difl'~~inoouplin.bo'''~nl .... ' ...o ... mpli".li ...... nd I npn<1i<xi.;.~ryIO I<'K>f II"("II·" ave"""' ,f.,..
''''ma'n 10.... Th.. <ahb.-ao"" ",II be ,'.Iod ,ndcpenden, 0( ,ion 0(."" <kl<'Clctl """;';" .I,houch Ih.. ~.,.. not ",.11jI
' ... .nualu""'m;ued"'''.",. ... '''''inexll,... ''' ' .... mo-t.r .. 1"'",tdc:$<llli(icn'<k'..,.,.,..lDat"""I;orp:a.cur"o,,,oif.h<
.d,....l<df""r.., ........ ...ad,... undc<f<>llm<>Jula' ..... condi';.",.,,;,;" .. "'"
I,.!:, ~:~':"'~;:~~~~:J'7. .id<,,;::-=n: ::.~~.:~~~::J~o;t!~,':~~~!;

>Imp'" ~tI<>h'," oif I ...... ,'" of '''''' ""'...... opplictl., .he moI«"O..,...' of ,'''' ''''Uu' ... nl bc: rcp,dN only ",oIan
m:lif~inJ dK><k>. 'I h;. pIaca an in .... "'nl limi, on .fIe
.. n.i'i""yurlhein"rumcnt " ,I.)\....-•. lIu"ncr.p",.Hkd ·'~::~t=:~'i~'::":~~""n''''''nt ,nlo a I",""nission
,II,. ,"'",I,.i;-...."uplinSS'''n i><: mca,urcd. it "pU$$ibicIO Ii ... t«I"i.-e. ,he ",;c"fplull>.nd ....·k.,..• oJ thi. in, u,n
Imp"". ,'''' " ...... II"n'i'i,ily r", •• i.cn po)"c,.nd m<lo, will lead 10 a d,sronlin"i'~ In It., loOK"' ,he <n<h "f II",
",".""jl,. by . , .. n"n$ (0' lin .p""",j.bl~ 1"'.'<' <ksroo "'Ik<;I"''''''Ctr'opo'.duc.o'..... u.!dcn ... nsilionf,om'he
ofo<>uplon, on the bach.,.,... "'mpl,". Ii ... lhon "n II>< ",lal,,~I~.... "'" ,n"" 011 .... in't",men' h... ",.he
in ... , of
r...... "n1.• ndlhuJprO'·1\J' ... "n,n ........ ,.,. lm l'f'Ovcmcn'of
.dR,n' .......... nl ... ' .. bkh Clln bo,,,,,,,,u,ed f<N'.Ii'~n :~r=I~;'ti.~".~ .:!':::J~~I~~:"~~~
~ionoft ........ ..,(I'i, IO.41
Ca,.m ...lbe~rd<edlhol ' ... """pI,...r'''''' ... lhc-rl, ... :~..=~~:.:":.~:~';:":.::'!;::n~~~:O::
dnoo'ncrea..... 'ol .... poInt .. hcnt .... prnc"""o(' ....... m... oule' cond""'on. ic ,II .. is a p~1 n:quimnenl. ThcK
',n.I,""d .. ID< .. ' .... el<:clron.. cneticficld.roundlhei.......
fIhein~...''::~i:li:~"'~n~II<':
,,"'.ntit.. lf.A • •
,'.::~::.:, :~~~i;:~"::: ~
1 ,,,Io,heC(>uplona.hook!
go ....
nnlhell",al<'th.n.\OdUlo,nainl",""ninl",rcnlrcfk<:tion
~~n:~ :~~n'~::' ],;"c:'::'~;;':'_, .. h...11 i•• ub...."
.o."'pht"""modula""".' ............. n'pli".,o\<q«.-om
,''' forward (and 1h<t-:n"rd,I,.......·ill.hobe.ubjcct.o
ampli.udomodula,;""Ol I......,,"'mo.J.... ,oondrplILSinDI:
~~::~nd'::,::=!. ::f~lt:.'~~..:::f :.:::~
--T--mm-----------:'I---
t ---l------------m---J:-- 1"
----! -----------------?~t_--
~ {_(:_~-,;;;;-----------J~_ 1·"
__
·.·I).oI.,...,.-·_,,·"y ..... ·I.' .._ ...
CO<I . . , . . . . . . . . .
::::_._::;_
~
::* ...J.::.:,_
. .:;::...
~.:-.'.:._,.,:~::..-~-
-' .._"
z •.,_:~,~.'_.;'_~·oil(:.", ... 101 CI","" dIoo'." o •••,...., _ . , C~, GUM;
-- m. i.i·'·.=~:"~?::~~~=~I0":.~-'"
2,
10.3
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
diKontinuitieo'n! of ,ho nth' _,,*,","011')'1"" r .,lo.6.

aDd'Mro;' a nopojmum .rnn..,.-ctlloldi_~'.
providemmimumr</kct.,.,., ,hc .. C'P for . ny Ji"""cNl'IoCo
'ens,le ,mpcdon«.nd inner conduct .... rallO. n ..... ;. no
~:::Ic~~~:~ical fo.mula ",Iatiol lho ... p-Icnalh " 10
~
r~J ,..,t••;.... ,... _._'. ,••,..
fltl0 ... T . . . . . ft~ • • • , . . . "
OId _ . h ........... "S/D.TfIoo.. ' ............ Ie/oo •• •• •
........... 0. I.o O t~
10.4
Construction T .... pOI.I'lOIt of,he •• ricu. polcntiotncl.,...I'od."·"" ....
l ' '''de<;",,,_onad''''''''bo>:~llnbyJllnby2In .. not""'icol •• nd~a1t.ralion'ol .... "_tcd .. youl
.....1'..... ,h . ,...",,"'"
ru .... i... , ... ......,h '" ,100
bo~ an.:! may .... n<>..-essary i(dl~nt .. tedcomponcft" ... emplo)'01I
tined 10 form a lin lo<Iuo", ~'O'I,«c'ion ;ntll ""'hKh'M ,\I''''''''i,·"ly ,I>e ...... no 00;":1"", to t~,el'odin.,he do ouI_
:,:,","~:'.t;:,~~:.m~N.;.~~,~""':" ~\:C!t':io~:';' ::-nc~«<1Of al'od a "'I ....... oult'" "ven by
dlodt ",culi... I I'< Ioca,ed imrnedia ...,.., ,ho;: r""",h,ouP
""'ltobeh"'dl ... pan~""'.ulh<)wnln F,,.,O. B
Z. IJ,I!Ioi"L,ioJ
:!'::';":';"":o<";!:.h 01, ... si<kal'od,,;.diamc't,of ,ho
'(I" > I·'
S"""'i,,,'innof2.ninll,,.rormLI3.i'~ 060n
n""fronnec,ion. 10 thebo • • ", .... de",i ... Ampl>ct>o1
1)'l>C SOmo"nial """k",.. 1,o<,lI\pOI'lu, '0 "'.. , ......""'y
""" ... nylonload«lb.ilkcli'ol....... 'IOf1(yellooo"oa"""
d;"lOf" ... ' ...... ncrof' ....od"' .. brnll>ehncronncc-"on
i ....il\jl""'M,a1
The<c ""'~Ol>." ",olln,.<1 '<:n'",lIy a' each "nd of ,I>e
::.n,~~;;':'~:.', <.;f,:,!:. ;'~':::'i=;a:.rc~~~.s.::
lo, ... tndof' .... "'.OI~lin.l'Ioe'nntrconductll1'. r it: 10.7
dc,.iIA'''''''"«!.' .. chon<l(or a d<pth<>r"nal'od,,'iM
::
=-Kn~ =~ :~~~""~:::::.:~ :~I~~ ~~. ,'.:.,i::::
"'-
b:.~.='~%1:; ~n~o'~t.! :::~'a~·e~:,"h~~!':;"$~:-n·
rtICY."" 'l>en.of' ""Ide,«i ,n.-ilion. ,he p<)ln'«.I end <>f
.""h'''btlnncd.• I'od' ... ''''rplu.wkkrclta ..... .,If'he
ou,""",., .... ''''''' ... <)'I,''''ncal'''''' .... ''I>e<n<k. Th ..
innu ........ bly may' ..... be ..... ect"'«D ,he "" •.,,,,,,
' Ioo ...... Ia'wcke .... "d..".'soklerallnllO$i'ion(FI.'O.!!a)
T I>e .. mrhnilli""' .... fMmtd from a ",iphnco(18,wlt
br... 1),,,,,...1'0.11<1 10 , he pan;,,,,,, . Tloo (""""t:. for,1>e
~......,ef"hclmpcda""oIa~'"pl.nco,..,<ani~firI"cpt:.nc
n J",a""" fro... pl.no. W "id,hof,"ipal'od

,"'I>e ...
,hc .. 1IoIlWhua,..,,,,,\xt... ..,nO·I .1'od I O.A,~lfa<ly
.,.pbincd""~l')'lOr:orrocIlf""mjna'e'hc ... mpl"1&
ijncs;n O«Ier 1o P""'<"f\'C ,he d'f<'<"1"'IlY of ,hc In,Ir"mcnl.
and.ct .. rac'e""icim(!<'eu.. "f" ..
ilabl< 100112 p<,,,,,n"olcra,,,,,,IW,.,.i,,.,...
•• ,""ermina,,,. load. T h.. filJU ...... b.hl"'«!ine.<pteSSion
,ho) ...."" a val"" of I) W _ 061. Th" p.'O'.ides I ..'hoi<
".....iblera .... ofdimo:_~ror'heM"phncal'odlnO«ler
,oaohic,e , he rc<juireddc.""'ofo'""phn.'0 , ... n",nhnc.
",."I""of !) O,lSinlndhc"""W OJ1S;n ...... cllo<cnby
.. perimcn'.T ...... n>pli ... 1incs ...e .. made •• """ •• """.
'....cn'Iy_iblc.<a'ebeo".~I'CtKd'oma""" ......... nca,
ph,....,.l.,.idonl .... , .. ~bIe
T hepO."ltlon" marie of 16s"'lalllmlnimn.IIoot:'and,'"
Jampl,nll"ne<moo.rnte1·
mm' a" .... t«mina,ed"nd .. ''''n, ... ,....
ru ....... , ...... ,ns
,., up. T... pa'hllOf1 ........... bkd .. i,h ... mplincl,nc; .....
bo;r.nJ""""".andallrom...,.,..".",bo:f",ebeln.fiuedln,.,
,bebo,.(""""",,,ion.fro"""'Olbe • •idcof, ... ,,.ni ,ion
IOI .... '-.'iot,r.ron'rol1 ... madcup uohorlny'q .... d,'o
(otili'.''''h.......".,bIy.
10.5
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
h""'.. rn"",,~.hc: ... r"".tkIof'hc:i"'''u'''''''and ....... · d""'o .... yd,If.'.O><eSin' ... r."ali ............'.-kl ....
u""hecoupllnaol""",h"'nlf>lin,'''\ClDlumby,hc'''\n'_ be """",,"'n Zor3dll. In'P«I;.,nor""'calibn .."" ......
,,...,I'l0<l U"I~ ,0.91. Ad.JI'" .he .amrlina I"", """"'" for ........ '... '.r"" ... ""'.",..,""'or ... '.""h.ftttTortekllu
1drn'''''''''''''''in... n.....I ....... 'he''sna'IF''''''IOIi ..
dil't'C1ljil"'''tKh ;ampl''l&dl(>d< lnlum(""h ;ampl'n.
,..,.''lI in ••-...yffNtlinroron."... lhlSbccom."'incrca$indJ
"orx .. ''''''''1'''''' Ia."..... T'henIfOte. an unatllb .. l«l b<.II
h_d""on....,I... I.(:II.bn""hc'ndil;:o'in."..., ... ,nl....... caref"l1y .... iltin<t"' .... n.(:In b<"I'«:I<d,,,ind""'I.'WI'
~"::"a ~::~"~',~'=~;~.::-;::f~~::::~~
.oan"""",rac:yof O-Sup.o,.. lucsofl:ll>ccomln...
~ach .. rnpli ...... "'ui,. T""'" mu," """"'lChcd If.ht Inmu.

:::: :~~.:.~O,,~~ ,L 'flll> .hoo k! be ~u" .loq...,. fOf ••
"><n'i.,"'~ada<'<u .... lyal . lIl .. n'm""'d_"rle,'. " T .... rdloe,,,",,,,c, """'fib<-<!" ",.. ilVlO<l foru .. i" Ii....
T..-" diodc-!l . , random f'Olll lhe t""
prml<k\l ,hc: , •• uh.
~;.~.: ~~i~:;;.~~/~:::~~~~~O. ~rr"" .n."" from
quo, ..tfollhtI"OI<>l)'!,<
Tile 'n",,,n>< ..1 ",1><" ", Iibra,.-J di ....""y in I.rm ...f' ....
..."0 0fbach aN'uf""' 4N'·"hage;.• ~r""'.... ,ndll.for
all .... ".""Uod 1><>"...... "",~idtJ il .. """)" odj",,«1 .0
of'b;o •• " ...,d mc:1.' re",hn., forn fo. . .
r ht Iw.oolumn of Tah" '0,\ re prew"to'h.con'·...io.o
nl ",.dillllol50
r""I1,,'.n inpu . ..... I. I""'dllf.",,,,,,, be,,,.,.n Ii ..............
fodon'''''f'''''·..d ..... ''i''''
""na,II¢ ... ,f.""",.I.(I'ht ',~~d,'~ :;~.he full ....... Zer" 1e,..1 k ~ui'",""', .0
."Jt/kt,Imorontrol.l>ookl be ..... fOf any PiI,,",ul,.. """tf.
' 0 ouch. '~I, .... 1<,.110" tile "" ,/ronl"" '0 (U""'''''' "'~,
I........... ran ... <MI""",,,,,""
P""~r:s ."""",<d.) Power limitations
M.ny ."""",," " 'III. of COW'SC. "'" IU," .,.. ilable '0 TIIc""",;v;lyof.htinsirumm, i • ....,h a."' .,,""idofod
Ihem . .... """"'... ry , ....... ulpmm'ou'I;.-.ru.""' • . II""'rI" •.
Ih;. ...... ""'de.laI;1p.... ,y rrorn .... arp«llof.ho ..... "'· "".50-."' ........rfor ..... io<,p"""'"r ' W, 'Tbcu.",..limi'
.... nl ... """.c-.nwi'I>oo'.nY .. fibn"".. a'.II.lheoull'Ul "'''''by .hed''''pa'K>n.n.t.:r<:Si\''''' ' ...... '''' .. ''I tho
.. "'''hn.h.... "l"l>cwa...,''uod~'IWand .......,'hcforw;onl
....
f"'''''hr~~ rdl'''''''''" l lur!;rnlUl,'l/~f 'htl s'..,''nlhr ',"" .. d ...,,""un.P<I""cHd ll d.,..'non ' ... ,""IdenI'n ....
..... ,nll..... re<l~, ·, · ...... ' ht"'fk<:'OI"'''.'' .... ybe"....J
" ...... i •• •".ly ' 0 Indoootc bc>l.'" "hon ad.Ju'-Imm".re ;'~ =~~'.,:.~:"mum ""Mmliled p""'" I_kl 10)1
bein .""'.lo'o.... y.• na.... I .)~' .m
:~f~~~i!~t~;~~; ::·~::=i:,::::::~i:.~:'~~~7
Frequency range
r... ""rfo.m;'
1~~\1H" band.
....,OfllilCPS.• nd ."~~ a.

ea.h ",.I.lle for",.." "'clc' ",.d,np " 'IIh ,htinll,umc:n.
dC<:' ' ucorf'm;o.ch
i...""dance ' 'l' ' ' 'ory>lncel . . oo.. ..... re.''''''.T...
plin~li
..... in",,,menl i.«lf will de'.,iora ..
.
:'r.~~: ':~':~~;::~~'~~: ~~;:,~ ,:~~':~;~:.
'1< of . .... dlU<k.,>. ~nd a l>o ~nalllc: <Iilh' ad....""",,,,,.o be
~;~h..;.'::'n~~.~a~7~..:-~.!~a.,".a ::::(~:: ~he...~:
=;"~'he .. mPli"lI,,.... ,,·h"'h .. illbe«>n><I~ .... ,
'o~
ad.J"'lmcn, '''''"kl bt(:lrrlC<l ou,a,
""'.lo."''''' .. rnpl,n.h ....
po..' .....
..... ' .... coupli .... Thc ..
'hc .....""" ...
y.fot' .......... p<rforn ..""" in 1""00"',
ue<
"""iUe<
Care ...... , bet.......·O>Cd .. ""n .... f)in'QUI....,h"heck •. 10
="~':~.::': ::~"~d~~:,~~:I:'he'~::! Alternative reflectometer

"""'I".n"'."boenr.,'looudd')5<ly.,hec,r",.inlrooll«'ll "'''''' ... cde!;, ... of'lICu'''',;....<lesc1ibed;.lUiublefor .....
• • f ..... ~."""".)2Mll ..
~I' 10. 10 ",,,,,,,,,ntl a ",,'ion al"". «>Ix;'lli,.. Ihrouah
" 'hl<h lcu .re,,l/i. /Iu"'''Ilnll1e,h,ec1ton.ndlClt,cdOJtlhe
Table 10.1 in"", oond""lII', A ' oop i. 1"..
lIed ,"rOllin lhe OIt1~' wall
Ref l ec t omet er calibration figures i"lII,hcficldin,i'I • . O<\¢.ndof.hi.'""" tI '.nnlnalcdby.
n,>;'IO, R.ndlh.o, .. ,byuln,lato,M..,,,,,h,,,,,ybe
any lypeof<kvK:c. bu , u.uaUya dludcand mktOillTlC'"
~I .. <, .",dl"ll (Urren,i'indue<:<l ln' o.li<koosl.a"d' .... lndLlCO<!curmt.
.
F.,.n,d 1Io.~~~ " Lo •• ' (d ll)
~ ~ ::~;'~~:,~~ ~1:~,:~:::' '~t!:. :o~~~:
" bt."""n Iooop and ,1Ic in"', cond"",.". I C\Orrcn. I,lkwtsirl
ooh .... of.he loop_ In .1Ic.....sI.nce a"" I.. and I, lli'<
I. I) ..,
1·)7
addn ..""'Iotfca.ln'hc Olhe.ann . hoy .... ,n-.;tion
.£:.:EE~~~2EE.~;,~~=:!
~.. ~ .I .. ""-crses.ndl ... ind>ealorwill' ..... read l .....
, , -" Hl
Wi,h,hc .id of,,,,,,loopsic' l ct.:npo;>Miblclon:.><1
!:::,~~ ~,,! .~~~s.;.n ';"~,,~~~(/root which lbe
10.6
Lineconstruetion The detec10r head s
Inorderlo"""I:.c lheroupli",,,,,hcinn<.oondlJC1o<.ili. r ...., ";""" of<>n< "f,IIC ,"'odeooe,or ..... oH- ...'hrch.'"
.....,...."'oh'''''.KCt..... oftho . .... _ · _ - li ... en"fl!Cd idrn,ical_ ''''''''''''nin fia 10.16. n", h$d<."' ...... "rucled
'0 <na\>le ,he dim:1,ona l couplers '0 ~ i_n....t . The en_ ""j,nU,II(ra"""""'deofl'n .. idc'hjnbranm'''~nlin'o
lar,ro se< loon may bccilhcrofl"OUndur$<ju""'~r()SI-..,."jon "",1.lIIIki"hichfi"n111Iyintothelubo.os. llisu pon lhe!e
but I ..... "or i..... i<rn""'hani<:o llyun .... """"""'u.la,'" chi"';" Iha,.11 the con,!',,"... n.. . .-. mount ..... T he upper
is.,,,ibb.... The impodanoco ( ,hc new """..... M.heli ... er.dofcachheadi,c"-lbyabraud&;lhebg"OnIend
........ oftoUrR. be: of.ho""nc:imped:anoe •• lho """""t .. n...... of "",n boa'" or "m,", """... ,al. n....ud pia'"
f.we, Ii .... (n, LO.I~ ~"""~ lhe ",laloon,'"'' bc:1 ........ , ... .",held,,, po<;,;onby 8DA""""'''. "·hrcha",.I""U>C<i('"
in"cr .nd outer di .... n.in'" lor ony impcd""", beh'..,,,
2Oar.d:!OOI"l.)
n~i n& ,h. chl"i. ,nside t'" tube: , It I. ,mporta n, , ha,
head •• """Id be. &ood fi, in lho" '~"PC<:I;'·. ' U"'" $0 ,hoo,
,h.
I"TlIIO. I 2 .........·n.lu".bIo .......... I ....... bly.""""'· .he"hokll!o<mbiYCllnbc .... ilypuw...J'<>v<1her
........ '. tnthll'he bouo''' .. <k><edby •• u'bbitpUIC.r.d'hc 1"hcj,nU,1I'".......... "".-.la to«C l ln ,iI IO. t l)ismadc
.nd.byrb,.,.r.,orl'o.lIrw,~""he"'lua"'_hon. l n by .."..,..' ... I pir:cc of 611'" studdin, nlht ''''uuch th&
~.;::. ~~ ~~...~I~~:I;IC~nt~;·,':~c~ d';"':'::i~'~~:

ord.r'ol'''''''' ....'' ' hcim"..u, ,'''''.' ... h ...... .,I ' hecnlartn!
1on<.,ape... "r""".,an, 1)!d m•.., b< p'o,· ........ lhi. ",ht,,"n
;n Fi, lOll 'in pb'cil'henuocd'ua .... u'l.heCllpa'C'he.«.in
boo.nI!>I'IC"" ..'lIichit ~roounle.l.'Tho:lo:.o{li$f1Mdthrwlh
;1~~~r'~~~~~~t6~~ ~,:~r::~~:~.:,~~~f=k~~= p;ri",or . ml llh" I.. / in.r.rt, Ead,,,,,duf tlleloopi.pa.<cd
linlon£ .nd~opproxin"'. cly~ina"'.,""'OJI"r , ... 'h""'ihoncl""".r"lJeo.l~k'h""'''''''''''Jhboo'.nd
'"""""''''''''''".. "ni'.s ......·.. in lhe d ......,i.... They ....
..,&Jrm./,n'ohoiHcullo;> fi'ItoemJndlrt.lrJilrosolhai "'~"b.~~,::::,:,,=r.!r,:,,~~o<hoad .hool
' hey ""'Y be: damped ,j~I"ly 10 ,he 110:1"':(0< head •. Tho: """cndor ' heIoopLCrn" ... ,.. ,n .. ~k'"nocRI."h,"''''
dam", rn;oy be JI13de (!'(1m li n ..·ide '!r;rbr~ .. boo nt round olhcr fce<l, I "",,,,,,ni,,n> "",,,ner ,y""O EX66 ,ht:uu tpuI
~;:'~~::t~.:Y~~7.~~~~~si.:t~=t;~
.ndheld'<>v<1he,,,·i,h . (,II'\'nuI .r.dbolt
~,~";';;,.:~'~~~.I ~,:~.';:":~.~':'i':~~~
,o.. '' ' ' ..o ~
~~""
~"
10.7
lheb .. idse<:urelyin.idefhehe.dbybc:ndin&alongsolde,irtll IHlC' "f ,e,'''o. ">ocified abo~e. the 70n a ... mbly (lin)
:~al;:'~~ ,~. nd ligh,ly solde.;ni. The '"i,,"Jn ,hen he bolT ..1 diam<lc. fi"the Hellina-I.ee """,k'l. The runSl.""t;"no/
::::~~~n::~~~;~i~~~'~~~i:~i~i~ 11~ 1;- :;~;nr;:,del~
Terminating resistance correc. ,111"" at 4)ZMI IL. a l lh(),,~h ,he wi", Itad, to lile
.esisto.... houl<l'l'll bt ,... horta, pos.;b~. In ,he lOOn
~~~;:~":E!::P~fi::~:~~'~'::t~~~~~~:;;~:i:~
roa.ial and uf.imil., im»O<lance lu lhe line. A l0rtllPi«e
Iypc.lhe pin .~""ld bt moun'",,! in. potY"~·'en. di", "",de
lofil'ilth.lyin,hetubt
ofcoa.i:llcablt.... ylOOf'rouklheusedfo,thepufpoSe. Setting up procedure
~r:i~~j:a~e~E.~:f:~~~~:~:7:'yc:::.j':::~ ~~::~c~~~;~~~~":~~~!n~~:~:;';'~~ :.:d:~'"".:la~:;r

~:~~~.b:~ .::!~ :1 ~~~~i7~":'~n;:~ehO~~ ;;:,el;~:i::',:
i'ili.lhecorrect Mminal rcsiSt • .....,. may be •• mucha.
50 per CCn' in <rror . '4JlMHLo~·in6t" 'he na'"reof lhe (}<~.he •• if. An •• ..r.;nl up, full 1><>""<" ma)". ofro" ..... bt
compO<i'i"".and'heh~h ind"",j,·. reactance of the lead.
High ".bility «Si"OI"$ of ,he coocked ca.bo;m 'ype ha,·e. pa}~ ~~;~~~ ~~~~7~"~ in .. flw so ,hal lhe end.
ho,,-e-e., boon f(}und qui'e .. ti,fac''''Y. Welwyn 'ype of,heloopsareal>oulMlf_wayb<'Wffnlhein""•• odOl1le,
SAJ6lJO' P.in,,,,, 'ype 74.«."It.ble. T he .... islo' .. lcc'ed
r:;~2,S~~r:lic:~,
so
(ora JOIO
~~:~~,~~1:!~:~~~~~
pe. ccnt lo"'.rimpotdance,han'he'«jui",d
~i~~~~:e8 ~,,:,n.,~~:u~,:~ i:'~:~':;~~~'!l~~

ouler d"''''''ler. by p,(mdin¥ a",.le. capad.. """. rom
~"'.I ..
fo,'h,,<lTC<1.F(}r 70n'he "'ti(}i. Z:I.U.;nalh.
.
R"T'O~ "
F'010.'5.P'Kt100'.o.lunofo •• ltob,. di, ..<ion"oouoIO'10,
lho .. fI . .'cm. . .,o, fj.'O.10
";~2:~:
ft:[[~
,.. "
• • q . . . . . . it'o' ......
I I II
RAT"'~
. , • f ....
~.. ,o .... c •• " •• owlngt •• •• t1oo, .... '"'.'n.l~im.".'o ... o,

.... di ..... ' •• o.'h.""n'.. .,.,.d...o.
lo,u .. I"£'ICUI"ir.glh'd::::::!~':'Ofll"'''''lon''' ' '''I"i'"
10.8
I &:\"r·
~Io
. ,
.:'OCOUTPut
10.1 •. TWO:!~:;~!~:i:!~~ ••t'~~~!:••!~=~' .howlno tM

TEST EQUIPMENT
Precision type ref lectometer
~I
A pro:;.ion .ypctdlcclo....." .. wi"'blc fOfUK"~.o.bou'
2.JOOMlb canbobu.h...;.Itou•• .,..rnuohdcftlcul.y.fII'lI'Vitkd
.he port. can boo .<lcq .... , .. y.nd ~"" Ur:a'cl1 ""''''''net!. hi
10.19 ......... '1tc tt.sic.rn.n ..............·hiohdY.".".1ycon·
"'''' ' '''odircctional eoopkrs.rn.nae<I back '0 bac k:lO . h.a1
'ht"'_
... 10.17. CO"" ".".,." 01 ,,,. t • • ..,;~.d .. , -,,_
_ , ; _ , , , . ... ' . .. . T... d' ........ o., ..
~_ ' . . ," ' - ' .. ..... OfIC • •
... .0 ,~,,. ,, _ .t
"d . ... dl. m. ' •• of .... , ... I.'o,
"""ind .....~la'lto<f"""... rdpo";.r.ndIItcOl .....
""..·... Thedra ..'inldooonot'i'..,'hcfi .... ldol.il ..·ho<hcan
bc ... rit<lacrordinato ' .... OO<d.ofincli.. d.. lcons'ruo;tOtS.
.hllou,h.n ",I,,,,,, ~i ....n<ion"'" ..... n
di~i~,:~.:.;,.~~:~ ~:;O\~~~,~h~~ ,::~tn"f;''':~i:
<(>fIdu<,orso( ' h< Ii.... ~.ml ,he damrs " l dc:plh coni , ,,,.
"The'<:m1 ,nalonlm.;'la"",,"'1Ieo1 pluue<! inlO one ond aoo
IbemodubIN 4 12 \1 1 1 ~>i"",I{""'nlolhe,,''''' r
T he ..pol ""II be htanl in ...... dp/lo:Nleo pluacd inlo the
phonojack ........"lChodlo' ..... pp<0f>n3I.l>ead.Thcl>ead
...,.<e$I,he !Crm,na"'" "";"0< is rotx, a<lJ ...'od br';mul •
""~ ;: "=
~f~.ri~;!:u=u~~it~ ~~t~a~~,:~:·~o .,~ f~r"~::i;~~
:%:;~~;;;:;;I·;~~;;;
:!"':'~bed:'.".:e~f.::'~ :';:'m "~t~
.. ....,...., «jill;,.. ;. ,n ~. mGun"", and a4J .... ,... ,""

'n""""'un"'.'hatpm'n...... m .. <>bsen-cd.Thisnullpe;<M
i.<!uue ..... ,I Ikfin<d. Thehea..a""""klbe ......"'l)'fi>e4 ...
poo.;lioo by IlJ ~,*m~. T he input ~Ild OIllpur con_1Ionl
. ... ' ... n.hallllC'l"'.r •• hepl>onc."ilChed.o . hcOlllerhnd
andlbel'f'll"dur •• """",aI
l 'h.. prottdu",,,,,nbenrroedoulon 144MH .bu, tile
1<",".... may - .1 .Ii,hl a\l.l\l$lrntn. fo r ~ J2 M H.
Usa II' a power ma te r

A. lhe_niumoJe''''''orha . . ............bly&oodIoQUlIrc
!awr_..,tMdc:oulp<nfrnmII>< be;od$is proporlioo, 1
.o'''''_flinlhel, .... ... a:ura •• calibn,'ioI\a•• I'O'''-...
•,..,,~I .."""t>.r.• dofficul.~,neYeI1he ...f.i.i<fJOS'Obie
.o .."•••.,.,.h.deao'"d'• • """... readintp....,.n
In tho II,n"'l""'" 1'011 1"... if.he loop i< I,n;n""" ,he
l.... ca .. 'y'he ..... n ..'," ..... .d.J>IIroAima'"ly IOO"Afor
l ..... orLOmAforIOOW<tl .f~"Cf
..... "It.ltclooplutlf.... ybo1 .. """.he''',..,.and'ltc oo •••
Ihtse~Jd'n~ ..."IIIX.boul ooubklJ.M.he'l1llitlCaL>PllOd
lo,heCOlJp ... ;SPfOp(H"llOn>I IO.ltcf""l""noy .• Itc<lc:oo' pu,
",II he I'fflPOrtional'o . he "I~"~ of ' .... r«qL>Cncy. It "'.... "
~~~~:~';;~~~. r:'4~~ ~~~lIl l'ltc ou'pu. ",II bo
.bout
~
E ::"l,~A~ .011..... .UU"f~ .,.
Flo 10,' " CI.c~h dl-O""::.~!:":,::::~ oW;'<"'''i .~, • -~" ....
",""IO U
10.9
V HF/ UHF MANU A L
IINC- or N·lypc ...",...."ors a~ ........ IEy pn:rC'frcd • .., , .... , w ...""'·t'pcmibkthemca.u"'.... nu.hou'dbc~ ..
lhe61"IOQd.andonlyonc~nd.-.Jbc_rcd")k«r" "'.. ti .... yl""'mpaJa""'of....y, $00' 15fl. Thisit .....bk:
In POlI"O", Th~ akoal""". easy di<m.ntlin ... ntt' fi ... lly ("'""". " ,.."m;ue,ort;u;i,... .,."ptI"bu, . ,I>iP<'r"...
adj ... tN P<da ...... ..,....""'...,.ionf"",""may.,..,.,.".-..ty.
Tlw:det«tordio.lesa"'" lC'fmi ..." ... K$aSlan«" usoll ,,,II In .... li ... I""''rI'ou,pu''''''''... ''' ........ ,,<bouIdbt
I''''F'Y dltla'~ , .............. n .... l <kIai!. 1'1~ hoi< d ...... 'C'f renwmben:dIh.a • • llou,pu",ncllld'n.ho~.tId
t"""".h",h"'h' .... I<COfI....,.,onsprotrudo I.. ronnccl 101"" .puriousemisoion,;fany.rcprexn, ... ,lIbeincludc-J .• tId
"",l...ploo!»lhouldbcofan'pproJIria'."zetOPf'e'C"" 'f i, ;' l't<Iu;rcd '" ....,~"'~ only ,he pott .... of lhe ......Itd
,..... "".nlr«!.,..,.,.• "'" '''''""",,,ina of ,'''' pkk.up 10 ''''
body.houkl"""'., ...... ",.,I't<I"i,...",.,nt
If, .... l.m1l""'in ..... i""... ... oft ... pm: .. ion ,ypc ''''h
.nd co". in".ad of"·ireco ~ ncc,,on, ., ",II be .nad,·a n.aK<
'0 nt3ke Ihc in""r of ,he ho",ina '.p"",,", 10 pre"''''''
~:::'I":nl~~""""f,,,,,,,,,roa ll"'Sh"r1<dcndl050fl31
~~= ::
...... 1. ,"'n ""''''' for", offil.onn, ,,,II he 1't<I",..d. F",
,.-. PU'''''''''' ,hi, is not """"''''t')'.
::~~ ::m~n~~::'~"·...n
The thermocouple power meter

hut ..,.... ''''''''~I
<le.lin, "." .. "....'"
II "dcs,rable ,,,k...p ,.... co""ci••""",roupl,nld",",'n.". 1!3,,,,olly 'hIS i, an ."en""" of Ih~ f••• ili.r ''''I'rIIOCOO(I\e
~~"~;:,m"""c,,, wed for ~adin, ,.."i ..1 cu.",n. in If , ... ",.
,...In"'nl~cond"".orlnd ,"'p",k·up
mmm ... nlbcl"...n
._nts(Ioapo),ror'h~rea""'.'hin ...... ,...'trtll....,h
Themain-.oponrn. i'a .hornnolc"".... ".r"'l\ochc:on-
uo-Olinphosp ...... b<on.. i • ...-..llUi'ablclhln .. '''' of a he.:rlin, cl<menl. '0 .he rnodpoml of .. I>ic~ ;.
, ..It
.tllChodal""""""oup!e.Thts .. rhodby ....an.oflllU"abk:
Two-s tub tra nsformer
For imrod>""" .... 'cb' .... " ' ''..... tub IU ....... (,,,,n>former) =.~, :~IIUI~·;c.".~a::~n~1:~,':':.·r:~ u':.l:
PfO'idcaI"'ilfl<'torym.d.od. lt iscff""i~cly.c",,.... 'or nor"l&llyenc~'n.n."IC""'od"""'IoI'< . • heCOfl"no<:I_
.hr~~plcr be,n • .urn ,bal "'""Y reacI""cott\fl'OnetI"a ... ,",ni",,1td.
n.c ..ncntl ..... n_ ' .. oh"".. inFi. ,0.20lndlh.. n.c.....""...lf<>rmis"m.... 'o' ..... of . heolJ I)'tl<ocont
is made ....... ltnd..........
cml"'condtoCtorlnd jin dtl· '-aI ..,(ll" O.!I)
~r:~~i: ~ra,~~or:~':" ,:':, : ",7:: :n:.::

.dju... ble.ndl ........ bslhc"'.. I,·.. a~lon •• n"'J,hforlhe
I nopcra.ion.""'n.nrf""r"",.~ .... ",,,,,,.h'he""" ..
t1c....,n'.'lI<:rmalcmf"prod","<!inlhell",nnorouplc.,bt
n.. ",ilu<leof"'h;"h"·ill<ltpendonlhe.,.,,,,,of l... ,fcurrenl
1'''r''''hbn'';" •. if'h.rfcurrc.'i;'''rl.~by a<lo o,Io''
:::~~~""~ :::~reJ. Ihen a "nil for "'"' on mor.,h.n frcq""""yac(ma in, f",qu<""y)currc rll .ndi"'aluca.\iuUed
10 .i>" III<: sa...., ,"'rmal .mf il con be ~hn"'n 'h., ..... rf
~~:~:. h~'~~f:-;:~ ':~~ ·t'::'c:~~~:1 ::n'':. <"'=~~

K<u,"".cly. Ihi<.'''KCf ... , .. "h . 1>o 100<1""".. "",. ",iII ....bI<
.n_u"u.. mca"'",mcn.of ..... ",.lrf""",."Obc~.
n,Cf .....I""",·.n"" afCa'"ib1>lci.. a"iden"..oIhc:> ....
n"ntl>.ndlypicol ',-~a ... s""""'nlnT3h1cIO.!
Table 1 0 .2
Typi cal t hermal conv erte rs
1"", ... ·1· _1 . .1
.
< <>1>1111<0 (opt • • 'rnII)
'"> w) ,""I
I---i---l
" "
... ,o .~.G ....'.,.".....""'ft.of ..... wo ... b.'.n.fo''''.'
• t2_U
M easurement of rf power
' I'bcn:.",. ""m ..... of nw:thcxk of pot'I'rI' ......... ..,......,
"'''''bkofJ'!l'O"'idin....fIic .. nl """"""",forall prac1OC1'
:=(.id.~~.,!;~;,~':;i:r::=n')~':,':..l: "".ibblt from O<"",ndy ond $CoIto.y ~,d.l V;';.o"," PI-.
"",lined can be usN al '11 1' h...... f"'l""f\CICS bu, " ',III Bn~hlh" ,,,". es....
, .'he,1cssO<nlflK')'
10.10
n..lClual""l~of'hohe.1, ... "",,,an<e .. ill.ofc,,,, .... ,
vary "'"h.ho '~mr><"'1U'" of ,ht ck""'"' at'kl ht"", ,ho
:::':':~'":':~":t!:,~~~iO~~'~bIc arnnfjem.......e
curr.nt """"n" Then:f"",. '" "ruer 10 .~o;d.
.belood rcsi"a"",(oOO ••
,·.".,io"
of
a""' " hl,,,,",(",,,of'htm,'~h
In ~I' IO,l~la) R I i. cf><>s<n ..., Ih1l' the ~""'bina"o" or
Ihe ht",..-ck""'n,rc;""""" .ndlt><c",.,n"rni$l.nce( RI)
."'imredarafCmb)',hctoo,,,".)"I$\IcsI....... ,Opro.'1Ik " .... uallothore\lUJmllw4_i".ncc.
a ""ddlll,",i<1'nce '0'''''''''' Il'>ewchancn. '"~ ,hi.tYII< Whm the h,.t><r.,.,.."" • .e '0 bo """...m:I or imP<O'\'N
ofill$lru".. nt ""ory"",,,i'i,·., rormo"'a"""<ur P"'po$<> h,,11 freQuency re,f",man(,,, os needeJ . he .."' ....." .. '"
..,......ueha'ranll<'... nl"·,"bo:~I'''acoom,»Od.>I. .h""," in nIlIO~21b).lI<>uhl be.d"I'IN . I" ,hi. It>< load
rc>,"anceismatlc""oflnu",bcrof.("" II rni>'on •• ra~
::;:~~~'~"";;,~~,,=:,":t:':~',~~~:;~~~
~~;:~#~::~:~~~~:;~S~:
.''''.ng<"..
Anolher "',"ma"~ ,,1 ''','abk rOt" h'lIhe,
"""":r"'1'Io"'ni,,~1110.2:!(c). l nl"isQ,<aoi,,,lcb~
«<is.Ot" mou".Nin ......'.bIc I>rJus'n,"nd,hc.he.mo-
r"',pk "",,""<'IN '0 a IIPPO'" ""~ •• t>< ~atl"Y ~t'kl, .I>oul
~ '.I!. '.41. r=;~ <;!~.'. ~ 'he. lotal ."h... AI h;!ht'.~re4".""~
",II lhe .... of I ..... 1"_""""",,, all~nu.tor ",11 ....... lIy
pm",dea bell.. """r1'l _ lh" is """,.·"'n r., lO.2.!(dl. lft
\" .. \t><rom""""fl"ro"heiflJ."JWlI~,ior".rcc"""'''
lor<O"itIc<r.n<I.", di.. ,,,,,.i,,,,., "P'(><I!IN 10 the ,,",. ,
~U'f<'I1""" of"""' .... "'~I'""".'ion.l·hct:On<lru<1,onof
.h" " 'pcoiall."ual.....l>ouhlhe...rn •• ,,,m;r,,,,.inI
""">la" 1 impcda""",an~ ,he ind,,',du.1""" .. " .. "",.hould
bc6lmtH""k l.lUat'klRSbci... rodl)pcand k !.OO k4
o(.hed,,,,,,PC
":'~3~~~?r1: ':~'C;;";,:~'.t><c!:;:!::in~~by.~~
~
:::':~O~~t~~Iri'",~ <I(cel ~ill he increa,,,,,ly ';gnif""", ."",.• ~M!l~. T he
""",k!, of""",,,,
~<OnIK'C""""O ''''' 'm"",1 "",,-e"c< be
" g ~ (i : ~t;::~:::~,,~~ ~~h':" ~bo~;'! :~:!,~~~::

~~=Pk: k.,h ,houlJ be rk<:<>urlr~ by r~(hrough
CO.".L ,., -" ," ~~:fu.." TItc.herm:olC1l1r .. ,lIbe""ly.fcw m ,U,,·oll,(_T.bIc

10,l).oo. IICrer""".,,'''''Ic,.,,... rob"" Iypc of it'kl,ra""11
,••,",u. I . _",''''0", tnmu"'''''tc>nbouseJ,., .. ",i'IOI"dc''"pl,r..,.h<tulJbc
.m~'«I
(b) •. ~ .- 2e..'t~'\1T1Oh'
~ =~TO.
Thermi sto r bolometer power
meter
r h<,m;,.""."d "")o",<,<••• ,e made! ... "'ido: .. """of
'H""OO r"",n <lcret'kli"N "" the prKi""I'U'pn<c: ror~"ich
~
[).,.
"
(II) ~
... (e)
~"::=.~1(':'!'\'~~~:""':':":":"::II~I.l!,;_
='~~~, ';':!~I~;:!~,~;~:"~..:,..~sa~:~I1::""::~~
='~n~~~"!=kl ":,~,,~:=~...,.;n .htimpe.lancc
I ",,! "' ..! "' ~

.,. (dJ
f l, lO,l!, Mllhod 01 "10 01 . h.,m.l '~""''''' ' 0' h'~""
10.11
V HF/ U HF MAN U A L
...!n.~.!.-O~~:..!,::::~~~~ '~:"~e!;~"';';
M .... tl>rnni<t_a~ofiowpowor .. t........... I.,.inthe
rqoonollOmW.andshould be ...... ,... th tl>eallen ... ,,,,,
.nd R•• ", ... ",,1."" form ,be .. ,"' .........·~,It RI .. made .oo..'''i .. Fq, IO.12 .. hrnP<''''"''''nt .... W''' .... ismr,,;raI
...""IIO,be"""iredtberm'!'(><to$I".""",na,ypical IIol<>m<tcna", .. mib., inron.""",ioo '0 fhermi<ton ••
• ' ...... ment.T'hecu''''n' ' 0 tl>cb<ol..,is m.<It""riabltby fi .... ",re '''pb.c, ... II>c ""'talo~l d. bead. II "".. , ..... fhey I>l ••
Rill and i,iooia"cdbyM' . t'1>c",a~n "u<ltof'be""''''nt
;s .d.tU~I"" unlll ,I>c "",i"3""" of th. ,be,mi.to, i, dri,.. " :,=:,·::~":~I:~~~ ~:,"::,n~~ ~'::,,~,~~!.~~
do"'n 'otl>crequired .. al..c ..... II<I"'nby'he "ull indicator 1."'I"'.-.,ufecoefficienti•. oo..·C 'Cf,I" ... ,tPt.t.nthtmtOs,on
~'"-"'::: •• ;::'.:".;":~"'..:.:meteror.dc:.mphf.. t ~"" thoy ~'" therefore tes. "'.... ".-,:.
For am:lI.ur PUfp05<'S. bulb nlOYbou...:l in pia<:< 01.
Ifnow.n rfo ........ , (""" ...) ... pploed '0 ,be ,lIenniocor. r>mI""boIomet.... ndar~'_.yl"'i ••"Cl}''''''able.
;1S1Cm"""......... illri$c ..... 'bebr ..... """"""'unb.:llo ......
If'ho"" ...."'n'hob<...... armt;s_II<ijuI.t<:d ..""lbabnce
io ....'orod.'becha...,.intk_ ...illbetho .. me .. ,he Lamps as rf lo ad s
=~~~~.~7~;!,,:~:;=;°bo'::"':~:~ ."ulIObly'lotm""i.... """"'cme'hodol ....."mn'rf
"""'«OUI",,, is ,,, u", a ,wo-.~"'poomporati'·. meI-.
"'1>0,,,
one lamp i. C,,",noclO<J 10 the ... uipm<"rtt Ind , he
P _ ( I ,' 1,',Il' n,l>o"o, "" 'iablc>oum:ofpo"·.... , i.=ntial that both
"'he'" I' tl>e.ubs' i,utO<J""powe,. ,I>clampishould bo of the ... me tYpe.ndpo .....,"'t, .... nd
I,o"''''ntthroughthethermi'''"a,baianoc'''i,h "is des,,,,bk: ,11:1, befo~ u.. fhe """.umptiuo <lata is
~rorbolhlaml'l>Otha,.I""""""""maybo"",<k lor
I, _ :'::~~~~",
,he ti><'rmillor ., i,h b.:I"'""... .ny..!'/Tere........
Tbeactual d,tr.......,.boI,,""n ... olamr><of'hopme'l'JIO
rfapplied.
The ... l_oIRJ.Dd R.. """"klbom:l<lthi"'''''''''''' ..... and "'ti.... ;.unl,)'-':lyIObo ... lrtcion"omat.c:al,br.11I01t
....... t.. lf(><praaic:alpu. _buIK"""<$<aryforlltooo
;.~~ ~~ ~~": ... t :'~~ o:.\: ~~i,=~~ =.::
,,,tl>e,,,,lu..solRlandRlinonltrto .. mphfyc.o"""b.ti,,,,.
..'ho ..... h'obou'"""""''''upo<olbk.
". may bo-.. f rom ,1>0 typo:al .... ,,·n ."""·n;n F"
Typical'hcm'li"""'ha'.. anOfl<"'ti ......." ... """of~t"
10.26 the hair' OUtpu, from. lamp "",in
",pidly ""Ih
:IOO1'l. and fo' arna"", l'U'p05<'S II>c n_n'in~ ..... lIm" cha"... of"ol' .... "'Ctr'~n' "nd ;t "im"".,..nltho...r_
.hown in Fill 1Il.2'1 i'prcfc,n:d . In IhiSW!lC rfpo,,'o, i, Ih .. diroctrompa,iS<>n"f'hf:oulp .. ' i, ,,,,,d •. This .. belt
.''-'''10.1 byfitt in8'ho two lan'", ,i.!c hy.ide inlo, too.
°
applied to'1>c t...o tbCfmillO" III an..! Ilr~1a acapac"or
"hichpro.. idcodc:is<>""ionfu,'I>e.ubs'itu'"'" po ......
FOt'PU'flO't'oIrf Rl and Rl'a",ron_"'" in "".. Iltl
It:I,,n, a ,round 8lau "'reon 0'... ,he lamps and wilh.
... ,."...,I>e InPU' br'hocoJ'lOCi'orO,,,hICh..,..,.hor"·ith

C l mu .. ha\'C.Io ... r-e:>ct.~roml"'red""ththoimpo.Ja"""
oI'lotb ... c:anyi ... therf!JO"..... 'OICIbor ..ithiowloss.t
~"':."'f~~.f~~~.. ,':.-=.!;:~ ,n
~
"" $~I'!'t..~
'"' "'
RI R4
''''0,20 . .. 01"'.......... _.or ____. . . . w''",.

" ..... ri6g.w;.h.~ ..... "nI •• o.RI •• _ .. '"
f I
'lI. ~.. ..,.

f" 'G.~. e~"K'''''''''''' .''· o;,_, .......
10.12
i.... Ii.ble.but .. tunini\ofllte"u'pl.l'i"ik.ly".be ... quirod
~~~d~:~~I~~~~7c~;'..,t~~";::;;~h~'':'CS':f t~m:,..:~~ wltentlH:y ... ,ubslilu,ro
,I"-".,,,«n
Maid,,", is easier usiOi a ,t"Quo~ gla:;li :j<;rttn iO$L~a~ IIr Single lamp method
"""ioll. the l. mps{l,,«1ly .nd thi,;, PIlrticul3riy lrut al The .<:Curale mea.urement "f OUIP"I P<>"'" at lite low
the h,ghor fil.n .. nt tcm~,alu, cs. When ,ho lamr< a .. 1,,',10 Iypical r;>flransi"o,.nd ponable¢quipmentcan be
¢"""-.l in IhI: bo'lhl:r¢ i•• ,,,,, m"chles. int¢rf...""",by po:rformed ..i.hTelati,,,ly.impleequipmcnt
.. ray room lil!hlill,l!, A ,uil.bk: .rranll<",,,,,,nl i•• hown in TltemethQdcon'i.""fu'ill,l!acalibraledlampa•• I""d
Fig 10.27. A vari.blcpo .."r.upplyforlho,l>ndard I"rnpi. The ",I.,ion,hip beh.tto its resi.IaJIC¢ a nd the I'<"'~ i.
r.quircd.ndcilho,a,·ol lmtlu~nd.mmtlcru, a'·"h""IC'
k""wn.>olh:/Ilbymeasurinathoresi<1ance"'·h<nriP<>"'"
~':'~~;i:~~i:~ ~:::
f i.b<ill,l!di.. lpatedinil.lltepo""r""nbt .... dily<lel¢rmir'ltd
i::::o':::::::d :: : : : : Fi,.". <alibrate lIN: lood Iampbytakingreadings"f,.oIlat<
andcur ... nt.Fromthi>llN:rcs"lanr:c.ndpo",.rr:anbe
~~;~:§~,~if:~~~~;~~~0;if~~K2S
cakulal¢d,andlh<oevalucscanllH;nbcplon.dtoprovi<k
aeh."ofresi.tance.i/lin'lpo ..·.rulin.gok"'ppl}',TII<
"""',uilablelampfor,hi.oppli<ali,mi.lhoI2V6Wfcsloon
Oflhi,f",m"fl'<"'crme.,u,"mont. hut i'maybeofin lcrnt
,o,hose...,k,n,I"highe!;Ii><"',ibleaccu",cy
Inthisca"'lho ,,,"'pl>."pp'rcd ... ithl'<"'cr.ilhcrfrom
~~~i~i~:: ~::.::·f:,"~~r:i:~::~:t:b·:X~::
f"rmerfo.impe<l.o>cemalchinll .• ndthi•• I.oprO,"idcslhe
tll<~u,,,,,,,,nl,,,.mta,urWsou=.llI<li,hlOUIPutb<rng
de ""urn fo, til< lamp >0 that tIN: resi".nee may be
o"'"""ed by rne.n; ofa ",'enium pholo«11 and micro- mc:Ilurod. A ,ui,ableresiSl'JIC¢ mea.urin¥dreuit i'lIi,.cn
~.~;:~e:."fo~:,,~oKraPhi< exp"'u ... meier. Tho p,~u ... ,,,f'i,IO.29
Thec"",lruc'ion of lhe load lamp i•. a.can be !l«n in
(il ~~~r"'PPIY rf PO"'" 10 ,II< I.mp f.om lhe I",n, Fig 10.28. ,,"ighlforward. C .... ml,,' be IOken lo."'me
rhatt .... i•• <k<juatcio.ul.tionb<t""ccnbody.nd'he.nd
~.;~d.~d thil .osillanot: may be "",",,,red
bel",,,,,n poinll
Iii) £~~r":;:~:~U~~~~~~~~='~:0 ~:=~ rhe "",.,uring eireuil .hou l~ be ar"ngcJ 10 J'II'" low
cu .. em ,ucha.l loSmA.alwhichtho,·oltagc.c,.,., thc
§~~~:~~;:t~~ff)~.1fH~:~I~~;~~
1.",p"'illr>Ot""oocd 1000V
Fo.son .. pur_ilrnaybtirrcon'''n .. nllo .... '1N:
(iii) Lwo·.tub I"'"'formcr.'nd if. r<liabk: indi<alo'''rlhout ,IN:
.an IlN:n kcompulcd rrom,lN:calrbrmiondal."r impcd.IlCe """ching facility i•• uit.ble. II .. n I~;' <lin be
lIN: lamp beingu.. d aehi¢,,,d by in"r1in.~ .~""cj lorio ",rj.,,"'ilh lhe=l ...
l..mr<canno" ofe"",...,. be ...... dod a. ""n·induc,i,,, cond""'''randm.k;n~adcc''''n«tionlolhela'''Plhrough
an,fohoke.uitablybypa,..,d
:~ni2:~i,~d;SUS~E~:~::';~~~~~?~ZJ~~;
~i"l!le
rontacl Iypo: cap i. ""Or< ,".dily filled to c(.."ial
plugsor!I(lCk."lh,nthodoubleconl.Clbli}'oncllyp<
h i<d'ffic~IIIr;>8"t.'.mpwhi<h"·illl;te·Gual'olheoor-
~~~;'::':~~':"i:''':h~,:~.~~~~~~d'';:n~~u::b~:'!'i~
'."'I'CMure.N.vc.'hok.... ltlC"uIPu"ndk-.ucJby'h"m.ao.
'"~~b'~':"
iii ~
I\~ INPIIT '
. /
s~~~
/
~"IO . n . Di.."omol • • ui,.bl. two·I.",poomp.,.to,. with •

• r .... nd.I ..... ''"" m.kh•• vt ••• I.om .. ri"" •••• i..
10.13
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
Dummy load s
Thepruduc1lonofan:liabit<lummyload"""""",p<... n.
"'i__
' n.i' ..... f"rm .• hncdurromyk»d.maybe<:OnSidoenbl!'
incm....<linpcw."ff""i ... in.a.uilabitliquir;l
~~ormtroilis~.""'o"h""ryoilma1bc
.... y ...... ptOb\eol •• ooi' .... y btof,,,u,.nen.r,,,,,,,, ·
(.)oncla<1"~"""'"
(bl. ""'llIrl<of ......,I' ...-1Wrni<lon lnan"';n.
<)·'"kl."",II"""
In ..... c... ,>f(.) ...............-.lemen.fonm ..... "" •• '''r
:",f::.:~r:: .:'rr!; :.:::';~~~~~~.'!:~~.~
"r 'prmp".'. d,ar".'cr. Thi~ ""'1 "" ""kul"N from
7.. - 1]81"lh'~
.......'" I)" ","~idc J,.""" •• 0( "",it.", "len",n, .OO d i, , ....

1:n~:::C.~"" ~::;,..co:1..""'i';':' :.:t:;::,Ie~::'~ n~
4-67mm",-"pproAIma.dyG3."
In ..... a .. o((b).numbe~o(pa .. ,l<lconna.-tcd..al.'~
,,, .... lc"p ......... nledl,roe,f11t'/NIDCC ..·h ... hmo.h.be
50 or 100. an be • .,..."bk.I '"' ~ho.."n in
describod a .li<1' un<k.
n. 10.30. ".
I'troYr """''''"Ittt'IIi......... u.. n.
oo'ioc lJlly btO(JrW'(aa! in s.ries"'ith any one of Ihc ='"
~,:!~oi~'::=.-'f<. bu, ., ' ........ I1 ....ty. ""'b may be uwd
~
~
~
.... . .... ""
.1t!10_. . .. _"· . ...., ... ~U"'''''''_
10.14
TEST EaUIPMENT
144MHz monitor crt display

Thc~ .. ' i.f..:,ory ...... hoJdalcheck'''''I .. n..... ;''tion;,
10 mQII"or ''''' ''INII
by_alae" display. AI _~r
~~~nord;""ryosc'IIo.copc""'Ybcrnoo.lifo<dfOr
"'1,hrlhi'is lcssC.1,y~nJ il ;'lI"... "" l yp",f~ .... b"lobo.oi1d
•• u'tableunilfor'heptlrpooc. l ·.... unil'obcdeocribcdi •
• u,tabierorfreq"encie.up toloWMII ....
It com. .... lin,ply ofa &Pi .... bIe ,ionctr....,,....nlor Ind
,~~ry"""·"'.uPl>lrfo<'h;' .. nd'hed,.,,bYlubc.A
"nearl".... b:I.~,,"hl.'u'I"bler' ... ~nty"'nll<'is" ....;.h'.
forward.hul 'I;.d ...... blclhat lhe"u,pU' i. such .. 'u
pro">"<Ie.ymmc"icalinpul"'theX·plalC!lor, .... crl
n.e....... , .hou_kl bcappl ocddi~Iy'o 'hey-{llat.... ,""
il\d""""oflmpl,t;rn;""'r introduced, ..",,,,,,,. Todo,h ..
..'isrKl.only' .... c"shoutdh;"..,:oiJe<"UftIaCl'forpb'"
a>t1~I":"". ·I .... deflo<;1'on~n'itivitY.houldbc:a.hiah ..
poss,b .. 'no ....."uS".., adcq ll.'cdi'pl.y.Acrilhatn>e<:1I
lheoe ~"; ......... n'~ 10m enable I.t.IMIi/. .....,.1. h' be Construction
vin.cdd,r«:"y. The ....... ,rrom' .... t .............",.i ... lO'he T he rorm of.he unil can be al"""t'l\1cooo,-enie.,oh> ...
and."c'ofi.in'o ' he.Ia'ion .. youl.Ap;artlrom'M.-
o.o;rialmaybepodedolfby. T ron_' o<l«di".in,oa
"""pIilOJlcool "hoch is coo'pled in'o a <,rnoU 'u.....r to lhe ror •• u;'able~oc""icld ,ofi"M <rtu<cd.IO ......cnl
~.::r;:,t': ~~II,,~'K1'. ,he V.pI'l~ .... inS ",,"_Ie\! ae"". un""nIN beam deflo<;1ion b)' ..... y ""'lnrtOC /kkls. the
layout;. 11<)1 "rl,k~1
~'" j'"ble crtf"r th .. puo"JlO!ot,.' .... 9OO£0r ... ui,,,lenl.
"hoch ""01 <Jocm",,,,,,,.luah Y·pIa'. lenu,i,i,yand Iidc
ronllCl.lOboIhX.andY-<kfloc,,,.,,b_APl • ..,,...,,, ...ill
beround' .... ..-' ... ""bleleOftn"""""""'".bc,....." .. bIe
bolhr"',d''''''''"",i".andplm'<>v<>phy
I n.dd ",,,,,'u'heuler,,'~~<)r'hecrtdj;l>I.yfor,,.o''''or.
::'~~=ht'~:~';n~;~P=:;-;';O:~h~~~~~ 01
Monitor c ircuit
The . upply for both 'M Crt and ,he "n.. too", ""t,·.. i.
ob"i",,"Ilfrom ••,ng"' '' n''O'mcr'(
'10.15
V H F/ U HF MAN U AL
Althoo.h'lIl,n",,,,,u!OOdinll>ep.olotypcfo.tl>eti,,,,,. ""'"'on.oo'he .iliconcrubbcrpourctlin lo ' he."' ..... I'.'htn

but. lra n,j"o .. n>"yofrourse be,,~," "'illt .ui'ablemo.lt· il ha. . ."he lube ..·ill II< fr... . " mo,-e Ie• ..,na , he " I",,,,,,,
l\u ,jon 'o'he P<>"~""r>rIy rubbe,"dl>t"". '0 ,he met>1 f"""'t
The~nnrityofthe(i""'IIt''(nilJOOd=ePlal l he A.u, ... bIc..,.,..",tin lhe Nct .... ""I;s ..... dc.ndaroulld
U'<eme....w of, ... to""'M~ f""luenty ........ '1lo<~,,,ilY ,h;" 'helluminium,u""""bo, .. fu.o<I.CUI-OU".'c_
n.oufI"ocim'lyh .... 'opro..idc:.n.'....".ne .... '·cIor<p,o n ..... in lhe l"" andOldcf.ces ,o allow'lllIChmm' of the Ic:ock '0
in, ... 2mMnd\.l>o<n5<.m ..... k·'o-.... k)fot"modula'ed t«hlheX·pIa,.,."""f.«I"ndY·pb leo"i<\ef..,.,)
.i.nlk. II)' ","able eouplin, Ioopl" 1 lo"'~' f""ll .."" ....
\~~Ci:"::!11e dm"'"II~ in filhnll It.. S<=n fa« u.i,,~ ~ fi;:o;':~"I'~ ~~a:;~~~ ~~~·.:'!I,,~ i~i~~,II'~!::<~~..i~
IheY .p.. I..... "'ron"..,ted.F:.nh""urn .... f>I<><> .ol ...
A ""'JOT pr(>l)lom,nlhecom'TU<"lOonof luni''''''''on Ie.1d •• "'al........"..,'«l.l lcon' ·..... nlpoinlloallow
~;::~:::~~~,:::~:::::o:::
f ..... ........,.. ,o''''pIa'C''''''I>CC1'''''~
Thcmal<'Ct"'.hickL ... rround,nl'hectt.un ..... Ct!(-<'''1
' .... 'all''''''.. oocccs<'oboohX •• nd Y.plal... lhrou.h 'he .hotkL
lubc.T"".hicldi,"""'"..,IO<lmech.aniatllylo lhcouler
rubbe'mQuklfo •.".d"", ... backof,he.'fron, pancland ,he .lumin lum .upt>O" I>.,..I>u"he'ubc.ocke , i,lcf,f=fu,
,ube <t.uppo.ted " , be bo.ck byanalumini"mbo~.uppoM ea~offi' '' 1IJ
1!f<I.t«"".rrom ' bebockpanclof , heun;,. r hcll>on
~""hitkJ ... hi<hlllffOU"""hoCft.un """'",,",ed
....:d'anoc:oIIY'olhe""PI>OI"t bm(F"" IO.H)
A.,ndoc:o,edin 1~.IO.JJ.I>t .. llCOOtrubb<._,fo<'l>t
ell face pla,eis ron,.i.-..d in •• hallo ....... '.lf... me.PI't'O~'· An rf bridg e
maldy tin "'ide. I II ,ound , l>a n Ihcf.« plate This is • W"'a"'Q~. ' ~I'" bridlJ<' ' '''' able for "'"' on fre-
Afler,he.' ,,·indow. ,hellmo:: si~ "'M 16 by Ikm ...... kulc, qv<""iH up ' (4)2 M UI , h .«Iu if"<$c.... in COd'''v<'ion,o
"",bc<nru',,",.ndf,ru'hcd. , ... 'ubei... ooo!,,,".... lIyin
~~:~~~~u:;'·;;'':'n':.'Z.of~~~ '::.':~~~~
"'he ... ~.... 'Y.Th.... 'lIlhcn ...'tlbrodJC .. hlChlmoln
accuracy of
the onk. of
I per cenl of
full·1o<.'a1e dcll<c,_
~',~~h":"~a~:"!J~ I"1I"lical pu~. and .oo..ld
nl<e,rc"ilof,heb.id",.ho.. "in fi IIO ..l9i'K"='.
..
lhe ... me fo.m a. lhe tOm"""",nl ,,"y""' .hmt n in ,he
",,,,,,ald... ,,';n. F.. IO."'a""issclf-c~plaN.'()r1
lhc~l:::-:;'~'ta~~ :;"...=~ tC melt .... b."I, '"
Opere t io n
r he ..... lh<><Iof opcrallon .. "hlh.. brid"'i.'o"." ..·i'h' ...
... l... ofimpcdancckno,,'n:o"".dj ..... lheioollJ'hof'hc"ubo,
oraenalmatch,n• .x.a.unliiabotlancc"oclu,",'N
Thisun.l"iUbefoundKlealfo.ruu.".roa,.. I ... hk,,,
'I........ Ind h.alf ",a,.., lenS,I><. "'lIer" l ••Ilo".-n '~enhe, ...
open e,rcui, ora .IIor, e,reu,l. The accur.ocy ,hal can boo
~~;:'.".~:~, be be"er ,han 1 "'" ""nl nffull ",ale dclloc"""
' .. '0..".'.... _
oi lMen _till.,
10.16
r--------------------------:
~- ~-'--------------------~--~
: :SCIIUH
;f-------~------:£
..... 112.'.'oon · ' · . ....'.,
.~ ", • • ,1 001<1. 'Y"' : ~Ii .....
;:*iJ~~~i~~~
RF noise bridge Thtlor"idallran'r" ....... 'eonsi5 .. 0r.r.rrit.'in."r
malcria l ,uilablo r(l4" ' .... maxim,,", r""lu.""ynoWe<l"·,,h
~~,,~,,= :~~~,.i;~hb::a"'~~!b·,::.:~ft ':..::=.::!~ • • 0"'''r.I'I''''.i ...... t.ly 1',,,ZOmmod.10,1"mmid.nd
4o'jmm th ick. T.... Ir.. n'fonne'~,.;<I.or',,·o .. iooil1J$
gi'" ",Iiablo pofror""""". to ""'" :!OOMHza"" ,""y . ,,11
§!~!;:~~~~~?~~g~~1~~~:§
be ..... ful up 10 (12M H"
Tht ....i• .,r' .... un'I ... "'''~_'''''ronl''''n'or .
~ ...... ~iook OfH'r.IIN under Iow<u""n, cond",ons, T....
"""" _= i. follo,,·w by" lWO-O.a1lC ,,'i.JC band ampl'fltr
..... nl ..... lo< 'cal"""",roup.lin .... Tht""'ocou'O\>'i.fw "',oo,nl< comply "'i,h Fi, '0.4!
inlo' ........id.. by . l:I ... ,un'<lf'I>i<IoII... n>f........... ln' ...
""""brid... . , ..... ,·" ' .. "...J • • lheit>d,c:II"' inpbocof.
T,,"'pri~":';:.~':7~~~;=;.';':!~!!Y.::"~':!
<H1
~~>O I IIlt(lhcyeonnocld ilttllyontOlhtpnn":d
~C;O~4~in' ... ord,,'.<YWhca .. '.,...,brid..... ""'''·n'n
Tht"""" .......... ,or•• ••"""dicdc:or .......-....,,'" ''It,,,,,,,'h'CIy. ,.hen ,he ItOIK oou"", ~nd amplof.... ,f.
""ilo on • ..".,,,,'c bo.onl from 'hoebri<\to "...If• •hm t ....
!"ia""~':,~;'!ah~'!~...=::~/>~'"1~~.:.'::~.::..~ brid ........ion""nbe ... i~for~· hf.
_ou,""'.or . va'iablo . The~band.mplifoon""'y The..",iable.lemen. of , .... brid .. . hould be. moulded
"",.'""""onY'ntns"lor w "h!oodcharK1<ri>1 ocs. Hack'ypo ....-fiim.wi"'''"·''''''d'ypcsa''',.",...,;lIb1o
10.17
VHF / UHF MAN UAL
Tk •• I""<>f''''''." ........ r~''•.,..R'n Fill0.• • depmdl Grid dip oscillators

on ''''',,,, .. 'anccla'' otSCd. If a I",,,;u I." ,ypc;,uscd 1Iw::
ma~i","'" .... I""$h(~,.d be loon 10 <nWrc' '",lOble .pread
...... inl ... rqionnl50'oH().H ....c.·cr.a\a""a""~".., ~~~~~:::i~!£:F3:zt~~E
~~~~!E~~~1~~~:~~~,;~·1~~i:::::~:
ooc' ..ato' .. l~ly~ ... I<..<I'()lnunkno,,·n'unod""""rt.
'hemcl.'".;uind"'a'c ..... n.he'dotuninllpa5oSeS·hroulh
' -.
J::);s
8~, . C, 82
"
10.18
TEST EQUIPM ENT
H4'RP IN
/ J
.. J
. ,'ifT\lR
.. "
,
V J
'.
'M
V
..
J
..I- r-- V
..1-1"- J--V -"J
.. ~ 'J
.. ~'j
00 "" to _
10 .19
VHF / UHF MANUAL
Tllefi .. ,of'IIe~""mp\e>'obode><.il><dco'=2J'onOMIi. • .... "",~im"m a""", n' "f .1>< in,jo;c'or ~jc..: .. f.om lho
~~~~.~~~.~:~; ~~i£i;.r~n~::!~~1
""ftn:d bn, .o allo ... ~uy co .. "I.nllo.he <"(\'" beo",
.dj"'.td_TIIe ...h .. ustd ••• IIe""',lb'or.houldbo ..... of
.l><hi.h.pc:rf"rmana:')'!)n.and m,hcproI01)·f'CIn A!'!1
oft~,.. I.·.i.u<c<la •• "c:an>phr.. r""th.alth".,nract. " 'as u>Ctl. AIt.rna".'. types .""h as an 1£8816DI.4
&i_0$ a . isc ,n •• id <klr~n'
~ T~:"C~:.:..": ::!I;';:';"'~';~!~~:'=:"',,::!
i""<3d of a d,p Only Mid"
co""ruc'lOI\IOldmoib'~li ..'n ~sa ... ideand ' lIermjU<QC)'
"''''''''''''''. r~tYP'<l'I ""ty.Calibnl t''''' o/,nd,,·... ual unot.
c:.~~~~':,nu~ ':~:~a:~. :::'~Kwi';:~~ ~':~~~

i. n«:eWOry fo< ",1'aMily. CI is. $plot ..... o<o;apacot"...
"'.~rllu'n a bu1t •• ny'ype.lo"'. " 80· ... 10
be,,,,, ,han G-, "."ccn.
...."I',.n I>< ob •• i..... d.cr.... inly
GOO for th e 70cm band Transistor dip oscillator

This i•• ,i n,1o rantl< I<ko """~rinl I fmj"" nc)' .. nJ< of Thi''''''ill . 'or.co.~ .. n.J ·5'o ISOMI·,~ i.'ui'abk:ro. 'uni ...
390 450MII •.
1<1 and , uiwbk: for II..
alittnmtn. of 7l.lcm
.mplifie..,.ndloo;olt)<C,n.lOrc:llainfi""'lmult ,pl ...... fo<
up.,I ~'.""of ~"....... ndt<. n. mi".r.lf"'4m anJlm.
u.s up 10 about 4OMH, bo ..... ,lie .""",1 fmj'omcy. 1M :.:.:" a. ,ho u""~r ..~",, of '''''''''''i''.... for.hoOlhtt"
'uned .'~'c:on<t< .. ofLandC.ndisl'O'"o<>ned",,'h.u In o<<k. '0 J><Ovidt,;<".. '>tcn' """",,,o<ld .. ,,nllholif.
"rl"'ba"trylhc~illa'o.anJ;'~dcampl,r""arcfc:dbyl
fi'N'·ol•• ", .. tby a ""_.diode. TIIe"i,,,ui. i.N..ic:aI1~1
::.:'C~':~i~r,,::;'~':, ~":,w~.:,:.::~:::'.~
u~ ,.t"bc .. ~ ...... ""';'''.b>.orption ......-..ne1Cf
rhcc"n" ..,,:oion of ,hi. uni. i.illustra.td in I'il 10,51
~. '7~.~n:~:nli~••2!l:":Z:"":,~~. :i:~
typo.o;a",t.hout.lbc",k~",o"""''''t''',
a: !.:r:t ,~~
.Ioc ...cilb.orcimao'
.. ""c:d"pdZyand"·"h •• ~,.k:ad.a< ....... hIc:",,'ha'
'loch., ....
'fmj"""">' •• au.iDCd wi."",,, diffic:ul,y. ·l'ho<>Oi1
plug> a nd_k ..'."'"f 'IIe <"".-.:n'ion.l .h ..... pin b\oll«)'
t)PC bu. any,u'''hIc: . h~,,,,,i,,,, ma~. ofcou ..... u...J be
Table 10.3
Coi l detai ls for the transistor dip oscillator
(0""111,)
fle.O.iO . • • cIoto.1O<"'. el ..... " .....,c •
..... ~ ...1. ".fe
....,t' ••
w;.h •
I. If '~.n. 0' ~ ........ iW , ...1,,,... : l.2 i,
11 ." ,~.o'lI .... OGO IW, ...;"o,
' Ie
_;ot.,...
l O.il . Cl.-..... o f ,h •
••• ftolo .......
10.20
~~=::=~~~'!-~~~~bl
I ..... ," . . .. "
~::::~"
v..fIJl"$( ..
tlll?~
~""'\L"""
...~
'
'~-f
L6 !:,. I"
(d)
FET dip oscillator for 29 to T.. ",,,,nc,,,,, •..,induded.SI "'IIc",,·oIl",.. ,,c~ .•ndS2
~::'~"~":':: ::\CI~":' llnot "' e,'IIc, a d,p """,1I"I"r or '" ~
460MHz
The lunina cal'olci,or. CI.;' • ".",lard .phl ,' ~'or Iype
¥,~~:I~;;§[[::::~~=~ ~:~:~:
Th"~IP""';Il;u"r""' ... ' .... ,h r .nd .... n,,,' .... uM~'"'
T~'''''' ",, 10 1M IrA","''''''' dlp_,Il.,or" pro,'ld..
co1'...... froml·}'''460MIl,,,-;' h.,,O... ,1PholwCCn29
.""'50M" l.'h ... !'f'O'-idi .... '.<Ir;><ih,yror ~"""'lcur·• ....,,"oun'<:d ...... IT1 ..............,d."'inia'u«l......,i... 1
""'uiremcn"up'o • .-d;"d""'''., .... ~mb.nd >lnp ••• oo..'nln ri, 10.".
lnlhi .ci~u; '.I ... _iIlJl"'i.I .... "".lI.~n u"n l( .I;"un n .c "10>1 inll'O".n, fca,ure 10 c",ure re",,~; ... 1M
.i,h ..... orofTiSBijunctlonplc,.... "ba"""""diude ~;, .... ,(req""ncy .. ,b.ou..,of~' .. r;pcon_';onll"
dcl«:''''" ...... ~,o •• ood """"t'mn\ltlnca' 1oad, ...1 .. hieh IMrolorand>l~I"...of,hc,u",n.ClI*'i ... '"rC I .nd k«p-
feedsinlu I.... dcampl,f.. r""~ .. "",Ie, in il.rolkclor."
:.C~ !:f~::;:ted in llie " i~"il ,0 .nabk:.1Ie unit ,0 b<: u~
••
:~: ~1~~~":,,CI::~~:.~"::h~~~ :ni;~i";~~r1::..;.;
"""c Iltan 1;,,100,
10.21
V H F/ U H F MAN UAL
T hecon'tnoc,ion i. <Iurly,ho",n by thc photOllrJph and

con'pontnlarnmgm",n' giwn in Fig HU6
nlCbox in thl; original "'a. a cub\: uf2in. b"'lhe.,i"", i.
~::::=LY a matLcr<)flKlWnal ~hokl: and thc Ji~ ofthc meter
To~".bklhl;'''nin8scalcand ttled,;"c lobclillcdaflc,

,heconntc'''''''lolhetuninae.,pacitor.lh''lidcpancti'
~;c',';'~~~~ ~~ ~1~~i:~ ~~~~t i'scl( "",un'O<! by
10.22
r---"" .~ "l
Si
I "." •
• ' .00,," <J U, ,"2 "- .

:'.::'"'" ',., .; B'"
S ""00<'"
T~=-_ .: . ~ . S <MI'
fig 10.!lt. Rf _.ion 01 ~~::,.rn.uv. ""~" gdo

V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Wbm ~"""""'''''' an "",ill,nor al'hi< (or .ny 01,," '~pc The~ ' ... lrm,.......:yCO\_b)'_hroilil .... 'handl.'
rorrm,....,...".u"lOandi'...udin,.)04-IO\1 Ib).uilmou ot',he ori"... ldcsian. due ' 0 , he re<l1ICCd capaci,or size, buI
,mpanan' 'o "..e .".... _ 10 fi ... del.olto min,,,,, ... .. n~
(.hun')llIlpaciI&NlI:.ndind ....... lICI:5.for'hilfOW)II'he
,hec",.""",iltdoqua,.ror_""rpO!oCI..
ThcmmrllSellis.ll ed..,mountedil\l.'rltmtttloillmA
ClI,*"orn.n<kolf,he<a>1 boo:. b)'.>CCOnd ha,rnu, or f"".hun,edbr.1OOllrnil,or,o,;,.. i'"P!>fO".....
l<ty.
_1.!*"' •.• nd.lowin.h.""'''"CON><CIIOII,o,he ..... or O,o ' mA .."",
.... bc<:n llllded. In .diIi'ion. ,he coil ooc~ .... '" Ir .."I!<d
.."ha"hey .... ..,lderedd'rcctly'o'he ...'or"La'."'II.t1l
A lternative design for 69 to 340MHz
T hiS i•• ba.ically limi"', ar ...... n""mcn'. In , hi'ClIIe."'hor
,malkrco" ...,.rotcachroili.ob.ainedd,l<,o,he.maU..,.
carad,u... of lhe'pli" '.,or."rad,or. • I,hou&h;l>""" .
• ,,,,,,, Ion i. mo ... con....... 'io".I , T he various romponenl>
ha"ebc<:ndividedin'o''''Opllrtf-'hooein''ol~di=ty
~:!O:C~",~E:s;:;q~tr=:;~tot::=
al'''',un,,..capad'or
l· ... moun'i,.boardsinlhisca ...... "laiftfob<qWs
o.boe1dtllled"ith ....... nd.iIIloliI' ... COftIjlOI'ICII' .. A.I<:III
be ...... ;n ,he UftdcrsidcvlCW only , ............ 'on . .... liltcd
10.24
Absorption wavemeters for
70 and 144MHz
S'mpieand"''''''"-el~;on''''''·Cfl>Clcnmoybc",,,de
in.t""",anyrormlo .~'ttllc""'('r:u<I.·cni<n«:. l ndtt.o...
III~~"'~~~;'''' ~~~~~~:-'~~~,;.,. or •'unc~ cin:ui'

CO'':';I'" ..Ia,"'"
",....""ble rmjl""'l")' ........ around 'h<'
bond . ( I" nayundc, sui"'b!<(:<Indlllon' ,"",'...
hond .• 1' l'Ioulh 'his btcomn dill;"ul'
"-,,,hononr
in ,he .hf ~hr ,qtOfI
and i, i, p,obably Ixll., l om. ~. ",,,, r,,'each ban,1 ",,;.ha.
",,,,,hco."""II<'.bo,-•• "d h<'1",,· ,hc Mnd""",,. r",q".ncy,1
I),p """,Ib,ors.", ofton u<ed u.boorpliun ",...emc,cn
~~~::'~::;'~~,~oIr'I>c"""'''' totl>cmal",<>r bu, Ic.a" ...
The,in,l'l<.: "· ••·0"..'.' "'~lIirn a ","",i.', in,' ..... '", Ih..
d""""",dalll"'hell l"",l"ircuit.Tlli'",.ybca,,,,",..,..by
~::~;=~he°~! ~,~'r.pi~d:";"t..o:-.~~
Wit" ,,.. 0011. 'fIa'l(oaJ ,he tunlnl r."l!C'a .. : COIl A.
)JOt" I90MIl,:.ndc"il ll .~6,,,Il(I MII'_ Thi.Jalle,,,, ",,,
~,~~...!I',~~~}~,:!!~:!;'lon "f aIOpI ClI[IolCil<>r in IMrnllcl
10.25
VHF/ UHF MAN UAL
~'~~hti~oi~~'~'!I: I~e,",,;,," or the ,Ioned line, It ~r:; ~t:;~~i~~I: ~~po~f:rl:; :,:~,:t~:~h:::;ay he .d<le~
10 addition 10 the trough line it..,lf. u~ina ,he c"",,''''''
i<rdali'<IY.'S)'locon$I""'t.ndn,,)· be"sed(or'he""'a~
urco(rrcq~ncy(ina.imilar",ann.r'oL"'hcrl l "".)and lionaldin-.enlionsadirec1iona ICQUllie'CaOOOCQn!!lrt1C1ed.
".ndins ....". ralios, 'n. 10n&I1' o( Ihe Ii"" >«,iun will "i,h ilS jndie",in, ""'t~ , anacl>«l lo&Clhe. wi,h lheext."",1
dclor",i",,'hc lo,.-.. 'f""lucrt<'Y"'hi<h<anbe'nea.u~ ;,:::chand othc'o;(Ompon<:n15 10 make it in ,oa comj'!lctc
It i.ntcnsarylobe.bl.'o"""'r...... ith.lidingrrobe
~~. ~~~~'~~' :;~t.':~tOm~=~~ l~u:~:,7~~:;~17'~~; :~
minimunt half ,,'a,~lcn,'hs_ Wilh. """ion Icn~lh of J6 to
40in it may be used down ' 0 14S~HI. pro .. i<ltd ,h., ,he
~~~~\~Ea~~:;.~~:i~!r~~~:a:::: I~:'~:i:i:::~;
be madc the same a. 'henorn\Jlly u... tcoo ... l c-ablc. so Or
7OfI.T ... dimen<io"sr"ran)'C .....·>«lion.l.i«nlllybc
calculat.d .. ilh lhe lran,m il,ion line (o"twla ii.cn r...- ~
;,:':"~!~a~o ~~,';.~~f~~~c r.,1:n~N·~;;ru:~~~~ %:J;~c~::
di.",e,e.o-Sin . •pac ilt3b<II"",n ..'all,O'9in. heil!h'of,,'.II.
JI t04in.,.-ilh inner conduclor IllC. '''' """, ,,,lIy
Thcin .."iono(,hc pro\lc is maJ •• Jju"ablc and Ii"'"
in an appropriale PO$ition. II,~ ,ignal dcIOCI;n~ diO<le bein!;
~~I~~,!~idl~~~ ~~~~:'.i ~mP:"hebe dl;':I~ :~".:'.t\:::
it>JicalinS m."~. hould hea hiihoe ..i,ivi ' y so 0' ItJO;.A
~ "
,~
:/,:-~< " t=;...
i 0' % 02 i
~
l.-D'~;;io2-~;"I;,;;-,;;.------_J
-+
.'V10.75. Con" .. " o".o 'd ',,," o~"C<lupl ..
10.26
NBFM carrier din""od ""Ipo' al. hqutncy "fapp,,,.iml!<ly Iklf ••
"ilb , uW",;"n, ampli'ud. look"ialc rully Ih. nbfm,ign.1
deviation calibrator ThealOd,o ,01."",... """"Id p<»'ICO:< a ()..IV,""orprdrrabiy
'"onk. 1o comply "lIh lhe HomcOOi<eU<luh ..... nt,f.... .()"XIOmV r;on~~OIIha .. an inpulimllf."',l;l,,"olnolbs
optfl';""of. nblm' .......,ill•• on d.. a .... ~ur ..n.b, ~ " lho.n:!OOtO . ...,.......-ilkl>copc.hould.,.,.......OIO(nV{mt
~f)'.'OfIt'Iher .. "hOlher~ui .......... ' .. loho.,c.f.irty r;on. . .ndal",ha,.a"mila"npUlimpcda""".Tht_
accu..,n.""",,,,rcnltnlcopobil,lyf,,,,, ..,;"'umfroqutl>Cy ,uWlyshnu"'l"eft",biy,,","Mlc 12V".biIVcd.olwllicim'
dc·..... ,ioo.I.p«<hfl'«juenci«.of'helfan.mittct!cam." .,>\1
:-,~:I "'lin, 10 po ... r ,he calil>r;o •.,.. cu"".n.,...y
A ma.imumor I"'~~ dt,·;' ,io" of t ..l: ) lkl l,,,r.hecaffie...
:~'E.~.:.nHr:..:::~~~ ~h. .:,:,,':,;,:~:~ ~;:: The Iud", ""Ipul ,."""..",blc r""" lhe ""Iitnl'" is
di=dy I"""",IIOII>J ,g ,,,,,,,,,rrirr dn';"IIon., ,""modula_
lion fl'«jutl>Cy .pcc.food. lhe ""'PU' !><in, IO(nVIU I,_
~.:~ ~a7";'~'ldY ,1»., they .. ~I bot foooo in '"UY m;lny Thi.lu.l ... .,."po,Ie>.1 iswb./«l '0 full limilin.cond i'iom
The nuro ..... oorroqueneymoduiahonca .. ictdc,;"lIon beinIOOl.,ocd""healitln.nr.ie.un"';""I.I~I""rI£lh
C'ahbr~lor de>c.i!>ed he..., rrm'~"'s a m.~M r", c.rrier dc"il' allherorl\.rte.;npu,rode\, Tllc cor.CCl luninIPUin , and
11011 n[(a'ur...... n' in en")",,,,,io", "lIh •• lari,.. ly cheap ~"d n:lali,. "" ..... Ic,·.1 " ,nca,ur<:d "·ilh.helu",,,iIf... rrjrr
.. mplcin."u ..... nl<. 1 ·he l""',.,'"pis"""'ninFiI IO.7~b). k:'.ln",~ •. C""rlin'","I,,·..,n' ..... mil~ •• nd'IIc"'·"·."".1
l'he.lOdiof.cqut..:y",ntr.l1orohould pr.,..Nlc.n un· co1ll:,,:I."'i.bfa ... I".)N·· .. ~lpolh
J.
I
10.27
V HF / UHF MA NUAL
of 'he,.-.,''"''''...hoo,Id '''.'... l>Iybe<>f

Design
••",ruo;:''''''
,,,,,,,c:...... ..(1)",,""',,,,,,,,, The .,."end pblnn«d •.,be
~R~~he~~AC;:~r~~~\:~~~;;:::'::~'\~''c':::; :"'' :',' '~bc '~"'a~~~1ow r".. "'" f, ,,n, ....... him ,he by ...
al.h;';";'complc,.t>I""'~I,l")ih(uOClIOO.a, c hm"'1IJI
'.r. amfltor..... d""bIo boob""" quad......", ....«tof..... 01
<k'''''o<andn ....,d'''c...'g........ k:hd'.,c.aka''''.''''oo
""'rI,..... an" On.."",. ,01.".. regula.;"". ' -i, ,07(0(.'
bo.<>II<l ... . ",,, .. hm 'hehm....' .... '."'.,"'.entd
I heti'bo' ......,.,'he ..... pb,e< . ...... heou' ... 'uheoboulJ
"",.n<kncy '0 fonn PI'" bel .. ..,n . ... loo."d".. , fi",nc

,he .. ..
,,,,,,",.he.,,...,.,.<i,,,,,,, "",,,;,•.,,.,,,,,,•. AII.hef.. ,,,,,,.,,,,,,( ...."s. I' i.al<oim{lOl".n'.h3'.hefi ....'" _""' ... ,, ...
,he"''''''''''''''n'fll f<><af.(""ih,)·. l ·heCf» ,.lin.he and .he.nd pia,,,. "lI""'I ~ nd .ha,;, .."5h.ly fi,,,,, by "'"
q",d... ure ,k.",."" i. crn'rcl on 10. 7\11"-. .he c.""" nr3<ub< .. n"a,r."n,,,, .. ,, 0!.""hcnd lU"i.,,,~,,,,,
(o,.ho<pu,1'O"<
~D~;:'~"I~~,,~~~:~~'~~~:~:.~. ';;;'~~~,,::~;<o~~ :!': n ", <I"'''''''ion, ,ho"' n on .1 ", ~n<F'" .''''n~'''n .
be h-tJ ,I, " •• ,,~ "a"danl .,,,h,,iQ"",. T he n«<'
fo' • hiJh
" ,,10' oft.x,1 "",-ill,,,,.. r"", ...",,) srol>i lil)'ca"nOI be: ",.,.
(hi 10.781 "'ill he'""n<I,obc ... ".fa,·",,>, 10". no... .-...d
be ,iWidly ~dhe",d In., ..,,,,, .,'" to.., Ic" •• h which . • s men
.i"",,<lrad~,. m, .. ' be.",.,ra,clyc .. , ." .heP""''''''',,&lh
;~ro;~~i,. il~,,~~~:~;.,:;:!y<>~'~I~ i~~o;:"la;,1tt'~:d~~~ ""'''',«.IfOl'I ... f''''l ......:)'
,.ookl ror< ....k .. l>I) f..."I,,~ •• ' umn, of.he .. 1.bn.OI'. 1·... coufll' n ~io>dica'eda .. s .. Hl< .. n.l)'b .... . o>d ........1d
he <~Iy CQ{Iied using .;'''''' ,~"'" N. C. UN(; ." TNC
Ope ra l ion \t~,'~·~~ I:Zro:,:;,,~.:,u::",;~~~,~ ,... fin ..hcd """",'''''''

~~'b~::;:;::.=:;I~;~~n"":~~~h
I" rO.17{a' ._~ ,''' Mm~. b)"", " ..... ~ .. 10,17{h)
lhel'finl..r d", .. "'-rd(oolb)..,....Th<f"" .. ),,..,.1>ouId
l'of"rio:1l)'a<l""mllo."' ......... ;,.;~.""'in.heNm" ...' rou"linl<a •• """"", .. ,.h~O.
i.f. .mpI.~rdla) «cur. T he dcrot ... ,ia ....... he: 1~1oad>
.,r.he .. """"", bocl>odo:<J. in" .. lIy .......... "",,""'l con.
d"""" The 'ol.~ .... hou.k' "II'''' ,";.h ,he fi,.."" JI",n in
hll 10.16(.). IJntl.'ron""'o... off"lIh",i.,ianalrond,';"",
.he ,,,I ..""" ......... ,.. " ....~,'. "'ill <""nee.' ,h",.·" ......J ... ,
tIt~
""... khror<l,ol r"" ,ninin,.,,,, ""''"' OOlr<o' u<><le,,,,,.i.n.1
COO",,,",,.,,ini,,.II)
Wi.h.he r,,11 '.""" ~ fI in """,...,ion •• in I i. 10.761~)
",,,,.. ,,,,,,iIlO,ini(bllylo'rJ01>1llil<:Vo'only.Tunclheoon"
I.".. fot ""'.'""~'" ,i~n. l ",.1 "n ,.,nin¥ me'er•• ",.ch on
,heo""""I<'",,,",,,...,,d.d.J"""""iopon,dt,·ialion<o,,.,,"
(0 JI"'. ",ad,na nI.lOClmli on Itldio,ollmelc,. <OIrn"",,<I·
in. 10 rr,lk """"ion of . ) l~ H , of ,,,,,,,,,,"Ie' ..
~ rrin
1"-
A.l.Ju<l . he I II.n... ,o.- or "",,11o.cop< ror " ""'(~<'<)I')'
",.,,'o.-n, he~" and ",,"c.he ""ok"""I"'"k tkfI«hon
O""""ntt1.""io ... .,.,.,'o,.nd~ .. ;.h"m... ophonc:.
J Yi l.-
l_ M.'.~'.'
'j
Unok . ..... mol >1'""" rondition< eMU", .hal .he ""a~'lo ~~1·..,.,,,
~·n~~.~<Ioolcs""'C\<'<'<'d lhe ddloo... ""' .. "hacon.
~""~
COUI'UNG LOOPS L- .h " ~,. _J- fh "
Cavity wave meter for 13cm GI:N£''' ~ A"".>IG£M£~1
"110,71. M ... anl< •••• ,.ilool . ho U Om • •• "ow ••• """.,
T hi. ",,'<:n,,·I., i. a tiM:<! f",~".rI<.-Y ' YI"'. ~hkh ~""'i,, ..,
.he ",.,,,,,,,1 Jime".ion i. obse,,'. d a""urn,.ly. <an he
•• "",,'td 10 ,,,,onate "'i,,,ln 1O~II't o( ,he "'k" ,I , 'e~
f,"'I"''''' Y
."!:;e,;~~:::,':,~~~~ ,~;:~'::;::;;;.;;:'.~ ~-;: ,:,:~::,:
None or ,he <I"''''M'''''' """,,,,,,,1 """,r•• he !en"h o(
Semiconductor diodes as
.he ;n.... """'''''' 0' ,. .."" nw," be ;0.,. . . . . . . .1, ,u,ned "' swi t c hes
!en.'h,,"hct>df""'"''''ly,,·,ith'·n.Ie>'o'hel.... ...",.h A.mo"",,,,." r l.....·to.:«.,,,,mOronoJ .... ordioJnmo.y be
.,.!~I,~,:h '0;. ~?,,:':c~b.: ~:~ ~~'n~ ~ _("'.,,"ch;"'. l hey<>ff.....,h~nt~ ...,"'... moo;Iu. ......
oro"",..r 'yros ben.....hey ..~n be ~"..r ~""" .0 ,he
lt,
<'''''''
('y~I'orU K ). ...om'h".'he rol ..... ,"3Ien3'm."'"'''.b!e
r"""riouo(""I ... ncin.n"nd.round'he!km~nd
:;:,:;:..:;""'''''1l ...
''<ho, ",by 1'''" , _ " h e•• ....,..
r (\lIb) lHO BOO n~ 2400 24~ 2500 In r iJIlO.19. he <N""" K. aIM' K! pro"d.'he biM
1. (1.) :.62 1 1,M :,,0 2~' 1 N07 ZH9 " .. ' ..... fOl.hed """' l) K)""""",«,,,,,
",.he",,,,,,...,.
." , hed.od.lndfll"'~'r''''t.t<on~nJII ..... ,! ~dOOl.k
I"hc:" .....n¥'h L m.... hen>ain.a,,,,,d,,,,,,,hin t OQOlin . 0 be: (0"'-"'" or h:o<~ b<.>«<.l • • I", .. by caU,"'" , ... d,,,",,,,
10.28
CondUCl3nce '" "'""her ~llh".. '-.tlm;,.. ..... , lheC"'~'" I,. IO.79tb)<_ . a.lo",bkp..>kct..nllC"' ....... pploc.J 1<'
orlu";n."i""",:".,,,,,, 1.. .,cirru",.t(.,nly ..."'...·,....k,·"'''fC'''",i.«''I",ml.lh<n
lheac'ual ... loo:oi',"" ' ....!<'... i. "",i"',,"''IOn,.nJ ." .... "hc:,~lo< ...flha""hal(.,(lh,,<,"-~,,''''''y ... '''''''
"Ilun I)c'''ton 10300 IroU afC >,,"~bk. n,... 1i.\C\l to.tl l)"JUn ""i' ~ bk: ru, ,hI, I}I">' vf ~rr,,,~u()tl ,bo;>o>~1 1'1,,"
.I\oukl too .""h Ihot " i, IInltkoly ,,, b< <"'~'CtJru by 110< a ",.h f,"".. nl,,,nJ,,,,,,,,..,.,.)o>w"",,""',·..."'h""nox......1
,iln." invQI.·,,~
~i~' ~~:,~:~~~i,,~',:: ~~';,~~:'" . '". I,/II<m<I,,/ m.vr.-•
. rtP. ..",, -'t ---~f.-- -,
.
___ l*~
':~>~~
A R
e ~
R R
I'AS
'" '0.",
•
I)I.~,.," 1I1~" .. ,,"9 'h. . . . 0 '

•
d'od •• I~ ploeo 01
:,..,. T".<''<~''iI~'':'-''he~''.'_'''''''H_ ::::~':~1;~Ef:~S:~1Zi~ViT~:i:
10.29
V HF / UHF M ANUAL
PIN diode attenuators A I"'ph 'how'ng a"enlla,ion ~er.u, .80 d,',-. ,·,,1,, 1<'
Rd".rcl>C¢wa,m,deu ,I'c,m'hech.,,,crlo,ignalf""l t>C1>CY is'''''''-n in Fig IO.S', Wilh IheagO"olt'gO.,O,her. "
a1'en'U'or<.lht{'{)n<lan'impo.J"nc"p"'<n"ome'crh." minimum allcnuotio". but 0' 1M 'Ie ,-ol,.gO i"""'.....
~,~~;lrh';:~'~~:;;;~~ and Ihi, ilCm dc<;e,it...an .ncnualO, ..
~i~~n~':;; ;~1~ ~:1~0a~n~:::r ~~~;;;"!:o"~~~ ~In~~~::.
range of 'ran,;"'o,i,-",, ag.: ",,11"8' ampli""'",. T II<'.I<'
"b,I;::; 1'~I~Cld~~ C~~~"~~~~~~'~:"~:~r"'ac"e:~~'.~ f~: sourcc.ho<, ldprcferablyha".adiod.reclif""oon""",ed,o
,hti.f.l r"mfo,rncrStt"nJaryin'hcfron'end
qLIC""ie<. Allh",'gh "'0<1 d,o.jC<po<"""lhi>char...:leri<lic.
poo,lir><arily an" ",.,ortion can bein,,,,dllc"'inlo.hc,f
circui'in"hich'hcd,odc"'<>nnc'Ctc..JhY'e<'if)(';lI,on
SO 1;\,:c:,~~~;~~i:':;~':;:"~~'::'~I:=~:;c~:~n~~':
the I'IN d,U<!<: ha'an oplimi,.d "os'gn ,03<hiO\'c nol ac ri.lsockot.nd,I"',"PUlcoilofaf,ont<nJo,con'<r1<r
only low d,"'o'liun "ilh good linca';,y. b""",dcmngc,,r wi,hrninim"mdcsn,dalionuf.ign.I.,o.n"'sera,io
..,.i".I>C¢." IY~"·.1 characlcri,,1C cu"'c fo' a I'IN diode 1'/><' graph of ''',","alion '·."u' tog< ~ol1agc in Fi~ 10.8'
i•• ho,,'n in fi~ 10.82
;~:~a;.e~of~~\l~~~!~,:'!!'~lt~';c:d~c:~;~~.~fl~~7:'u~
".s~:,:,:.'h"·'~I~:afn~r~;~,f~,:,;~ 1,~~~tll~::'~:,~ I~~ lo'r<rform,,,,,,. i,in".pendcnt of frcqt>C"""" 0'0<. I.""
'peclrum. C.", " ''''''''''''I)'I05<'"",n the ""'PUt from ,ho;
~~:,:~~:~~?~~~~U~~~!.:".~'I~:~::::~:':: i:""~~
added intrin.'" regi,," C¢
IH and" \- layc"_ n", co,,'rol of m,no,i'ycarrk", in
Ihi,l I.ycr',cnh.nttd.nd 'ht largc ...·i<!lh of the I,)·.r
,esull< in high brcalJo"n "ollagO and luwcol"'dtal>C¢
Thec<lndUC1l\jl~ur ,he I la>",i.i""",awl b~ the injcclion
IT
of mi""r,'y ,,"';."""h.n for..-a,d hi .. i,.pplied "ithlh"
p+ andn + lay.",
The PIN ,Iiode "cl< .. " pllre ..,.i~I~'>CC aoo,.., a limiling
r",~~c""y and this resist.nce,,, rfi, coo"oll,..! b)I ''a,i.,ion
"llhe ("",,'ard bia •. Iklow ,he hmitin~ fr<qu~",,~ ""'titica.
t'onwill"",."" in "land"'.irnju ",,'innandin' he"'~inity
~~:~~i!~"~1>CY lher< i. ""~ rectificalion "'ilh """I"'n'
A nu",boroffa"""scontrol . hi.diototl,on."'lfllc!ybia,
CU''''''I. rf po~'~'. and the minorily carri~r hfelime ... wdl
a'lhelimi,ingfr<qu<,ocy. Modorn I'INJ iod<:>dCSigncJlor
low radiofreqt>C""iC< h.,c a lifctinl< in eXCC<S 01 II'S. th".
,"."~
,o.m'''"'' '~'
flnding'I'I'IK""ion,bo lowIOMlll
A bo'i<,h""'<iiod•• U.nua lori"h,,wn in Fi&'O.U",i ll,
apnoc,;.,.I I'I Ndiod.,".n".,o,dri'·cnl,omanagcsourcc
Hk '.8k + AGC
.ho".-ni"FigIQ,84
0 _0' ,.11. 0.0'
,. ~ "'on""o.
fig ,~_ ... p, .. 0;0"",, <'feul •. 'ult.b" d'od . . . ,.
so.v~;It! HP),M P""" lll(M<>''''<>''I;BA~''(5;.m'"'1
J'-., -
"
I h-
10.30
fboo ,hermiMi<: diode is both reliable and fund.m.n,.1
Noise generators ""i'hin.freq""ncyran~no'aff«t""by, ....... i"imeof'boo
M OSIIICriOU •• ~perim<n,.rswill~a'>O""'time, oro'boor particul.r.k<;trode'YS'¢In. For ,I>e normallya ..... ilo.ble
'0 tarry OU..." •• 0 tn, .. re ~b.' ,~" re«ivill8.qUlpn><n' .. oommo",ialdioMs,S721Sylv.nia.ndA!081/CU2171 M·O
Idju.'ed.olllelo"'estllMStblenotsefaclor Vah" Co, a moximum frequ<1'>C)' of 220MH~ it poSsible
It is worth nOliDlla,.he ou,.. "ha,
'hobost sen,itiv!W
1:::,0~:'::;~:~:'!'~~:~~i<~7re'~';da~nt~~0=,,~~~
oon,-er'er, \'.1"" or ",m!Conductor. some form of noise
;:~:~~~e:i~::T:::~.~a::bale~: :~;::~
r>e<:daga.di<charge tube.oyr"... Coupling Lhi.de>!ioein'o
g~~':i~o~. "'~~~~ :'~:! "....
rator h.,. been <k>cribed
,h. ~in:ui' i. no •• 00 .a.y ., low freq""""i .. , bu. a • • hf
",·boore",-.."guidei.norm.liyused, i,i, rela.i>'eIYSIraWt.·
h.".
from ,ime '0 tim•• ,hey all thciru .... ,hough ,hc only forwlI.rd.,l>edillChargeWbebeinlliM<:noodialonally."rOS!l
:~!~n~~i=dil)' home COII,u'I"".d 'ype employs a , boo wa""guid.aperlure
Simpk"'mic"nd"",or noi.. "",n:esarc.ho"'e"er,~ful Construction of a noise generator
foroompa ra.i"e ,est•. Day·to-day",peatabili1yi,notrehabk, The mO.' conveni.n, .rra ng._nt i. to make tbe pov.~r
althoullhthcsede v ic<1eanbe,,,tyhandyforpo,,ableequ t p- .upplyuni tino"" bo~. ogc 'herwi'hala.~eu,re:nlme''''
men' checkin,. The hOI ""i"or type (the ,ype has been . nd PU' ,he actual diode head inlo a ."",11 bo~ of.uil.ble
""lied a Monod.ji, ,'cryr.,iablcbu, it i• • fundamen,al
type. To JO"" .... ' •• ui l.bl. noi .. oulp"t k,-.l'"h. I.mpera· ~:~~n~!; ~~c:~~~:f directly into the inpu. socket
'ure: r>e<:d. to be h;I~, and ,hiS can only <x>m-.,niently be The n"""" fora l''l!e mel.r may nOt becka • • t first silht,
\>f\Wide<lby .ui'.ble ~otfila~llamP5,.uclta. thefesloon ~~~~~:; "alues of nOI'" factor ± (HmA become ;n<reuill8
,ype •• nd ,hnc will no. f"",-.ll into a coaxial cire:uit. There
ill cOlliidefllbltdiff1CUII~'fmm'hcamaleu'lpoinlof.ic"', To ilIustt:l1etho probkmnumeriCilly,ir l (urre:ntofSlty
l~£ d~~::~~~;;;~~:;~~~~.~~'~3.,~~1·~B~~
,nthatcolibra,ionof,hela",pintermsofcurr<ntor,·ol' ag.
fortherO"qu;redltn>per.ture rangei, im\l'OS.ibleun l",."""
has a<nOlS 'o a.ui.ablepyrom<ltr
rio .0.SO. Th. p,oe,i •• t

~o'" 0'.''''.'' ") I•• ~.
"" ...., ... ppIVwi.hi,"~ , .,
"""" 1~1 ,h • ••1.. dlod •
....d .nd (."". ,'.'ot>.
10.31
V HF/ UHF MAN UAL
Noi.e generaton in use

The m<,hodormakinlme•• urcmenll"'0 adjU'l'lhe
~i"C1" •• in""n'rollunlil'hean\pUrMldnoi$C.ianal
prodl>CCdby ,he _raisul\ce Rl andlher«eiVC1"BOiH
producealuiuble<k/leC1!onon.mt1C1"COIInoc1NIOIho
o,,,pu' . Thiornayeonvtftitndy ... kelherormor"'loCvoIl.
mt1C1"<XIr\neCINOC1"OII,heloudsptllbr. A luilableddleo-
'ion rnI.h,Mo-,V.Thi.ini,i,'oel1ioIiUP ildontM,h lhe
:~:::"="\\'itchedOff.• nd anyallCin'he""'ivtr
!-{a.illloe•• he ....... condi.iom,lhenob.dio<\tfilamtn •
...... itchedon.nclsIowlyiocreutdin_' <LrCb,-rw.<>C-
illl, heva ... bltraiol.nccinitscircu;'un,illhe(IUIPUlpowor
or.bcr«ei"C1"isdoublcd. [r.voUmt'C1"isbdlllusod .. ",
indica'or,hen,he""ltswilinetd'ori.. byarac'orofV2.
:;:,o;;~~~~~~'t~U~;:'n~~~~~·.~~=::.n;o~!~
.IIIr.,..n\u.. '. ki lll'l>tnorrnal.OOft1'trn"".......... 29O"K.
•
! II VI.
Lu ij
~I U ,o,n. Choult . ' • • ult.bI• • u".u' I.dl...... fl l. . ...
• udl • •,,,pu.,,.".I.,,,,.,;Cft,,•• INJoI.'.~ul .. ta.' ~;
~I'~' ,,"
:i1~-:Tr<"
+ IT
' .. ,0,1O. • • itle •• ,.; _ _ .. , ....
'NZ' . aos ........; •• Ia."M 1.0
".0,. , ... _ ..u .. ...
,o.n•. ,' '''''..........,......., . OM
' ,
..... ',po.' _ .. '"=!.~'!.!...;.= O"" .. lor ~.t'" fig 'G." . c""" -~",':'t:.!..~': I•• vlrioIIl voI_.,
10.32
fEilk[
NF(dH) - lOlOf,_1,OOiI
... l\ercld _ diode l nodeturrenl(mA)

Rs _IIOIJn:crai.lor(O)
'."
If lho 1.mpm"u~ is CM"",, lhon 2IlO' K. Ihis .... y be
COffUIodbylhofonnula:
NF(., 29(l' K) ~ NFaldilferrn' mn"......lU .. )< 290~ T

L2 '2<,"_, J ..... ~·a
Thl'oulpulindieal0rcouldbecalib.... lod so 'h.,lhe
LL _ <""p"t'ouP,,~Q'_.,e. .. g .. ,...
m,,,.,M ilscakdwilhJdll(l-to·l p<>""") P<Hr.". T hi, .... ill
~.C J~'''''" •. &m,"~'.
:::~.,OU.;:~ll~~.~I:,i'l1:::..t: ='~~~~i
'hl'l"... rilyoftho....,.'va lobe ....de.OO.-rmustbc ... trn c, - .~
£iEll:
Ihoua/l.lhollloOo,w!oadi ... tak .. pIaoeanyvo-lleRinlhl' L.3 ~_
...m'-er"""in.Somo~tinli_ri'1 .... ybe
ob!Iincdby,,,",,chi ... ,,,,lhobfouthlSsooneIlmelimpnn,,"
.... ~. ,_.,...
pnfor .... ""Of.O"'.,y~ofdelec1or '·'lP o.'PUI
l'illO .90.ho",~cl"""l l forl .implelH"ofnoitc..,,,,, .... •
lor.u.in, •• iljoondiode. Thi"ypoisonlyu..fulfo,com.
.::.
~; · ;=:~~~~: ?:~T.-: :i:
=:1:;:=~U~~:::r~;"~~ and canno1 be
Simple signal source

A~lifoble .ill1. looun:ci""'l)'u .. fulfo,,,"inlup....,.i,,,,rs
or OOJI""len, Pl\'litul.,ly d .. ,ing Ihl'inilial staICS ... hl'n a
nr ... iwm of ~uipmcnl lou bftn buill. Ona: Ihl' ";lf1Il hu
bomofoundili. 'hl'nbel1 ... ,odofunhl'r, rimmlnluji"ll
morc",,,,,,,c";cnalwch •• oneofthobcacon. Al,houa/l .. l;uiwlylowf.-equencycrystak.relI\lJQI'"
Two IImple circuits .... I"..,n in FOSIG.9l.bullhoou,pu. iadiapaml.lhereisobvi«<j,jT.diMi""'.d...... l . . . i"lI$i~
shoukibecbcck ... ....... u ..... mbi_.bsorphO.. _'-c- hia/ltrfrequmcia.wchu' 16 or 12M Hz. Thd"';Upruyide
....1.tlO....,..... 'holit i$lu~lolhe<X>rTa:1r~.....".. ~:~:..::':~':.=~~' putf~_.~lty
::r
TheIlQUm:luncd.ircuil lhouklbc .uned""hecrySral
~~;,::::, ~~l~ha~,"f=:~ ound .,Ihe pOinl "he..
r he>implen><1hodmayofcoutKoo.pph""OCMhe,boond. 1,296MHzsignal l QUree
,",n•• pprOJ'ria'.~I'''.''''OUlPUIIUnod.'rcu'ls "Thcu"" '''''''·DinFi.. IO.9Zand lO.9)i.in'end«lr",U$O
latoflSlruclOOfl.illS .... ,.... bIcforlbcun;ltobecomplet.ty ••• hia/llylnmportablc··m,nibca<:on··forla.,;... roociwn
C$"1oIod so lhol output is O<>iy obIainocd from lheOUlpul .adror.lipi... andcompa, .... ~YftS.E"""lhoua/ll""
_kcI.lhlS"·'IIIa .... tycl'Ini ....... n".nlodoianahandllso out .... tpo'.' ... i$probablyO<>iy.,t"""""""'.nlcvd.ilit
~1oIcd-:~~':'..::.~bcbu~I. ·n.. bol1tnyshoukl.1so be ;::r"~t;,a~=!~.~~r.~,;'~~,~.~~acriallheU,,;1
~ 1"'1 _ ....., ::,.,"?,..

. .... -
: ...c •
...
..,.
""'g
=1" .
10.33
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
thertn$v.I ....... hcrnati".ly.furanrf""h.gc:indicatO)r,'''''

""" 'u' m.y bechuscn tusui,thcrnet.r(dc)l<> which it i,
'" becu"" ••;ted. A 5Ou. lOll!<'" full ...ale n.." " '<>so:'her
... ith the probe dcscril>cd form.",,¢uldevooo fu'SC1,in,
up 1""' I'0,,'.r.xcilerurlocal """-.iU010r$la&<S
InFig IO.9'dc'.iJ.of'he&<....."I • •ra~tora.impk
rf p,,,be a.c gi..-cn. The cun.or"",io" may take any ron
vcricn, fo.rn p.ovid<d ,he essen,inl poinlO noted alxw •• nd
il lu",.. ,,"{] in Fi8 10.94 a,e ubo;.,,'ed
oo!~ ~,~,~~. f~~";~ tt:f ~f ~~~~~e~I~~~~~'~~'~~i~ :2~i~~Zc,,~.~! ~raY!!~~ti~~~~~i~'()t 100k Hz

crystal "", ilia,,,. a, 48MH, i.f"lIo·,... d bya IlSXZOoripkr crysta l "",ilia,,,, full"....cd by a 'un ....1 di(Hl. ham,,,,,io
..
~" :t:~.Hn~;'!~":'~~I~~I~~.io;~':'"!'::'n: ~~I~~~~":':~
:;%,:~~'~~~i~~~hiCh provides marker $iinal. up lu Ind
~ci~~~: ,he t:·:;';:~~':J~~.o~~~~tn::':'h;~.:~:~~t! LI _ 500-,J I,L2 _ lofnumbcr"fturn,,,f ll

M _ IOOIcfl/. eryslal"fpara llclre:wnancctype
With.hnrt~ned "u tpu, Ii.,..,. it is prObobk that . imilar l'hc adjUSlmcntuftheuni,is "crys;mpkandC(>n,"toof
unit. could be t>Kdf"r2.304M H•• nd hiJh<:' fmjueneies ,woupcration.unly
(a) lunell fur m,,,imum "",ilIatur. and
(b) ~::b~'~.C2 for ""'" beat with IlIIC I)",i,wkb on
Simple rf probe Nute,ha"IOIl,errora' 1000Ib ",ill.c;ull inappru,i.

mat.ly I,Skl •• at 14SMlk Iflonll·,•• mstabili,yi.dcsired
F"r&<".ral,frnea",,,,,nent<anrfp,obei,usedinoonjunc
,hcn . "YS'al"'-.nwmbeneede<l.bu,fu.o,,,,'pu,poses
,ion "·ithan.lee"onic.',,I,rnc:'CT. T he probe consi,t. "f an
thi." nul mjU;r-.d
iwlatinacapaoi,o.,lo ... e"[JIIci'a"""diodc.• nda se. ies
;::~%.~~~i:ne:~~~i~o~a·n~ ~i~ngk~~:i~,:.I!:'.~~~~
possible. The diode ... ill n(H'm.llyt>ea win,cunlact get_
mani"mtype.wi'hatypk.lc;op;K'i"'n~"f.oout lpF. Thi.
type "f di<>dc: i. Jimi,cd in i'~ maximum ~".,... ~"lta&< and
~v~~'nll:t.:;~~i::~~" be hillb a number of di<><les .hlRlld
~F~i~~~~i~:~:~~~;:'~~' ;~::~::"~.~te;:,;,':.:,,7c
""Urnetc.inputresi.. anccthe"utpu" ·,,llagc:thcnbe<omes
10.34
;~!~~~~nr~~f~Y.~lIalioM. ~bl.
coaxial i•• mployed
fo, tbe .",n,f.. of ,f 1'0"'''' from Ihe '",n,mitlo, 10 tbe
uri;ll."ndfromtbea.rialto.hc.....,.;,ing.ystcm, Forrllpid
ch.nSW"erof thc.eri.1 be , ,,..,n thc .....,.i". and lran.mil
modes.. ",Iayi' requi,..,.,t which. ideally.•hould h.,·. b«n
.pecifi<:allyd",ignedlofunelion,..iththi.typeofe.bt..
Tbe .. a",knowna'cO<JxiQI.~wJs
Couill r.laY"" con."~w"" thallhey .,hibol a
char.cteri<lic impedar.ce "'hich malchc'lhat of thc coo.,i.1
cabl.,.,ith "'hich thcyoper&t., Wben ,tK imptdance of lhe
.. lay and thaI of.hee.blea",id.ntica1.no mi$mlll"hpoin.
will be introduced int".hc lran...,iuion lin. 10 degrade tl>e
"an<ling".. ,'•• alio andprod Y«,efl«;.ion, inl hef<ed
'Y"'m, In practice. ahsolUle perfo •• ion in m•• ehin¥ i,
... rely,if.,.-." .• llained.du.in ..... mainh'.hef.Cllhalthc
impc:danoequo.w fo.roaxial""ble i, n",mally a nominal
fillure.nd subje<:ll"so"",·a.i.olion
T.... "'I.ytobedes<ribedm.. ybe<:<>n."u'''eJfo'roaxi.1
lin. impedantt of n. SO 0. no. the impedar.ce beini
<k(e'mined by.hodi""""ion.oflheca"ily.Ofll.ining .....
''''iIChinll am, and ,ho.i>eof,he.wi<chinllarm il""lf. Full
dimen,ion, .reli" cn. and whil'l~ a"'.xprn:;ci in
mitiime" .... hey m.y be <:<>n,med inlo Inc"'" hy u.. of thc
follo,,·iniformul.
I neh~ _ 2s:4
ronl.Clmil"'(IO)whichn\ilybet>uillonlolhecoaotialn:l.y
,.. .... ' •• i.,hedimen.ion,i""ninn''''.
One J>IIrticu\a. fea'u", of Lh< «lay< i,.It.i.1ood crou,.lk un~1"~e~d,~m=:o;f ~~'~;~i~~i~~;'~i~~'='and .be
d.mpin,le,'.I.and.hi.i.ofspc:cialinl"""in """,i"in, con .. cL .. paralion(.)ha'.. b«n.dju".d,thofront of .....
$y<t."" employin, hi,h ronduc.antt 1riodes ",hich can be bra.. block (IJ is dosed byfittini thoeo,=(2)and.helcad.
Q~i.e.a'ilydam.~by .. ces.i,.. rfl<.kajj<:dur;nK.ran ... frorn.hesol.noid lerttt"""cdon th<<:<>or>e<l;n. block (7)
mi .. ionpcrio<b.Specif",inronnltiononthocr"".alkle,'el
::n!S1~~~ '::n~~Y~~:~~ '!::~ ~:;,~pn~:a;:~

Design impedance
Couialcabl.".u . lly,",pl~h •• anim(><danttof.i'h<t
S2.60o'7S0.t'ortbe ... son'.I .... dyco,·.rcd.thocha'ac.
ple(ema>lorc<>niroluni,. When gi"ini ,hought lo.""han .cri.,icimpeda"""of lher.l.y,><>Cke.... ndcoble.houlda!1
.',..ngement.ho"'tl.. r.• hepo$$ibk ..... d.o ..... nll">«Iu•n. be lhe .. me, and ,bi."",.n, lhal , he rciay musl be designed
lial .w i.c~inK .hould be ,",,,.onbered. and a, "'ill be seen . •ooper.tc ,,·;Ih.hcporticularcablc<:O<\OOrncd in <c5pect of
,hi'i"el.,.d.o t .... rfJ!O" ... lh."hec<•.ui. I"'layi' •• pecled il> Quoled im(\«l'nce. Th. sec,ion of.n •• ~mm.trical hr
conduc.o'''Ot ... ''''ndil\$tot .... ..,I.yi•• ho''·n in Fill 10,98
rhet1;r..w nng"ripof"'id.h/lndthkk ...... stiescen t... tly
Mechenicaldescription in Iheci",~lareonduc.or .• hi. bein, formed by.hc hori.ontal
bore throullh.hcblo<k(I:. The charactc.i"kimpedanco Z
:::~~:'::~c?~:F~2~:2r~~~Eh\";::'~\~;
.nd ,.rtically 1o proouce a c<OS$·.h.aped ca,i,y.:Socket l(4)
wilh.irdieloctric( K I )canbecalculoledfro""heformula
lji'.. n in Fi e 10.98 ordcri...:d fro", Ih< graphs. Thedimen·
.ion. requi",d." p.oduce .peci~" im(1«lanceo .... ljivcrr in
"'hichi.fiued.o.hc.ilh•. handend.carriesa .prin,.wi.ch. lh••• btea.""'lOtedwi.hFi.IO.99
,nllsl,ipfilledwithdoubleconoa«•. •hoscbeinllposilioncd
Coaxial sockets
~t~"!~ ~~:.,,;,~~. tt~~a';; ::~ct~i~ha~~:1/; !~ :~ ~~~~'JholI·n in lho dcs<:rip';on a .. types UGS8A!U
these will "'.,. ,,·i.h.ho.. on th •• p,in¥a.m
l 'he no.mal hf ...",-,iat soc'ct~ ,,·i.h a "Iu... """unling
i.!~o~';fy'il~i~a~:~:-:1t~ol:'~l'~~ ~:)~~~;~drr~~: Ilaneeha<' •• on.hcirmoun.inlt·;<k.onco,m"",cylind.i<:al
"eps. ·I'h,. tncan.,h ••• her.laybo<!y(ltha.,obeeount«-
:.t~i~~~t~~8c~~a~~) :i;l~ =:c:~. ~~~~'t~';t.f:::,~~: boredaccord:nsly, A •• hedi"",n$ion.of.hosc"epsdiifer
accordil\$lolhetna nufaclu rc •• lhedim<n,ion,oflhecountef-
~s~,:;~:.2~;':i:~~t~~g~~.(~ ~,:~~ ~:::~:,:~~ t>u",,,,itl haHlobeadjustcdae<:ordingtotho ...e. type or
uflhopiunge'lac.uatil\$rodi,.ho"'na.\h)onlh<d",,,ini SOCkCl.mploy.d. 1t i. partic ularly imNrlanl thaI .heend
A w<ond •• tuatin8 rod (ll) may be filled oppoSite the
primary ac. ua.il\$ rod (6). Thi •• n",,'. Swilchingof ".he. ~~~~a~,o~~:~~ ;~~~~f~~I~~s:.,~~:,.,~:~~ clc1;trical
10.35
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
I--
The N ... ,it< is "Ucd f......... on fr'ft/Urn<1n up 10

IO.OOOMII<. bul in.,...:1100 is no1 ......... lIy u...a .bo,~
1.OOO»IHt. T ile 'n."lolion m;>y ~"""r be T~non 0' poly-
.. y~KCOrdin'lollle"",nUr.Clu", •. TI\c)'.re""Ie'prool"
ando;:on ... ndkup ' o l .500V . • nd ..... ybeobtamcdf.... 7(lO
,mpood.""". T ile C ............ I ...... me ~h ... "'~ri .. ~ and;"
.,·.i1able'n$OQr700imrc<lana
~=~~~.:~~bltf........ lCh' ... lndln'm:"" ...... in.
The«ln"rllC1lon"" .... nNo'Ctyre"""k."are."'pl~
c'nbel-implilledbyi""",n.,hc,t.ppOd,houl<krs"",hae
oocJ,.C1 •. n..diamotftoflhcca v il)"bo<c"ma<kcon".nt
f."",.,..... end ofthcbl""k ' 0 ,h. 01 ...... l"lIol il. thcdLomct.,
(b) on Ih< I.n·hand lid. of IIIe secIOon 1\ II i.in( .... <ed 10
I.......... IS thltl of (el on the rW!1-.... nd .Id< ( ~" IO.9S).
M.k,n ••hi. bore a "","'"nt 9·5mm 'hl"OUll>oul iii ......."
..ill d ... 1M .houlde .. Of .M "",kelS. If ,h .. cou"" il
adopted. lhe Impooda""" uf ....... IIY illd.lU ..«I by~OTre(1
",""'tonof'''' "... of.huwitchin.arm. T!tis ..·jll be found
jllthelablt"""'taled ..·ilhFI.l0.l00. ~~~.;::;:' ~ ~':~d' .~e7l~~"'.:""0~ il~
Idully. the ntain cavl,y «In'aini"II'''' "'·,lCh,n, a,m .a:ommod... I'" lmtn ao,u"'n, rod. tfi. is"",d< i:arae.
=~ ::.~~~bouru'..~.~~~~~ :!.:,~n:::~
Ilutn12mm.IMrerf""""na:rMlhe . .... notd ...' il1be.~
Prior 10pia"'"
.he "," ,n ao ", ~. ,he solenoid , hould be
~::;"IC\l~~p.onirul.a'tyl' l"'in,,,,,,,,,,I,,,,. " 'jlker",'
:;~~":':.''; ~,,:,i:!':!d ',:d,~ ~;fI,':.:..hn;.:~~h,~r~:
Thc hole (c) "'hio;h..,.,."..,,nod;I.... ,heKl"'''naroo.l ... hich _ _ ' .. lhe """ .... " . . . . rm.<....,~<d. A"y
.hould no< eoCftd 1·2""" In dl ....... ~, I nd ,f i, is required
Ih ...... C<>;IAi.lrel.y.h.llope"I"II.co..... e""'.e' ..... d'i""n
~~~~'7,,';.~.'~~ ;;pr:.~ ' 0 be f«j"ired should be made
by IM .......... rai.in ••y.. etn.IhcnIhisl>ole.houldbe Afte. ISSoonlbli"8 ,he •• boy and "....,ki ... the con'KlI.
drillodrilhllh ........ ' hebkrl.
The "",In eo",ly bore hous'n.' .......,I,chmsarm.hould
'M w;..., loop (9 of n. 10.1011 ;'; 5OI<k<ed 'o'he mapC1
frame .. . ho wnlnFi, IO.97(h)I<' rre'cnl'heplu"Je.r.l1in,
be.ih' •• pa,e<I "". of 11$ houlin,
Theooltno,d k""""red 1o Ihc body oflhe rei:ayby".o The.od (6) <hown In Fi, 10,91 and In Fi. IG.lo:!(b)
coun' ....... k ...... ICfeo<t"'hochpo.. rilh'lhl"OUlhlhebody ohouldb<:2S·5mm\ont..bo, if' het.oknotd i. """,nlro "" an
of'hercllybl«k,andlhisisili ustl'llledonSfCtionX- Yln anllepiw:(8)in l'i,tO.10)·".! l'i IlI091i nl'Cadof\)rin.
Fig lG. IOO.hesc", ... bejn,ooi8nale<l Ml. secureddim:,lY'OI"'m:lin bod, of,hebloo:k.""mlut,·.
10.36
II·'
~
..,_c_,
... 'O,. OO'T ......
~
....' .. 0-.,.-.··_ .........._
", he ;"""'."'" 10 27-Srnm. "l h" ",d" "",.Ie f,um 3m", ",II nO! Mn«CO<lry. Fin.lly".""I' ",~,,,.,,flledon ••• h
do, ..... ,,,, (l<>1Y.I)fCI>< "oc~ "' I~ ,hal fo, ."""Iing in ",he, ro,nc,of ''''' 'r''"''''ipa<lj.''''n' '0 ,""con, ••"
oonlac,><""flh<y.",r,,,<-.J
,...Il<!~~~'~~:, "~~~~ht~n~;,~,r::,~,:: =~7~'..:.~
«"'oN.U_"hthta,of-.okkr,n.. ,ht,,,,,,Io,ion,,,,,,y .. dl
A sse mbl y ....."'nanda"""d,"'Ioamrn'o( ' ht«t\' ... '"t>nduc' or.and
ri.IO.I(\.lI'l'''''..... detaiI>Qf ......... " ........n .. h'''h ' h< ;,::-,;:. .. in ...."in ma'mnl'h .. ronoIUCI .... 'n ... <orrec'
OOOIXI;' JiliN In , he opr'''f. ...n ... h,l< ~1& IO.IO.!(cl
~.. ,O. IOS._ ........ ,htronlaClS a ... /\lIod 'o' ..,,.oc~o;t.
~:~::n::o~~::,:: ~:.~.:::::: :t,~~O;:~~~~~:i;I':;~~<=!:".;~.~~C~,~~
b.><kfll<dn:.'.Th","wI ",,,,"ndrilltdC<'n,,,,lIy"'IIha
""kequ.I,."tH:di.mc,erof,h<:,h.flor ' hco' h<,,,,.I."
..
:.,~~":~~<~~'r.. :~:' ~:~.:,nd. , .~,~ .,.~ .. ,hal no
... nd"'..:h;, "",de oon"'"n,,,f ,"" "om",,,<i ,;'o'l'l'»ing I'rior 10 fiulni , ... rontacl 'P ro"l1 ,~il<h orm. Ihe ~",I
,h"",.h,l"lpn".arm_prc,j"",I,d'iU.." ''''.~C ''''""m "I'~i'e 'o' ha' carrY'nlllht«)nl:l<I,..' .houl~bo"'o'·idod
"",,"'nin ~ 'I IO. IO:!ld-<l"""""d"lk\l ""., heaJ ,1;pl'O<l ""~ a .mall olo'-usin. a """in...... -of ... Ilic.. n, . '..,
O\er,IK:'l<:m. T hc.ho.l'l"hi<hf'<",rudn lhmulh,hed"lIed loacnr>l,ht«.. ,re .nig04. 1\ """"J'"made f,om ",re.
a>n1:K1~d;"m,,,ked.' aboi.. Olmml'f"l'll'loflhe<lomc ._klboodc">«l'ol>oldlhcCOll... 'soclo.~l.nd'''''."",..
oIlhehe:ldand ""l'duUy<ut."h""";n,Thcwf, .. "",,, .nnin'ht"rorrealy ...... 'od"....".o." ..·hi.. 'hc_nlll
d........, bKk .. "h. ',.h, ho.mmn un"' . bern"ptoeo-ical .. u"""'rl:lb... .... "_,.uch . na',..n _"'i',..i"boo'~
1\ead;'p<odu«d.u,h,he'I",n,.",pfonnlyclampcd. P,... ~~ll'O_'ionlhc..,. , ... ""n""IIY 'O ' hc.~onlhc
• KlN lhIollhcfl\"t1'JlChllbexnlvrrG:,lyc..oouIOO,loOIiknl\i
10.37
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
en.,
L..:-. J
::;;.~ro.~~·.",
..... " ..'".
'."O.'O' . Tho",u"ltO".'-'''''''Ioop
Tabl e 10.4 bool""applied.nerlhe,",'ch''''lk.''h''n"", •• ~tn p~.
h,lu""" <>hseroe.he ""I"'rcn..". roul.l ......"IIa<h-o-. ...
C081lial relilY performa nce aooUan&"';'''......,.,.d.'''''ItI'''h<ron'lC\ ... rf.....,
A waveg uide 16-coa xia l cable

1>-11'<,""nl
1>-71',,,,,,,nl transitio n
HI",'<,"I Ad,fficuhyon"",k"""' ll h".'·.ilJi<~..,., .. "mn""nl><i"
4.0""«11' "'""""n".I.'1I'd;ly... /ii</iI<.,l •• nl""nblo"'.in. l.... i....
'.''''''.r.''.nfal''<'.. ''fcqu,''''''''' •. F.... il>le ...''<1!uHle ..
an <>1»,,,,,,, .....,,,,,,""1;, o<e.'pc"'" •. Anal ...... ",·c .. ,,,
..... ,"",,~,al table : ,r III"" "1/"111 """hly. I""" , ... "'"'"
~
'.'.";;::::':~':':'
.... yheaccq>labio. Su"abkc.o" .... . n:RGS8aod ItGl I4 U
.
;~~",,":: :''::'b::;:''::'~t ~d lt and <1"5<111 '(. ~p«1"W
.
. 7"~ " ~~':I~_~b~f,::,~:~~nO::bak~i,::'I>~=.;.,~:~~i~<~::O":..
in fill 10.1 0 .... Thi. ""n"", ",",;.-,,11)' "f an N"n~ _~.,
nlOUn'cdo.n'rnlly"n.I"'I"'... o,lf.""of'Ile",".I" ...... A
J.-
..... "V",•• ,e.
~.~ ...... ,,,. -' .i-
J7 ..... L-
~i~~~~~~'~~~~~'~::~~~'~:~~
1M >IIdCl a", fillCll . h.OUJ/I Ihi, pLou: a~ JoIIoo,o'n ~rod .~
.oIJcrN;n rlaa:"'Ilh 'h.:.......,r. Tl>ein ..... oI' ... ""'kCli<
fI,,'O"OI . ....._ ........ · IO·c. . . IoI" ...... Io~
'" """"""".
.~I."""'1 probe Iomm k>fII.
~
'~'"'
A 2·304G H z signa l sou rce
Tho unil <hnwn in h i 1<.1.107" a 16 mul ,ipl;', "h;'h
,.~ uire , .lOO 10 SOOmW or 144 'IH . dri,'~
from an ..c,'.,
~~~....:~. ~. 6-20 l2" ,~". 0
.""ha. ,he h i. S. I60<lc:si¥n. Thenlul,i plior i.buill on.
,toub .... Kkdpc:b"hi<hrorm<' ... Ii<tnf.".ncbrdH,by
I' S by I'~on E.idy •• """ d .. <>.>< b. ... I' ;' . Ii ...... byappl)onl
'l>cd,i,c .. nd ' uninIO.ndClo"""l, .... "iook"" ...... a'
22. ~. ~ = :.~~ ~. ~~:~ ::':~;..~.~IPUI I",..... ,U."'" by ,he ~B.\ >C1'CW
"""'" >Om ...

Widerange cavity wave meter
M•• ,u,emcn, "r r""l ...... i<> aboJ'c 5OOMH·• ....,.,..,.,.. diffi·
S/\ar'loglin. cu ll ""nK con,en,ional lump d .... ui' ')'pc "'a' .......... ...
,h. , it ,\. n .d... nta¥ct" u... ~ca,i ' )·d ..;"n, Tht!.carcof, ...
~~~=I~,di:~~;:~:,I~~::~, ::~I~~~~.~~:.!i:~~"~~:
:;.":;,::::~con'inuo ... «""r:tI"MII.".'",i...... f"'...,ond
Ihe ..... ' ...... '.......... 'ibcdl\:l.bn:ndniK"Cd ' n""'..".rrom
.,,,,,nd 40(1"11 <'0 !SOO~ UI . u-inl" ..... 1< cni,y .. uh an
ad"...'.blein ... 'q""".' ....' •• lcmcn.
1Ia..... lly,he d"..,' ...... "'femc1Ilnf. "uart., ....,...1e-
..... nl"'f'I'C"efI",.... ",.''''''''.,h 1""IIi<II ,I is """"'"III
An""lu; ... I."' cirrui'''f' .... ",.'·'''''''lcri>.''''.. ninl"i.
~~.~~~;~ ,:~~~~,,~t~i~~,' coupli " ~. ,<SO""n' eire,,;, an"
Whon. ~u.".' ",,"'e eire"" i, .r>C'gi«<!. ,he! current
n.a"intu,,, "ill "ccu. a< lhc ,,,,,,,.d tnd.nd a ,..,Itaro ma";·
..
n'~m.~::, ~=.:~ a:r'::.;.~:~,:~ ~~~Of< be ~uplcd
~.. . G.1U.t _(lI.. ...... _C.,l • • '700_ . ..... <_. 10 low,mpcd ..""".nd"rll.. o"cuil.1I>a';,as ..... , •• p<><>il>le
IOlhelhor'cUni,. '\I""a"heinpu'"illnOO"maUy be'l>e
........,,' - ,.. ,......

,"'101, .1 ,,, _ .." ....... " - ;10;.0. C•• e2 ' , ... ~.~~ ..... ou.pulof.n""'iI1:u"' ... n.n"" ..... Ili...·illbe alowi .....
• _ _ ; lIIfC,:tt1hwol-.,nc_._,.,,;'._:CJ.'''''' ~~;:c".~od""""ldbc.""fII«IIO l hea"""I ...... thelhor'
"",
10.39
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
l:Io1hl~""",plln.,.~ldbcrrl,.",·~lyloose ..... _.o e>.lcMionofthein ...... condllC1O.OI.II$id<.""""'"ilyis

for...ho...... bcImJlhof.hoin_«N>dUClorby""~ ... ncc indicatcdin,hed,av,am
l""din, .... h"lthon>«hanic~ l lens'hof'lIein_""nduct'"
j. ,ubs'all'i>.lIy IM~Ie<.ri<:.1 k:n~'h ofa qua.,« """n. T ho ... Construction
"'ill~~rbt""'>caPJlil.~nl"'lN1cn'ncoft"';1Ifl(1" A,mtnliontd.lhellMCdedi _ _ oflhrca,-nta ... "",
cond""''''romp;>rcd''',th.hef..... S{I'att.dllCtnIM ..,."y c.ilic.ltl.tho<t.hifma,.""bpcrm,'"""nbemad<:f",5G",
flcld from i1<end IOlhtron,lnuinlOl.o'or, T hio "'ill btm"" 7S1l.undm:ly.lIhc,bcroundo-r '<lu.rcinor"." ..."ti".
':::~~:~~I~:,ht;, frc<j'K"fICN:s. and "",y be I I much ..
"The d •• rxter;,..i<: im""",,"" of.he <:a,-i'Y is of no
d,~;:,:",~n:,~~ ~~
ma,,,,..
::.r:: ~~~: :':~~t! }~
lnllybecoppo.-orbn.§$ lhelau«;SmorcritMl.nd
~~~~';:;"::;.:: ~:=.~~.7;;~<~ and nlay be: of valtlt: """.
tht.cfc ... prd<"'bTcforlht ; n""rcond""'or.ThcO"I~r"'"'y
f'" p.....h ....... be <oW< •• s ,hi, i, """"" li~fly 10 be ~a<.ily
II may be ~,t"". cim>b. o. >qUO"" "The ....,.;',,·i'y "ill obt;I.;n.;d.inlhcrOlmof""",.p'""
...""'.llydepc:ndto.la..,.e>.•..,'OII.ho ........ ~.Y...i'h . l'i)impo<1ullopro';de.'d ... b ...lidm.""nl .... r()r.""
SOitAme'OI .. 'i ....K.oryindia"ion .. k:,~I.do"·n 'O"bo<lI
SmW may btUboc"'N :~~~~"';::.'?;'';',;,:~li;.::;~ri;:,;,~;~~' ~~Of,~hc~~:
In.he<kslsnillu .. ."INI'iJ;IO.I IG•• """"'.creo....... of pref...abiy ..'lIhan e>. ••m.i<oolubebe,,,,oon ........ opro'>'i<lca
hn ........ d~lc1".ube .. ilh.n""JUSl.blcin_cond""'''' lon,bearin..
j,ndi.arnt1er "he inpu, (""plinll i. arr.n",d ., tht ~ho"cd .n~ and
Tbeoul~rin'h;s""""Iu •• narro"'.lutrunnin'n_'of '0
~::.;,. .. ofa ... ip ~rille<l.nd soldered ~;f"C("lly .htronncc·
I/'w;OI.olettubt .....,h ... tl\;o"htpolltiooof.""in_
CDntIU<1O< may benb<oen.... """",ly.ncI lhe"",hbn.,ioo IIC1Ile F", frc<jllCncy mtnu""""nl I taminatin, ..... tor of
"",n be fiAcd .Io.... ht 110' (.imilar '0 . oloued line). An ::'k~~';':<";:~':'a~,=~ld be fillod inlo ' co,,"""o. (0 •
• I''''na 'i 'c"",l"",,*nffillin,a<:ahbralion,,,.lelolht
f!tl0.'I».c..".... (ll _ .......·\Vldl.. <t ...'''''''••• w.n ...

........ lIy
10.40
M<><l<'n'.,.'icaPI ......... wil1alsohe ... it.bIe. ln.,......l..
Simple in-line rf power hi,hperforma""""unct"is_ryforhandlin"he".... k<h
indicator for 1.296MHz oi.1II1 •• ndllr<'n'.i ..... lsf,omloo:.l11llions
AsimpleandrtliloblerfpOwer indicalorrGrb,vnionin,h< Anothc'ronoide .. lionislhal.i ..... I ..... nllhs ... _ l l y
"u,,,,,IIIM "r. 1.2%M Hz ,.. nlJl1'u., can ~dily be con· muchlo .... rlhanbroadcaSl.i'nals.' lhe •• ,i.l.unlcss,he
~~~a~~n,llhca~~~a!rc~~ e~:PI:;~~;r:~iS'~~=~
"ljn.1is l...e:ol.Thi,"""an'lhal
anlen". Iksil"and "",ilionina
""U care mu,t he paid 10
..,ooqu.I;'yfibrella.. d"ubl~el.d"""rd;.~od.o ... 1\ m"I.I~I ...... nl p.o.rabeam roch .. ,he J·lleam MBM46 is
sidebcinlth<tarlhpla ... and.MC1ionofthcli ... .,chcdon .... "tialfor'hese<iolt$.ma,'"".,y~""or,ltdlouldbe
'hcre-~r1II.t ..... herwith'hecouplinl"""'rMlhcindica'or mountod •• hiJhu""""ible.lndcieo..of,h<ronfot,h<
Fromlhcob.'. ai...,ninlhccarlieretlJoplttlhcline ..... ion _A,.odcbandpre-:unpllr... wi'hsoo<loi ..... I'o _
maybccak\oblodanddesiJnodrorlny.pptopr;"leirnpod ,.,"'.oianalbandJin.~.ndrfp.ini.of'.,.l ue_
.""",.Fjsl0.111._.. deuilsroraXlOline
1lIei....,.,ionlnssortbistypeofindica_isor,heOl'deror Converling Ihe domestic Mit
t>5d.1I •• ndil .... y ' h<r<f""'belritponn& ..... 'lylncircui' Ilef""'"It.... pt'n"heconventon.I'i • .....".,"..... ilechcckin.
Thclpac'n.bct".... n 'h< Ii ... and lhe couplin. I0OI> will IOHCiri'alreadyC<l ...... Ihe10cm bond.Some ..... do. If
1Iftdtobe<k<idedon'heb..i.or'hcpO ...·.rlvo!'aae on 'h< thi. i. no' ,h<"".."hetuno,.hould be ..nlO'.... f,o", Ihc
lino)expcc,.d,,,beu,,.dronrnlllly cabinel.lc.o.Yi n l,h<"i,inlconncclod . Ve r y.areful1y.d.!uSl
bo!"c ..'hoi. uoombly , hould be end"",d In . iui,ab!~ ",.101 lhetrimrncflon the,untdlincs-,hc... renormallyfouror
fi.'.- ....i'h I.i,na ll<ncrato. r..qucrICy of4J6l>UIL I f .
AI'''''uahthed~·icci.d.fincda.ar........ rdindic:a,or,ir .i.nol.,.......,.. is no. a,-.ilable. a known IOQI I .. llioni ••
,h<ronnectilNll ... re,·erwdilmay.I'ttlllli ... lybcuvdf", to<>dllle.no,h'e
indicalin,O'd'I«tod_ " """""'ty,)·)pF .......,'IOt'Stinheco"'...."odlCf'<U
tarltpn.~ionoflbemni"iCltraci'or.ithinllwlllnerIO
. llowthe I....... 10 bo re-al,.,.... ,0"7Ocm
A wordot ...,.."in.is.,..,....,ryhere._"e'o"Cf.'-lO$l..ihlOl
IUlV,ocel .."sonlhemarilel.odayha..,ali,"r;hassis
n.....:r"'.no.uempls1lOuldbcma<kU'.nl .. lhc ..... 'or,he
.\C,unlcMan ioolllionl", ... rorme.- bUMd inlhe mainsl.adof
~\~~:~~~~'~~;r.7~i~r~~,'5~~%:=~~~
~~I,:=b:",:i:,::~~::n6=":
"Thc'rek.Mwt;."Cf,apossibililyltlJo" .... """"'yoftnOdull·
,ion may be re--cno«! insomc IfI",mluion.rrom ""pcri-
menlal ll"lOftSon,helmateurbandt. h may thertf"",bcan
.d""nl... loloca.'c'h<vi<leode1cctordiQdein'.... tv .....nd
.'.. n., ....,i'ch.ornocneil.poi;I.ily .. heo'h<o>ced • •isca
Most.m;ucurtrans",is$ion.doinracl....,Ih< ..""""i<Ieo
modublion""l.ri'y •• broadca.t.t. ' i ..... - fcT62~lineslhi.
i.nornl.lly ..."'i,..,.• ndon.JO'Ii ..... ""'i'i,,,
!:.~!: i~:.~~~~:!~:; i!,i~~11 '0 Wllch

.ma"",.,.Ie>'isionoianak,.. """iuodon.Jw7Ocmband,.nd
'olP",~hln"on., ...... Iprac1kc.
It isfal'ly ....y 10 tune ,hc 70cm band .. hh In ordilllry
d""""'ic:,,,,""; .. er. Ei.he.asinJleordull.,.nda,dse, i.
sui .. ble. I I'h"''''' il I.p,obably wise 10 obl.in. se, specift.
cally ror Ihcpurp<>$<". ,.,hc""o,, u.. lher.milf. only ..'!
Th<nor malr~ ... ncyu .. dfo'l .. n.",i .. ionof.malcurlv
sipal. in 1M UK is 4)~Mllz, ,.hieh is 10""" r... or . i~
channels below ,he ~"fl,1 bro.dc..,Iv chan ... l (each
broadca .. Ivd........ lis8 MH z.~rI).Thu.'hoobjocti""
...'hcnlob.plin,ad_ic:,~;'tO"""""lhofl'ftJuet>CJ'
OO\"ef'aJCorlhcuhflu.....
TlooINJOrj(yof'~ .... sba"". tflmHtoriocdul>('uner .• nd
lI,erlypesba...,.hiJhcrpin.ndin>pfovodCfOllllnOdull,ion
'CJCC!ioo •• nd,heoea •• hilj:h!l'",illblefo,co'''-cnion
10.41
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Tel evision tra nsmissio n

I,. 10 112 lhow • • wo amaICur ''''''''''iuin. u"'lIjIIOr'I'Itn'f-
~~,::"'" one doKd clra.i' and one loCI"'" ''''~uin.
My 1O;;m I... ...."iner of _mal desip can be used for
..;.Jrol.anwniloion, .. ilh ,hemodubiion.pplotdiOlhecon-
Irolorscnenpidohhe"".AlIOIkmodu"Iioni.difficuh1o
apply •• lheb.l""widlh.oquiremen......,dilflcull,ometi
H.IOJ I)lbows<!e"'i .. or .... "·.>niloroonl·c"ion.mpl'.
fie •. ThO."dc$~f"'.ninpulo( I Vpcak",l'ukeomP<>
, ,,cI'<lw •• nd ,l>en,,,pu.i.inl.n<kd,of..-d .... ,,lddn:uh
~- '~~
'U ~ll"
....... ,""...0....1."'0" ....'.....
f~ '0.'11. Mo.ilo, _ _ ,.Ion om""'"
~
...",_ r--
~ '''" .....-
~~~.
fl, ~:.;!;:;I."'.";:~.':~~\~w ::. ~';: :.7.: :,:~:'~ :"':':0:' 0
10.42
Table 10.5
Output power of an ssb "transmitter using
a two-tone test input
SOO d....ylood(R) 150d_lood (R)
Po_ .........
c.<no, .........
(Al (v.') (V.) ( A) (W) (v.')
acl • ., ~ sain conlrol, Til<: O~lpUI fro", I~i. conl.ol is .OOwinll,herfoUtpUlcau>edbylhepcakSol_h,

~n~;! ;~~~r~~a~:;~r~~~::I~~:i:~O;':i~~~~~~d
<OOuld nO' he "",'~r than twice ,he pre»ioOSly
measu1'Q1del\l:c1ionob(aioo.lwilhtone;npUI
Thi"la~i.dir«tlyoonnocted,olll<:ou'pu'<ock.,and.ives
A•• nlhcrnali'"e.lheoUIl"'I(>O...-erofanssblran.mil1er
aP!>lo.imalCly IV p<aklo p<akoulpu, ofcomposl,,,.id.o
may he ....a'urcd u.inll a ""';'Ii,·c dummy load, rf ammeter
TM oulpul is suilablc foroonn«1inll ' O a moniior wilh 1S11 Of vohmc,er and oscillOSC<JJ>e,by III<: following m. lhod
in~i~~=ion of'h;, unil and III<: moni'or shown in (il Apply 1"'·0 non_harmonicallY .. laled.inusoidallones
Fig 10.lll mak .. a very u",ful monilorinll arrans ..... n' ofequalamplilUde 10 lhe ",b lransmiller. ,,'ilb lhe
when operalin&. ca .... r•. • nd . lso for ,akinll ... mpl.of o:arrier fully 5UPPre<>Od. and adjusl IheinrUlpov;e,
lr.:::;:~"~~~';,' 1~~~~.:."~:::::.n,lIh. ' ...0 "",k." are ",.,d in ~~ ~;! ::n:,,~o:~U;~n,",~~~lii':; ~~.I;~~
IlI<:linefecdinJIII<: •• ,ial-,hcdireclioni.uni",por'anl
Fig 10. 11 1 shows lhe: ,,·a,·eform •• peeled whe" an
OSO:;UOSCope;''''llodi,pla)"on.line. lt .ho''.. apeak,·.lueof :~d£~~>:i,:£E'~:~t~~i~:d:
I-IlVwilhO·JV<If<ync:Ie>'ol (ii) Replace the lOne byspc«h. The maximum verlical
del\eo;tionon lhe cathode-ray os<;illos<;op<.hail DOl
helle<alerlbanlheprtvio,,.ly.ccordeddcO«lion
oblained ,",'ilb lhe Iwo-Ione input
Transmitter power ratings NOlO I. lOOW .... an rfoulllul """,.,r in lhecase oflhosc
Me1hods ofcokul,,;ng po",.~ inp"' fM AI and AJ lrans· bands limiled '0 ' n'IIIximum de inl"'l 1'O,",'er of lSOW;
mille~(raan~volta8"mullipliedbylheanod.""r<en' 661 and IHW fer lhose ba ndS ljmited 10. ma~imum d<:
in ampS. IIi"". Illcinpu l (>OW(T in walts) arc ,,<:II known,bUl inpuI~"-erofSO.ndIOWr<:$""" li,-ely
olher.)"S'ems.parlicub,IY$i~lid"bandandll'Ounded :"0'01.2. In IlI<:case.,f,hfanduhfmea, uremcnls lhcrfmet<T
"idamplif..... prescnt,$OIIl(: ... haldifftrtn, p.obltm may he rtpl3Ced bya crysl3l reclif,erandcalibrated melt.
FO • • hfme3.u .. mcn" a bolo .... ler may he uK<!
SSB transmitte rs
l1Ie radio fre<juency OUlpul pcaken,'elope (>O"-e,unde. Note 3. Inlll<:c.",of.hf.uhfan,l .hfmeas<emcnts. Ihi.
Ii ..... ' operaliQn from an AlA or AJJ lransmilter must DOl use of an OKiIlOKOJ>e n'IIIy nol be practical. In IbiS c• .., lhe
ex=d It>a, f.om an AJ lran~mi"er "",,,king al an o'-erall lOS' may he limited 10 a mea,urtmenl or the ....~n radio
dlklcncyof6<Jp"""nl ,",'hen supplied wi,h lheappropria,e ~~':""YOU,pulpo"'",,oullinedinpart(i)Oflhell'o-
ma.imum pcrmilleddc inpul. Til<: OUlpUI 1'O\\'Cf shall II<:
...... urtd.u'in!lanosci1l<»ropc.bylhef"llo ..,ingp...,.,...
(il AdjuSlthe Altran'mi"•• OUlp<l1 "a8< forcla<. C
working and apply . rUe< sinUS(lidal lone 10 lhe
transmi"er. With lhe:de inp<ll I'O,,-e. limited 10lhe
rna.,;mum valuc appropr;a'c 10 the rrt<luency band Frequency modulation
"""""rn.od nOle the p><ak'lo-pcak dd1«tlon on ,II<: The UomeOlflce.,.teslhal: TIl. <""j"'/~,,,,,,·y(ol"n
calhode·rayoscilloscopc 1m ..,,,,,I) mu." b. 01 IraSi 10k II: ~·ilhjn Ih. liml,. 01 lilt
(ii) Adju>\ lhe lra".mill.r for .ingle .id<:band linear l ...qwnry/NJnd;ltuSI"aMlirarrM"",ximumd... ;"'(OIlol
filrrl" /'tqWlffy shO/l1t{!1 ~XffN ]·'k lfz. TIl. "",ximum
:::ti:~t,~P~~::;: 1~7h~~=-~:;C~~: ~ff«I;'"I!",,,dul~ti"ll,,q_y,hallb<>limiIMro4kIf:.ond
10.43
VHF/ UHF MANUAL
,..,0." ......... .... _ .... __ "...."'.................._ ......_."._......._ ..._ ..... _ _

-."
""'_]I
,'''''''''' fr___ ]l.'
,"",X/"",,,. iflP"I al
If> ,"" I"'IW"<]I -.w,.". ," UIfJ'
abo," 4"lIz JIoaIl_ IN k,./1tmr 16tiB INA> ... ,''''
Ia.·.., 1""~'fI<k~.
Pul la modulation
~_oIpulscrnaduL1.ion;'penn'llcdi"'heba"'"
2.350- 2,400. S,700',800 and IO.050IO.'50.\IH'.lhe
Ahhoullh'h.HameOffiood ...nn nl $la 'tl~maximum 'YS'.'" .pcdflcd bei". I'll}, 1'21}. 1'1". Pl l) Ind PlIO.
eft"«1i""rnaduLuinlfl"C(llX...,.forolbor,ypcSQfphono ~ IN"';"'u"' ...... n de _cr InPIII;' LSW and 2SlW
.,.,.... ........ i.i.""""pr.«ke.n...,..rin'hebond ..;d'h,o pcaki"PII·po·...,..."hecrnto(.hePUM.Thclimi.cl
( .frcq'-"""<Y~ofSOO'ol.$(l(H-I~'s
4kll.or ..... 2,SlW peak de ,npul i"'pI..... MlAi"",,,, pea~-........... "
~l lyconsidcml.dequat. forcommu"icouon PIIr-
_' ",'ioollOO:I.orllpereen' du,y""io,

T~dulyl"'~'ioi.dtfine<l •• Ih.e"'.iobe." .."ru l"'d" ...
'ionlodpulscn:pe1l'ioopcriod.l'oru.. "",Io,ir'hepUiI<
do,,";on is , and lheinlCNalbeo ........ ,he beJI""',,, of_
Earthed or grounded grid power amplifiers ::\:.nd'hetoqi.. nin1 of ' he .... 'is T' hen tfT .. ,bedul1
In theop'"'on oI,he RSGII T""hnOCllI Commi" .... 'he PO""~1
i"I'\J, •• ff"""vely.coalroundc:dIl.,iJ powtrlmplif""Sl"1!<' ll i.cs><n, ialrora " 3.ion "",ployingpul""modu\a."on
• houldben:ckoned u IO pc . ... n'I=1C/'hln'heprodllC1 lohlvel ... ilablc: ca 'hn<l<>-n.y_il~in<>rda." ...
oIchelnodo:.olta.. lndaD<>llccu ........ o'hlC..,,~Onc wplhe"lrnrnincr.Tod~Ylhcm'"do!Xoflhcrfpubc.
JII"... ioois.~.'hlt copt"e\lellC u rucll.wnablc:dm- i'" ........ of . he Ii ""'pul ohoukl be .~plied '0 ,he Y·pIa ...
P<>"t.beinllu.ed.hepo-o.t/inPllc .o.bedri"",.ta... houkl of.he.ube,lheX,pllllesbeinl""" ..."cdfrornlhel,meba><
~::,:-""CI<d 50 pcr ",,", of lhe de: po...tr ;nllu •• o.he drive" ...·hich.houldbeJockcda •• • ub-rnuitipl<of.hcreP<!iliOll
freqIX""Y
10.44
' 11 DATA
_. --
Component colo ur codes
The ~I«tricll pa~ of tiud ~on and cap&<;:iton
.~ .... uatly;ndica' edbycolouroodQ.Thc .. meoolour codc
:....."'::::- .... ,Oindic:l'.""'typenumbenol .....;.
B1ndAhuthefol...... in...cnifleln.;e
, --
TheI ... ndardcolourcodc .ppJia lo~nds8-Ei""lusi ....
Standa rd colour code
.,-
f~~
c_
1 ' ,~
10,000
l lXl,OOO
,k=:1~1
...,
C,.._l
...,
+ 100. -0
...".»
T.
Ilandors,npoA- Tetnpc:ta ' urcooef!\cicllt
IbndOf.tnpc:D-Fi"'"anjrlCanl~JU'''
fl
IlIndorllripc:C-SccondsJ,nificanlfipJe
Band or "ripc: D- Decimal multiptier
Band or wipo £-To ..... _
Ma rking of tantalum capacitors

n.. ...ndan:I DDIou. rode IpplNsucept for vol ......
"d.ll..... C_IIldI..,.. Ro.IIRIJ..dJ

B indA ~Iij'ianlficanlliiu"'of .... t... BodyA
B lndB s.c....d o.I",ilk.~t ~",re End B
B lnde
U.nd D
~~",ultipl~ ~JD
Marking of fixed cenlmic c8Pl1citori

""'-(V)
"
"
11.1
VHFfUHF MANUAL
Marking of pol yelt 8 r c a pac itora :;"''''.''omh....y,thcnumboo'ol l u'nsfor.,; ... nindUCWlCe
N _ L~
Inductances
Se lf indu c tance o f a I1 rai g ht wire
.
A 'radiorr'<q......-.'~""I(ind"""'''''''ol ...l"IIi ... , ..... nc1
..mitV-by
i
"
L _ o.oo21(2<lOl lot:"if _ I)o.H
"b=~ : ~~h,:C'/I\ III Hi

Indu cta nce of a Iing le- Iay.r c oil
Theincl""'.nccol ............ yc:rco;lollcnath.tlcutequlll
,0ilSradi... isai_bt i_; ..
Th. ;"".0' • • <0 01 0·" •• ", .",., <ll.m.' . ' 0011., ...Uh , .....
._... _d'.moo..' ......
L- 9f N;':OI"'II
wb=, _ nodiu<olcoil(ioI)
:
~ ::!:.~~~~~)
This . pplies to both close-wound and spoccd_turn roils
T... ''''' _ _ of_ __

".u~. ,.,. _
..... . ........
, 'I . port <oil. wl.h .".... l ... ''''' .., ' ' _ o'_ __
o<ltI. .io_".port
I...... ' d._I. 0011. wkh .",..
11.2
British standard copper wire table
., ., ' : "::" = :::- ": ~

= ---
-
~
!
- .-
"" "-'17
.n
..
"').,.. ... I_,....
J '"...... ,(",".._.,llOO_
I~·r.(O) y_
,,~
1H ~" "'.1
... __ ...
,- -
11.3
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
Power and voltage rat ios in dB N(d8) _ 20Ios...~

~ .ndvolt.r:atios.rc_Ufu"res.wdind<ocibcls
"·hc",N(dB) _ 101oi!.. ~"'lIlrel'llndP2l""h<""'Hr AVlI~lndotibtls""lyh..,ab$olOle ...... ni",if.bcrd......oo

le... l il"".d.~e,prnoiontdllm.ndd8Wa",fr<:q ..nll)'
ratios bein, compared. On t~ ,",ump,lon "fronl.anl usedtot'l'ressd",,;bell wi.kI'dJl(lClI0 ImW and IW, .. peco
Imped._.'~corrt:l""ndin •• ol,a",r.II0111YlandYllI1llf ,i .. ly. Thefoliowin,charl . I,· .. ,l>edccibeltqu;,.. lenllof.
beuted,ln ... lliotll~ widc .... n.. cfvolt .... Ddpowcr'.,ios
Decibel Table
,.......
'"~.... )
Im,..s.
.,. --
v.. _
..,
(..,.
"'podo-)
.~
,."
o-'H
.."
.~ .~,
o-Ul
0-11)
,...
,~
]·2'9 l-SS'
HI)
~"
..".
O-U,
,
"
)'162
Bll
1094)
G-lH 0'111
G-1U
..,
G-n4 o-O~I
)'16 ~ 10""
...
,
...
,
' ·M
,.,.
)'16><10"" ,.' '"
H6 " 10"" ,...
)-1,,,10"" )-16 >< 10' ,.'
11 .4
Waveguide sizes
,~-
s...~lIttN. IIG ( )
I......... RC5(: _ _ _ ~ro __ _ ~4
P;" w.(-::-", (") _-:::- ~: ~: ~ "'~ I ~~)(~!r)*~"':"'SiI- »0-

"')1_ "... ~""-<>I" ..... x II" X10'110 00
).1 •• ;.:1
".,5- 0-)' • •."",,..,. 1HI x lO" ",. x l.'671) 0
0'1_0-6lJ n"-47'" , I.., x n .,·n . 1114 1
0 .... o-n ""1-19·" "'. x H ",' . " ."
"'_ 0· ........ Jlll " ., x H) 19"0 . ' HO)
""5- 1'1' )9'5-""'"
"..... "., j'.'J.-:O., 1-7
"', x
x
"'''l'~
,IS ,9·',.. • ",,.
" 1"1'
' ·ll_ ' ·70 16·1 .... '1-03 6,'
,,45,. HO ,.,..,_' ....1 ),]
x
x
)ll ,6"'0 '
H) >10).4 x 6'0'"
Jl" , ". 11
I, ....... 1'60 "·.._lIn H
,10- JJO 1) ...._.'0& ,...
x
x
I·" '''''11' ,..6'
l" HJO . 0-)11
I OIJ.-O' .. ..
,",01:_0'1-0041
l-Q' .. ,)0 II
14
, .... ,., !I ·.J.-NO H'
, .JO . . . . ........ ," ll'"
x ,·,. 1-116'. , ....,
,,,, , .... . 1,""
10 OIJ...OO6I ..
'U.O'14'''O'1-0041
'-CI069
l4(I
l-J4
Il"
II
....
... 5- ...
....... , ..,
' ....... '1 ,.,l
<>-,l- ' I' '~
x
x
",1l"S4'} x l'l'"
.79, • .,... , '0'"
'I
"
"J-(101'''''''''''' ,"
.. )..0, . . . . )..(1 .., ')0
os
,..
H ...... ,. ,·,l-Hoi Illl x 062> , ...... ,,.. ,. .. '-OOII' .. )....(XIfl '" 10
' ..... '000 .1.... !·9'I ,'!l 0~9' H'" • ,."". " "''''6''''·'''' '12 ..
•. lI).. " ..... ) ·..... H1 0-\10 x 0-4() N . . x ,..,,~ '~""..(IO\I''''OO9\I \10 .00
,ooo..,,·00,90,oo (1) . oln'OOJO x . t l 1 l " _ 1) 'XI
'HO.. 10...,
"·00-"·00 ,-00-,.,. 0".
HI-"" "~l 0", , ).I
ull' ,,.,.0..11 ,.
. 0790 " .. l-O'O'
"
.1 '4()
no
,.,",-,."
, ...... 0.9,
...::. 0'71)
u'1O'O0'·80)(;
.').00
OO .x 0.''' ::.''''''''....
l' O~)"
.",.
,. l ..
,,,...,.,, oltO x o,4() 0"'" Oll,. II "" .. ,,1(10 !I UO
01)......., ."_0
"". .,.....,",. Oll. "" O"lO~xo-m.< l' (IIl-''''
""3 x 0" 0.11'. 0-1'18 l' ..l-',.,
1''''
.. lOCI
_ " . . . , 0 .... 0-00 . ,.. " 007, Oll~x 0 .... l~ ") .. ,,., " .,.
...... ....,. ..... ullO'll " . . .' Ol<POB x o",."'OOl-''''' 'l'4()
"-00-,00000
0-.0-.0'11
_'''-00-'' . 011 0,00 ~ 00X> 01)40 '.' 0 ".,. 17 " '.. 1""
0<*0 x 0-000 o-lOJ1 x 0·'Ot6 2J "'",15OIi 1 '200
'0 """
, ........"...
Ol2-0,. OO»'xo-OlJo- 'l", · _ "
· .~ .• --I""__ ,Cl)CoN>«_ ......
Tho"'_~'''_''''.''''''n'''''",,_''''.'''w''''d;_''''''''~'''''';S ._ ';_b,.'- _ 1&
...... 1_ .... . . - . ..... '-"', .

~~·=:: :tw:.:t:,:t),,_ r_. __ ._.
VHF inductors
M,~"';j''':~ ... Showing how the inductance,
.. "' ."
r:" " tH'
self capacitance. and resonant
frequency of simple rod
"' .. ""
" inductors (for 23 and 13cm use)
~'J ~ i ~~,<
" r' .. .. ."

" varies with rod dimensions and
height above earth plane.
g'",
"' .. ."
"'
~i
n .. "' .. ."
tH'
"
~H<
i*: f: r~ [';fH'
"
" .. "' ." .. ""
B~"
r~
" "' !! ." 'b"H'
"' .. ."
g~ t'",
"
11.5
VHF/ UHF MANLJAl
11 .6
Safety Recommendations for the Amateur Radio Station
J. ;;~':'l<':OUld be ad«lual<ly in.ul'l<~. <01'«;ally ,,'he« '011."" 1«. 10, ,h. ft WOV.re .>«1. T.,m;ft." ,ho.I~" ,u;l>bly
4. !i~~rm< .. 0","'''0, .. mo••• h,n IOOV .... ,hould I>< f'''«1 "'i'h an .. "h«l "'....n I><'''·.. n 'he p";m.ry .nd W"Con~.ry
,. c.p.<;to,.. of more th.n O-OI,.F n pa<;tyol'<",,;n, .n 1'<>'.'"

pac~ • . modulato... etC (o.her ,h.n for ,f byp,,,,,, ""uphn,)
.ho"'~h"'.~blo«l""""or""nn«t«ldi""'tly "" ,o"tI.c"t<rmin.". Thc:,·.Iu<of,hebIo«iCffdi"o,.hooldbelo,,·enoulh
.0 en'ure ,,,id diICha'Z'_ A value of I/C M<,.,hm. (when: C;. in mi<;rof.",d.) i, m:omm<ooool. Tho ux "f<."hool probe
:":~. !~rn~;~:~O!~~~'~~ ~~~::: ::=~,":i;::~~:~<;~~~:;::~:,:;~:;.o~":·::::~tB:;.~~:~~~: <apadto,,"

6. ~~~:.'~::I~::::~~,~I~~,'~~:u~~-;:.n~~~:~·i:=::I~~I~::'r,~,~1::!~~I~~~I:~I~~~~;:~:::h:-~:!:!:.n,~.~t
7. Doubl .. poIo.,,'it<h<>.hould I>ed fo,brcdin, m';n' <in:uitl orooqu;nm<n'. FUk>of"", n:c'f11,;n ,shouldl><co""..,,001
lO,he'Quipm<n"i(!<ofuch."·itch.(N."C). AI .... y.,,,,ilChotrl><f,,,,,,han ~ n ,.ru ... Thc:"",of"":""<quip""'n,.h""'d
, (n ...... ,.n<IOsod«lu;pm< •• in".lIp';muvd"'u;'b«.k'n •• uch •• mkro .... ilCb<>."h;:hop<'at...·h •• thedoo'o,lid i.

op<n«I.Ch«k'h.;rop<r. ';onff'«lu<n,'y
II). "rubb<,ftlO' .h""ld b< u"'" ",hen ,he "'luipmont Os iO'lallool on . nDOt ,hOI;; I;~<ly '0 b«om"~.mp.
I!. S... ilrhofl"b<fo ... m.kinl.ny.dju"mon". rr.dju"mo.l>mu"b<mad",,·hilr,ho<quipmon,i. l;'-o.u,,",onch.ndonly " nd

k.. p'h.oth.,;n}'(l"r_ke,.N""""l<mpt' ... o-h . ndod"·Of~"i'hou, . ,,·il<hinlotrf"".U .. ",,,dquali'yin,ul.,ooI'oob
fotad';""m<n!.
12.00 "'" ..... , hr.dphonn "'~;I' I m~k;o, ;ntom" odju""",.a on Iii', «Iuip"",.'
ll. E"'u"lh."h.",<ul, ..es<>fmi<;'O\loo""'. Mor>< kcy •• ClC .... p'opcnyOOfln«l<d'o,hech."i.
1(.Dono,u.. mo'.""'ilh mo'.'z.o' o odiu"in, ,,,,,,,woinhi, h"olt' lI"riKUi,,,s...· ... ofli,... h.fl.p,o;..ct;.,throu,hpan<1.
pa<liculatly ... hen m<""'ub "' ... ,,~ .","Kd in co",,,,l knob.
15. A<ri.lo,hould nol. undo,.nycifCu""I'''''''' be conn.."od 10 ,h. m.io, o' o,hr ,h,sourc._ Wh .... feod<rs ... <011MCIod
th"'up a cap.<i'o' .. hichm.yh. ,·ch'on'h.Olh"sicI •• • ,o"' .... i"."".dcp.1hlo .... h.houldbop'o";<1«1('{'hok.'
N~~~~~~~~i~]li~~t.~f,1~~~~:~~f~=:~:;;?:~-!?~~:~~~~~~~7:!~~Z.::~~·:h~~~~~~7!
NS~;,~i~:.~;~::~~~~:~::~,: .~;:::.::~ :·~u~::7.:;:~~/'~:i~;~~·:~P::o'~d";:'~;~I:h'~::;~i~;'.=-h~;~
N."C._WhrroD«eI•• 'l'.""II".pfooff..... c.nbouiod.
11 .7
INDEX
Ab,orp,io", " .....,,,.,., 10.2' /leamwidth"f" .... ials

Actj,,,,ill.,,
Ad'a""i< ~h'TIl!"S
,.,
,.% Ile<<e'func.ion'
UlockfilU'r.ha,aclcristioo
DriJI!<.rf
HI
<%
1>,,'""' Uul k:,o.dll.,or

bcam"id!hof
•• plurcarca,ap.:t'ur<)of Cablcs,.f.charac'cri;liesof 11.6
Captur.a,,,,,, U
~~~-
Captur •• ffect
~fi~:~~~:~'~~~'"'
10.l S
.,
10.19
7.31
COlI,ialrd.y
Co<npOncnlcol<>u,coo..
i!Ilroodan""m",ching g:::~~~:~"n. dy,,,,mic H2
~~f,f~o::~'
4.27
~~~~: ~:~~:;;n
4.N
p.1rabohcd"h
pol.,iLalion ~ftm~~{~1~~:r dioo.
,.U
4.11
::::~; ~:~(~'~
144\'I1', ... u,,,,li«n 4.16
~~~~~~~~~~'iSh Colou,coo .... compo ... n'

g:::~:~~~dT~:;%,'::IJ ,ranS;,I""
11.1
U,8.11
g=~~~!,-::al'
;:~~:,;~~~"'~n"
'W
U
7.9. 7.1S, 8.47,8.49 CI)"<,,'f""l""ocies 4.1.4.4
AriPlilicf'< CI)"S,.tm.. kcr,IOOkHL
'.10,5,42
~ff[¥~%:::::' "
2.14
Ixo>ooula.o ...
Iklttlorsfo,nbfm
Ikwpoinl
f)irec,ionalcouplcl'>
4,48
10.28
S.4,8.1l
"
1.2., t~ g:~',!r~'ri;t,g '.?'
W
V HF/ UHF MANUAL
tmcrim,,..''''' 4.4.1 Lot;periodt<yali .......
£f~?~?t.lor limi,., 4.5 '

~.5l 1.l!
4 .49
4.51 ,.,
U
=:;'~r-'km 10." "

2.11
O~'nami<:compreslion
~l
~~E'Yl"'COI'''''ion
9.12
Equ"'1 ienlnoiscl'C!.;"'''''''
"
Fcuk for mao",". ""rlals
Fill""
"
.~
act"..
]
bl""l.ch arac,.ri"~of
hd:=:~;~or~~MH .
IIi.h ........ _ ......
hilh ......'.'''''nd ....... forl44 ~lH .
h'ah..()
hillh·Oc....i'y
int.«h.'tal b;,ndpo.n.r.... , ,!96.loUI.
~,::':'~=:"
.",.11 ""'ndpo~ l. f<>r 144:-11 1•
.. "ph""
~!?,E~:III'
r",'.r.Soclty di;c,im;,,"or
~~§,:::~:n
:~~""'.:!lCl>inl
Induoedsridooise
:~~=:,:~:tiOO<M
r~u::::·i'Y '-91
"",m.'<>rl>Ullin.
..
Jl1
~::~~..nce
,,."
'.21
lonO$piIon:
lono.pheric~pt ion","'''uhf
Kali. 'rotI_illl'or
KIYiltOrH
.n
IO.n
9.12
9.11
M """boul>CCl-..,..,I~wd k «<,~
OfJt"'''",rn<'oce 9.14 Roc,,,,,,,,,,y'heo«m a..P'';.~
M=~'h"'"
9.11 k~Ik<1omc""
R dl"><;f"'ein<k~ora;r
"">." k elalt.", ""moduy
"1
'""raotl)l". fI)l"7(kom S.l l lI.ela.).roa.>.oal
Re""" ... ba...rpgnsfot
4.U,s.l0
N"E~~!::' f<lf m w .. ... .n
~
::,'ve"':,:,m<Hn<>'
Rl' amphllo ..
de!.,cnprin<:iple$
~l~~~~i".-
10.17
..•
•.>
•. > ~~~;:"'~"~
IU.l l kF ....... bridae
inJ~~rid 4.S.U
R~n~"Cin:;,"~~~'f:nl
~#r.'
>.~
rfbrid ..
., uSlnclarnp<
kF ~
•.> t~~:r.,~ II", .maiM radio s .. lion

o...nod"'«1""",I..,,,ol$
o...n~V..,,,,,1
Orbolor!oaICIl'lt$
o.ca• .a",I1,,,,,,
HUller
Colp,'"
1.26
...
1.ll
9. 10
• . 1$.5.l
4.14.' .1
Dopper shift
r..... uency.lIocationi
§!~!hcs
s~~orl>i'
..,....
9.11
9.10
•.>
•. >
~~Ir~nlmlkd
4.!l.U
4. 16 S'i"" I \o.>U."", 10.H.10.l~
.. :~~~E~~a::i~'
4.12.' .1 S",.ic .."" .... nronr=ivcr 4.".4.604
4. 14.S.) >...
4. 14 10.4J
7. 12
~Efl)l" • . 14.S.1
4. IS.H
4.1.4.42
Slanlhc..J"
~~~~f
..,
7.21
",,,,,bleay,III 4.14.S.1 Speechampl,llo.. H2
H)
:~;:=trn() 4.14.•. I' , U
>., s~':Epres.sor 1.1.2.11
Sqlld<bcimoilS US
Pa"'bol ......h ....." .~ Squ... "",illa,,,,
P~""m<" .. aml>hr"'r SlaCkNdipokaerial 1.1 2
P.nll""'......., •.> S.. n.J'nc ...... '" "". iochart II.)
Ph;,o",.-lubt..,..
a~~~:~:t~44\lIl'
>.,.
5.17 T~~·"IOII .. mpl<ama' ....
f~~~~~~~~m<,e.
U
4.2.IOlO
8.10.8 .34 10. 10
1.l.7.H
2.6,2.10 10.10
'.4~. 5.54
MS :::;-:~:~:~,:,;~I='::I"jon 10. 10
5,67
~~~~f.~~~~~
'.II.'.16.S.17
' .Sq 10.39
1O<",,""lpurl"N'.forl44MII I > .~
=~~~::;~t:1:'I~~r, ;~n>i>'Of> s.n U

S.SS
"1
~~\TI t:"'e •. ro(4)l\ll1 z >...
P""e'p"' or ..,r.... ,.,
1.74
10.4j §.'E~l{~r~~~It.
~%§f.E,:I"'n~''''''~ ponable.f"" ,uMlb
4.!t
u T[%\~nd
S'E=~::':'0'
Ooapt •• 2
4 .~1
X;
V HF / UHF MANUAL
..
,"
.I,ll
,..
,>
4 .1 4,4.".'-4
WIWKui<l< a.I. II .S
W• ...,m<lers •. 16.](1.28.10,39
W... bulb~
~.t~lDri,;.to ~tandard
'""
11.1
Val"" ror m"ltlrl;'rs
fQr rfp"'"" nmpl,r",...
xii
Some other RSGB PUblicotion
: ... : l
AMATEUA RADIO OPERATING MANUAL
CQyMS the _ntial ope'~'ing l&chniquu required for molt llpeet. 01
.mat.v. redio. ineluding.S'I.tiOn organization. and realmes. comp.. ·
t>e ...iv''''Qfoper.'ingl,dl
AMAT EUR RADIO TECHNIQUE S
8u;c.IIV.n idea and source book. th .. ever-popular wort< bring.
togethe< 11"0- selection 01 fIOI/eI cin;uill end devices
menVI.ult·llnd'nglnd(:(ln'lruCliQ.n,tltlints,
too-''''' with
A GUIOETO AMATEUR RADIO

P,ovidn the n,w<:orner 10 am.' ......ldio with basic information on
Ie<:oiver •. t,enlmit'SfI and .&ri,I.. and .~pl.inl how to ob'.in en amat.u r
If."$milting'ic."c•.
THE MORSE CODE FOR RADIO AMATEURS
A CIOrelul.." g.eded selection 01 ....Ci... designed to ""k, '..rning the
m<H . . COO' ....mp'-.IPO$$i~
THE RADIO AMATEURS ' EXAMINATION MANUAL

The ",nderd wort< 100' In WOIIkH", lie,nM(! r..:lio Imet,ul'S IIudying lor
the Rldio AtnI,.UI'I" ExemiNltion. R.... iled wflen necessa ..... to ...., I'"
cu",nt .yll.bu.requiremenli
RADIO COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK
Fi,1t publilhed In 1938 and. f,vou ,i",v.,.in.c •. ,his,.,g••nd comp,'-
heneiwguid. ,o ,h. ,hto<y.ndP<JC1ie.of.ma,eu"adiOllktltheread.,
from firs, prin.clpltt: righl ltHough,O such sptCializ.cl flelds.1 ,.dio
,elepnntW&, slow·lQn ,el... iIioo .nd .mII'et" Nllliill communiettion.
RSGB AMATEUR RADIO CALL BOOK
Publi$h.td .nn .... lly. 'his iI. ComprehensM diteC10ry ot .....,...., ..dio
SIItionl in tIM UK.nd tIM RlPUblic of h.,J.nd
TEST EOUIPMENT FOA THE RADIO AMATEUR

b plain. ,1M principies of mlllur.men, IfChniquon •• nd giw. eonll'uc-
:~~~! 1:c:~'!~:~~r..::e.7~ ~~ ~~;':'~~::n~:~~~~!i:~I~nt.'H' no' only
WORLD AT THEIR FINGERTIPS

A uniqu ••ccoun' of tIM hi.tory of.mateu •• adio and its ",lio",1 t.OClety
in lheUK . FullyWlustfll.cl
RADIO SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN

36 Doug h1Y S" . ." London WC1 N lAE

1979 - RSGB VHF-UHF Manual 3°ed

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1979 - RSGB VHF-UHF Manual 3°ed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VHF-UHF

11.0.010 SOCIETY Of GIlEAT 8 11ITAI N

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

s. ..~., II, ~i]~~', ~~~~i~~f.~~$i;1:i~~;~

,_" 1..1n_I.no ~~:.~~

1.""'_ ...-.""" ,,, ..,,.-."',................. ,,.... .

~·"~~lwby~':.'::~:: '{..::;,;':1':'.:l.'..",:~.;~'1,~~:1I k """

A" ""'OI'endot ' heuhf boll<lotm<Jl.p/leric""""p'lIHo

Tropospheric propagation The radiorefrllctlv8 Index of ai r

.nd mool of .. h . ... had many Y...Bof .. porier><e WO<Iri ...

~±~§!g§~2~~t~~~~~~ ~~= ~:" .;=~~. ~;~~ ~,I~::O,::"'",~~~

oaI."'."""'pllomak.thcm"'I>o .... ;s. .. il1"""'pliaI'.

Va po .., 1" "''''. "The .. '_"hi<h ... "" from' .......·rrco...,"·.,.k"Q~"

_""pondi ... 'o'h<dcw-poon" .... pn.'uK, ... 'n ......

Adi .ba ticch.ng ••

I. "'n beoln.ined from u",,",.;,me.ro-rolotico'suul\<lin.

lO .. rryl ....., ... o l _.. lm........ "'i"""'"lontwilh~,

• T I>< ~ .. (iotIofc ...... O«t..-and ' - - ' _ "

I.on. 'Z.lIIO(4~ • .015(0)

~;::~~~I=;:.:,r;:.:.I('~~':~~~ ........ bet ..... nOlOOZO:!OOZ.ndDOOZ-I400Z,inclnd'n'

M.' ...'.. :<....

[~;. ~]~j! !!Imm: :~

...... i n _ ' o ........,f1'ho ~=:::~e:t~i:1::~~:"I~d==

~~!!Et=:=~;:::'~~ z."IlI<<UI'WIICIOI<n'..l m......."'n<bh......hellod

~.~:~hc2:gl~isf~ : . r:~~!==...:'!~:..-:.:;: ~::.::-!of.'ra"""'''ed ... '''' .... '''''''lady.'_ .......

;~~=~~~~\~;~~,F.:~::E~f~ ro;::.~i:~~~o'~u~'~~ 1~~:"i.~~."'T~·;:;';7,~

fSt>ondio;·E.", "'" . ~II """",,,<><><I

';~u~:',7: :;;'n-:.z;, -:~ : ... ~h :'~~ ~1..'t."::r':"'~~,~'=k"o<mioa.lobo.lr.a\Ur.

Amat eur auro r al studies

'L~I I,~M~',ljl LVI~ 1~~III_~1

T... init.. J' .. ilofioni ... tIonltln'hor"""of ........ ' ......

Table 2.3 Solar/ geophysical precuraors

~:.i~I~·~O~:d";:'.!~~::n'::rO~".:r.~~i~~~~r,~~~ meridian. According 1<> one aUlhorily vny la .... Slormt

:~~~,~.~)~,~~~"::i~nd,~~ '~'::~~~7. :;:....J~

K . ()OO I 101 1 2 202 1- ' ).0' 4 "". S-

T he Daily LqUl,-.i<nt ''''".,ary Amph'u<l<. "P.

~!!~~~;.:" CG' tnK<

(ll ~~7.1:~~~~';'~~:!;{'1~~~ Llbr.I.,..191'O

:"'!'~~"=U:~ ::":,,,,~~~;,;,:,;:; ~~"::

_'~...::;::::::;~':...:_. ,._ ,...

;,.a ~~!!~ ! ~~ )t~~ ~ I~~ methoW of

... ......,. ........ rR<jOOODC)'lhonthl'dOllttl' .... ·fId

~~~~~~;~~~~~:~S:'9 ~ is ........ '''' ...... h

Design of transmission line

I~: <;. ..,;

I', ."''' ' ' '"."....,''

e..mpl.2 ' ~ S><C _ '. HO

O.ligning for maltimum unloaded Q

III. obvious ,~, , he hi i\hcsl pouibk unloaded Q is

Desig n u amp les

Wire of heh. I ....,,·.; A,mrn.ionod ... ,lior.«>upl;n.,oorfrom.hera<>f\ll'or

~) 1~~~5:.'!~L~~Z.~~~:~;~~~:::,: pnpen<Iic:uIo"o.hen""r."" heli. and u"';'-dydooc 10

s.:;~~:(;~~;~: :I'""i"::tH,; Material for tuned circuits

Cevitilll end trough li nlll

ll\ace'n:ui..... con .. ructedr"""doublec .. dCOllP<.

C.IcuIa'iOfIoflbe ......'h ..... W,ph""ind""''''''r.i ..y

lhelunin, C1If"Cil0r'OIOt«NInec,ion .• "",'hodwhich

O"""IIIILf::: lie asV lie

Srll&\<f 8110$0 11-2:·)pF.". _ 2JV 'J(I."OO1ol Ib .-0,,-0 JoOmA

alcula,"'.opraen""U)'Iow_~a.'hernoquencyoi .ndmtlllbe .... beforeca .. br;o'ion;s.'ttmptcd . ... ""'Io:,

p~.desnld .... Ii""'n.y.ndinc"'.... nl'he""rmonic

'10<:;.' ·2"."", ••• ,,011.. ,.,,,...

Table 3.2 Appendix 1

s. ..~., II, ~i]', if.$i;1:i;~

,_" 1..1n_I.no :.

~±~§!g§~2t~~ = ~:" .;=~~. ~;~~ ~,I~::O,::"'",~~~

~;::~I=;:.:,r;:.:.I('':~~~ ........ bet ..... nOlOOZO:!OOZ.ndDOOZ-I400Z,inclnd'n'

;=~~\~;~~,F.:~::E~f~ ro;::.~i:~~~o'~u~' 1:"i.~~."'T~·;:;';7,~

~:.i~I~·~O~:d";:'.!~~::n'::rO~".:r.ir,~ meridian. According 1<> one aUlhorily vny la .... Slormt

(ll 7.1:';':!;{'1~~~ Llbr.I.,..191'O

:"'!'~~"=U:~ ::":,,,,~;,;,:,;:; "::

;,.a ~~!!~ ! )t ~ I~~ methoW of

~~;~:~S:'9 ~ is ........ '''' ...... h

~) 1~~~5:.'!~LZ.~:~;~~~:::,: pnpen<Iic:uIo"o.hen""r."" heli. and u"';'-dydooc 10

s.:;:(;;~: :I'""i"::tH,; Material for tuned circuits

~~S£~;~~~~~~~~~::::?::~ """"lhoobao>oJ."",ofd,f("",n' "'Klth.t>e.comp.om.... Tbc

;::r:: :::::~ he~dc':

~~y;:t.::I::,:n:~:::;:i~:I=I: .""in_lnoioe(......., ........ ' ...... ,thin'he~u;rment)b)'

Nf~IIa~~,= :;.:~.~:".!' :::-o~%'-::;·":'·!~"1l''' Interference

i~~~,i:!o,:;,sh~;.r ;!f~!,!;!i:~S low ""'''' wi.h .. ,i•. !~~2~"~E~€~2i=

~":':n':.io;;:,::: :~~':;.'I~;:r.:r o.dllato<

~:t7!~I~=:Z'.\:~ co!::::;:f'ho"t~= :::t:!:;,,!:~,:!

;~:=:r:.7::~So::.2:.;~=; : :·,~.::'1:::I ~":n~~~:';

~,oi:E t£~ ;:;n~"f:~:i:~