Study of Navajos

THE ESSENTIAL
CODEX
MENDOZA
FRANCES F. BERDAN PATRICIA RIEFF ANAVVALT
Copyrighl
THE
ESSENTIAL
CODEX
MENDOZA
lis ono
I II
GQJC-6GX-E2DU
THE
ESSENTIAL
Code^JHendoza
C§3
Frances R Berdan
and
Patrim BieffAnawah
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Berkeley Los Angeles London
Copyrighted material
Univcnitf of Olüániíi Vnn
BerkeUfy and Lm Anjjrclcs California
Univcniqr of Caliioniia Pros Ud.

L«iiloii,Eqgliiiil
Tli« RcgcM* ofihc Uaivendiy orcdHenii*
Ulinty of ConpcssCnulof^g-in-PuUlieaiion Dan
Codcv \|.Ti.|i.,' 1 !)"'irifitirin 111 it'r r -ivi M..nii./.i
1 he c»cniiil C-odo Mendou / le<lit«i l>yj t-rancei i'. Bcrdan »itd PitriCM RwlT
Antwalt.
p. cm.
Cnnntn tnk 2 and 4 of dw MlMn' fear vohmw Mile. Tbe
publishctl in 199:.
Includes hihlinpniphii >l rrirn-ni es .ind inilai
»»N 0-';jU-;(M5+-'J (pl)t alk paper)
I CuduMcfulota. 2. Manuunpts. Náhuatl Fitcánílci. 3. Ames Kings — —
and rvlcri -1.A/trcs— Tantion. J.Ancct— Sodallifesndcintomt- I.Bcfibn.
Frances. II. Anawalt, Patricia Ricff, 1924- III. Codex Mendou. 4. Pktur- .
ial parallel image rcpiios of Codex Mcndoia, with transcriptioiu and translatioiu of
ikSpnidiooiimicanriaaiidtniidMiiiaiaftlKSpHtiA 1997.
IV.TUkL
tlZnMMSIScM 1997
972'A1(—«k» 96-19507
Primed in the Uirited Sota of Anietici

9 8 7 Ci « 4 < !
The paper u%ed -nr. ptihhntion ^leet^ the nnniinuin requirements ofAMttiean
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Ubtax}' MaienaU. ANSI ¿i9AA- 1 984.
Contents
Preface vi i
Aíkmnrtedîents ix
introiiui-tion «i
HF^rRÍPTinM OF rnA^M»,Af^j,
A r.tunr xn thf VAnv r>F«;r piPxinN»;
Part 1: The Histm Year to Year

Folio 2r:The Founding of Tenochtidan: 1325
Folios 2v- 3r:The Conquests of Acamapichtli's Reign: 1 3 76- 1 396
Folios 3v-4r: The Conquests of Huitzilihuitl's Reign: 1397-1417
Folios 4v-5r: The Conquests of Chimalpopoca's Reign: 1418-1427
Folios 5v-6v: The Conquests of Itzcoatl's Reign: 1428-1440
Folios 7v-8v: The Conquests of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina's Reign: 1441 - 1469
Folios 9v-10v: The Conquests of .'\xayacatJ's Reign: 1470-1481
Folios Iv- 12r: The (Conquests of Tiz<K-'s Reign: 1482-1486
1
Folios 12v-13v:The Conquests of Ahuitzotl's Reign: 1487-1502

Folios 14v-16v:The Conquests of Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin's Reign: 1503-1520
Part 2t The Trihtitf Year to Year
Folios 17v-18r: Imperial Outposts

Folios 18v-19r: Tlic City ol riaiclolco
Fnlirx I0v-7nv'l'hp Prnvinrp nf Pprlaralrn
Folios 2 1r-22r:The Province of Arnlhii.ican
Folios 22v-23v: The Province of Ouauhnahuac
Folios 24r-25r: The Province of Huaxtepec
Folios 25v-26r: The Province of Quauhtitlan
Folios 26v-27r: The Province of Axocopan
Folios 27v-28r: The Province of Atotonilco (de Pedraza)
Folios 28v-29r: The Province of I lueypuchtla
Folios 29v-30r: The Province of Atotonilco (el (irande)
Folios 30v-31r: The Province of Xilotepcc
Folios 31v-32r: The Province of Ouahuacan
Fnlin«: ^^v- ^4r- Thp PiYtvinrf Driiilan
Fd liil S Hv-^Sr: The Pn ivi n rr i)f M nlinîli d

Fulius ,Hv- >')r- The l^rovinrrot Xt.Kontliin
Folios 35v-36r: The Province of Tlachco
Folios 36v-37r: The Province of Tcpcnuacuilco
Folios 37v-3Rr: The Provint e of Cihiiarlan
Folios 38v-39r: The Province of Tlapan
Folios 39v-40nThe Pro\Hnce ofTIalcocauhtitlan
Folios 39v-40r:The Province ot Qiiiauhteopan
Folios 39v-40r: The Province of Yoaltepec

Folios 40v-41r: The Province of Chalen
Folios 41v-42r: The Province of Tepcacac
Folios 42v-43r: The Province of 0)a>^t!ahuacan
Folios 43v-44r: The Province of Coyolapan
Folios 44v-45r: The Province u( 1 lachquiavco
Folios 45v-46r; The Province of Ibchtepec
Folios 46v-47rr The Prnvinre nf VíKvm nrIirn
1-olius 47\ -48r: 1 he l'rn\nicc cit üuaülitochco
PnVifvt 4«v-4Qr- The' Provinrí» of f "iif rlavr lan
Folios 49v-S0r: The Province of Tlapacoyan
Folios 5Qv-51r: The Pro\ince of Tlatlauhquitepec
Folios Slv-52r: The Province of Tuchpa
Folios '>2v-53r: The Pniviiue oí Atlan
Folios S3v-S4r: The Province of T/icoac
Folios S4v-5Sr: TTie Province of Oxitipan
Part 3: The Daily Life Year to Year
Folios 56v-57r: The Naming and Dedication of a Child

Folios 57v-58n The Rearing of Children .•Xges 3-6
Folios 58v-59r: The Rearing of Children Ages 7-10
Folios 5'A -6()r: I hi- Rc.u iiiL' of C^hiklrL-ii Aj^cs 11-14
Folios 60v-61r: Formal Education and Marriage
Folios 61v-<S2r: Formal Fîiiration of Nohlr Ant Comtnont r Youths l
Folios 62v-63r: Formal F.ducation of Nohic and ( ipniiiKiner Souths

Folios 63v-64r: Formal Education and Subsequent iVIilitary Hierarchy of Commoner
Youths
Folios 64v-65r: Militar)' Hierarchy and wSubsequcnt Careers of Priests and Nobles
Folios 65v-66r: Rebellion of a Provincial Ruler and Consequence Its
Folios 66v-67r: Preparations for an Attack; High- Ranking Warriors in Battle Attire
Folios 67v-68r: A Feast; Achieved Warriors; the Commoners' Court of Justice
Folios 68v-69r: The Palace of Motccuhzoma Xocoyotzin; the Nobles' Oiurt of Justice
Folios 69v'-70r: Productive versus Wasteful Lives
Folios 70v-71r: Life's End: Punishments and Rewards
Bibliogtiiphy 239
Place Names Index 2^2
Subject Index 255
Colio- Faliax 269
PA R A I Í F1 T M ACF R FP1 t rAS Culr^ \UnAn^„'< Pirtnri^l F»li,v. wirli
Transcriptions and English Translations of the Spanish Commentaries and

EngHsh Translations of the Spanish (ilosscs
Preface
The Essential Codex Mendoza L(iml>ines volumes 2 .inii 4 of tht- [luirc Pictorial History of the Codtx Mendoza" by Khzabcth Hill Boone;
encompassing fbur-voIumL- ciiition oXThe Codex Mendazji published "The Imperial Tribute Roll of the Cnfar Afntdbar" fay Prances F.
b) ihc University of Câlifornia Press in 1992. Tliat publication in- Berdan; "'Ihc Frhnop-aphic Content of the Third Part of the Codex
cludes .1 colieaion ot interpretations and appendices (volume I), Mendoza" by Edward £. Calnek; "Gi)'phic Conventions of the Co-
pagc-by-pagc descriptions of the codex (volume 2), a color iiacsimile dex Mendoza" by Frances F. Berdan; and "A Comparative Analysis
of Codex Mendoza (volume 3), and paiallcl-imagc replicas of each of the Costumes and Accoutrcmcptv n' ;hi- Cmlcx ^/cfí/'j^.;" by
pictorial folio with transcriptions and translations of the Spanish Patricia Kicff Anawalt. In this same volume 1, much ot the infor-
commentaries and translations of the S](,iiii-.li glosses (volume 4). iHMion eontained in Ctdee Maubu is synthesixed. tabulated, and
Volumes 2 and 4 thus pro\idc, in detail, the basic pictorial and de- charted in cie\'en appendices: a table on the reiLMi liatev of .Me-vica
scriptive information conuined in the original codex; these are the rulers; two tables of tribute accounts; a reconstructed fold-out of
"essentials" that tnalce up the paperback edition. With the excep- Metidoza'% ethnographic section; translations and interpretations of
tion of a Cew miiior emendations, the current book rqiroduces the ])laLe. personal, and tille j;l\phs; and six pictorial and textual charts
pages of the two 1992 volumes, plus sixteen color folios from the laying out detailed inloriiiatjon on warrior costuine.s, shields, ehuatl
ftcsimile, volume 3. battle attire, teitile designs, and warrior insignia. References to vol-
Those who wish to ddvc more deeply into the nuances of Codex ume I 's essays and appendices are retained throughout this papers
Mendoza and its importance for understanding Aztec culture may back edition.
wish to consult the remaining rwo volumes of the 1992 edition. Vol- A Li iiiiplctc, iull-color facsimile of Codex Mendoza is contained in
ume 1 contains eight interpretive studies analyzing significant as- volume 3 of the 1992 edition. This color facsimile, together with
pc'ctsof the manuacript at it relates to other documentation on the essays and appendices of volume I, augments and amplifies the
tarly-sivtcenth-century Altec Mexico. These essays include "The extensive descriptive material now made more aocasibie in Tbt Es-
History of the CoJtx Mendoza" by H. B. Nicholson; "A Physical sential Codex Mendoza.
Description of the Ctdex Meiubmi" by Wayne Ruwet, with an ad- Frances F. Berdan
denduin on watermarks by Rrme Rarkfr-Renfield; "The Relation- Patricia Rieff .Anawalt
ships of Indigenous and European Styles in the Codtx Mendoza: An June 27, 1995
Anadia of Ficlorial Sl^" fay Kathleen Stewart Howe; "The Aztec
vU
Cü(.j y ed matsriaf
Acknawledgpients
This EamtuU Codex Mendoza is an adapution of the four-volume We are also grateful to California State Univcrsit)', San Bernar-
editioa of Tbe Cedex Mmdozti published in 1992. Many of the ac- dino, which awarded us three grants for this work. In addition,
kiiowlcd^neiMSthuaCOOinpanied th<it cditinn .irc dicrciorc cijuillly ihat campus's Media Services Department has i)een exceptitmally
applicable here. In particular, the intcUcctuai and moral support supportive. Both Trina Uliiteside and Victoria Willis pleasantly
given by Dr. H. B. Nicholson is grateftdly acknowledged He sus- and proficiendy produced maps for the descriptive sec-
all die
tained us from the inc cptiuti of the project through its completicm. lions on history and críbate. We «re dso indebted to the Fowler
The encyclopedic knowledge of this foremost of Aztec specialists Museum of Cultural History at the Universi^ of California, Los
was ehrays available to us; however, tf there src errors on these Angeles, for its generous support. Hie seemingly endless r\7)ing re-
p.ipt-s they areoWS, nm his. Dr. M.iry F1í/.i!hm!i Snuih w.is also a quired to produce this manuscript was cheerful!} sharnl by Linda
source of early enoouragcnieiu, for which we are must grateful. Stockham of California State Unhreisity, San Bernardino, and Lisa
Dr. Nicholson, Dr. Haaso von Winning, and Dr. Alan Grinnell Chisholm. Margaret Ambler Nicholson Idndly provided early re-
L'jrL'fulK read earlv ilraft.s ol the ilescriptisc pJi.'es nf ilie ethno- search assistance.
graphic section. 'Ilieir suggestions consistently improved the work. Bridget Hodder Stuart was a valued aide in the initial stages
Dr. Stanley Robe was al»> most generous with time and expertise; of preparing the ethnographic descriprions. She was followed by
his careful review of the transcriprii mis .ind rr.inslatinns of the Span- che ei]ually multifiiceted Lisa Chisholm, who applied linguistic
ish commentaries and annotations is most appreciated. VVc owe the skills, meticulous organizadon, and liigh standards to this complex
careñilly detailed tradngs of the codex images to die pahistaking enterprise.
work of' Ie.m Sells. It is our pleasure to include a special acknowledgment to The
Luther \\ ilson is to be thanked tor his early encouragement of Bodleian Library, Oxford, for permitting our inclusion of repro-
die project as well as ibr obtaining a Natiomil Endowment for tbe docdons of the following color folios of "MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1"
Humanities graiu. W'c are tnnsi trniieful for chat gSneiOUS Sopport (C.Hlex Mendo/a): 2r. 4\ , 1 Or, 13r, 17v, 20r, 37r,46r, 47r, 52r,60r,
from NEH. It was Dr. Ludwig Lauerhassjr., whosufasequendyput 6Ir, 64r, 65r, 67r, and 7 1 v.
us in touch with the Univarity of Califemia Press in Los Angeles, We would like to add our special thanks to Tony Croodi, Stanley
whose Stanley Holwitz. Assistant Director, and Scott Mahler, Hoiw itz, Barbara Jellow. Fran Mitchell, and the University of Cal-
Sponsoring Editor, brought the initial project to fruition. I hcy also ifornia Press, as well as our suppordve Aiesoamerican colleagues.
obtained a J. Paul Getty F(nindati<m grant; we are most appreciative Thanks to die assistance and encouragement of all these friends,
to the Foundation for helpinsr to make the nrÍL'in.ií «nrk possible. the Codex Mendoza paperback edition has reached fniirinn.
We are also beholden to Dr. DaMii X'aisey, Director of the Bod- Finally, our deepest appreciation fur the patience of our families.
leian Library in Oxford, for his generous cooperation. He was very They—like C«fer Jlfcmfeu— continue, to inqwre. We are indeed
supportive of the undertaking from its beginning and has remained fortunate.
so. His enthusiasm has l>ccn contagious. Dr. R. C. B.irkcr-Bcnñcld, Our profound thanks to all.
Assistant Librarian, Department of Western Manuscripts, also has Fi«noesF.Beidan

given generously of his time and expertise; both have been very Patricia RieffAnawdt
much appreciated.
ÍX
Introdmim
The CaiexMenáígg is a vivid pjcMrial and tactual account of eariy- arc divided into three distinct sections. Part 1 {nineteen pictorial
sixteenth-century Aztec life. This unique manuscript combines a pages) documents die founding of Tcnochtitlan and the history of
history of imperial conquests, a tally <^ provincial tribute, and an Mexica imperial conquests, presented chronologically by individual
ethnograpiiic chronide of daily life thtt collectively oomtitate the ruler. This section of the codex shows us a generalized view of the
u I < >s t cum prchcn:>i\ c; ( > f (h i' known Mcsoamericau codkes. settlement of the island city and an idealized victory chronide of
Although the subjects of this extraordinary docnment ate com- imperial expansion. It does not document all of the .Mexica's wars;
monly referred to as Aztecs, these people called themselves Mexica. nowhere ,ire their disastrous defeats recorded. On the other hand,
They were but one of several Náhuatl -speaking ethnic groups in- some enerTu (it) -states appear more than once, under the laurels of
habiting the Valley of Mexico during the Late Posiclassic period most Ukely indicates wars but not
successive rulers; this duplication
(ca. A.0. 1250-1519). Collectively, all ofthesc peoples are generally conquests, or conquests and subsequent subdued rebellions. Some
i. ri;iL'il A/.teis. especially notable confrontations are featured: the heated dispute
I he Mexica were the last of numerous nomadic groups to arrive with Chalco under the Mexica ruler Chimalpopoca (fiolio 4v), the
in the Valley of Mexico from the northern desert regions. They ccmquest of the powerful city-state of Coavtlahuacan under Em-
cstahlihlied tlicir i^laiiil cnmmunir\' of Tenocluitlan in .52^; l)y 1
peror Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamm;! (toho 7\ i, nnJ the ii^nioniiniotis
1519 that settlement had become a metropolis of between 150,000 defeat of the Tlatelolco ntlcr Moquihuix under Emperor Axayacatl
and 200,000 people. In 1430 the Mexica foined with their neigfabon (folio lOr).
the Veolh'i exoico .mil the IVp ineca of Tl.ici ipan to form the
i 1
1" I
The mosi icnjxjrtant consequence of conquest was the imposi-
Aztec 1 nplc /Vlliancc. This powerful military confederation spread tion of tribute by the victofs. Pan 2 of Codtx Mtmku (dihr^nine
Aztec military might dironghout much of central and sontfaem pictmial pages) served as a detafled account book of die rich and
Mt vico, ilr.ivving sustained tribute fipomconqneted city-stMes and voluminous goods delivered by subdued dty-states to their impe-
battling perpetual enemies at their borders. rial overlords. The 371 city-states that bore these regular tribute
The Mexica that appear on the MlnnlBar folios are not only vjg> obligations were grouped into thirty-eight geographically distinct
oroiis conqtiernrs ami u isrrinrs ]ni\ lilso ilixoheiiient [ hildren, invet- provinces. Codex Mendoza sequentially presents these provinces
erate ballplayers, exuberant musicians, pious priests, and despised roughly from north, to west, to south, and on to the cast and
adulteren. We see thdr milltiry power as they vanqnidi dly afber northeast It might he expected that the 202 vanquished dty-states
cit\' to extend their dominion farther and farther afield. Subse- drawn in Codex Mauiozii\ eonquest history would all reappear
quendy, we view the vast tributes they demanded from those they am<K)g the 371 tribute-paying centers, but this is not quite tlie
oonqnered: shimmering feathers and sparlding greenstones, bowls case. Some commontties listed as conquests in part 1 (such as
of gold dust and axes of copper, reams of p;iper am! loads of fire- Yztcpcc) do not sccrn to have been incorporated into the cin|>ire on
wood, bins of maize and boskets of chiles, loads of textiles and piles a regular tribute-paying basis. Instead they, like many other sub-
offeathered warrior attire. W; also niotiitor their progresrioB froin |ects, emerged more as clients paying "gifts" and offering strategic
cradle to grave, following the avenues taken by "good" and "bad" services such as lK)r(lerlanfl warfare or niiitt- si-ruritv for the mipe
Mexica as tliey pass through life's prescribed stages. Children are rial powers. But many dty-states with periodic tribute obligations
reared, marriages are sealed, priesdy novices are disdpltned, wan (see Cadnr Af«mfear, part 2) do not appear at all in the conquest
are dedared, and iudgments are handed down. Clearly, there were history of p.irt 1 . These communílÍe$Índude the important provin-
many dimeasions to Mexica life, and CotUx Mendoza touches on cial head towns of Malinaico, Cihuadan, Tochtepec, and Oxitipan^
most of them. all known to have been conquered and incorporated into the impe-
rial smimire.
and 2 are iliercfore eoinplenieniary but not necessarily
THE CONTENT AND CONSTRUCTION Parts 1
OF CODEX MENDOZA complete accounts of military conquest and economic control.

Placed betv^'een ilie history and tribute sections are two enigmatic
The Codex Mendoza contains seventy-two annotated pictorial leaves foUos. They depict eleven lakeside communities and eleven impe-
and sfaegr-tfaree pages of related Spanish oommeniBiy. These feiioa rial outposts, the latRr all distant from the Vall^ ofMexica Tliese
ZÍ
transiticm folios rekte partly to the hktoryof ooaqnests, and partly mi0 Merioo CSty, vicacgal seat of Spam^ weaMiy dominian of
to the tributan,' oblipntions nf suhsi-nicncc. New Spain It was there that the Codex Mendoza was compiled at
Codex Mendos£% conquest history and tribute tallies both appear the behest of the Spanish crown (Charles and under the super-
tohsvcbccn copied inire exmt prahliiMinic docnmentsi in content vision of Spanish firiars. Nathw scijbes and mterpreters were solic-
and style they are reasonably faithful reflections of the .\lt\ic.i's ited from a gcncr.ttion ;h at ooofal Still dafan firsthand Imouiedge of
own view- of their imperial strength and vttaliqr. Part 3, however, preconquest Aztec hie.
'The Daily life Year to Year,** was a novel, postconquest creation The Codtx Mtndoza appropriately came to carry the name of the
with no known prehispanic proton-pc. C'nntaining fifteen pictorial then-viceroy ofNew Spain, .Antonio de Mendma, who ma\' well
pages, this section provides an ethnographic account of Modca have commissioned the manuscripL The dociUDent was produced
dafly exisKnoe. It begins with coloriul images depicting iiifiuiGy in a bit of a flmry, by the Spennh commentator^ own admission
and childhood as Mexica children ire nnmrd, diíripÜncH, ;inrl edu- (sec folio 71 v). I Ic was nishine to meet the departure of the annual
The hfc paths of these young people are then traced. Males
cated. flota, the Spanish treasure tlect. The manuscript was hastily hn-
atnnd fbmul schools, gain priestly training, capture enemies on packed, and then diqntched by mule train n> bounce along
iriied,
the l);itt!efielcl, engage in public worLs, marry, become entangled in rough serpentine roads that descended over ",nno feet to the Gulf
Lugaiion, learn crafts, and achieve high social rank. Some, how- of Mexioo port of î^ncraz. The document's dcsuned vo)'age to
ever, go awry and are puoislied for adultery Of Other ctiows. The Spam, however, was abtupdy mtemipied wImi Firench privateers
members of more diM-ipIined I'roiip gain esteem and ultimately
;i attacked the Spanish flotilla .mil i-.irricd its rich bofitv' to the coffers
become elderly models of communit)' morality and reap the atten- of Henri II of France. Fortunately, Codtx Mendoza survived that
dant rewards, including the right to imbibe unlimited quantities of unharmed. At the Frendi court, the king's cosmographer,
transfer
intoxicating piile/iif. André Thevet, himself fascinated with exotic lands and peoples,
Females marry young, Uterally "tying üie kiux" around age fif- gained control of the manuscript; indeed, his name appears in five
teen. A few careless, less conventioaal women are subsequently places, twice widi the date 1 553 (on folios 1 r and 7 1 v).
shown in liaisons with errant young men, in legal disputes, or as The document continued to change hands after Thevct's death.
partners in crime. Righteous aged matrons, however, conclude The next owner was Richard I lakluyt, chaplain to the I'.nglish am-
their disciplined lives exercising the coveted privikge of unre- bassador to France, who was also an aficionado of geographical and
stricted access to pulqttr. cultural e.\otica. He acquired die document for 20 French crowns
We see little of the pervasive Aztec religion in Mendoza, although and carried it to England. From Hakluyi it passed to Samuel Pur-
the ethnographic section of the pictorial would seem the logical chas sometime after 1616, then to Purchas's son, and subsequently
liackdrop for the topic We do glimpse priests performing a few of to John Selden, an avid collector of Western Hemisphere manu-
their duties, including the training of a one young novice shown in scripts. In 1659, five years after Selden's death, the Mendoza finally
colorful vignette. Beyond that, only the rare deity peers at us from came to rest in Oxford University's Bodleian Library, where it re-
a place-name glyph, or an occasional temple looms in the back- mains to this day. In the intervening years, the document fell into
ground, or certain obscure elements of religious symbolism are eclipse as it was quite forgotten for 172 years, not emerging for
coded into textiles and warrior attire. But these are only subtle ref- scholarly perusal until Viscount IQngtbonmgh brought it to light
erences to religion; the flamboyant ceremonies that so forcefully in 1831.
punctuated Axtec daily eaistenoe are conspicuoudy absent In the years since Kingsbonnigh'b "discoveiy" of CtdaeMtadna
Althoogh die paper on which CoiixMaiia» was compiled wat aatang the Bodlcian's holdings, the document has so impressed
of European origin, displaying watermaria characteristic of Span- scholars and publishers that it has appeared in several editions.
ish papcrmakers, the composers of the pictorial were themselves Kingsboniugh's Ami^éidada de Mexico (1831-1848) and James
experienced native scribes. And whether they copied from extant Owper Clark's Cndex Mendoza ( 1 ? vols.) ate the most notable
pictarial codices (as in para 1 and 2) or devised a new format (as in precursors to the University of Caliibrnia^ delwM and paperback
part 3), they tended to fellow indigenous artistic canons and styles; editions.
the one major L vcLptimi is the rather awkward atten\pt at perspec-
tive on folio 6Vr. t hroughout the document, the hand of a single THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CODEX MENDOZA
master painter is evident; other skilled nativesworked with him,
preparing the pigments and applying the colors in flat washes. They The Codex Mendoza combines Aztec pictorial and ghphic images
and knowledgeable elderly A^&iecs interpreted the glyphs and paint- with written text in Náhuatl and Spanish to provide a kind of Ro-
ings, apparently discussing particular meanings amoog ifaenuelves setia stone for Mesoamerican studies. The level of detail availaUe
in Náhuatl. Tlic\ dv! ivit iK' .r.s rc;>' li l i^v Jirreement (see folio in the dotuiiient is grciulv enhanced bv its presentation in tliese
7 Iv). Finally, this indigenous miorni.iinüi u .is translated into Span- ditterent tortiiats, allowing it to scr\c as a reference point tor the
ish by a bilingual friar who then wrote ihe accompanying explana- interpretation of other .Mesoamerican codices and cultures.
tory Spanish commentaries w hich for the most pan flice each pic- Given its breadth of content, C/ulex MaidKji has long been ac-
torial page — as well as the Spanish glosses that appear directly knowledged as a major source for studies of .Aztec history, geogra-
alongside the pictorial images. plqr, economy, social and political organization, glyphic writing,
costumes, textiles, military attire, and indigenous art styles. This

A BKILF HIS rORY OF THE CODEX MENDOZA inclusive manuscript not only documents expected patterns of im-
perial organization, artistic symbolism, and die daily round but re-
The Codex Mendoza'% adventurous early history is as colorful as its veals unexpected variations as well: city-states were incorporated
prehispanic content. was drafted some twenty years after the tur-
It into the empire in creatively diverse ways, scribes made use of alter-
bulent and traumatic Spanish conquest of the Mexica ofTenochti- native glvphic and artistic devices, and individuals followed mark-
tlan. By 1541 the Mexica's imperial capital had been transformed edly dhrcrse paths as they made their way through life's maze.
rii • INTROUUC lON l
Codex Mendoza aiso ofiers suggestive insights into other cultures the imperial \'allcy of Mexico. And inasmuch as an enhanced un-
separated (rom the Aztecs in both dme and space. Thanks to die derstanding of any one dviUzation helps ns to unravel comnioa de-
inclusivetiess of this manuscript, we are afforded a glimpse into the velopmental and structural patterns in others, this extnordinaiy
Mesounerican past as well as geographic regions fw removed from pictorial manuscript enriches all those who study it.
INTRODUCTION ' XÜÍ
wo|^y lighted material

VOLUME 2
Description of Codex Mendoza
A Guide to the
Page Descriptims
This section of volume 2 provides a page-by-page prescnution of Codtx Mmieza list each pro\ince's geographic peculiarities, politi-
the pictorial folios of Codtx Mendoza. In contrast to the eight inter- cal history, and cultural characteristics, as well as the empire's trib-
pretive essays, these descriptions more directly discuss atid explain ute demands. Two
maps accompany each provincels description,
the pictorial's content. To this end, the infimnation conveyed by one showing its position within the empire, the other pinpointing
Cod€x Mtmhza's folios is oocnpared with data from other pre- the cowDS —those that still can be located —
within the promce it-
Hispenk aid Colonial sources and witfa the wofks of1^ self. In both cases. Bariow^ 1949 map serves as a base, though his
ars; readeis tic enoounged co use die lefeiences Usted for further reconstruction of the .Aztec provinces is iar more extensive than
research. that actually indicated by Cedex Mendoza.
The conqnest history page descriptions of Mmdtxa's part I are The find section of the pictorial, the ethnographic account,
organized around the successive emperors. The personality and presents vignettes of Aztec life from birth to death. Because of the
life of each ruler, the outstanding events of his reign, and his ftt- unique nature of these foUos, other contemporary sources have
ticular role in extending/conserving the boundaries of the Aztec been liberally used to shed light on die events diar make up this
empire ire ufiirt ssed in brief slietches. To illustrate the progres- cycle. The encyclopedic lotiipenilnun of Fray Bernardino dc Sa-
sion of the empire's expansion, a map is provided showing each hagún —whose work is drawn from direct interviews with native
RHMiarch^ victories as recorded on these hisrory folios. informants — the is principal source for explaining these pages,
All the place-names arc spelled as ilie\ appear in CoJex Mendoza. along with the accounts of other sixteenth-century authors such as
The rulers' names have been conventionalized, but they are easily Fray Diego Duran and Fray Toribio de Benavente (MotoUnia).
reoogniisble despite their sometimes variant Minima spellings. The content of esch fotio is first described and amplified with rde-
Also^ while the pictorial's dating nt' these reigns is sonicrinics con- vant indigenous 'C'olnnial material, followed by a detailed exami-
fusing;, these idiosyiuxades are acknowledged and explained. For nation of aU depictions on each page. These "Image Description"
OMMV information on orthographic conventions see "Paleographic sections draw on analogous data found in other central Mexican
and Translation Conventions" in \'o!ume 4. pictorial codices.
The descriptions of the tribute pages in the second section of
Copyrightcu i laôr
A Descriptive Account
of the Codex Mendoza
PART I
THE HISTORY
YEAR TO YEAR
FOLIO ir:
THE FOUNDING OF TENOCHTITLAN
Folio 2r, a pictorial rcprc»ctitat)un of the Mexicans fouitdiiig of of their promised land. Since they could ünd neither a place to
Teaoehddtn, the kute empiné capind, is one vS the most com- setde nor resources on which to survive, they were forced to serve
plex and informative pages of Cndn- Mendoza. This single folio the already esfahlished croups as lowly vassals. But the Mexica
SHcdncdy incorporates mfortiiation on die dtj^'s earliest history consistently made their overlords uneasy; they had not yet shed
tiodi fact and n^—
its first officiak and sttufitwe, the leconfit^ their "unsavory, barbofic" ways. After a series of onfortumte en-
of two important conquesrs, .irn! rhc calendric notation of an early counters with their increasingly nervous neighbors, the wanderers
leader's long reign, lb understand the symbols dcpiaed on this eventually made their way to Colhuacan, whose ruling hneages
page, it is helpful to review the earfy history and legends surround- were direct Toliec descendants. History relates that this well-
ing the Mexican prior wanderings. estiihiished cir\' represented the oldest and most civilized center in
the \'ailey ot Mexico. I he .\lc.\ica, who came as despised sup-
THE MEXICANS EARLY HISTORY pliants, \»'eFe soon serving Colhuacan as very effective mercenaries;
their milit.irv prowess filled their adversaries with dread. As for
AND MIGRATION MYTHS
their Colhuaque masters, the Mcxica's aas of savagery against
AlduHigh the Codex Mrndoza commentary barely alhldes to It, the them yet again alienated the far more powerful group.
force thnt drove the Mexica to csr.ihlish their cir\- in an unprcprw- Having angered their Colhuacan overlords, the wretched Mc-
scssing marsh began over two hundred years before, in the distant -vica had to seek protection in the great lagoon of Lake Texcoco,
northern deserts. The Aztecs' origin mvth Speaks of that region as taking shelter among the reeds and rushes. According to the leg-
Chicomoztoc, locale of the legcndar)' seven caves from which end, it was there, in a seemingly unpromising marsh, that Huitzi-
emerged the related, nomadic Chichimec groups.' These were the lopochdi finally proclaimed the promised land was near. Tlie tat-
emignntSwhOit following the demise of the Toltet empire in 1 150, tered band was told to look for the place where Copil's heart had
sequentially moved down and settled in the fertile and civiUzcd been cast into the lake. It had fallen on a rock, whence had sprouted
Valley of Mexico.' The crucial foctor chat would influence the a great prickly pear cactus; perched at its top would be found a
Mexican destiny was tinuiig} they were the linal groiqi of diese mi- magnificent eagle. The prophesied apparidon was soon located
giants to airiw. on a small, uninhabited islet. At last tiie Mexica had reached their
The Mexican peregrination had been a pardcnlarly long and ultimate destination; their centuries of wandering were finally
diflücult one. Their reputation for amge ferocity did little to en- at an end.
dear them to those whom they encountered. As a result, the Me- This brief account constitutes the kmnwn facts and legends ooiir
xica seldom stayed long in one place; Alvando Teaotiomoc, in Ms ceming the founding of Tenochddaa. AU chraoiders of the event
Crónica Mexicana, likens them to the luddess tribes of Isrul under recount essentially the same sBMy, differing only hi the details diey
the goad of the Egyptians.' choose to emphasize.*
According to legend, even the gods treated the Mexica capri-
Although their special deity I luitzilopochdi never forsook
ciously.
THE ISLAND SECTION OF FOUO 2r
tfacm, tfaey inadvertendy made an enemy of Copil, son of their pa-
The E4gk on tbe Cactus
tronV malevolem siner, MalhnlMKhiri. She related all accumu-
larcd grievances to her son, who avenired his mother by addinf; to 'l"he most dominant image of folio 2r is the eagle perched atop a
the trials of the hapless Mexica, Huitzdopochtli's chosen people. prickly pear cactus thatgrows from the Aztec glyph for rock. This
Although Copil succeeded m
causing considenible trouble, in the ssme symbol appears in several odier Gilooial accounts,' and still
end he himself was killed. The c\ it Copil^ heart was caat into Laltt serves wáxy — with the
additioit of a imkr in the ragk^ hrak— as
Texcoco at the order of HuitzilopochtlL the national emblem of modern Mexico.
In Ae hmg coune of tlie Atodca% wanderings, the mythical The eagie that depicts the foundadon legend is an AzKC symbol
Huitzllopochtli finally led then into the Valley of Mexico in seardi ktt the sun, which Is asaodaied widi Huitiilopodttli, die Meiicali
THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO IT • 3
Copyriyi.icu liiLuurial
patron deity. The cactns fruit the ea|^ is ibout to ooatanie an internal system of canab bordered by adfaoent roadways, this
represent the hiim<in herns . )fTt rt.'d the sun tDSOStun it during the busy urban center was connected to the mainland 1>\ four broad
daily journey across the firmament.' causeways." Activity was everywhere; foot and canoe traffic was in
bustling profusion. The respcMue of the Etiropeans to this beau-
The Shield and .-Uro-d-s
tiful sight awe and amazement, Little wonder that th^ later
Just as die eagle on the cactus symbolizes the founding of Tenoch- rememi)ere<l I enochtirlan as the Venice of the West.
titlan, the shield and arrows immediately below represent the dty
The Division into Quudnints
A shield backed by arrows is an Aztec e\\-ph for war.' When
the shield in question carries this particular design — the ibuittuyo The Spanish commentary for folio 2r makes no mention of the
(down ball)*—it represents the power of Tenochtidan.* The ihw- signilicanoe of the four divisions formed by the crossing waters.
teteyo shield occurs repeatedly in CoiexMendn~M It appears before There is, however, an ex])lanation in another sixteenth-century
each of the nine sequential Aztec rulen in the conquest history, source. According to the legend reported by both Alvarado Tezo-
part of Gvfer Afnnifass!. This shield is abo carried by die two vic-
1 zomoc" and Duran,** Huitdlopocfatli told the Merica to divide
torious warriors of folio 2r, one of the priest-warriors of folio65r, their new cin,' into four main w.irds. which they referred CO aS
and the might)' Aztec general. Licochcalcatl, on folio 67r.
1 Moyoda, Icopantlau, Atzacualco, and Cuepopan.
HuitzHopoditii ootnmanded the people to distribute among
bland Divided by Crossing Streams of H ater
themselves the ends thcv had so laboriously carried throughout
A goodly portion of folio 2r depicts a square divided "in the form their long and difhcuJt wanderings. Each of the four neighbor-
ofSaintAn dre wli CTOss .'''* This styUie d plm fepfesents die original hoods was then dhrided mto as many snbaecrions ss it possessed
small island in Lake Texcoco on which Tcnochtitlan was founded, idols; these deities were called calptilttntl. or district gods. I>uran
an islet divided in quarters by two waterways. It has been suggested Ukens the resulting units, or calpuUi, tu parishes that bear the
that die orientation of this island depicdon diflm from that of a names of Christian saints. Modem scholars assodate these barrios
modem map: north may not he ar the top." with die sodal and territorial gRNipsdntexphúted each secnoo of
Although the Mexica's promised land proved to be small and land."
maiahy, happily it was very féttíle. The CMMasMcxfcsyttf provides On folio It, two of the four divisions contain what could be con-
a detailed description of the arrival of the Menea at the site of the strued as place-name glvphs. However, the Spanish commcntar)'
future city of Tenochtidan: makes no mention of them, and to date no one has dctimdvely
And then they saw, that dw weeping willows and die wdlows
determined what these imês mean. The building in the upper
quadrant has been variously identified as a tecpan (noblcV ho\tsc or
that stood there were u-hitc, and also the reeds and the lules
were white and the frogs were wliite, the fish were white, government building),'"" a cal'iido or townhouse,"' and a iLinplc of
the snakes were white, which Kved there on the shores. And Huitzilopochtli.-- The latter speculation is the most probable. I'he
diey saw, that rocks and caves stood faro ro f.irc. The first humble shrine that appears on folio 2r may well represent the hrst
rock and cave were seen where the sun rises and is called: stage of what evolved into the magnihcent sixteenth-century Tem-
Fire Water, Where the Water Is Burning. And the second plo Mayor. This was the towering otieîundied-fbot-high edifice
rock and cave were seen in the direaion of the realm of the that so impressed Cortés and his men.
dead [the north] — therefore they cross each other — it is The recent excavation of the Templo .Maûr revealed that the
called Blue Water and its name is Yellow \\ in r \nd when temple had undergone seven construction phases.-' From humble
they had seen that, the old people cried, and said: "So this beginnings, Huitzilopochdi s temple — shared by the rain god Tla-
will be the place, for we have seen what has been told and loc — just kept growing. Unfortunately, subsurface groundwater
explained to us by the priest I hiitziUipochrli, when he said: precluded finding the earliest, fourteenth-century shrine.
'Asyou will see, there are in the tule-grounds in the recd- —
The skull rack— izompmtUr in the right-hand quadrant of the
bedi many diflhrant tfainp.' And now here we have all bc- lôchddan plan is easily recognizable as to function. However,
hdd and admired it, for it has truly happened and the word beyond the recognition that it contained the heads of the Mexica's
has proved to be true, that he spoke to us."" on fbUo 2r has not been
sacriiidal victims, the rack's appearance
Obviously, the site contained a profusion of flora and Anna," as further inteipreted.** It is of interest that this ttan^mdi is one
well as abundant fresh water. Several sources contain the legend- of the very few images in the Coiicx MeriJnzii that openly ac-
ary account of streams running from two springs, one of wliich ran knowledges the Aztecs' disquieting pracdcc of large-scale human
blood red, the odier deep blue.'* It is the intersectfaig of these two sacrifice.
mythical waterway's that creates the St. Andrew's ( ross of folio 2r.
It appears that from an early date the Alexica were building a sys-
He Gtjfi Rimdm
tem of oonnecring canab and footpaths to serve their new center in The four secdons of the dty all contain idendcally arrayed males.
the lagoon. Certainly these smooth-functioning lanes of transpor- Fach sits in the standard ,\2tec male posture, white tilmatli rightly
tation and commerce were in active service when the Spamards wrapped about drawn-up legs. Nine of these figures, each seated
arrived. on a bundle of green reeds, wear no body paint md have éuir hair
The conquistadors initially Wewed Tenochtitlan from a moun- arranged in the distininiishcd warrior hairsrv'Ie, the trmitlntt (pillar
tain passj their first dazzled impressions were of a dream-world of stone)." The tenth and largest of these dignitaries is seated on a
dty. By 1519, the Menead modest idand home had grown hito a yellow woven mat in the left «fuadrant His Uacie body paint, smear
metropolis with a population of between 1 i)0,(X)0 and 200.000." of blo()d at the temple, and loosely tied-back h.iir sipnifi,- that he is
The city — now resplendent with towering temples, closely grouped Only this male, whose glyph and Spanish gloss indicate
a priest.
palaces» neat homes, and wdl-cultivated gardens —rose white and was named Tenuch, has a s|K:ech glyph. As die Spanish
that he
gUstening above the dear waiters of Lake Teioooo. In addition to ooauneomy confinas, he is the leader of die group.
4 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 2r

Tenuch ("Stone Cactus Fniit")" fiist appears in the Mexica's tlan marked the end of the Mexica's wanderings, their existence re-
history m the feranost of the (bur priest-mien who led the group mained precariottsty margmal for a hmg time. In order to survive
after their arrival in the Valley of Mexico." His role became in- and obtain any raw materials other than fr«)d, the Mt viri h.id to
creasingly important during and follomng the Mexica's service to continue working as vassals fur their more powerful neighbors. It
CollittM«n. Aldiough Tenuch is not re^rded as a founder of the was only m that menial capacity that they were involved with the
Mexica ruling d^Tiasr^', his speech gl}ph confirms that he did in- conquest uf Colhuacan and Tcnayucan. Suck an event did take
deed serve his people as their Tlamm (Speaker).'* The Spanish place, but only some fifty years «/rrr the 1376 death of Tenuch. At
oomnientary further supports this, alluding to Tenuch being "es- that time the Mexica were serving as mercenaries for the expand-
pKuSfy gifted wicfa leadñship abilities." ing kingdom of the Tepanecs."
The nine dignitaries who surround Tenuch also are identified The Mexica learned a great deal about conquest from Tezozo-
by both name glyph and Spanish gloss. The three figures seated moc, the cffeaive Tepanec tyrant. Indeed, it was the Mexica's later
behind Tenuch have glosses reading Xocoyol ("Foot Bell"), Te?i- audacious takeover of the expanding Tepanec domain in 1428'*
neuh ("He Who F.xpels Somenne'"!, and Ofêiopan ("Jairuar Ban- that really started them on their ascent to power Perhaps the focus
ner"). The latter's gloss is misplaced, as hi.s name gl>'])h indicates. of folio 2r on Colhuacan and TenajTican, actually conquered much
This male is really Acafidi ("Reed Hare"); 09elopan, complete later when the Mexica were serving under the Tepanecs, reflects
\vi[!i ht.s ncciot-banner name gl>ph, is the left-hand figure in the Tenochtiilan's later dominance over their former master. It may
upper quadrant. Facing him is Quapan ("Eagle Banner"), in the also have something to do with the .\ztecs' view of history as re-
right-hand quadrant sits .\gucxoti ("Water Willow") and Xomimitl peating, a reflection of dieir view of time. This qidical oooeept is
("Foot Arrow"). The lower quadrant contains Atotod ("Water discussed below.
Bird") and Xiuhcaqui ("Person Shod with Turquoise-Colored
Ssndais"). Along with Tenuch, these nine dignictries apparently THE CALENDRIC COUNT OF TENUCH's RULE
were the founders of Tcnochtitlan.'"
The sixteenth-century sources differ as to both the role of these Serving as a margin to folio 2r is a contiguous calendric count of
officials and even how many there weie.** What is certain, how- fifty-one years, the length assigned to Tenudl^ lule ofthe fledg-
ever, is that folio 2r is acknowledging ten outstanding leaders in- ling city of Tcnochddan. As the Spanish commentary notes, "each
strumental in establishing the Mexica's capital. litde compartment . . . figured in blue . means one year." " This
. .
The founding of I 'enochddan Is the first of three oonoepo iUiis- method oif bordering each page of the history section with the
—
Oaied on folio 2r. The other two a calcndric band oommemorat- years that correspond to the length of the relevant enperof^ rdgn
ing the fifty-one years of Tenuch's reign and a pictorial recording continues throughout part 1
of two cities conquered during his nilc — esoblish the format fol- To understand the principle underlying the four recurring cal-
lowed throughout the historical section of Codex Mendoza. How- endric symbols— House, Rabbit, Reed, and Knife— nec- Flint it is
ever, folio 2r's initial dcpiaion of the Mexica's conquests is far essary to consider brieflyhow people the Mesoamcrican
the in
more elaborate than those tiiat follow} the tonaining folios record world viewed time. To them, time— and burden the it carried, his-
only the localities overcome—no victorious warrion ever again tory—was the Aztecs had
cydical. .Appropriately, recurring a cal-
appear in the conquest record. endar system with no apparent method of distinguishing one cyxle
from die next. According to Sahagún, the longest time count reck-
THE CONQUEST SECTION OF FOLIO 2r oned was 104 years. He refiers CO this period as a century; half of it,
fifty-two years, he calls a "bundle of yean.""*
Situated directly below the scene of the founding of Tcnochtitlan This fifty-two-year period, or "calendar round," consisted of
are two almost identical conquest scenes. They difiisr only in the years designated by combining four names. Rabbity Reed, Flint
conquered dttes' place glyphs, the vicnrioas warriors' war dubs, Knifi^ and House, with the numbers 1-13. This resdts m4 x 13,
and the shields of the vanquished. Each of the v-jgncttes cmplo)'» or fifr\'-rwo, distinct name-number combinations, in a sequence
standard gl>-phs fot conquest: an image of two dosely juxtaposed such as One Rabbit, Two Reed, Three Flint Knifo, Four House,
fighting men (captor ferdng captive into a subservient position) Five Rabbit, Sbt Reed, and so on. It ts this cyclical concept that
and a toppled and burning pyramid temple. explains the four recurring images combined with varying num-
wear idxabuipmi, the standanl Mesoamcrican
All fiour warriors bers of drdes in the compartments of the calendar count.**
armorofdikic, quilted cotton. In keeping with the greater glorifi- Just as the Aztecs viewed dme and history as cyclical, so too they
cation of Tcnochtitlan, only the armor of the .Me.\ica warriors is belic\ed the universe had already gone throuph four major trans-
detailed, showing marks of the quilting. Both of these conquerors formations. In each epoch, the world had again been bom, de-
wear their hair in the "pillar of stone" style and carry the ihuiteteyo stroyed, and created anew. Because such a catastrophic event oould
shield, symb<jli/,ing their city. One carric the maqnakuitl.^' the occur onl) at the t onclusion of a fifty-two-year cycle, special pre-
obsidian-inset warrior dub; the other wields a wooden battle sddc, cautions always had to be taken at that time. The culmination of a
the bmtxattU. " The first of the conquered warriors bears a red and period was marked by a sense of frightening vulnerability. Would
u hitf vhielil, unique tf Other prisoner carries the un-
i fdlio 2r; the the c\xlc begin aeain- There «a^ ,ilua\'i the pending threat ofthe
decorated, generic shield thai occurs fitequcody part 3 of Codex m desiruciiun ut the Afth and present sun, and hence the end of
Mendtta.'* an Ufe.
.\propns the co!i()tit*sl st-rnon of folio 2r, the Spanish eomiticn-
growmg power of the darmg and warlike Aiexica,
tary speaks of the
Tie New Fin Cmnmy
who "gave vent to their spmt by overcoming their ndgîbors This oocaakm, the "Binding of the Years," better known as the
Colhviacan and Tcniniican,"'* This statement is an excellent ex- "New Fire Ccremonv." w as one of the mOSt profound of the Aztec
ample of revisionist history. Although the founding of Tcnochti- ritual round. I'hroughout the Valley of Mexico, household goods
THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 2r • 5
were destroyed and all fires were extinguished; the popuboe sxt in 3. Alvando TnoaooMX 1944: 16.
darkness awaiting the inexorable machinations of late that only the 4.Odicr acmuB of the founding of Tenocfatidan can be found in Coda
MnetaMviMengin l95Ii.Mtf»SîmM{riangAon>^ l8}l-IM8.vgL4X
heavens oould reveal.
Omm MCMMM (Alvaiwto Tesawmac 1944, 197Sa), CMU» aKañqntf ^•
Ac or near midnight on this important night, the high priests vando Tezozainoc 197SbX KAcima *t Omu^Mn (Cktauipahia 1965X
dimbed to a pyramid bailt high atop the mountain Uixachtecatl imBtmihz (1975), and Mmumrit Tivtr (1972), as wdl ai me dmrnidcs of
(today known as the Cerro dc FsrrLlLi. "} lill of the Star"). There Saliaffin and Durin.
5. For examples of the eagle perched atup a priddy pear cactus, sec Msnmail
they watched the passage ot the Pleiades, v^-aiting tensely until this
Tovar 1972: pi. 4; Duran 1967 2 Íarnima(^t3; C$dtxbJhartlptc{mvmZmt-
dmter of stan had reached its zenith to see whether it would ooa- wijk I9H5:64): Cedicf Auhn
tinue on in its journey across the heavens. Only after its uninter- 6. Davics 19-4 y:
rupted movement was confirmed did the priests know that Huiizi- For a detailed discussion ot the uripn of the tuunding legend symt^jl, see
lopochtli's people were safe for another fifty-twu years.
Heyden 1988.
7. The N'ahuad term for shield and arrows, mitl thinulli, is also a metaphor
Once the continuiiy of ihe universe was determined, a particii
for war. Molina IT' iohu 57r) defines mitl cbinutlU as
l "gxierra, o batdh.
larly prestigious war captive was quickly sacrificed and his heart Mciapho" (war, or battle Metaphor). This is faom folio S7r "MitL ueia, o
extra cted. A fire drill—note the depiction in the lower right of fo- Aecha" (dvt^ or anow); feKo 21r "ChinmllL ndeli, adaiga panes, o eota w-
lio 2r — was ininudiatciv set whirling in a tiny In d of dry moss set mejuiiB" (sUeld. round target or sbailar thiiif^
8. See Anrwalt essay (i4iapter 8 in vohme I) for additfonal infonnation on
within the viaim's yawning chest cavity. It was the spark from this
ihc ¡hii:!i!;-,u shield.
*êw Fire" which the prieais used lo ignite the great bonfire that <' \an /.iniwiik (I9H5 65 1 idtntihi:* this as "the real Aztec 'colt Of
notified the people waiting bdow that (he world was safé; Ufé arms.'" while Vhvk ( I'^'.IH T 21 1 -.r jti . -Ma: ii denotes the scat of gOWCnancm.
would indeed continue.'" Ill ijii/rv MendBZH fuiii» Ir (Franii-- Biní.in translation).
I ! \'an Zanru'ijk implies that the sr> ii7cd map of Tenochtitlan -has been m-
tated nmety degrees. See van Zanrrt ijk |9K5 .59-66 : for his discussion of the
The FmHámg Date tfTenoAtidan probable locations of specific early barrios on the folk) 2r plan.
12. Alvarado Teiozomoc l975b:62-64; English translation from van Zant-
According to Sahagún, the last New Fire Ceremony occurred in wqk 1985;4SO-6l. For additional illuscratiotu of the island site see Darin
1 507.'" If one counts back three fifn- nvo-ycar c}tIcs 56 ytMrv — I
1967 I: Idmm }; 2; Mmom 4; MammrH Tm>» I972i pi. 2 (pw 24(9.
1). Each of the four sections of falio2iîdaiid contains fipomduce to live
the New Fire Ceremony indicated on folio 2r would have taken
rime—
glyphs of plant life, indicating the fertility of this manlijrland.
place hi IBSI.** Counting kfr—backwards in ^from this Davics (1974 ?7) poinn out the possible signilieanee
: die Mexiei of the n
Two Reed compartment g-ivcs 13? ^ is the < orrcspondinp year for i;rc;ii |irt ]H .n.lcnncc uf nilc iurruun.lmt' rhcir ntw site. 71ic eleventh-century
Two House, the founding date uf Tenochtillan pictured on folio Toltci. called their capital city iollan i l ula:. "W'here There .^re Many
Rccds." This linking of Tenochtitlan with the ancient tipitil eif the TsltCC
2r.Although the Spanish coomienary on (olio Ir reads 1324, die
empire would have appealed greatly to the newly arrncd .Mcxiea
former date is accepted by most modern scholars.'* Tliat is not to It was also the fecundity of this marshy area which the .\Uxiea so sueecss-
say, however, that all the Colonial sources agree on 1325 as the foUy later exploited through chinampa apiculture. This is (h« S}-Mem of hor-
oorrect date.** ticukure that involves creating pin» of arable land by altematÍDg Iqfos of
The pictorial presentation of the founding of the Mexica's capi- mud and vegetanon in the shallow lagooos. Thoe "islands" were seoufcd in
place with wil lows, planted so that die imit oodd aa as andms. These ei-
tal on folio 2r represents a blending of m\th and history. That the
cxptMoally fefók gardens produced very Inpicssive yields.
Moka first established their city in the fourteenth century OO a See Bcrdan 1962 ;21-22 for a detailed discnnan of cMmi^ agrícultunb
small, marsh\' isl.imi in Lake rcxcoco is donimcntable history. 14. Céákt Ramim 197$:2S-2tf; Duran 1964: )1. AKarwfo Tezazamoc
That this incipient metropolis in the lagoon should initially have (1975b:6)> gives the names of die two springs as TIcad ("Fire Witer") or
been dhñded by canals for greater mobility is logical, as is the de-

.\tlaila\an ("Place UTicrc Water Is Burning") this may refer 10 the blood- —
rcd water— and .Matlalatl ("Blue Water") or Toxpalatl TYellow Water";
sire of the Indian artists of folio 2r to immortalize their intrepid
translations v.in Zantwiik 1 985: 60),
founders. But there rcaiitv stems to stop. Note thjt the streams <in folio 2r are drawn in the Kufo|H;an manner rather
That the newly settled Mexica were strong enough by them- than ni the ¡ndigcnous eannn water dt puremith 166-167).
selves to conquer Colhuacan and Tcnayucan within their hrst fifty
1 See Calnek 1972 for a discussion of the size of TcniKhtitlan s population.
5
years is highly improbable. What this boastful assertion reflects is
16.See fuliu 64r, "Image Descriptions," for a discussion of the canals, bridges,
the .\2tecs' \iew of history, events were periodically reróed so as to and roads of Tenochtitlan.
edify rather than inform. Not every event the JMexica rqport is a 17. Alvarado Tczozotnoc 1975b: 74- 75.
datable reaUqr.*' 18. Duran 1964:32,40.

No 19. The nwdem Aztec scholar van Zantwi^ qocstioos Dwúft oontentioo
aianer that folio 2r represents, in part, an invented past.
that the otigioal four qoaiteis cotrespond lo the later díñsintt of Colonial
This impressive page illustntes, with understandable pride, the Mexico City. For a detailed discussion of the ordinal nored waieis and laier
humble beginnings of what was to beconie one of the greatest pre- canals, the cattsewa>-s, and the lining up of theae waterways widi the cardinal
Collimbian cities ever to flourish in llie Wesccm Hemisphere, the directions, see van ZSMWlik 1985:59-74.
20. Ibid. 65.
Mexica's mighty Tenochtitlan.
21. Clark 19<,>< 1:21.
22. Si I HiKiriL- cvvav. viiliimc I.
I hr. I rtii hyp': i^hcsjs seems the most likcl','. as Duran '
1964:.M) reports
that the first thing the .\lcxica did was to construct a tempic to Hui(zilop<Jchtli
NOTES
out of mud and grass from the marsh.
23. See .Matos .Moctezuma 1982 for information on the 1978-1982 excava-
1. Thcic tribes arc usually t iniitu r.ut:il as the Tcpancca. Asulhuaquc. Chalca.
tion ot the Templii .Mayor.
TIalhuio, t 'iiiiixi a, I 'cvui/inci. Tljxcalccca, and othcr> í Sahjeun 1950 1982
24. Duran (1971:78-79) links die skull nek to lluitzilopocfatli's temple,
10; 197)
which amid aoDOuM far fct appearance on folio 2r.
For illustrations of the ni',ih;i.jl \t:\xn caves vie Manucrtl Tavar 1V72:
Alvarado Teaownaoc (1975b: 74) mcoiiotia one of dw lesser divitioiis of
pi. 1; Duran 1967 1; lámmai : l^mmj 2.
the diy by dK name of Ttomako. The HmifmaK najr be Unlged id this
I
2. See Anawalt essay (chapter 8 in volume 1) for a discussion of the nunudic

diiBdct.
Chichicnecs* mding in Am Vdlejr of Medeo tad atniniiv • Tblsec-herinige 25. Fmm Molina 1977: folio 97v "Ttaiaiffi. oohma redonda de piedra"
kgitinacy.
(nund oohinm of atone).
6 • Tilt I1I.SIÜRV Yt.\R TO YEAR / FOLIO 2r
For more infurmation on the trmtthtt hairstjHc sec the "Imjge Dcscrip- listed as three citieswhose niJen occupied guest quarters in the palace of the
rion" section of folio dir. .Mexica emperor .Moteodnnna.
26. Molina 1977: folio lOTv "Ted. piedn, fcanabnente" (rock, in genenl)i 35. Davies 1974:44.
Iblio 72v ' WoditlL tim, fiiM oanadda" (tmH, • bnoiwii Inik). 3& Souaidle I970!213.
27. Dwks I974:}l. 37. Molhia (1977: faUd I59i^ delnes xOntitl as the Náhuatl term for >-ear.
28. Itiid. 40l Abo MoBn 1977: fciio I40v "Thtoim. liaUador. o gran leñoi^ This alsts however, is tin mud fix turquobe; it it therefore appropriate that
(speaker, or high lord). the yw "eompanments" appear in diat oofor in the Cador Montai:
29. It appears that the dignatarics' gl\-phs indicare names raiher than tides. }8. Sahagún 1950-19824: 143.
.V>, The solar )'ear, or aahtittoansisKd ufcx.mly *fîs d;n v ¡rniiipcd int.. eigh-
Hou'cver, it is Hiffu'ijli td w\[ r< >r 1:11.1111, t>i'<-.itjvi' it is (xtstlble duK t mine
"
could pass down through generations unti! it became .1 rule. teen months ofrwent^'days each. These "months were called metzth. "moon '
Hi Duran l 2:.^5, 218) lists nine different founders and leaders of (al- llie y t ir was rounded out with five unlucky d iys iicmoiHi-mit. lo date, no one i
puUi AatI, ,\rac)fli, .'Vhucnorl, Huicton. Mcci, (kflopan. Tenoch. I'czacatetl, has decemiincd how the .\7tccs accounted for the evtra one-fourth day a year,
and Xomimitl. He also mentions (p. 50) chat among the elders who went on ID they obviously managed, because otherwise the monthly ceremonies pertain'
found Tiatefoloo were .\tlacuahuitl, lluicton, Opodidi, and Atlacol. ii^ to agriculture would have been awry. Satiagún (1950-1982 4: 144) sug-
GidbrAfanbHWf ( 1 952 pi. 44; sec also van Zantwifk 1985 65, 67) indicates
: : gestt that during the feast of Fillahuanaliztii, held every four yean, a sixth
thete wcfc Mwen tt^M má e%ht chic&, indiiding Aatl (or Mcxiodn), Aca- mawimw tf day wat added.
ddi, Ahueiod, Ocelo pan, lenoch, Tiampm, Xwhciqiie and Xomwnitl. , In addition to the solar calendar, there was a ritual calendar, or niuip»-
Atoiod is also depicted alnif widt tireln adiikhwwl feunôg leadea who kuM, of 2dO days whitb was used principally for dhination. This "count of
played a part in the founding. days" was less directly assodated with astronómica] phenomena. It was formed
Modern -vchr)!.!! -. 1 1 1 ,i . : n i: i
m .i varicr\' of early sources, suggest still other b\ comliining rsvenrv <lav names with the immbeiS 1-13, pfOduCMlg 260
conibinatiiins of caipuUi li:.ii:crs and/or founders (sec van Zantwijk Xt'i^S . imu|uc d.u and-number coir.bmations
-
The liltv-lwo \c.ir (!:. ti. i.l. • i- "ciienjar round," was the result <iftomliming
SiMunii \''(<^ 22~ "\1,iquahuitl ou .Maquauill, Surte de epeeM.ie garnic the '6s-day sol.it ciicoiliii wiihiin Jii<l il.iy ritual calendar Ihese r.io calendar
des deuv c<i;i.~ dc iikitcciuv d'obcUHeme" (MR of nmid gwnislied on two swem> inu i clii.'lt:ircd like the col's on llic ijearv within an old-fashioned w atch.
sides with pieces of obsidunj. This combiiution of calctvdric systems resulted in IH.ysO uniquely identihed
Sec folio Mr, "Iraife Dcicriprioni," for more brmatkm on riw
ifri days. Each solar year was named after the day-number combination that fell at
the end of the year, itsukng in four names, Rabbit, Reed, Flint iCniic, and
32. Simeon 196} :688 "Uitzocdi, Lcvier, btoon en boii dor et poinni" (lever, Hansen oombincd wMi die numbers 1-13, or fisfon oraibintiions (Berdsn
hard and poimed wooden itadCitidc). I9R2:144-14Q.
See foUo 62r, "Image DcKiiptiaas,'* for more infan rion on dK bmtxttñ. m For iurdier inlmmitiin on ifae Aztec cilendrical system, see Duiin 1971
33. For further information on the undecorated generic aUdd of Codec MtH- 3S3-47Q; Sahagén I9S0-1982. book 4; Caso 1971.
itsa, sec .Anawaft e«ay, volume and appendix G, 1 , 40. Sahagún 1950-1902 4:143-144; 7:25-)2.
J4. Qx/i-.i W,-«.;;.-.,' fui:,:- Ir :v íFr.im.s H.nlni tr,ms;.ili..rii 41. Ibid. 4:144. This csent is alw jvs identified ill pan ol "..Vi i,': •.•iAk^; 1
It is iiui-'i stiiiL' ih.ir ( .iilhiLK ;m .iiid I i ri.n man, Uuh cities that had par- by the symbol of the munulhuazili (ibid. 7 fiOi, oi fue drill, imke.; in In ve.ir : i
iicu:.!! [la.inmK' Un
chuhiiiicc-dcsccmlcit .Meaka, dwiild be deploied
riu OH Two Reed It is this syinlwd that appears at the lKjtt<im of folio 2:.
lolio 2r as the victims of their early conquests. 42. I'he end ot the fifty -r»o-ycar cycle occurred in the year I wk Keed; thus
By the fourteenth century, Colhuacan's greatest assets were its princcs.scs. New Fire ceremonies, always took place in that same year. .Accordingly, every
Because this center cxiuid tiuly claim ruling lineages dating back to the re- r»i:i Reed compartment that appears m the Cedtx Mtndcza historical section
vered Toltecs, the wque i it i al , newly arri^t»] Chichimecs were e^r lo many has the attached lire drill gl)ph. uith the single exception of the one on folio
inu these royal línea ao aa to attain Icgitiaiacy. The iMeiica weie no eacep- 7v. There the connecting line was drawn, but no fire drill appears. This could
tioo. When Coitéa arrned m

1519 the Meiica of Icflochddan referred to hive been eidier an error or an oversight^ or perhaps there amply was tiMiffi*
dwmseh'cs as the Cnlhiia^Mcaka, proudly caphaiiiinf their own dahn to ciefK room.
Tohec heritage. 43. Nigd Davies (1974: 37, footnote on p. 3 16), however, agrees with Wig-
.\s for Tcna)'ucan, in the twelfth century, when the nomadic Chichimecs berto Jiménez Moreno that the correct date for the founding of Tenochtitlan
began to arrive m the Valley of .Mexico, the basin already concaintd vill.iifcs is really 1345, Both scholars belies-c the Two House date usually given for the
and even some '.y.ú': si/able centers One of these was T enayuian. uhich had fK'ginning of the city reflects rmt ihi l alculations of ihc Mcvn j, but rather the
become the capital ot :he newly arrived Chichimecs, who were beginning to Ciilhii:i-'rexii)can count, « hn h would place the founding nscnt)' years later.
till the fxiwer vaciniiii creaied by the fall ol ihc loheo Diesc ncwiomers (the -H. See l]o<.me essay. v...|umL I, and appOldht A for VUjriflg OpfalionS OH the
TenavTjcans) had a brief "empire" of their own from about 12()ll to 12.^0 founding date of TcnudiliiUii.
(Davies 1974:21-22). 45. Sec Davies I987;3-l9foran<icellenidiscuasiaaof the Aatecs' ennoept
The grouping toother of Colhuacan and Tcnayvoin appears again on fo- of history.
Uo 69r. There these two cernen —together wtdi a third, Obcontuhila — are
THt IlISTURY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO IT 7
CopyriyiiLOü material
FOLIOS 2v-3r:
THE CONQUESTS OF ACAMAPICHTLI
THE RULER
Unlike MenJoza's odier conquest history folios, this one shows two
live Acamapichtlis. one attached b\ j rhin line to the initial year
(One Flint Knife), the other by a line to a date seven years later.
Eight Reed ( 1383). The Spanish commentary indicates that the

N first figure depicts Acamapichtli at the beginning ot his rule and
that the second shows him the following year, when he began his
conquesB. However, seven yean have clearly passed becween die
two events.
It is obvious that in the intervening years Acamapichdi^ status
has changed. In the first depiction he is accompanied by a glyph
consisting of a snake with a woman's head {Cibuacoatt).^ This sug-
gests a high rank, but one from which tUtoque were not likely to be
chosen. In the later (kpictkm he nn longer wears the Cihuacoatl
glyph, but his hair is now arranged in the "pillar of stone" (le-
milbd) style, symbolizing courageous batdefield achievements.

This is also the hairstyle worn by the high-ranking TtarattttH
shown on folios 18r and 67r.' In both depictions Acamapichdi is
associated with the symbols of high office: he is seated on a reed

mat, wears the turquoise diadem with red back-tie, and emits a
speech scroll. The latter picRigraph especially symbolises his role
as TUtomti, or "S|K;aker."
.•\Ljm.i|)ichtli's n.ime gl\ph consists ol j hand gr.ispiiig a bundle
of arrow reeds.' In Duran's and Tovar s illustrations, the rccds arc
cleariy depicted as shatplypointed arrows (Dmin 1967 2: Uhmm 7;
Hassig 1'>K8:I29).
Being so early a ruler, Acanupichtli had no customary ranks
through whkh to pass on his vray to the ndenhip (as did the later
Conquests of Acamapichtli (1?76 — 1396) .\lc.\ica rulers). He ascended to the throne of Tcnochntlan least ,ir
partly due to his fortuitous genealogical connections: he was the

son of a Menea noUeinan and a royal Colhuacan princess. Through
mother he pained emrée into the prestigious Toltec dvnasty, as
THE YEARS his
well as connections with the Acolhua at Coaüichan (Davics 1974:
The Uve year ¡^yphs along die left and bottom margins comimie 42).His aaocession to the Tenocbddaa ndenhip was lancckmed
the year count from the previous folio (2r). They begin at the top by the most powerful cicy-«ate in die >^lky oif Meiioo at diat
with the year One Mint Knife (1376) and conclude at the bottom time, Azcapotzalco.
with the year Eight FIfatr KtSSt (1396) for a total of twenty-one Acamapichtli made politically astute marriages. His primary
yearv.Most other iloaimentary sources concur with the 376 date, 1 wfc was IlanciicitI ("Old Woman-SIcirt"), ;i royal woman again
although some place Acaiiiapichdi's royal accession as many as ten from Colhuacan. .\ithough he had no children by her, he did sire
yean eariier (aec Boone's appendix A in volume I). The Spanish several sons (and probably many daughters as well) by his twenty
commentary on the Mendoza (folio 3r) settles on (he year 1377, other wives (ibid. 43, Codex Mendoza folio it). These wives were
after a good amount of indecision. the daughters of important nobles (ibid.).
8 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2V-3r
üuring Acamapichtli's reign, the Mexica served essentially as Spanish gioss ei^lains that men captured in the batdes for these
vassals to the lepanec rnler, 'lezcnainoG. Thejr paid tribute in lake four towns woe decapitated.
products, a tribute reportedly made especially difficult because of Although not shown in Mendoza's conquest histor\', Aeamapich-
Tezoxoimoc's oucraêou* demands: at one point he required his di was apparendy also active in a budding flowery war'' with Chaico,
Merica subjects to supply him with a raft planted with aD loada of and participated in Tepanec conquests of Quahuacan (to the west)
vegetables, aluiig \sirh a duck and lieron, both in the process of
:i and Chimalhoecan (n> the east; Hessig 1988: 12S-132).
hatdung their eggs (Da\ies 1974:45). In addition to pa>'ing trib-
ute, AcamaiHchtli devoted his royal energies to building the young SOURCES ON THt REIGN OF ACAMAPICHTLl
cit)' ot Tcnochrirlan, including construction of houses, chimitnpji.
and canals (Durán 1967 2 59).
: According to Sahagün (1950- 1982 Chapter 4 in volume 1, by Elizabeth Boone, analyzes this section
8: 1), there was ''peace and qnie^ during his reigiL of CidexMemba: Additional infonnation on Acamapicbtli and his
rule is found in Davies (1974:41 -4^ 46, 47; 10S7:26. ?2-?3,
THE CONQUESTS 105), Hassig (1988:128-132), Sahagún (195Ü-1V82 8:1), Clailt

(1938 1 :27-28), Kelly and Pderm (1952 :280-281), Duiio (1967
.\-S Tepanec suliii rss, the Mi \i( .i unik-r Acamapichtii engaged in 2 55-60), Alvarado Tezozomoc (1975a:233-235). and Torque-
wars on behalf of their overlord (despite Sahagún's claim, above). mada (1969 1:95-101).
Such warfiire is symbolixed in Cnfar Metubza by a round shield
with sfMfi ft irhc r li.ills, a bundle of arrows, and a eracc-ful blue
atiatJ (spcar-thruwcr)/ Also shown, on folio 2v, arc the conquests
turned for Acamapkhdi, albeit in the service of the Tepaneca. NOTES

These included three communities in the southern chinampa /one
of the V'allcy of Mexico: Mizquic, Cuitlahuac, and Xochimilco. 1 . CihiuttI) = woman; amtl = snake.
These three were apparendy cuily tenuously atcsched t» Merica/ 2. On .\ienJ..z.i'^ h>lio 67r, this liaiiaqfle it ako thowu M mcu tilled AMtt-
nahxiatl and ÍKooikuAiaitl.
Tepanec rule, for they were reconquered by Itzcoat! after the dc 3
\. AidHh = rccJ: mj;<ri7>r/y Imjful. Tbeae have tile qipeuinee of afioM^
feat of the Tepanec in 1430 {Codex Mendoza folio 6r). It is not clear diough with hlunrcii tips.
what role Acainapiditfi^ Merica played in the eariy conquest of 4. QaritdV^K I 27)siigfesisdittdiisoaiiilMiMliaaofclcneiiBsynlKd^
Quauhnahuac (also shown on folio 2v), but it also was later recon- the êspial, and seu of fovenmieiK."
quered, this time under the tirst Motecuhzoma {Codex Mendoza io-
5. A down baO, a symbol assodaml widi saaifiee, is attached to each head.
llo 7v). The MciiAiM supplies the added pknifnphk deiafl uiiiid, but tidier as a tiaiiHiiy fvound fiv wiion and a souiee of sacrificial
heads,* each eccompenied by the glyph of a conquered town. The ciptnes.
THE HISTORY VEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS iV-3r • 9
FOLIOS 3v-4r:
THE CONQUESTS OF HUITZILIHUITL
three times in the Codex Mendoza (on folios 2r. 3v, 1 5v), and missed
once (folio 7v). The sjTnbol of an arrow drauing smoke (if not fire)
graphically illustrates the central activity of the ceremony (see fo-

lio 2r page descriptions for a discussion of this ritual).
THE RULER
Huitzilihuitl (spelled Huiîlihuitl) is depicted on this folio in typi-
cal royal fashion: seated on a woven reed mat, his head capped by
the royal headband and a speech scroll rolling from his mouth. At-
tached to his head by a thin line is his name glyph, a humming-
bird's head with five feather down balls attached to it, giving his
name as "Hummingbird Feather."*
Huitzilihuitl was a son of the prior ruler, Acamapichtli. He was
nor the only son. and an elective procedure (among designated
nobles) was instituted to assure that the most capable of the past
ruler's sons succeeded to the throne (Davies 1974:47). And he
proved to be very capable indeed. He spent considerable energy in
building up Tcnochtitlan (especially its temples), establishing laws,
and enhancing religious affairs. He apparently saw clearly the con-
nection between the deities and the divinely sanctioned rulership
(Duran 1967 2:66).
Huitzilihuitl married wLstly. Not only was his first wife a prin-
cess from TIacopan but his second was a granddaughter of the
powerful Tepanec ruler Tczozomoc. 'ITiis move clearly improved
Tcnochtitlan's standing ^ns-a-vis .\zcapotzalco; the Mcxicas' trib-
ute was reduced, and nobles and rulers from surrounding city-
states began to pay more formal attention to Tenochtitl.in .md its
new ruler (Davies 1974:49). When his second wife ilicd, he pur-
sued a supposedly unattainable marital goal, the hand of a princess
of Quauhnahuac, overly protected by her father. He nonetheless
TUL YEARS succeeded, although this victory may have set off a great war
between Tenochtiilan and Quauhnahuac (.Alvarado Tezozomoc
According to the Codrx Mendoza, Huitzilihuitl's reign began in the 1944:94-95).
year Nine House, or 1397,' and ended in Tiiree House, or 1417. Such marriages into powerfid ruling houses did not interfere
Like his predecessor, he ruled twenty-one years. Most other docu- with Huitzilihuitl's pursuing the custom of also wedding other
mentary sources place his accession to the Mexica rulership at women: the Codex Mendoza (folio 4r) states that he had many wives
dates ranging between 1391 and 1404, and his death between 1410 and children. Some of these offspring had illustrious careers: Chi-
and 1422 (see Boone's appendix A, volume 1). malpopoca succeeded his father as Mexica TUitoani, Motecuhzoma
During Huitzilihuitl's reign a New Fire Ceremony was ob- Ilhuicamina was to become one of the strongest Mexica rulers,
served, in the }X3T Two Reed, 1403. This world-renewal ritual was and the legendary TIacaelcl rose to the rank of Cihuamatl, or
celebrated every fifry-r\»o years, in the year Two Reed. It is shown "vice-T/tfftwn/."'
10 ' THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3V-4r

rUK CONQUESTS death.' As is customar)' in this section of the Mendoza, ihe.se con-
quests are symbolized by the shield deoorated with feather down
The Codex Aitndona (iblio 3y) attributes eight victofies to Uui-
balls, arrows, and an i«M
tzilihuitl: Tolritl«n, Qamhtidan. Chalco, IVfaui^nco. Xahocan,
Oninp;), '1070)10, ind Acolma, Most of these rimmed Lake Tcx-
coco, but i ulanînco was farther añcid, ouc of the V'alley of Mex-
SOURCES ON THE REIGN OF HUITZILIHUITL
ico to the northeast. Coatinaing past practice, these conquests This section of Codtx Mtndoza is analyzed by Boone in chapter 4 of
were adiieved larcrelv as a result of Tenochtitlans as«.nciation «ith
volume I. Additional information on Huitzilihuitl and his reiirn
AzcapOtzaIco, wh(j>c mlcr i'c¿o2Uinoc$t)li held (he reins ol jHjwer. isfound in Davies (1974:47-52i 1987:33-34), Hassig (1988:
While Huitziiihuiil's military contributions would ituve been ap-
132-136), Kelly and Palerm (1952:283-284), Sahagdn (19S0-
preciated, any fniits of vioorv were certainly controlled by the
1982 8:1), Duran (1967 2 61-67). .Mvarado TczozomfK: (1975a:
Tepanec monarch. .As throughout this section ot the cudcx, con-
234-238), Torquenwda (1969 1 JOI-106),aark(1938 1 :28-29),
quest is s\itiboiized by a biimin|k loppliag temple attached to each and Csder TUfarMm-Jbainnv folios 29v-30v).
place glyph.
Among the material gains from these wan was additional ter-
ritory. Lands were gained by the Mexica for their participation in
the war against Xaltocan to the north.* It is possible that Quauhri- NOT I S
dan and Toltitlan were oonqtiered m the same campaign (Hassig
1. The CW« AifMiJ'u.-j nmiim iitary (folio 4r) pvcs 1396 as the year of his
jOSS: I ^4) I luir/ilih'iirj also participated in continuing hostilities succession.
with Chalco to the southeast. Uliilc Chalco did not actually fill 2. HtáuHtzdin) " hummingbird; ihuiit - leather.
daring his reign, two towns in that poUr^ apparemly did; perhaps 3. While aO tafaeied by Huitzilihuiri. cjch of these offispcing had a diflereiit
nwdier. Chimaliiopoca's mother wjs Mijhuehxoehtrin (TnnMmoc'k grand-
the Chalco place gUph on this Moidtta folio represents ooaqneais
daughter), Motectthaomj llhuic;iiitliu'> mother was the famed .Vtiahuaxihuati
in thatdomain generally.' from Quauhmhuac, ind Ttacaclel's wa.s Cacanucihuad (Berdan 1982 :8).
Having gained victories in the north and southeast,' the Tepa- 4. In 1407,aceonUng to Davies (1987 33). :
ncr forces and their Mcxica associates moved aeainst the \< o!hua 5. The towns weie Quauiowmnlfo and YSi ri iiifht h ; the farmer it indiidcd in
to the east. .According to the Mtndoza, Huitzilihuitl shared in the OmIoA tributary province (QdbrMMiáw feb>41r).
«. A eonqucsc against CoUnwon is abo doamMMBd âhigiin I9S0-1982
conquests of Tulanînco, Otunpa, and Acolma, and also that of
t IX as b a itanry over QnaiAnalniac: This latter any reilcct Hniiailiw
:
Tezcuco (Tewoco). However, Hassig (ibid.:13S-136) suggests maritd, ladicr thin ffifití Hi
that (his last oorapieat did not occur until after Hnitzilifauitl^ 7. Davies (19B7!3})(kiMthb war from 14l4aaifl 1418.
THE HISTORY YEAR TO TEAR / FOLIOS 3V-4r * 11
FOLIOS 4v-5r:
THE CONQUESTS OF CHIMALPOPOCA
rulership, seated on a woven mat and wearing the noble headband.

10 20 The sloping posture, closed eye. lack of a speech scroll, ind eloss,
miln however, all betray the end to his nilcrship. While most other
documentary sources date ( him.ilpopoca's death at 1426 or 1427,
records do range from 1424 to 1432 (see appendix A).'
Í
N THE RULER
ChJnulpopacB is aitfiilly depicted in (Mee Mtiubat seated on a
woven reed mat, wearing a cape and noble headband (xt!<hiar:v!li).
and carrying out his role as Tlatoam, or Speaker {svTT)lKjliz.cd by
the speech scroll). His name means "Smoking Shield," and it Is
glyphically portrayed by a .Vlcxica shield (with blue lim and seven

feather down bails i and curls of smoke.^
Chimalpopoui son of the prior luler, Huiizilihuiil. He
.i
was also a bvored grandson of TezotDomoc^ who continued to rule

Azcapotzalco and its conquered dependencies with an iron hand.
Tribute demands on the Mexica loiuimied to be reduced, and the
Standard of living in Tenochtitlan improved, with the replacement
of huts with stone dwellii^, and the svailabiKty of fine feathers
and expertsive stones in i!ie nenrby Tl.iteIolca m.irkerplac-c (Da%-ies
1974:52-.S3). ChimalpoptKa, was usual with central Mexican
,is
rulers, had tn.iny wives and children, although licdeislcnownabottt
.dideo
them i,CtJtx Memdazs iblio 5r}.
Chinulpopoci died an untimely death, ibllowing the demise oF
his gi Jiidfaiher Tczozomoc in 14J6, iLiij/oniuc's deJih created J
signiticant void in the central Mexican political picture and left
two of his sons vying for this vacant rulership. ht this competition,
Chimalpupoca was unfortunate in supporting the losing son Ta-
Cooquem of CUmalpapoca (1418—1427)
yauh, who was also Tczozomoc's choice as heir. Tlie temporar-
ily victorious brother, Ma.vtla, apparendy had Chimalpopoca put
to death, although a ccmflicting story attributes Chimalpopoca 's
THE YfcARS murder to Itzcoad, who "contracted out" the job lo disaffected
Tqianecs.'
The year glyphs on folio 4v indicate thai Chimalpopoa succeeded
to the Mexks tfaione in the year Poor Rabbit, or 1418. Other pri- THE CONQLF-STS
mary documents date this event variously between the soars IMA
aod 1424, most iavoring 1417 or 1418 (see Boone's appendix A, Few conquests are attributed to Oiimalpopoca, but a good deal of
vohune ]), polidcalmanciwe riiy and military turmoil bfcwed during his
His reign was relatively shorr, Ijvrinp only ten years .leordini! decade lonp rule. The Grfor Mmdaztt (folio 4v) lists onlv Tfc]iM\
to the Mendoza pictographs. It ended widi his death in 1 lunecu quiac and Chalcu as COOquests, also indicating that the |H)wertiil
Reed, or 1427 A depiction of a deceased Chimalpopoca is atttdied Chalm rebelled against Ibwchtitlan, apparently demonstrating
to that final year glyph; even in death he fcañis the ttappmgs of Its disoontent by desiroyiiv four Menea canoes with rocks and
12 THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4V-5r
Copyrighted inaicr
IdUüigfive Mexica men. This event is graphically íUmtratBd on 140), Kelly and Paierm (1952:285-286), Sahagún (1950-1982
Meikbsa^ foKo 4v. 8:1), Darin (1967 2:69-72), Alvarado Teunmac (1975a :237-
Chimalpopoca inherited long-standing hostiliries berween Te- 239), Torqucmada (1969 1:107-126), Cafar 7«llrrMM0-JbMa(nr
nochdtlan and Chalco. Chalco is listed as a conquest of his father (1964-1967: folios 30v-31r). and Qark (1938 1 :29).
Huitzilihuitl, and since it is claimed as a conquest of his successors
as well, Clhimalpoptica apparently did not solve the prohlein. Re-
of central Mexican politics, the Tepanecs
flecting the cooiplenties
NOTES
(to wfaom the Moica were subaeivient) supported Chaloo, while
the iMcxica actively waged war against the Chalco rulership (Davies ) . The format of the Meadne may have led ro some small diicrqiancies in
1974: 59). It is especially Startling that die Mexica dared so openly dating.Each folio in this sectkm of the docuincni begins whh a new year
glyph, butit may well have been the case that one niler died and another suc>
defy Aeir Tfcpanec overlords.
cnnqucst coaled ID die throne in the ame year. For cmnple. the CMsr TtKmnm-
\s thrniieluiui this seilioii ol ihc codc\. i> symbolized
JEiMMiir(19M-1967: CoUb 30iO depictsthe death of Huitiilihnitl and liw suc-
by a burning, toppling temple attached to each place glyph. cntfaM of OiioialiMpoea to die same year, Thirteen RabUb
The conqnest of Texoooo is dalmed by HuitziUhuid in Codex 2. Ctímé^ - diield: pipata " to smolte. The TtStriam-Kemttais (Mios JOir,
Mrndozii f folio ?v), hut it is likely rhar the submissioa of the Acol- Mrl shows the shicli! with nr.l',- dr.un balls. The illustration', jcrompany-
ti'. i'
mi, Duran íl%" J: Mminj '>\ and SjluiTun ir^50-!"'HJ H; plate i) show dis-
hua to Tezozomoc was not finalized until Chimaipopoca had suc-
tinctly diflcrcnt shield designs for this name g!>ph In these latter dcpictioill
ceeded to die Mexica throne. For their part in the conquest of this
(especially Duran), the smoke clement is rendered with preat enthusiasm.
hirijL- (.-jsicrn (iuni.iin. rhc Mcvica were apparently liWiinii'ti rri!n!t<-
3. There arc many 60-61) prefers this
variants of this story, Davics (I'J"^;
rights to I excoco (much of which they had, in turn, to turn over to laNi viTMon, The murder to Maxtla axe quite color-
stories attributing the
aúmlpopoca when the Tepinec- ru: including dcttib on the incaroenuiooofaiiiiulpopociiniagFpriw

Azcapotnlooi ibidiS^* died
hi» death.
Aioolfaua-Meáca relationships were reaching the bailing point*
4. Hassig (I988:I38-1}9) notes dtac die Mexica were awarded the oon-
ijucfcd Acolhiu tDwiH of Tcopancaleo, Aienchlcakin, and l^qiaa (near
SOURCES ON THE REIGN Cuidabnac).
5. The aecds of Tcpanee-iMeaica tensaos had been Knm befóte TczotoniocV
OF CHIMALPOPOCA death. In requesting access to fresh water, the Mexica had also solicited build-
ing materials tmm the Tepanecs for an aqueduct. Such rcqiicsTi were usually
Caiex Mttidaafs conquest history is analyzed by Boone in chapter
seen as a prelude to establishing dominant-subordinate relations (including
4 of volume 1. I'ûrthcr details on Chimalpnpnt ;i -.wA his rule arc the pa\Tncnt ol trii.iutel. in this case it wa- iniTin.nljni (and inqwden^ for the
found in Davics (1974:52-61; 1987:34-35), llawig (1988:136- Mema to be making such a request of their overlords.
Till HIS OK V Vt.VR TO

I VtAR / fUl.lOS 4V S 1 • 13
woj^y lighted material

FOLIOS 5v-6v:
THE CONQUESTS OF ITZCOATL
10 20
liles
QuauhtitUn
^
V
Impttul Baunáaty
I luivivil'pan • tndtptndtnf SeAortti
Teucalhucyacan \
^
Iccpin. Awafmfílco,
\
..\co1hiucan
Ailaniihuayan
Mitcnac
(jiuuiimilpan ,
Coyuacin
^
Xuchtmilco^ JniÍHkfi
-lenochiitlan
(.^tauhnahuac
Xnihtepec
Caqualpan^
Ynalan
Yztcpec, • ^Tcpcquanulco
^Cuc^lan
O 50
Conquests of IczcoacI (1428—1440)
THE YEARS bringing about some of the most profound changes in Valley of
iMcxico politics and military history.
In the Codex Mmdoza, Itzcoatl's reign is shown to begin in the year
One Flint Knife, or 1428. Other documentar)' sources generally THE RULER
concur with this date, most ranging between 1425 and 143S (sec
Boone's appendix A in volume 1). The Spanish commentary ac- Itzcoatl appears onfolio Sv of Codex Mendoza in typical .\7.tec fash-
companying these Mendoza pictorial folios first had the year 1429, ion, seated on a woven mat, formally covered with a white ca|>e,
then it was corrected to 1427 (folio 6v). and wearing the xiuhuitzolU, or noble headband, on his head. The
IlzcoatI vacated the Mexica throne upon his death in Thirteen blue speech gl>'ph signifies his (tosition as Tktoani, or Speaker, Mis
Flint Knife, or 1440. .\gain, this is substantiated by many other name gl>'ph, attached to his head, depicts a colorful red and yellow
historical documents, although dates given generally range be- serpent with numerous black spikes.' While variously rendered in
tween 1437 and 1449. Itzcoatl reigned only thirteen years (a pro- other pictorials, these two elements of snake and obsidian regu-
pitious number in ^Vztcc numerology) but was instrumental in larly constitute this ruler's name glvph.'
14 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS $V-6v

Following past practice, ItzooatI ru!>c cu the exalted positiun ut quic, Cuidahuac, Xochimilco, and Ouauhnahuac arc ail shown as
Tlatoani by viitne of botb his genealogical connectioas to prior oooqoesB of Itzcoad, ytt diey were claimed much earlier for
rulers aiul hi^ |irnv( ri or potential leadership ijii.ilitics. ItZOOatI w;!*, Acamapichtii ifolio 2v). SiniilarK. Quauhtitlan's reconquest surelv
a son of Ac.im.!jin;iitli, brother of Huitzililiuiil, and undeofClu- re|)rcscnts a recstablishmcnt of .Mexica power relations in the wake
nulpopiK'a, whom he succeeded. He was already a known man of of the Tepanec disruption. With the foU of the Tepanec empife»
when he amuned the Menea throne
valor, being forty-six yean old the Mexica would have found it necessary to establish their own
(Davies 1974:66). Leadership responsibilities were not new to control over these restless towas. Also, Acolhuacan-Texcoco is
IizmatI, for lu- sened .is l'lacxkúilaitl under Huitzilihuid, and listed with Itzcoatl and probably represents Nezahualooyod^ re-
probably also under Chiniaipopoca (Davies 1987:142). \s was cstablishment of control over the Acolhua realm.*
usual for central Mexkui rulers, he had nuny wives, but appar- Notwithstanding Mtnitafs daim that all Itzcoad^ victories
ently only seven children, none of whom inooeeded him (Cider were gained in a single expedition, they appear to have been
Maukaa folio 6v). achieved by several separate thrusts. Neighboring I'iateloico was
Wth Itzcoatl, the Menea moved fnxn a position of snfaser^ subdued, although it later rriielled while Axayacad ruled in Tenoch-
ncncc to one of dominance. At the same tiiru' that the Mexii a rose litlail. SliurtK- .ifter the formation of the Triple Alli.m. i- i
c a. 14^0),
in power and stature vis-a-vis odier Valley of Mexico dcy-suces, the Mexica assisted Nezahualcoyod in reclaiming his rightful
die Merica ruleiship and nobility gained in power vÍ94-vis the re- «inwMín, and then moved, one by one, against the southern lake
nunnder of the population. Political power became more central- towns of Coyoacan, Xochiinilc-o, .Mizquic, and Cuitlahuac, in that
ized during his reign, and while status distinctions had certainly Older. As the Acolhua region in the east became consolidated
existed prior to that time, they became more explicit and clear-cut under Neaahualooyotl, and the Mexica inexorably swallowed up
as the Mcxica moved to dominate the recion. After the fall of town after town in the southern valley, it was incntablc that war in
Aicapot/alco, the .Vlexica ruler controlled large tracts of land that the southeast with Chalco would resume, for those hostilities still
were his to distrihute .is he wished. Lands and other titular and festered. And while violence did again break out, it was not con-
manrial rewards were bestowed largely on nobler tliia practice dushnaly ended until the reign of the next Mexica uwoarch, Mo-
tended to widen the gap between efite and commoner. Furtfaer- Rcuhzoma Ilbuicamlna.
niorc. he ordered the destruction of the old chronicles, and es- Satisfied that the Valley of Mexico was reasonably well under
sentially redefined and rewrote Mexica history (van Zantwijk control, Itzcoad then moved south into present-day Cjuerrcro to
1985:10. 19). dominate additional towns that had been part of die Tepanec do-
loooatl did not consolidate his and Tenochtitlan's power by main (Hassig 1988:154). Of the towns listed in Codex Maidoza.
himself like all rulers, he had associates and advisers. He was for- these included Cueâlan, âqualpan, Yztepcc, Yoalan, and Tepc-
tunate in being seoonded by two of the most inflaemial men in quacuilco (folio 6r). ItMoad followed this sucoNsfol canpngn
Mexica history, his ncphc« .Motccuhzoma Ilhuicunim (who would with another outside the Valley of AkaícOy dús time to Quanhaa-
succeed him as Tlatoaiii) and die all-too-legendtry figure of Tla- huac and nearby Xiuhtepec.'
caeld (who served as C&muai or '^ñot'Jítmi^ for several Me- Mexica history took on a quite different hue beginning with
xica rulers).' Itzcoatl. The Mexica now became masters of their own destiny,
dominating the Valley of Mexico and moving into distant regions
in an effort to control their known world. The Aztec empire had
THE CONQUESTS
begun.
ItxeoMft greatest milttary fcat came early in his reign: the toppHi^
of the powerfid Tcpanec empire centered at .\/capot/a!c() The SOURCES ON THE REIGN OF ITZCOATL
lepanccs were already m a state ot rurtnod toward the end ot
Chimalpopoca's rule, with the death of Tezozomoc and the ensu- Boone, in chapter 4 of volume I . thoroughly analyTtcs this section
ing battle of succession hy his sons. Itzcoad a^ressively allied of Codtx Maubaa. Further information on the reign of Itzcoad can
himself with the struggling ndcr-in-cxilc of the Aoolhua, Neza- be found m Davies (1974:62-85; 1987:34-50). Hassig (1988:
hualoojwd, and to<;ether they vanquished the Tcpanec forces. But 141-156), Kelly and Palerm (1952:287-290), Sahaf;ún (1950-
hecnming the new lords of the valley was a foat yet to be estab- 1982 8: 1), Durán (1967 2 72- 123), Alvatado iczozomoc (197Sa:
:
and Itzcoad spent the remainder of his days (until his death
lished, 2)9-281X IbniixiMdi (1969 1:131-150)^ CUbr TtBerimt-
in 1440) conquering dissident towns and conM)lidaiing .Mexica Remam (1964- 1967: folioc 3 lr-3 Iv), and Ciaik (1938 1 : 30-3 1).
power in and around the Valley of Mexico. These victories were
achieved largdy by the }oint ndlitaiy eflons of Tcnochthhn, 1^-
coco. and TLicopan, later to become known as the Triple Alliance.
The one rnaôr exception was the inclusion of TIacopan itself
Nom
among Itzcoad's military laurels.
.\s the shield-arrow-iíí¿íf/ symbol indicates, the towns listed 1. hi(d0 = oboiüiiii aad = mikt at ieipcut
with Ir/.coatI on were vanquished by force of arms during

this folio 2. See;fcre«Bple.Sahagto(t9»-i9C<;plne4). CMktlWirkm Bammk
his reign. I wetitv lour are shown (>ee list attached to maps), and (1964-IW7: Ibliac )lr. 3lv)^ Dwin (1967 2; 10)u UMm
J. TiacackhfMaRapedittycariicdbyMMifCMbiMdandM'XIiMcaJr'
the Spanish commentary (folio 6v> states that they were all con- (Dorin, Atvmdo lâoBomoc) and nujr «éll reflect a itraof bias on belialfof
quered in one campaign, so valiant was he. However, die lint con- a glori^mg dcsccndmt
quest, that of .\zcapotzalco, constituted a single major event, fol- 4. Opihaaihti aBd,lid may wpmcm a fei|gncd ww bciwc m 'l^ i iiiclii itiMi
lowed by the others in turn. Moreover, he did not accomplish all of and ToBDoik fai n Am id define pmrmially tense power idariaas (Hung
1«88:I$0-IJ1).
this by himself, for much of the military effort was carried OUt with
5. ltisiiiterHdiigdiatXitthiepecisiiMliideiliSaeaaquettliefe,aiiioeitliad
his new ally, Nezahualcoyotl. and several of the conquests were a t«<|ueRed Meaca iniHtsfy aid in a diipHte widi ncariiy Qnanfanahoac. Fnhipi
reestabhshmeiu of Mexica and Acolhua power. For example, Miz- the price of anstance was snbaeraeMe.
THE HISTORY YEA* TO year/ FOLIOS 5V-6V ' 15
Copyrighted materia
FOLIOS 7v-8v:
THE CONQUESTS OF
MOTECUHZOMA ILHUICAMINA
* AmtiMiilra lile Pnlrsnl
•''
ILAXCALA
<>iii¿iuh(ur •ílMoepc*
XtuMcpM
^rUcn^Mihmlj n
Imptrtat Boundary
Indeptndent Stñoríos
(!<>iu[iiL^ts (»t'.MotL-cuh/^>ina Ihuicamina (14*41 — I46V)

J
THE YKARS include the fire stick and curls of smoke s>'mbolizing that solemn
event, having drawn a line to that year givph. The symbol's omis-
It7xoatl died in the year Thirteen Flint Knife (1440), and his
sion was probably an oversight.
nephew Motecuh7x>ma Ilhuicamina succeeded him in the follow-
ing jfcar (One House, 1441).' Other documentar)' sources for his
THE RULER
accession to the Mexica throne range between 1438 and 1445,
most agreeing with 1440 or 1441 (sec Boone's appendix A). Motccuhzoma Ilhuicamina is depicted on folio 7v of Codex Men-
There are tweni>'-nine year gl>phs accompan)'ing Motecuh- on a woven mat and facing his
doza seated prized conquests. He is
zoma llhuicamina (one even spilling over onto the following folio). wrapped in a plain white cloak, which covers him from neck to
His long reign ended in the year Three House (1469), according to ankle, wears a turquoise headband with red back-tie, and emits a
the SUndcza commentary (folio 8v). This is generally confirmed blue speech scroll, s)'mbolizing his function as Speaker, or Tla-
by other sources, which place his death variously between 1467 toani. Above his head, and attached to his headband by a thin line,
and 1471. is his name gl}'ph. The glyph shows a stylistic sky being pierced by
In the j-ear Two Reed, 1455, a New Fire Ceremony must have an arrow. This gl>ph symbolizes only the latter part of his name;-
been celebrated, for another fifty-two j-ears would have elapsed perhaps the initial component, Motecuhzoma, is being repre-
since the last ceremony. The Mmdoza artist apparendy planned to sented by the ruler's headband.'
16 • THE HISTORY VEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 7V-8v

This fintMotecuhzonn was a son of Haitzilihuid and a nephew The death of Itzcoad and accession of Motecuhzoma Ilhui-
lords.
of Itzcoatl, whom he succeeded. Motecuhzoma had already estab- camina was no exception. .Mthough not recorded in tlie Matdaza,
lished his repulaitiaii as a warrior and statesman, serving as a mili- several towns in the Valley <>f Mexico had to be reincoiporated
cary leader and a member of die coond) of four royal advison (as into the i\ztec empire.' But open conflict with Chaico continued,
íliiCKhúikiit!') under It7a)atl, He was well <nxr torn vcars old and was not ultimately resolved until the final years of this Motc-
when he succeeded to the Mexica rulership, a man of considerable cuhzoma's reign. Motecuhzoma launched several for-flung miUtary
experience. campaigns: south hito Morelos and Guerrero, even farther south
McnJorzî'i Spanish commentarv' (folio 8v) de<;crihes .Mntcnih- to C'oax-xtlahuacan'' and neighlxiring centers in Oaxaca, north -i
zoma as "very serious, severe and virtuous . . . of good temper and the Acotonilcos and their neighbors, northeast to the land of the
judgment, and an enemy of evil." His life-style apparently did not HuaxtecB, southeast to capture maiorTolonac centers, and into the
include ini.lu!i;iiu' in wine and women (for t!if ciirnincntirv stires Tepeacac area south of Tbxnln "
M inv of the conquests listed for
that he exercised moderation m both), and he re|X)rccdly fathered Motecuhzoma in the Mfmiozj also were to lieconie tributc-a)llcc-
only two sons, a suqnisingljr null number.* Neither succeeded tion centers, as recorded in part 2 of this document.
him to the rulership. Motecuhzoma's military ambitions had been interrupted by the
One gets the impression that Motecuhzoma was demanding and disastrous famine of 1450- I4S4, but then were resumed with even
vnoooipminiaing in his laws and ideak, but not unfair. During his greater vigor. His forays to the Golf coast nuiy have been some-
reign, power and became more conoeiltrtced in ifac high
privilege what in reqioase to that £nmne, In an attempt to control regions of
ranks of government, and sumptuan,- laws became explicit and reliable food production (Davies 1974:99). Altogedier the Mem-
enforced.' dozj lists thirty-three conquests for this Motecuhzoma, symbol-
Now with successful conquests lar beyond the Valley of Mexico ized by the glyph combining shield, arrows, and adad.
(and into the coastal lowlands), the Merica had ever-increasing ac-
cess to precious lu.xuries: fine stones. feathers, am!
;r<i[iÍL-:i1 \ .I'u.ililc
SOURCES ON THE REIGN
metals (gold, and copper). Motecnihzuma's very curunatiun
silver,
OF MOTECUHZOMA ILHUICAMINA
served as a setting for displaying these enhanced riches. In addi-
tion, his inrreflsfd control tner hiim.in md orhiT resnurcc^ is re- Boone, in chapK r 4 of volume I .
tfioroi!^'h!\- aaslyws this section
flected in his strivings to enlarge Icnochiiiian's cciucqnete, the of CoJex Mendoza. .Viiditioiiai sources on the COlorful reign of
great temple to HuitzUopochtii and Tlaloc. All this activity sug- the first Motecuhzoma can be found in Davies (1974:86-12};
gests a richer, more confident, and more ambitious i^îme than 1987:42-6«). Hassig (1988:157-175), Kelly and Palcrm (1952:
any previous. 291-295), Sahagún (1950-1982 8:1-2), Duran (1967 2;125-
Yet MoicLuK/inna Ilhuicamina's reign was marred by a scries of 248), .\lvarado Tez.ozx>moc (1975a:282-?74), Torquemada (1969
calamities. I hcy i>cgan with a locust plague in 1446, followed by 1:150-171), Codtx mman-Rtmaua (1964-1967: foUos 31v-
serious ilooding in the island city of Tenochtidan in 1449. To pre- 35v), and ClaHc (1938 1 : 3 1 -33).
vent a reoccurrence uf tlu^ l itter catastrophe, Motecuh/oni.i re-
quested a massive dike to be engineered by Nezahualcoyotl of 1 ex-
coco. This achievement, however, could do nothing to stave off the
third setback: a disastrous fuminc that lasted four lone vcars. It be-
gan in the year 1450 and \^.is not ai first a major pmblem, for there
were suMicient stores of fo<KÍsiulis. But by the year 1454, famine
racked tlie land, and many .Mexica resorted to selling themselves or NOTES
their family members into slavery to the well-fed peoples of the
1. The Mttuhza format precludes tiie pnmihilily that MotECuhzcuna suc-
"hot lands" of the verdant Gulf coast. The famine came to an
ceeded Incoad in the tame year. 1440. Howmr, die Spaniih conunmary
abrupt end the following year with úic arrival of abundant rains. It fivcf 1440 as dM year he became Tta d m ,
was abo the year to oekbrate a New Fire Ceremony (once every 2. IBiiiai(l9~aÍ7; ate "Wihoat an arrow.
fift)'-fwo years), and the population surely trave a collective sigh of I. Tlieiiaiae|^liafdieiacaiidnilerwbecal]cdMiitecidnainals8iiiii|ile
hmttmirt. The nmii derinea from Itmi^ 0°"l) <fmt)(iimd (tn frown from
relief that the new "century" was to begin on an auspicious note.
•tiger), yielding "Ai^grylxird' Here iÍMlM*dlMiidnuybtd^^
However, the frntine had left its scars; because it had begun and In SaHigbi (19S0-1982 9t phn 5), Mwtwfhaow m-8~»i~V nanw ||yph
reached its pe.ik in Rihhir vcars (Ten Rîhhir ind One Rabbit^* is d>tily-iriow combination odytbw in the (ate Tii/fcrtoas-J^^
such years » ere scdl dreaded at the time of che .Spanish Conquest. 1967: Uio it is die hewlband alone. During MusBadaas oomliiiw dw
Under Itzcoatl, the outline of the Aztec state and empire was
mo ntme ^Fphs by dqiiciing a beadba nd picroed by in arrow (1967 2:
Umhuli).
formed. Under Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina, that oudine began to 4. "Hits ii:u\ ilIlt til ihe wins t>f lust wiie iinlv-
be filled iti, and die direction the empire was to take during the 5. \'<vjhuakii>i)tl, niler of Texcoco ami b euntcmpurary uf this iMotecuh-
next four rulers was established. Warfare became idealized, mili- roma. was a wc!l-knou n pn imulgaiiir of soiugua. iumpBuuy laws and seven
pcnJÍlits liir hrenliiiii; llii iii
tar)' conquests beyond the Valley of .Mexico were expected, flow-
6. Tht: Mohlozjj trîMnnj -Iv ni:inbcrs the fint ftminc year .is Fk'vcn R iWur
ery wais with TkuKah and its neighbors became commonplace,
7. .\i.tLul iiiili(af\ i.'jiu{ui.'i vws priibably nor invtiivcd; peaceful üubnussion is
and human sacrifice increased in both ftequency and acafe. nunc ]d.x\\ rite ii>»iis iiiciuilLd Xocliimilco, AacupoMiloo, Cottiucaa.
G>v< ..K.in. -nd Uucxotla i llassig I'/Hh:! 58),
H. I I'l II. In ot c:<i;ukii.iiKi.ii'aii, Aiunîi, is shiiuii licct Sled (uridt a fope sag-
THE CONQUESTS pf.rivLh iriiund his nccki on this A/f/id'n:.; loli<i.
l>.iiiL-. 1 19741 anii ííj^n; il'^HSi ..h.uciul iIi'jsl caiit|ijt^ns diHcrcnrly'-

With the accession of each new imperial ruler, conquered city- The Tepeacac curujuesis arc attributed m the Mmdaza to Mutccuhzoma't
staRs would reconsider dieir status vis-a-vis thdr mUitsry over- ii mMiur, AaayHvytL
THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 7V-8V 17
FOLIOS 9V- lov:
THE CONQUESTS OF AXAYACATL
THE YEARS THE RULER

According to the Mendoza, Axav'acatI succeeded to the Mexica .'Xxapcatl is shown, as is usual, seated on a woven reed mat, wrapped
throne in the year Four Rabbit, or 1470. Other primary sources in a white cape, and wearing a turquoise diadem with red back-tie
place his royal accession between the years 1467 and 1471. It is (xiuhuttzoUi). The speech glyph flowing from his mouth signifies
hkely that he assumed the throne the same year it was vacated by his role as .Speaker (Jhtoani). His name glyph is attached to his
Motccuhzoma Ilhuicamina, but the format of the Mendtaa pre- headband by a thin black line. It shows a face with water spilling
cludes showing the death of one ruler and the succession of the acn)ss the forehead anil nose, yielding the name "Face of Water."'
next on the same folio.' The Mendoza commentary (folio 9v) starts In contrast to his predecessor, who was already an experienced
his rulership in 1469. statesman and militar)'commander when he reached the throne,
His rule ended with his death in the )xar Two House, or 1481. Axayacatl was a young man with relatively little experience. But at
Primary sources in general date this event between the v'ears 1 480 age nineteen, he was considered to have great potential as a leader,
and 1483, most setding on 1481 (see Boone's appendix \, vol- especially in the c)'cs of the Cibuaamtl (vice-Tlatoani) TIacaelei.
ume I ). He ruled twelve very active, very aggressive years. Motccuhzoma Ilhuicamina had apparenüy left no legitimate
18 • THE HISTORY YE.^R TO YEAR / FOLIOS 9V- OV I

heirs. The electoral process therefore became especially impor* Following his \nitory over Moquihuix in 1473,' Axayacad
tant, ahfaoogh it seems to have been dominated by TIacaelel and hunched military cxpcditiotis to the Toluca area in the west. He
the rulers of Texcoco and Tlacopan (Daxies 1974: 125). Axayacatl achieved many conquests in that region and farther south (see
was a grandson of Motecuhzoou and thus had some genealogical map), thus creating a bulwark between the .Mexica and the power-
claim 10 the rakiship.' All larascans iirdier to die west However, Axayacad then made a
Axayacatl followed central Mexican custom in niarr>ing many significant military mistake; he moved against the Tarascans them-
women, usuaOjr with political alliances in mind. He also had many selves. The Mexica were vasdy oumumbered and reportedly lost
dilldren, two of whom (Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzln and Cnkla- thousands of warriors in that íÑ-fated campaign. This was the ftrst
huac) were to rule during the Spanish (Conquest. His inlereiti great defeat sufiertd in the imperial Mexica.
focused on war&re and conquest rather than internal afiidis, al- Despite his great losses in the I'arascan campaign, Axayacad was
though the Meiuhza commentary tells us that he maintained the later able to regroup and lanndi military expeditions to the lands
lau s established by his predecessor. It also stnto rh ir hi- was proud, of the Huaxtcc, in the northem Golf coast region. Here he was
restless, and greatly feared by his subjects. Uniortunately, early in more successful. In all, during his twelve-year reigii .'\xayacad
his reign he lost two of the wisest and most experienced advisers in proved to be a oourageons and aggressive warrior, perhaps too ag-
A/ret history: the O*///;™.;?/ Tbcaclel and the TcKCOCan TlafWnf gressi\r. His huiriil!.uini; tiete.ii .n the hands of the Tar.isriuis ij.ix e
Nezahuaicoyotl. Both died in the early 1470b. hint of Aztec vulnerability. Vet by the 1470s the empire
tiie tirst
was Strang and oonsotidated, and icbellions did not readily crop up
as the Mexica recovered from their weakened state.
THE CONQUESTS
It wn custiHnary for a newly chosen ruler to go immediately to SOURCKS ON I HF REIGN OK AX.AY.AC.ATL
war to verify his now nilcrship. It was iNo ikhiI tor fonqucrcd
subjects to ukc this opportunity to rebel against a tiirune in transi- This historical section of the CoJtx Mtndtaa is anal)'zcd by Boone
tion. On this occasion, Qiethxtlan on the east coast chose to defy in chapter 4 of volume I. Additional information can be found in
Mi xica rtilc. :iml Axayaeji! moved against Cuetlaxtlan and other Davies (1974: 124-Isl; 1087:6?, 105), H.issÍl' ( 1 988 ; 1 76- 1 88),
towns in that area. Axayacatl may also have achieved conquests in Kelly and Palerm (1952; 296-300), Sahagun (1930-1982 8:2).
the Tepeacac region at this time. Darin (1967 2:249-293), Alvando Tezoeomoc (1975a: 375-
Despire viciories in such far-flung regions, .\jiayacatl's most 439), Tortiuenuida (1969 1:172-182), Codex Trllrriano-Remmit
noteworthy conquest lay close to home, in TIatelolco. Under their (1964-1967: folios 35v-38v). and Clark (1938 1 :33-35).
filler Moquihuix, the TIatelolcans rebelled against Tenochca rule.
The furilin,' of that rchcllinn is g^raphically jxjrtraycd in ('odfx
Mendoza (folio lür); Tlatelolco's twin temple is in flames, and a

dead Moquihuix tumbles from tiie temple, wearing the full regalia
of his position."'
Nons
The hitilit}' of that rebellion is graphically portraj'ed in CoJtx
Meiuhza (folio lOr): Tlatdoloo% twin temple is in flames, and a 1. The Codex /'eiUrtjriu-Rmftisu {VM-I967i tíiioiSvXÍMtmai^á^
dead Moquihuix tumbles ftom dw temple, wearing the full itgalta Motecuhzoma'^ deach and Anyaotl^ noeeiaimi in the aune year. Three
Home (1449).
of his position.''
2. A(lff B water, xtytttd = face or nuuL The ntme could abo be truulaied
TSmochca governors were installed in Ttateldoo following Axa- » "Mask of Water."
yacatl's %"ictory, precluding further local revolts. This definitive ^ \x:n kind's inorhcr Huiajlxoditzin, a daughter of Monaihaoaia II-
conquest set the stage for closer relations between the professional hiiiotiiiiu His father was Tczo/ximoc, a son of Itzcoatl.
4. He linsscd as both ruler and warrior I hs turquoise diadem, quct?^!
merchants ofHatddeo md AeTenockthlan niler. llieirs was to IV
íearÍH't standard, beaded neckUcc, earplug, and wnstband are all trappings of
become a s^-mbiotic relationship, with the merchants scrvint' ihe
ruvalty and nobiliq^ He iIm wem cottm annor and carries a shieU, dmw-
Mexica ruler as spies in distant lands, and the ruler serving as pa- ing a warrior.
tron to these traders in their entrepreneurial ventures. 5. Sec page deicripdini for Tbttloloo hr more details on dtb battle.
IHfc IIISIOKV VLAR lO YEAR / FOLIOS 9V- lOV • 19
Copyriyt ilOü irialül lal

FOLIOS I IV- 1 2r:
THE CONQUESTS OF TIZOC
Axayacatl's death and Tizoc's kingly succession reportedly oc-

THE YEARS
curred in the same year, the givph for the )'car (Two I louse: 1 48 1)
The j-ear gl>'phs along the left margin begin with Three Rabbit would appear with only one of the rulers.
(1482) and end with Seven Rabbit (1486), suggesting that Tizoc
reigned from 1482 to 1486. Documentary sources differ on the be-
THE RULER
ginning date, although most agree that he began his rulcr^hip in
148 1 However, the Atialfs dt TkttloUo ( 1 948 59) gives 1 482 (Three
. : The ruler Tizoc is shown in characteristic Mendoza fashion, wear-
Rabbit),' the Codex Tclleriano-Rcmensis (1964-1967 folio 38v) says ing a plain white manta and noble turquoise diadem {xiubuitzoUi),
1483, and the Códice Auhin (1963 :72, 146) gives 1480 as the year seated on a woven mat, and with a speech scroll symbolizing his
he ascended to the throne (see Boone's appendix A in volume 1 ). function as Speaker, or Thtoani. His name gl>ph is a leg covered
There was also some confusion in the Codex Mendoza itself, as only with small dots, which Clark (1 938 1 ; 3.>) suggests represents blotMl-
five year gl>phs were drawn for his reign, )xt it was annotated "nu- Ictting (from te{o: bloodlcttcr). This is more directly portrawd in
mero de años. 6." The Spanish commentary was corrected to read the Codex Auhiti (1963:72, 146), which represents his name as a
1482 instead of, perhaps, 1481. Some of this confusion may have foot pierced by a maguey thorn, and in the Florentine Codex (Sa-
resulted from the scribal convention of presenting the years con- hagún 19S0- 1982 8: plate 7), which shows a nose or ear ornament
tinuously from reign to reign with no duplication; so even though (yaeaxihuitl) attached, perhaps, to a fleshy body part (nose?) pierced
20 • THK IIISIOKY YKAR TO YKAR / KOI.IOS 1 IV- 1 2r

by a maguey spine. His name is turthcr "spelled uut" in the Ctda 453) add.s information on Tizoc's inglorious defeat at the hands of
TdkñáM^ltmeKis (1964-1967: Iblios }8v. 39r), which illustrates a Meztitlan and the Huaxtecs who came to the aid of their neigh-
stone itf't\ cnrcrcfJ h\ n m;i(nun' ¡riikc '("o: the- mt ot pierdnp). In bors. For details on Tizoc's conquests listed in the historical aoiiroes»
the tn'tiute seLiion, ihis "act ol piercing" is gljphicaliy represented see Kelly and Palerm (1952:301-303).
for the <inund in place-name glyphs and on certain mantas (e.g.,
foUos 17v and 35r), but the here on folio 12r apparently chose
artist
SOURCES ON THE REIGN OF TIZOC
a difltrent option for representing the ruler Tttoc's' name. This
glyphic sign (the leg with small dots) more closely resembles that See especially chapter 4 by Boone in volume .\lso see Duran 1 .
used on fioUo lit of the Mendots, for the place glyph of Tiâyucan (1967 2:295-312), Sahagún (1950-1982 8:2 (in which he simply
(a white hill with several small blade dots, the whole representing states that "no wars were made in his reign"]), Alvarado Tfatoeo-
ti(atl. chalk). ii n: i1 "-5,1: 137-453), Torqucmada (1969 1:182-184), Códice
According to the Spanish commenory, Tizoc followed a famil- Cbimaî^ (1975:67), Amüs de Tlatthko (1948:17, 59-60),
iar route to the nilenhip, first atîeving the position éí TtatatttMd. a&t AwNh (1963:72. 146), Codex TeBeríam-Rememit (1964-
An. uhili the
I c iimmc-nt;ir\- cx.iltx his exploits in war and in the pro- f<,|¡,„ 38v-39r), Kelly and Palerm (1952 301 :
!n ! ,, Davies
tection and promulgauon of the laws of the land, there is consider (1974:151-157; 1987:73-75), and Hassig (198«; 189-199).
abk douin coooeiiiing his actud adiíevements on these fixMi^
DanFieS (1974: 1S6) suggests, "he prcferred to sfrliiHc himself in his
palace, showing little interest in public añ'airs and even less in wars
to enhance the glory of the Mexica It is fully possible that he did
not die of natural causes, but that an early end to his rather shaky NOTES
reign was precipitated, perhaps by sorcery, perhaps by poisoning.*'
1. This account al«o«ut«»th«Tiaocded la the yeir Six House, having mled
four ^"drSi A fliflcfCiit vcisioQ in lliii mnc >AmAt milifliirt he raKcil five yun
THE CONQUESTS (1948:17).
2. Toniiieiiuda (1969 lilflS) MOHia llw fanner. Dnnn (1967 2:311} die
Tlic wcjpijii'. Tiûcis facing, the fejihcrcd sliieKi' .iixl .irniws, ,irc imer.
used uniformly throughout this section of the Mendoza to indicate

}. Tins iliidd|,d*CMa(tdwidiic«lier balls. dM appeals Mfbfi667r of the
Mmdmt, candad fay at ciaked Thmbcakail. TUa type of dUM is not le-
waiAre, or that die towns indicated were taken bjr feree of arms. corded in itw Mmitt tribute tally. S«e appendix G in volume I.
I'mirtccn towns arc named ghphically, each accompanied by the 4. Of diese fifteen town giyphs, ten kmc been quite acceptably identi-
burning temple that symboUzed, on paper and in fact, a town's fied: Madatzincn, Tudipa, Ahuilizapan, Colhuacan, Tctcnanco. Xnchimiico,
Chalco. .Vcolman/Acolhuacan, naiclolto, ami Cuethntl.ui íNk ImUn:;
conquesL The conquests daiined for llxoc on this page are Ibnali
5). The rliKíüt possible cornr^pnniJfnci.- with Sicrnhz^'- i^t^nt' tur 1 i«jc is
ymoqueqaj-an. Toxico, Ecatepec, QIan, Tccaxic, luliica, Yannii- .\l3tljt?jiico, rcprcsentcil un the l izuc Stitiu .is .1 iimiiiIl net, ti>ulcl M^nily
tlan, Tlapan, Atezcahuacan, Ma9atlan, Xt)chiyctia, Tamapachco, the marc complex gUph for l uhuj, whiih also i(jrii.ii:u j net in itN plyphic
I'.c.ul yquapcchco, and Miquetlan. These towns were spread üpütí ««üemlilaiic Atrnntinu' to the MrnJozd. Tuluci had also been conquered by
hrr)adly throughout central and southern Meneo (see aocotnpony-

Tizoc's predecessor, Aaayacaü. The Tooc Sione, a Urge carved cylindrical
sculprure. curtcndy náíet in die Muieo Nadoml de Aatropolagia In Mec-
mg map). This listing only partially coincides widi lists in other
iti) Cif\.
sources. The Ti/oc .Stone, lor cx.irnple. lists fifteen conquests for >. Pljif iiliphi ltn;caiirl', lucI i v.^guL-|>^-^^ jIlhi: limr., .r-.il .¡ltirn.itf mean-
Tizoc, matching none of those attributed to Tizoc in the Mtn- ings for the sjmc -iipis «ere wjinctimcs pven in i'l. 1
-c i
r . jt.ni' some confu-
d»zt,* Other documemary sources on Mexicin conquest history sion for modern scholars. For example, the town i I ili .iiLm. iivied in ihi:
Atults átTlauiotcúiVHH I") as a conquest of Ti/in,

: nuy be thesame as Yan-
appro.\imate the listing provided in MenJ'/zn. with Gú/íii- Chtmnl-
cuitlan: both could be represented b)- a piece of cloth and a pair of teeth (at
popoat (1975:67) and the AnaJcs dt Tiauloko (I'Mii: 17) providing Vancuidia appears in the Meniiea, folio 12r). See chapter 7 and appendix E
the closest ooncspondenoe.* Abarado Teaoranioc (1975a:440- byBerdminiialnniel.
THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLtOS I IV- I sr • 21
FOLIOS I 2V- I 3v:
THE CONQUESTS OF AHUITZOTL
THE YEARS THE RULER

AhuirzotI began his sixteen-year reign in the year Eight Reed AhuitzotI is ponrayed on folio 13r in typical .Aztec fashion: seated
(1487) according to the Mmdoza piccographs. However, most pri- on a reed mat. garbed in a white cloak from neck to ankles, and
mary sources agree that he succeeded to the Mcxica throne the wearing a turquoise diadem uith red back-tie. .\ blue speech glyph
same year his predecessor died, in 1486. curls from his lips. His name gl>ph, attached to his cape by a thin
I lis vital reign ended in the )'ear Ten Rabbit, or 1502. This date black line, portrays a rather fierce water animal (abuitzott).'
is the one most commonly mentioned in other primary sources, AhuitzotI was TIzxk's logical successor, being his y-ounger
although dates do range from 1501 to 1503 (see appendix A by brother and already a high-ranking military officer (Tkcatecatt).
Boone in volume I ). There was apparently some controversy owr this choice, for it was
22 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I 2V- 3VI

critical that the Mexica choose well after Tizoc's weak regime, and rôns already conquered and integrated into the empire by pre-
AhuitzotI was yet a >'oung man. NoMtfaekss, he proved hiinadf vious rulen, Ahuitzod spent most of his military energy on the
the greatest of the Mcxica military leaden, dubbed by Davies borderlands, greatly expanding the empire's territorial extent.
(1974: 158} "tibe Uon of Anahiub" However, on assuming the throne he faced the problem common
Ahuhzott had nuiny wives and difldren, befitting his statns as to all new Mexica luleR: the restkssness of conquered subjects
TTatoam. One ot these children, Cuauhtcmot umiM Ik ^.iptured , during the rulcrship transition. In this case a few towns to the
by the Spaniards as Tenocfatidan fell in 152 1 and wuuid become a northwest (Xiquipilco, Chiapan, and Xilotepec)' dared defy him,
symbol of modem Mexico's mJtígtmsm. and he brought them bode bito die Merica regime rather easily.
As ficac and uncompromising as Ahuirzotl was on the batrle- Shordy thereafter AhuitzotI moved on the Huaxtecs ofTziooac
ücld, he was kind and lavish to his friends. He entertained them, and Mnlanco, gaining countless sacrificial warriors for his Great
and WH in mm feted, so that "the music never ceased, day or Temple expansion ceremony. Ever active, he then set out to con-
tá^^KÍ* {JCodfx Mcrulozji folio I2v). His pleasures and magnanimit)', quer Teloloaji.m iie.-r TIachco) and Alahuiztlan and Ozroma (in
however, cost the state coffers dearly; the emperor's high expen- Guerrero); none of these conquests is reflected in the Maldosa list
ditures could bardy be met even by the rapidly expanding tribute fDavies 1974:173-175).
demands (Da\ics 1987; 89). The remainder of Ahiiiti'otl's rule was lllled witii distant mill-
Ahuitzod's lavishness was also expressed in public ceremonies. ury expeditions: to the <îhuadan and Tlapan areas of the Padfic
While the purpose and form of these frequent had
ritual events coast, to the Tbhuantepec and Xoeonochco regions farther sooth
been well established for generations, the scale on which they were along the Pai ilu and into Oaxaca. He may also have made mili-
,
now performed exceeded all imagination. Human sacrifice took tary forays in the Totonac area of Veracruz (see map). In all, his
on a "mass productton" and ceremonies involving large-
quality, grand strategy seems to have invoKed reasserting control over pre-
scale s.urificcs became a showcase for Mexica [Mivver.' Ahuit/otI vious subjects, extending imperial territorv'. and securing hostile
also inherited the last stages of a major expansion of Tenochtidan's borderlands. The empire's most distant expansion was to the lands
great tem|de. This projecT was completed in the year 1487 and, of of the Xoeonochco, rich in cacao, tropical feathers, and access to
course, required a major iiuHi.ii y L onquest to obtain sacrificial cap- precious stones. Control of this region, and intermediate Oaxaca,
tives; in this case the Huaxtecs of I'zicoac were so honored (Davies greatly enhanced the royal riches. In strengthening his borders,
1987:81). AhuitzotI particularly emphasized the Tarascan frontier (Davies
It is not surprising that Ahuitzod was a special patron to the 1987:87-89). There he .irhunei! new conquests both north and
professional merchants, given his "cash -flow" problem. These south and strengthened his foriitications ati<1 subjcc~t towns (such
pocttea were highly adept at turning a profit and also served as Oztoma) by the establishment of militai ) tiarrisons and the
Ahuitzod^ expansionist .lims in scounns; dist.int l.snds for conquest colonizadon of loyal subjecB (Haañg 1988:208-211).
possibilities, in their far-flung eiqieditions, these prufcssiunal mer-
chants would trade their
merchandise (see
own private goods and also the niler^
Sahagún 1950-1982 9:1-8. I" ]9).
SOI RCF.S ON I HF RI KiN AMI H /OI I
Although Ahuitzod was a great military commander and strong Boone, in chapter 4 of volume 1, anal^'zcs this section of the Codex
leader, his reign was not unflawed. Perhaps his greatest mistake oc- Mtndmt. Additional details on Ahuitzod^ rulership can be found
ciirroJ not on the disi.int coasts of Xoeonochco, or even in the wild in Davies (1974: 1 ^»-207: 1987 80-89), I fassig 9K« 2(K)-2HX
: í 1 :
"hot lands" of the Huaxteca, but in his own backyard, trying to Kelly and Palcrm (1952: J(H- 309), Sahagun (195Ü-1982 8:2;
bamesB the abnndandy flowing springs near Coytracan, his overly 9:1-8, 17-19), Dwin (1967 2:323-389), Alvando Tezozomoc
ambitious water-control plan went awry, and he caused serious (I97Sa: 458-570), Torqucmada (1969 1:186-193), CoJex Tdk-
flooding in Tenochtidan and other lakeside cities (Davies 1974: rümo-Remtnsis (1964-1967: folios 39r-4Ir), and Clark (1938 1:
194-195). 37-41).
CH'erall, during Ahuitzod's reign the .\7tcc empire recovered
from the prior regime's setbacks and expanded its conquests izi be-
yond diose encompassed bjr any pnvions emperor. The tribute
gained from these far-flung conquests, however, was spent lavishly NOTES
by Ahuitzod, who gave unstintingly to his friends and set a new
Standard «nd levd of esipeiiditttre fbr the performatloe of oeremo- 1. Tlie gracafill flow ol water :jfi > jIuhl' the creature's back and tail provide
the initial sound ("a") o( tliis animal's name, thus easily idcnti^n^; it as an
nies. But beyond these profligate propensities, he was first and
iihumati Durin'$ atlas láxm» 28) and Sahagún's illustrations 11^50
(1967 2: -
foremost a military commander who led his troops in person, suf-

1 982 8: plate 8) show die animal swiouiiing (?) on top of the water. The «ta*-
fering dieir haidships and Glaring iheir victories. tzotl was a fiirry mythical animal wirii potated eani neoooolike hamit, and a
longtaiL It be associated with die otier.

2. Enemy rolen were frequentiy inviied ID sndi events, and icfiisal ID attnid
THE CONQUESTS was considered a serious insult to the .Mexica rulen Ali iiitiutl canadefed
those who declined as targets for fiiture conquest.
The Mendoza lists forty-five conquests for .'\huit7ot]. snnbolized .V Only C!hi3p.in apptirs in the Mendoza, fiilio l.V. CozcaquanllleiiailOO was
by the combination of shield, arrows, and atiati. With many nearby in (his same region and also may have been conquered at this time.
THE HISTORY Yt.\R TO YEAR / FOLIOS I 2V- 3V I • 23
Copy righted material

FOLIOS 14V— i6v:
THE CONQUESTS
OF MOTECÜHZOMA XOCOYOTZIN
~ Imptrinl HouKiiary
\ .
™ Indepefídrnt Srñariay
N
I luuotoilin
75 150
SI
METZTITLAN ^ AfoUncD \|-'.
L ,Piiiile|iec\^.-;'.
f TI,AX(;\L.\ 1
«Tenochtitlan ioitepcc
Amtdtn
/,
Conquests of Moucuhioma Xocoyotzin (1 S03 — 1 520)
THE YEARS actually continue through Three Mouse (1521); the glosses indi-
cate thatMotccuhzonu died in Two Flint Knife and that the Span-
Morccuhzoma Xocoyotzin began his imperial reign in the year iards a)n(]iicre(l the land in Three House. The fKphs for One
Eleven Kccd, or 1503. The Spanish commentary (folio 14v) iniii- Reed ihrough Three House appear 10 have been aiided later: they
cates that he sticceeded to the Mexica throne in 1502, the same seem to have been hastily drawn, are uncolored, and arc executed
ytar tí Xhiiitzoti's death. This is most WkeW, but the format of the in a slighdy different s^v^c than the nrhcr \ car pl\-phs, The original
Mendifza disallows the death of one ruler and the accession of the year gl>'phs, therefore, dated iVlotccuhzoma's rule only through the
not to be lecorded on the same folio, as dates aic never repeated. year Thirteen Rabbit; or 1518.
Thk aecond Motecuhzoma ruled eighteen years, dying in the A New Fire Ceremony, celebrating the completion of a fifty-
year 'I>M> Flint Knife, or 1 520. The year glyphs on this foUo (ISv) two-year cycle, was observed during this ruler's reign. This oc-
24 • THE HISTOKY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I4V- l6v
Copyrighlcu l a.L
curred in the year Two Reed, or 1 507, and is symbolized by a fire claim to the throne with that success, he then mounted a major
Slick dnwmg smoke (and supposedly fire).' miliury campaign in die Oaxaca area, conquering numerous towns.
He in fact launched several campaigns in that region (sec map),
THE RULER sharply focusing his militaiy efforts tíiete. During one of those
campaigns he probably also subdued a restless Xooonochco region
Motecuhzoma Xocojôtzin Ls depicted in the same sr\ le as the previ- (Hassig 1988:231).
ous eight Mencaiiionarchs; seated on a woven rccd mat, wrapped in Motecuhzoma's preoocupatioo vnth filling in the imperial gaps
a doak, and wearing the sxmbol of nobility, the tarqnoise inevitably led to an escalatitm in the flowery wan widi Tlaxcala
diadem with red back-tic. Missing, however, is the visii;il speech and its allies. During his reign massive campaigns against the Tlax-
scroll, certainly an omission by accident. Motecuhzoma's name calans were conducted in earnest, although tlie stalemate between
glyph is attached to his headband and consists of aiKMher headband the two powers continued. Motecuhzoma^ forces «mquered nu-
resting on a hairpiece or wig along with nirquoise v.ir .m(\ nose merous towns to the south, east, and north of Tlaxcala; this may
ornaments. These elements combine to yield significant parts of reflea a strategy of isolating Tlaxcala from potential allies and ma-
the Moteoihnmia name, but Xocoyotzin ("The Younger") is not terial r esou rces. The flowery war had become a serious war.
represented at all gKphically.' In all, this last of the pre-Spanish Mcxica rulers conquered a
Mocccuhzoma the Younger was a son of Axayacad, and there- great number of towns (the Cedex Mendoza lists forty-four), but his
fere Ahaitzoti% nephew. He was thirty-four or tldrt>'-fi vc >'ear$ old conquests largely involved suppresáng rebellions and filling in
w hen he a<isumcJ the tlirone .mil w as already a man of accomplish- ga(is in the imperial outline established by Ahuitzotl Motectih-
ment, "renowned for military valor, political skill, and religious zoma also intensitied Aztec efforts against their traditional foes,
pier\'" (Dsvies 1967:89). He held the exalted military office of the TIaxcalant. This move again was consistent widi his policy of
't'Lh,¡tfiiiht!¡' upon his election to the niletship, suggesti ve of his COnsolid.nine rhe enipire, since Tlaxcala remained independent
achievements on the batüeñeld. despite being completely surrounded by imperial subjects.
This Motecuhzoma carried on the custom ofhaving many whws
I.irgelv for [)olitir;il reasons. M.irriage ties between
rliililr:-!!,
SOURCES ON THE REIGN
ruling houses of dty-states m the realm formed strong alliances,
OF MOTECUHZOMA XOCOYOTZIN
and minierous diildren grew up to occupy important pditkal
positions and provide a loyal contingent of hig!i-r:i!iking ofíu jals. Sec tion 1 of the Cndcx Mendiizn is tulK' analv/ed by Roone in t hap-
Motecuhzoma was devoudy religious and was known as a phi- cer 4 of volume 1 . This Motecuhzoma, who ruled the Aztecs at the
losopher and astrologer, wise in the aits (Cadbr Mtndez0 folio I4v). time of the Spanish arrival, is the most thoroughly described and
He also enjoyed an i\trav.it:ant life-style, about which there are documented of all A/tec mlers. Details can be found in Davies
aburtdant records.' In general he maintained the laws and statutes (1974:206-269; 1987:89-96), Hassig (1988:219-250), Kelly
promnlgated by his predecessors, but he placed his own personal and Palerm (1952:310-317), Sahagán (1950-1982 8:2-4). Du-
stamp on them The precxistent stimpniary laws cimc inro even ran Í!'J67 :;>'}7-55n, Alvarado Tczozomoc 701X
shaiper focus, being strongly emphasized during .Vioiecuh/otna's lorquemada (1969 1: 193-239). Codex TeUenana-Rememis (1964-
regime. He also came to fiivor heretfitwy nobles over achieved 1967: foHos 41r-43v), Qark (1938 1:41-44). Buriand (1973),
commoners in the attainment of titled positions and the granting Vázquez riOS7), Cortis (1977). and Día? del Castillo ( 1 9A3). .Mote-
of material rewards.' Mocectdizocna is often described as haughty, cuhzoma Xoco)'oizin is also discussed in the page descriptions for
proud, and greatly feared; his snbjeets did not even dare look him folio 69r.
in rhe face {('ndtx- Mt-iijK.ii folio 14v). With his lavish life-sn le and
proud demeanor, he appears to have set himself well above other
tnortalSi
But he had mortal feapi. and these came to dominate his behav-
ior in his frustrating w ith the Spaniards. On one hand
encounter NOTKS
he was a product of his fttalistic calnure, seeing many omens of the
impending doom of his empire in a series of natural and not-so- 1. lite 1507 date for this ceremony is verified by Sahagún (19S0-1982
4: 144). Vuioui naiuni phenomena are recorded ibr dw yean of Mocecuh-
narural phenomena even before the Spaniards arrived. On the
zoraa^ rate; a Cmíne in 1505, a plague of nit in 15W, dhe appearance of a
other hand he was a king aocustomed lo exerdsing some comral zodiical light in 1509, now in 1512, and eanhquakes in 1512 and 151} (Clafk
over his fate, although in this case his despente appeals to the gods 1938 1:51-52).
and astrological ritual went for naught. 2. Tfruh(tld lord; (me}(ttr)u = to fnnvn from anger. These yield "Angry
Lotxl." The Mine Xooayaain derives bom xiayt(iO (younger cÚid) and Ota
(levered).
THE CONQUESTS }. Higli-tinldiigpenaaaBef widitliitthleafediinmfliiMfliidfaHfiriiw 1^
and I8r
IMoiecuhzoma Xocoyotzin did not extend the imperial boundaries 4 S(ji cspL-aallv the c>cwitness aooNHiis of Hemando Cotvts (1977) and
beyond those established by his aggressive predecessor; instead, he Bemai Dur. del Castill.) 1
5.Under prior rulerships, eoninioncrs with outstanding records of achieve-

spent his rulec^hip consolidating conquests within chose bounds.
ment (especially on the battlcñdd) were rewarded with quni'iMilile Katui and
L'pon his election he led a military eiqiedition against the people of its materia] acoMRRmems.
Nopallan and Icpacepec, &r to the south." After solidifying his 6. Only Icpnepec i* lislcd in the Mtadna (foUo 15v).
THE HISTURV VLAK TO % fcAR / FOLIOS I4V- 6v I • 25

of the Codex Mendoza
PART 2
THE TRIBUTE
YEAR TO YEAR
FOLIOS lyv-iSr:
IMPERIAL OUTPOSTS
FbUoslTvMid I8r Be betwewi the MatdazA fim two secdows! the conquered Totocqiec regkm, altbooi^ there were many other im-
conquest historv .ind the record nC rrihure. These folios do not perial communities nradi doser to that border.
fit ncadjr intu the turmat ut cither scvtiun, and tlicre n cunsidcr-
able debtle regaiding tbe meaning of the events or iutítntíons GARRISON TOWNS
poftnyedi
Garrison towns, it appears, were not necessarily oriented only
toward protecting hostile liorders or maintaining peace in mar-

FOKMAT
ginally incorporated areas; they may also have been situated so as
Folio 17v ilhistraies, in the stuidard approved style of the Mm- to protect strategic resonnxs. That is, their location may indicate
doxM tribute section, eleven communities raniîng down the leii^ a compromise solution r<> .cvli.iI coexistint; problems. This nuy
hand margin and across the bottom of the page. Barlow (1949a; have been the case wiiii O/.toma, whidi, along with a l«Kal fortress,
126-130) greops these as a province, with the initial town, Q- was stmegically looted (three leagues distant) to guard critical
rlalrcpcc, as its head. He locates these comnmnirics. Cirl.iltcpcc,' salt resources at Iztapa (PNF. 7: 105); the salt from this area was
Tzompanco, Xalcocan,' Acalhuacan, Coatitlan. Huixachtitlan." widely distributed and certainly worth guarding (PNE 7; passim).
Coadaviuhcan, Acolnahuac, Popotlan,* Yziacalco, and Chaico Similarly, the Côiolan area w as prized fcr its wealth in gold (Cortés
Ateneo in the Lake Texcoco region, north and south of Tenochti- 1977 1 :242). The ouqwsi at Atncao nuy have helped assure TIax-
tlan.' They are neatly listed in a north-to-south geographical pro- cala^ separation from die sea and prohibited its access to resources
gression, following Barlow's identifications (see map 1, chapter 5 such as salt and cotton. For whatever combination of purposes, all
in volume But what are they doing here, on folio 17v of Codtx
1).* these communities were dignified by the Tcnochtitlan powers with
Menáuéf If thit fislio is part of the conquest history, why is the definite military "governors." which suggests a military presence
image of the towns' conqueror omitted? And if ifae folíO IS atttched in these outlying areas And O/rouia and lluaxacjc. at least, were
to the tribute roll, where is the tribute? targets for plarmed colonization efforts by the Mcxica and their
The remainder of felio I7t and ail of 18r iUustrate eleven addi- allies; this may explain lo some enem the presence of both mili-
tional towns in exaggerated size, of which seven. Terenanco for tary and perhaps dvil "governors" in these centén.
Quccholtctcnanco),' 1 iii.ixac.ic, (.ôôlan, Uztoma, .'\t7..ican, .Ari.in,
and Xoconochco, have one or r»x> assigned "governors." *

these
,'\ll
IMPERIAL OFFICIALS
locales were in relatively distant reaches of the enqiire, and Barlow
(ibid.: 127) labels them "frontier garrison towns mentioned with All the "governors" listed (with the possible exception of TTantb-
Citkiltcpcc" (sec m.ip 2, chapter 5 in volume !). Other evidence Kcuhili) i;aincd their titles ihroujdi niilitarv prowess and, at least
cüiitirins that some of tiiese communities did liave ffumimnes originally, through close genealogical tics with the Mcxica rul-
de gmtt (troops), whedier permanent or otherwise (see Davies ing house (Darán 1967 2:99). Three of these titles, Tbmtbttíuü,
1978); these included Ozrnni;! (PNT ~ \K MO;
, Dii? del CastiUo Tlacateait!. and Th!¡im\il'!!ii, were sities carried by the .Mexican 71»-
1963 167), Xoconochco
: (ibid.), Atlan (ibid.), ' and iûaxacac (ibid.: /OtftM's closest advisers (ibid. . lO.í). The I lucutciarl am\ I'LhtKlHakgd
1 20). While the other three places are not mentiaoed specifically are also pictured on folios 64r and 67r of Codex Mtndoza. Sahagún
in other sources as garrison towns, their locations suggest that they (1950-1982 6: 1 ¡0) states that the Tkaaecubtli and the Thcatetati
may have served that purpose. Barlow (1949a: 128) places Quc- had military ties, while die TlmAtttitbtii and the TkcochcakatI had
choltetenanco (Tetenanco) in the province of Tepequacuilco, on noble, perhaps meaning civil, tics> IF this were indeed the case,
the hostile Yope frontier, .^tzacan was probibly looted in present- then Huaxacac, Socolan, Oztoma, and Atzacan had direct Mexica
day VeracTDZ,'* possibly strategically sitinted widi regard to exter- control from bodi military and political administrative angles. The
njj hostilities from TIaxcala and Teotitlan del Camino, and the TUiñilhillaitl, however, is mentioned elsewhere in the stjurccs in
interininable simmering rebellions of Cuetlaxtlan (see Kelly and the capacity of a military commander (e.g., .Aivarado Tczozomoc
Falerm 1952 :271, 277). Qifolan was located not (u from the nn- 1975a:391, 396; CUkt Chmulpiptt» 1975:43). It docs, however,
THE TRIBt" TE YEAR TO VEAR / FOLIOS I 7V- «r I • 29

leave Atlan with only one "govemor" and Xoconochco with two Tepeacac (PNE .S : 12-4.>) and may reflect troops sent to inqmss
somewhat vaguely defined "governors." The two Xoconochco of- Cortes (but sec below, on provincial governors).
ficiab ate mentioned by .Vlvarado Tezozomoc (1975a: 551), how- Although documentation on colonization is detailed only for
ever, in oonnectkm with the Mexica campaign against Xoconochco. Oztoma and Huaxacac (Alvarado Tezozomoc 1975a: 36.Í-364,
For Oztoma, the historical record states clearly that the tvk o señores 533-536; Duran 1967 2:238-239, 351-3s';), Alva Ixtlilxochid
must be Menea, and not AooUiuas or Tepanecs (ibid.: 534)." a town by Nezahuakoyod in the
mentions the establishment of
region of Tolantzinco, peopled by citizens of I cxcoco (1965 2:
MORE GARRISON lOWNS? 199), and Duran suggests in an offhand way that the practice was
not uncommon (1967 2:351). Furthermore. high-raiUdng gover-
Four additional town glyphs remain to he located and explained: nors (7z//wyn TUuochtakatl and Aadnúhuacatl Tkcatecatl) were also
Quauhtochco, Yzteyocan, Poctcpcc, ami Tc(,ap<»titlan. These town placed at the town of Texalocan, near Tepeacac province, although
gisphs Ate enlarged in size, yet they lack the attendant**ginemors." no actual garriaon is mentioned. The people of this to\«-n engaged
They were all Aztec ooaquests and, like the aforementkmed gar- io oonrioioaa warfere with those of ToRxnihuacan, Cholula, and
rúon towns, ringed the outddrti of tiie empire. Quauhtodico and Huezotzinco; the delivery of prisoners for sacrifice from those
Yzteyocan were east coast centén of the Aztec empire; Quauh- three centers was their only tribute requirement to their iVIexica
tochco was the head town of a region reputedly conquered by Tex- overlords (PNE 5:86-87). Similarly, the Relatim Ceoffvfica for
aoco (Alva IxtlilxodiitI 1965 2:196). Yzteyocan is mentioned as l epeacac states that, for the tense Tepeacac/Tlaxcala borderlands,
one of several areas from which painted gourd howls made their "in each town had their captains who were called Tftwctorf-
the>
way into die TIateloIco markeqtlace (Sahagúo 1950- 1982 10: 78). attl and TkettteaU, and to each of these tbcy gave one company of
Pbctepec is listed (along with Oztoma and ten odier centers) as a tnen fiora a Aarnii^ and in diet way Boine were in charge <^ many
conquest primarily of Nezahualco)'od of Texcoco and Toioqui- people, and otbeii [were in diarge of) few (people}" (ibid. : 31).
huatzin of TIaoopan (Alva Ixtlikochid 1965 2:201), and is in- Tepeacac as a province was required to ofiier primiers of war as
conquest of Motecuhzoma Dbdcamina by Torque-
cfaided as a tribute to Menoo (Ctiae Mauhtt folio 42r; PNE 5:14).
mada (1969 1 1 57). It is probably to be located in the province of
:
TepequacuUco. Tecapotidan is listed with Adan on a later page IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS

of the Cadtx MtndozM (folio 53r). On folio Iv of die Mtlria^ it
Tributos these ru o toss ns are indisputably grouped, being separated What, then, might be the relationships among che eleven Lake
from other place gl>'phs by a definite red line. Texoooo communities, the seven "garrison towns," and the four
It would probably be a mistake to label these four centers as other frontier centers? Perhaps the significant consideration is
military outposts, since they lack explicit militar)' officers and there that, while other garrisons were cstablishcii and other colonies
is no corroborative evidence for military functions. This is quite settled, the glyphs on these pages may portray sustained relation-
aside firom Alva LttHbiochitl^ blanket statement that Nezafaual- ships rather than recount one time historical events. Aid, gréen
coyod left "guarding warriors" in each conquered area (I96S the fonnat of folio 1 7v, the relationships may well be those of trib-
2: 197). Bemal Diaz del Castdlo recalls that the chief nf Xocodan ute. There dues to establish these liida, but those that can
are few
loid the conquiseadors of Motecuhzoma^ "great strengt h in war- be found are meaningful and have been recognized by van Zaitt-
riors, which lie l.L'|)i in all ihc provitucs un<lcr his sway, without wijk (\^(>~). First, of the eleven small Lake TCXCOOO OOmmiUli-
counting many other armies which were posted on the frontiers ties, four (Iziacalco, Popotlan, Coatlayauhcan, and Afiobialnuc) are
and in neighboring provinces" (1963; 136). The extent of Aztec explicitly linked with the resetdemem of Oztoma, contributing
milit.iry presence in conquered provinces is still only partially twenrv- leading men (Alvarado 'I"e707omoc l''T5a: 534). This asso-
understood. Davies (1978:228-229) argues tliat ptamiáón in the ciation is significant and must have had some importance for the
SpaidA of the sixteenth century did not necessarily convey the Mexica, for diese are but small otmrMr listed among entire peoples,
meaning of "a standing force." R,ithcr. the Spanish implied a tem- regions, and cities designated for that colonization. Did tlie\ per-
porary, rather flexible grouping ut warriors guarding a spot that haps provide the pritieipaJes, or leading men, mentioned by Duran
was paitkubuly troublesome at the dme. As tnwbled spots mowed, (1967 2:354), yAn carried the reaponsibilíty of actnattjr Jmplc'
so did the guarding forces. Davies reiterates his position in Tbt mcnting the resettlement effort- Or were they to folfill a Itmd of
Azta Empire (1987:174-176), suggesting specific frontier strong continuous service obUgation in reinforcing these tMlfeiiicni»?
pouNS ('K.g., Tbdil^pcc^ Oztoma), bnt uueipFetmg giuniKiMi as a Their iodusioii doei not mod n» be <firecdy rebced to the tnili'
niiibile militar)' fÍMOe. Hassig (1988:260) suggests that garrisons tar\- installatioo tt OztooM. bot radier linked to die colonization
were "cither manned for brief periods or . . . statfcd with only a process.
few troops." I use the wrm "garrison" wiih the tmdemanding tliat Similarijfv (he only odiar direct doeuoieacary link amm^
the degree of permanence and strength of the forces is ,t matter of Oltl^ centers ]>ortrayed on folios 17v and ISr focuses on coloniza-
empirical discovery and could \k quite different in each case, tioa. i^;ain AlvaradoTezozomoc (1975a: 364) provides the clue: in
folios 17v and 18r of the Ceátx Mendoza were meant to docu- the colonization of Huaxacac, aome peoples from die east coaat
tnenr milir,ir\' outposts nr olonies, they are at best incomplete
l (Cuauhtdi hp in. Tuchtcpccas, ind Tcotlitlccas) were moved to
anil contain a good ileal of extraneous information. For example, "las ccistas dc 1 luaxacac." Linjfuistic and geographical association
garrisons are also documented for .\carian, Tochtepec, Cholula, suggests that people from Quauhtochco were resetded during the
Quiahuizdan, Yccapixda, Ayo.xochiquilazala, Ixtacmaxtitlan, Ccy- Huaxacac colonization; " they were indeed very lov-al to the Mexica,
coccnacan, I/.tapa, Cucxtlahuaca, .^catepec, Acapctlahuaj'a, Toto- even underpressure from Cortés (Barlow 1 949a 90). Vet geography :
tepec, and Coatzalcoalcos.'- This list may also include Tepeacac may meal an even sounder eqilaaation: the four gl>'phicallyovec^
(Diaz del Castillo 1963:308), although Diaz's Conquest-period sizeconmiuniries hddng governors are all located in close prox-
reference is not firmly borne out by the Relátión Geográfica for imity to glyphically oveirize centers with governors: Quauhtochco
30 THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I 7V- 8r I
wo|^y lighted material

aad Yztqfocait near Aaacan, Poctepec near üuoau, and Teâpo- Mine length, but generally omits description and interpretation of the place-
tidtii near Atlui. It was customarjr for nearby communities to name glyphs. He does not mention these eleven smaller town glyphs at alL
Butow (194â: 127-128) desaifaes many of the tmnu in Mune átaHi yet he
supply Mcxica military settlements with their basic livelihood,
admití that, while sevcnl of the eleven tmins on he hmed, dnr tribuís ii
and this may indicate theae icsponsibilities. Unfortunaiely, other nowhere indicated. Van Zantvtijk (1967: 150) indicates that CidaliqKC and
sources are sflent on the ties of these specific centers to the "gar- Tzompanco belonged to I'lacopan, Xaltocan and Acalhuacan toTeiooco, md
rison towns." " the remaining towns to Tcnochcitlan.
6. For detailed locatiotis of these town's, mi- S.inderri, Parsons, and Santley
(I979:nla|.^ IK jmi 1^)
SUMMARY 7. This touii Klypli ha> no S;lani^h ammiation. Chri 1 19»K 1
s'J) translates
the i;l>ph as "IctcnanLv, wliilc Barlow (1949a: lalicK itu town Que-
Perhaps it is now apptopriate, having reviewed bodi the dau and cbollsiunco and places it south ot Chilapa in die distant province of Tepe-
quacuilco. If the feathers were intended as part of the place-name, the cown
die lack thereof, to summarize and offer an hypothesis far diese
name oould read Qucdiohetenanooi. In 1458 iMoteculuania lUinicamina ei-
two troublesome Codex Mendoza pages. The eleven sm.ill Lake
tJiKdirJ a military garrison it Chibpa to guni the hostile Yope firaoder
Tenoco communities do not appear to be a coherent province, but (Haney 197t;M2-it3)i tiib may be die Qnedraheteum» lo «dúdi the
rather a collection of conveniently located centers from which Codex Mmám icfcn <m fblb 17v. The 1582 JMrnm A (FNE OO^
could be drawn loyal subjects to provide extended personal service 5 1 74- 1 R2 ) mcnrions neither Quccholtetenanco nor Tctenanco,
: aMnugh it
does mention that the inhabitants of Chilap spoke "Mexicana."
as tribute. This obligation took the form of sustained support of
8. The titles of these "governors" arc ai fnllu As
strategic outlyii^ centers dirough the provisioning of manpower. Tciciunco (Quccholtetenanco): Aíuvoií;/ ¡íuatcíutli
The manpower required was probably not "ordinary" or eatensive, Huaxacac: TUuuixmli and nn'xiacaiili
but rather sldlled and perhaps somewhat elite. (¡k>(olan: Tüuatccutli and Tkncbteault
In the case of Oztoma, since the (bur Cidaltepec communities

Oaanmt Tbeutaal and TfanchaifaH/ (aldioiigh die annotuicm indicate*
ThncbtauiJH
are mentioned on the heels of a disnission alx)ut the two "gover-
.\tzacan TlacatecutU and TlMMtttWtÜf
nors" for that garrison site (and are included only after extended Allan: TbudUtaitli
consoltation), it may be that indhriduab from these communities Xbooaochco: TSwaMsaNlaiMl TJUmalfKi
were involved at a rather high administrarle Itncl The coloai/n 9.Bcmal Dita del Cudllo <I964: 167) may be icieniiig to Adan when he
mentiom a "force between Tbfapan and a town we call Almería Nautlaj,
. , .
tion of the coast of Huaxacac by Quauhtochpan notwithsundtng,

|
«hich IS on ilu- tiorOurn coast" ("miarnicion . , entre nuapan, y un pueblo

it may well be that die (bur large oudying centers without spedfied que Ic pusimos fvir nonbrc alrncria [Nautlaj qucs fcn la costa del norte")-
"governors" carried special responsibilities, perhaps not tnr cver\ Barlo» (l'34'ía l^H) suspcctN that rin,apaii nlirs lo I'nxpan. and Danes
day sustenance of their nearby garrisons but for providing loyal places tlic rclcrcncc points at lu/apaii and I iivpan, and the loriicss in the
I /icoac repon 1''"»' 226). Kelly and I'alerin i I'Js^ con\iiicmgly iden-
men-at-arms." This is all tribute, but of a somewhat different style
1 : 1
tify' and locate both Tuzapan and Nautla. Allan would lall geographically be-
th.iii that recorded on the remaining ¡).iut-s of the Cotiex Mendoza,
tween these two ccnteni.
and for which some of these same couuiiunities were also respon- 10. This is wheie Kelly and Paleim (1952:313) place Alzaciu, although it
sible. Admittedly, diis tnteipretarion is only tentative and not fully aiDic DC in iiihid mc
iiei|uiiik^ uukicuc imiMiHinino nio niG unc
satisfiictory, Init uhen combined with van Zanrui¡k's {\9()7) hy- mine in mcknt Moneo* Sifaigúii (1950- 1982 1 1 :4) mentioiu an Atxtccan in
MMKiBdon witli Tcpmsodaa tad TUnquiJapan, in forested areas probably n>
podieses, it may help unravel the complex relationships between
dae aaithwesi of Lake Teacoco.
die center of die empire and its frontier holdings. 1 1 . On these impressive tides, see the page descriptions for pa rt ) as well as ,
Piho 107: and Oavies 1987.

12. Sec PNK 4:16>, 194; 5:11'; 6:fil, lOv IH: \Kj lulilvoch.il 1W>S
2:197; Cortes l<'2h l!<-4(); Barlow 194''a Idd, lüncv 1971:612; Diaz
Uiaz del Castillo also

del Castillo 1>>63:95, lUS, 139, 329, 412; 1<í'64:1ó;.
NOTES mentions that die biignage spohen in Coatialeoalcaa wia "that of Meaoo"
(196} :KA).
1 . Cidaltepec is located by Bariuw (\9'i9r. map) and by Sanders. Parsons, and 1 }. Such a regard for environmental replication in rcsetdcment is (cminis-
Sande)r (1979: IS) jiist nonfa of Lake Zmnpanoou Special Um$, roondcd cent of die Inca anrím policy (Marra 1978:245-258).
iccdi, fil lfid aifli^(>ifiTorid bBMÍ^ wei«gidici>edh^ 14. Van 2Emtwipc (1967:158) sagicsti diat Atfam and Tcfipatidan were
in the taowAly eefchiatioit of FtislnwHiiH j^éugin 1950- 1982 2; 1 1. 74). Oder the gencnbhip of Tcxcoco, «hile Qoediolienanoo (Tctenanco) was
2. Xaltocan, locaitcd islani in Lale Xalncaa, a maior Otomf center WK controlled by a Tlacopan general.
iCarrasco l^Sn, 1971j 4/"). 15 Other communities trc<)ucntly had such duties. Tlic people of Alahuiztlan
3. Barlow ( l''4'>a: 1 $U) indicates that Huixachtitian. Co.i:l.n .iuhcan. and arc niL-ntioned as responsible for provisioning the OMoma garrison with food,
Acolnahuac were located along die Mcuca migration route — pcrhap'- thcv arms, and "help" iayiub; I'NE tt: 102), while the people of O¿tonia supplied
carried a special s>'Tnbolic significance for the Mciuca. Or. beinp cI<kc to that tortrcss with "proWsions and other things" (ibid.:110>. Similarly, the
Tenochtidan and situated on a w«ll-trav«led roiile, these towns nuy have people ot Ac-apctlahuaya wcil iLi|.iirLil lo t!uard the fort at O/tonia. "as war-
maintained close cultural, political, or economic ties with the island Mexica. riors" (PNE 6: 1 1 5). If IS strange (hat Poctepec is not also mentioned, if it had
4- Popotlan, located near the ma)or Tenochlitlan-Tlacopan causnny (San* similar obligations. In other instances elsewhere in the empire, Papaloticpac
den. Parsons, and Samley 1979: map was a designated stopping point in
19). supplied prosisions for Motecuhzoma's garrisons (PNE 4:90) and Cuicadan
the main icIigiiiiB procession during the month of Panquetzalizdi; sacrifice* occasionally sent fruits to Motecuhaoma% garrisons in the Mineca (PNE
WCR made ámtt in iianar of Paynal âhagiin 1950> 1982 2 134, 162). : 4:185). Duria (1967 2:412) sttK* that fnmiicr pm dr punUÓK «ere
5.Cliik (193B 1 :58-59) dccdibcs tiie "gmcnm" on Mioi I7v and 18r at duitfcd ««ety cjghiy days, a qipical tnbuiV'payiaf pafiod.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I jv- Sr I 31

FOLIOS l8v- I9r: THE CITY OF TLATELOLCO
THE TRIBUTARY TOWN: Repoin to the temple of Huitznahuac
1. Tlaiilulco
— "On Round Earth Mound"
tliL
The following items were given every eighr>- dap:
Also in Cadex Mendoza conquest history (folios 6r, lOr) 40 bige baskets of cacao ûnd with maize flour, called
40 baskets ch: mixed widi maize flour, called dtímfmoli
THE RULERS OF TLATELOLCO: 1
1| i
401) large uhitc iihiiitas
1. Qiuuhtlatoa
— ''Speaking 1 iglc"
'I'hc tollouing items were given annually:
.'Msg in CWf.r Mendoza conquest hisiory (folio 6r)
2. Moquihuix
—"Drunk Face" 40 white nierttiMtf warrior oostnines and sUeUKs)
40 yellow eatxttud warrior fXMtumes and sliield(s)
Also in CodtX Mtmhu conquest histor)' (folio lOr)
THE CONQUERING TOWN: CONQUEST HISTORY

1. Temndthn
— "Amnng rhf Sronc-(!.K-tus Fruit" The citir' of Tl.itclolc" occiipicd the northern portion of ilic isl.iinl
Also in Codex Mendozii conquest history (iohos 2r, 4v) shared with I'cnuchtitlan. Until the fateful year 1473 (ai the latest;,
the two cities developed somewhat autonomctn polities but rather
parallel histories. In their earliest vears (from their foundinc; (intil
THE RULERS OF TENOCHTITLAN:
1430).' both acted as dependencies of the reigning Valley ot Mex-
1. Yzcoaq— "Revered Obúdian Serpent^ ico power, Azcapotzaloo. In the service of Azcapotzaico, Tlatddco
Also in Codfx Mendozu conquest history (folio 5v) shared in the wealth of conquests both wnthin and l)cy"nd the Val-
2. Axayacaî —(Axayacaîn) "Face of Water" ley of Mexico/' /Uso throughout its early (pre-Triple Alliance) his-
Abo in Ctdex Mendoza oonquest history (folio lOr) tory, the Tlatdolcan ndets made cpedal eflbrts to eatablidi finor-
.!l)!c iiiilitica! ;i!l!:)tiees tlirouph shrewd marriages (Birlow 1987:78).
Folluwnig the defeat of Azcapotzaico and the formation of

THE TRIBUTE:
the Triple Alliance, tensions developed (or increased) between
The following tribuK was given constantly: Tenochtitlan and Tlateloloa In 1431 the two cities reached a
32 THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I 8v- 9r

1
formal agreement ddineacing rights to fishing grounds âriow The mme of the temple is indicated by a maguey
constant tqaair.'
1987 : 89). Yet Hatddco may have become sabordinate to l^noch- thom (farüfi) with a blue speech scrdl (mrAaw-).
titlan daring the reign of ItzcoatI (1426- 1440). Sev-erai documents The food tribute from Tlatelolco consisted of forty baskets of
cither state or imply that ItzcoatI defieated the TIatelolcan rukr cacao ground with maize flour jutalnuîuii). Each basket was to
Quauhtlatoa (rulc^ 1428-1467), who nooedidcss was retained contun half a fanega (ca. .8 bushel), or 1,600 cacao beans (felio
in office.' The CW<'.v .Mendoza^ pairing of these two rulers, along 18v). The Matdoza glosses (folio l^r) suggest that this was ground
with the later Axayacad and Moquihuix, implies two conquests cacao. Also due were forty baskets of cbümpitudi, chia mixed with
by Tenochtitlan (folio 19r). Despite its subservient status, Tlate- maize flour." All these baskets of fisod were due every- eighty days.
lolco nonetheless partidpamllo Kveral military conquests during The people of Tlatelolco were ,ilso required to pay 800 (loads
Quauhtlann's reign, daimBig prizes as in afield as Tepeacac and of) large white nmm every eight)' da>'s. The period of tribute is
Oiedaxdan (Barlow 1987:91-105). symbolized by (bur multicolored disks, "like flowers." Each disk
It was perhaps inevitable that the vague relationships between symbolized t^v'enty days."
the neighboring cities evenmally be more dearly defined. This llie only annual tribute paid by Tlatelolco consisted of warrior
oocurred in 1473, widi the defidtne conquest of Thteloko (wi- costumes; 80 r(tai«(an'/-style suits. Forty of iliese were white (ac-
der the ruler Moquihuix) by Tenochtitlan (under Asayacad). The companied by .1 variant of the rueiîo shield), and forty were yellow
armed conflict was triggered perhaps hy Moquihuix's ill-treaaneot (with axi(»/ca¿fM6fKi shidd).* These costumes have squared-ofl caps,
of his wife (Axayacad% sister),* <>r perhaps hen nûng men from like that of liie owttMif/fnit given by neighboring Petlacalco, but
Tenochtitlan ravished TIatelolcan rnaitlens" (Davics 1987:76-77). wdikc moat of the costumes of this type given in tribute by other
The Codex Mauhsa commentary (folio 9v) suggests that Moquihuix provinces.
pidced fights wtdi the Tenoditidan Menea, thereby causing stresses Unfortunately, diis "province" is but a frênt m tlie Mgtriada
in othcnnsc friendly relations. dt Trsfatfv, showing on]\ the four r\ders of Tlatelolco and Tenodi-
Much as he tried, Moquihuix was unable to gain any allies in his two shields, and a portion of one of the warrior
tidan, parts of the
"rebellion** against his neighbor, and his attempt at independence costmnes. b u rndbmuuR abo dutHattloIco is not indnded In
failed, as his troops were no match for .Vxayaciul's. Fleeing from the 1554 li^niMdtfi (Scholes and Ad«ns 1957).
his attackers, Moquihuix reportedly hurled himself in disgrace
from TIatdolooli teaqiie, thus endmg the conflict (CWferMnwfar REFF.RENCFS
folio <H).
Following its conquest by Tenochtidan, TIateloloo was gov- Considerable ethnohistorical and archaeological research has been
erned by a succession of Mexica governors, one a Tbuatttatí and conducted on TIateloloo, much of it by Roben Barlow (1949a:
the other a TlHiOihiiikatl (Barlow 1987 127 : 133). Tlatelolco also 126-131; 1987). 'ITie Amilcf </. VLitdotco and Códice de TLtielolto
was required to ddiver tribute to Tenochtitlan in both labor and (Berlin and Barlow 1SH8) are interpreted by Barlow, and many
goods. The Memfa* oomaieiitar|r (foKo 18v) suggests dbat triboie contributions in llatihbo atmm de ba tiempw (1944-1956) are
was paid also by Quauhtlaioa to ItcooMl. also his. This latter publication contains arch.ieologic.il and histori-
cd reports and articles. Other information on Tlatelolco is found in
1 III PROVINCE .^ND ITS IMIABITAMS Utvak King (1971), Davies (1987: 75-80), Hassig (1988: 1 38- 139,
179-183). and Gibson (1964). S.diatnin provides information on
It is difhcult to \iew I'lateloico as a "province," for it actually con- Tlatelolco rulers (1950-1982 8:7-»), marketplace (ibid.:67-69;
stituted a single city, a cixy in fact joined to its imperial capitd. 10: 59-94), and merchants and feadieiworlcers fibid.: bk. 9). Her-
Like Tenochtitlan, 1 latclolco had a ceremonial center containing nando Cortes (1977 l;2?7-2S9) and Berna! Dí.i7. del Castdlo
the dty's main temple (and probably oiher religious and secular (1956:215-217) provide vivid descriptions of the bustling Tla-
buildings as wdl). Adjacent to this ceremonial district was the val- tdolco marbeipUoe.
ley s (indeed the empire's) largest and most important marketplace,
described in detail by Hernando Cortes (1977 1 :257-259), Bernal
Diaz dd Castillo (19$6:2I5-217), and Bemardmo de Sahagún
(19S0-1982 8:67-69; lO; 59-94). As many as :(1,()()O-25,O0O Norxs
people may have assembled here daily to buy and sell; that number Tenochtidan was prabaUy Conndcd in 1325, Tbicldoo in periups 1337
1.
doubled on "market day," evcr\ fifth dav (.•\non\'mt)us Conqueror (Barlow liíST ^P-óó).
1971:392). 2. The Antiii! Je I'ljulrJu. il'Hfi 4i it'tiiiinn-. Ibttlolco's participation in
conqueits siiili untcrs .(s Ch.ikn, \i<il!ui,)i .in, <.)u.iuhtitlan, and Tiilan-
The remainder of Tlatelolco was divided into catpuUi or tiaxUa-
I't
Vinoo. Sah.ii,im ll"^"0 \'>H2 S ~) liviv TVn.iyiK :!, ( :<i h.mIí n, XahoCHI, Aod-
Müfi, residential subdivisions resembling htrrks. Some of these
huacan, and C<j\-oacan as early eonqutst» ot Tlatclulcu rulers.
were inhabited by tlie bijrhly esfeeineil fe.illier artisans, others Í Iliis includes fulio 6r o( CoJrx Mendoza, where Quauhtlaioa is shown very
by wealthy and powerful professional merchants (see Sahagún deiejtcd by It/cuatl. For a discusskm and docunieiitatioii of diis idatiomhip,
1950-1982 9-, van Zantwijk 1985). SKK Djvics 1<'87 76.

4. See Duran 1967 2:257.
The people of Tlatelolco, like those of Tenochtitlan, were Mex-
5. The enact loatkmofihis temple is in queKMNLCIaric (1938 1: 59) plaecsii
ica. Nahuad was the lanâgc of the inhabitants. In the aotidnm «iiwter ot T^nochiteiM, at the aiM of Conéali Hetplial da
Jeans Naiaienn. Barlow (1W7: 12^ pKfcn to loeatt k in San Jnia HnitaM-
hiM^ on the owalur tt of Tlatelolco.
TRIBUTE 6. This it lOffietintes etiled simply pinM (tee MoUna l970;B2r). The Mn-
dotM gloH sa)'s only pmat.
TlatdolooV tribute diligatioiu took the form of both hbor duties 7. Compare these with the small "flowen" on fiolio 57r, each of which sym-
and the delivery of l'<m)<Is. In terms of labor, the people of Tla- bolizes a single day.
telolco were required to maintain the temple of Huitznahuac in H. Sec chapter H by /\nawalt, volume I.
THF. TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS l8v- lt;r 33
Copyrighted maierial
FOLIOS I9V-2OV: THE PROVINCE OF PETLACALCO
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 22. Tlaôxiuhco

— "In the Precious Turquoise"
— "Among the Ashes"
1 . Petlacalco
— "On the Woven Reed Coffer" or "On ihc Store- 23. Nexiitlan
house"
2. Xaxalpan— "On a Great Deal of Sand"
— "In the Place of the THE tribute:
J. Yopico i'opts"
4.
— "On the Scpulchcr"
Tepeilacaico The following items were given ewry six months:
5.
—
Tecoioapan "On the Water of the Owl"
Tcpcchpan — "On the Large Rock"
400 multicolored loincloths
6.
Tequemecan — "Place of Rocky Cultivated Land"

400 women's tunics and skirts
7.
2,400 large white manias
or "Place of the Sacred Stone"
— of Huitzilopothtir
400 white mamas with multicolored borders
8.
9.
I
— "In the Place Place

lui^-ilopuchco
Colhuaînco "On the of the Colhua"
Little
400 diagonally divided mantas
10. Coiotlan— "Where There ,\re Many Turtledoves" The following items were given annually:
1 1 .
—
Tepcpulan "Where There Are Many Big Hills" 1 blue qmxohtl warrior costume and shield
12. Olac— "On the Spring" blue cuexltcatl warrior costume and shield
13.
—
Acapan "On the Reeds"
I
white and red tzitzhniil warrior costume and shield

14.
—
Cuitlahuac "On the Water- Excrement"
1
I yellow otelotl warrior costume and shield

Also Codtx Mendoza conquest history
in (folios 2v, 6r) green xopiUi warrior LX>stume and shield
15.
—
Tezcacoac "In the Mirror-Snake"
1
20 red warrior costumes with feathered momoyactU back

16. Mizquic — "On the Mcsquitc" detHces, and 20 shields
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folios 2v, 6r) 20 red atextecati warrior costumes and shields
17. Aochpanco — "On the Water Highway" 20 blue papaloti warrior costumes and shields
18. Tzapotitlan
— "Among the Zapotes" 1 bin of beans
Xico— "In Navel"
— "Inthethe Place of (H'crflowing Water"
19. I bin of chia
20. To)'ac bin of maize
2i . Tecalco
— "On the Noble 5 i louse" or "On the Judge's House"
1
1 bin of amaranth
34 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I9V- 2nv

CONQUEST HISTORY These two centers are mentioned frequently in Diego Oorán's
Histom: they were among the towns required to help constmct
Tlicrc is consiiJenihIc wmfusion conccmine the -ictiinl head town I luitzilopochtli's temple in Tenochtidan; they were recruited to
ut' this province. It is customary in the MtnJir:^ and Matrícula for Ottoman
help colonize the devastated towns of .Mahuiztlan and
the lint place glyph to represent the primary tribute-ooUection blowing a successful Aztec military campaign; and they were
center fbrihe remainiiii.' tii«ii> lisifd. On (uli<> 20r, however, the
asked to participate in Triple /Mliancc wars beyond the \'alley of
initial glyph is a house made of w cn cn mati., and the written gloss
Mexico (Duran 1967 2 133-134, 164, 3 19, 352-353). In addition,
:
identifies it as petlaaiUatl/govemador. The usual addition of ptf

the rulers of Cuidahuac, Mizqdc, and Hui^'lopocheo were vari-
pueblo) was also made, but then in isvcd out and probably replaced
{
ously in\ited to special state events in Tenochtitlan, such as a
by goi i niiidoi Unt(jrrunatel), tLhiiL¡¡t¡ was not a place-name but
.
f¡í coronation or a ruler's funeral (ibid.:301, 392). The people of
nther a person, a head tribute overseer (hence the addition of CuidahuflC and Mizqdc were by the Mexica to supply
also asked
"governor"). If the ghph indicated a place, the more proper form battlefield materiel and pro\isions for iiii the Huax-
a distant w.ir
would be Petiacaieo. The Mii!>uula de Trtkitus (1980: folio 2v)
teca country; ibid.: 156-157, 164). Professional merchants from
might be of some help, but that corner of the ancient document is
Huiîlopochoo traveled with those from Tenoehridan, Tlatdoloo,
frayed and illegible, llie 1 5>4 ¡nfurmiición text (Scholes and .Xdains ,\zcapotzalco, and Ouauhtitlan to trading enclaves beyond the
1957:29) identities the lead town of this province as Thetlacaico
bounds of the empire (Sahagún 1950-1982 9:17). Merchants
(Petiacaieo). suggesting that the pictorial from which it was de- firom these and several other Valley of Mexico centers maintained
rived also Ix'gan with a place gUph similar to the one seen in the
I'iiiri'js in distant Tochtepec, a jumping-off spot for tnveb to the
Mendoza. Barlow (1949a: 132) believes that Pedacalco is indeed
Gulf coast Mayan trading posts (ibid.: 48 -49).
meant, although Clark (1938 1:61) begins this province with the It is perhaps not surpr^ng that Hulgílopodico merchants were
nest town, Xaxalpan. It may well be that the responsibility for col- among the most impnrt:inr in the \'al!e\-; the town u as situated at
lecting the tribute from these nearby towns fell to the head tribute an active canoe-embarkation point (Gibson 1 964 364). Cuitlahuac :
oiBcerinlbiochtitlan, thefetkaUcat/. The Mendosa Spanish com- aodoubtedly also was critically situated along transport routes; re-
mentaiy states that these towns were ruled by "a governor, called
portedly the Mexica attacked it because its pe()[iK- were "impeding
fetbuthad, assigned by the lords of Mexico," although a ailpLXijiii
trade" (Uassig 1988: 150). Both of these centers (and surely most
or trilntie collector was Stationed in each town (folio I'A). of the others in dds provinoe as well) spedalised in ooUecdng
Many towns in this western lakeshore regioti have disappeared, and pnKfssint: l.ike products, includin¡: tishiiitr, salt-making, and
having been absorbed by modern urban sprawl. Nonetheless, eleven
basket-weaving (Gibson 1964:338-342). Additionally, Cuidahuac
tow ns can be pinpointed. I have included the location of Petiacaieo
and Mizquic were sources of saltpeter, and Hui^lopodioo had a
based <hi Barlow's map, although with a question mark. For ease of notable speri.ihV.inoTi in puitery-tnaking iibid, :
^ ^>0). The
identification, I will continue to call this province Petiacaieo.
1550 Santa Cruz map (Linnc 1948) shows tishing, fowling, hunt-
Hugging the western plain of Lake Texoooo, this was the core ing, and pottery-making in this porrion of die VaHey of Mexico.
of the ancient Tepanec kingdom. The many towns in this region
Clearly, the towns of Petiacaieo province were lake-oncnted towns
were largely under Azcapotzaico rule at the time of the formation
and may have been only weakly linked to the mountains be-
of the lÜpleAUiaoee (1430). With the rise to power of I t nocht i- hind them.
ilsn, Texcoco, andHacopan, these Tepanec lowai generally shifted
Here, in the he.irt of the Tepanec realm, it is assumed that the
their dependency status to the new mkn of the valley. Two im- predominant language was Nahuad (Barlow 1949a: 133; Gerhard
portant conunnoitÍBi in the aonthmi tbinampa zone, Cuitlahuac
1972 : 247X although some Otomi-speaken apparently also lived in
and iVIizquic, were repoftedly conquered by both Acamapichdi the area (ibid: 100. 178).
and Itzooad (Cidbr MtnduzM fblios 2v, 6r). Their conquest by the
The Spanish Conquest wrought major changes in this lake-
former ruler was surely undertaken while the Mexica were in shore region, as it hy so cJose to the new Mexico Qty. However,
the military service of the thea-poweiful Trances. Their latter some patterns continued, albeit in rather different form. For ex-
conquest, by itzcoad, must have been a reaffirmation of power
ample, Huifilopochco continued to serve as an important canoe-
by TenocfatitiaR, following the political disruptions of the fall of embaikarion point, but its traditional twenty-day market went to
Azcapotzako and útt formation of the Triple Alliance. Actual con- weekl\' schedule in (Cibsnn V,4, ^s7), Professiim.il
a
quests of the remaining towns on this tribntB folio go unrecorded;
traders from that town continued to travel long distances for mer-
they were probably inherited by Tenodititlan as part of the Old
cantile gain Obid.: 359).
Tepanec domain (Barlow 1949a: 133), One noteworthy case is,
however, that of Olac, which was a subdivision of Xtxhimilco. Like
(]uitlahuac and .Vlizquic, .Xochimiico (prcsumablv with its hinTio
TRIBUTE
Ulac) was conqitcred by both Acamapichdi and loxoad (QkUx Like .Acolhuacan proxince across the !:ike, the people of Petiacaieo
Menina folios Tenoehridan apparently held tribute rights
2v, 6r).
gave their Mexica overlords tribute in the form of clothing, war-
to the Olae section of Xochimiico. and the last Motenihzorna
rior costumes, and staple fbodstnfis. The clothing begins with WO
meddled in Olac's political affairs, insulling a relative as ruler
(loads of r colorful loincloths and 400 floads oO womenll tunics
there (Hodge 1984:93). and skirts boldly decorated in red, yellow, and blue.
The remainder of die dodiing is annotated as aamlilfar or man-
the Mtndozn (folio 20r). Tliis includes 2,400 (loads
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS tas tirandts in
of) large mantas of twisted thread; the Matricula gloss (1980: folio
The majority of identifiable tow ns in this tributary province lay 2v) suggests that these were putMi, or large cotton doaks. Also
alone the sourhcrn shores of Lakes ("halco and Xochimiico. This included m the textile tribute were 400 white cloaks with a multi-
was the wcU-dcvclopcd, fertile southern cbmampa district includ- colored border, and 400 diagonally divided cloaks (halt in yellow
ing, most notably^ small ciqp<4Catea ofCnidahuac and iVIizquic and half In bhie de-dye), also with bold mullicolored borders.' The
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS I9V-2OV ' 35
clothing tribute was due M:mi-anniutly (according to the Membza} small pieces of cloth in tribute (PXE 1 ; 1 74); the record is silent on
or quarterly (according to the Matrfmla). the Colonial obligations of the other towns in this /Vztcc tributary
The people of these valley towns were required to pay put provjiwe.
their tribute in ornate, feithcrcd warrior raits. Five of these were
to be manafactured of rich feathers (and delivered In single quan-
tities annually), while three stj'les were presumably made of ordi- REFERENCES
naiy feathers (and paid annually in quantities of twenty each).'
The lint wtrrior garment is a Une fncrsAtf costame, accompanied Information on this province and its environs is found in Barlow
l)y a )'cllow .ind grrfn \ualcoliul»¡iii stiicld. Thi'i is followed bv (1949a: 131- 133), Geriiard (1972: 100- 102. 178-180.245-249),
a blue auxitaitl costume with squarcd-oft' headgear and a cuexyo Gibson (1964:12-13, 41. 338-342, 357, 359. 554; 1971:386-
389), liixlge (l'«4:'>3-%). and Bljnlun In.d.). This region is
variant ahicM. The tecond tow iif warrior panphenMlia indiides a
white tzininin! cdsnimc with red-striped cuffs and :i sportf<l jripiar dcpiaed on the 1550 Sanu Cruz map (Linnc 1948), and iiui^lo-
costume; both arc accompanied by the common cwxyf) shields. I hc pochco Is mentiiiDed in a brief sixleenth-oentnry refaawi (Ph4E
1:174).
four soils depicted on fiilio 2(K' (a continuation of Pctlacaico prov-
ince) are one greea outuoie with a x^H standard (with xkako-
IHibfui shield), twenty red oostumes with a mamtyMtH back device
(with cutxyo shields), twent>' red pointcd-cap cuextuatl costumes
NOTES
(with nsexyw variant shields), and twenty blue paptüotl styles (with
their eagle-daw shields). Vfíiíti the eaoeption of die feaithered dps 1. Theiebioiiwqiiestiaa whether twenty textiles were dcniuidcd,artwency
of one of the shields, this entire section of Fedscak»^ folio Is miss- A load would contain rucncy objects. See the Bcidanessqron
loads of textiles.
ing in the Matricuia (198U: folio 2v). tribute (chapter 5 in volume 1) for a discussion of this problein.
2. In the MalricuLi dt Trihiias ( 1''80; IhIkp i. the tirM (il ihesc is ridored
Foodstulfa, probably from rich ebinampa plots, were also paid
deep red and the stecmil %Imiws a %jpuf iiiHi;<irul ihvismn with «-llow on the
annually in trilniie to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan. Like several bottom half. Sec .\nawalt essay (chapter s in suluiiic tur i discussion of 1 1
Other proMnc cs, Perhicilto paid one bin each of m.iÍ7c, beans, chia, Irihulc tcxtilcK ccintainini^ jjortion of tht hhu- .iiiil w hite ili.ijicr (It-sipii
;i
and amar.inth. A Liter rinnmcntary statement in the Mfndoza (folio .V Only the glossof the /w/vi&r/ costume c.vphcitly ílucs pAim.;. :./;..jV iniiii-
nary feathers). Howc^lt, clveHÍiirc in ihc tfcw./Lir.j, n>\tiii:it.'\ ^mn ui ijtuti

21r) indicates that each such bin equaled from four to ñve thou-
iniis III tuiii'i, iic-i In ill' :n III t:!mu< vniiJu.
sand fanecas. This would range between 6,300 and 7,87$ bushels/ \. This IS assumini: tht ci¡u;'. jaiii; ul liiLis (wr jjiiepi (.\lohiis FahriLM
Thi sc u(M)den l)ins jrc el("-sei! as cucziomutl on folio 6r of the I'J^fi 2S;. \Iiilins rjlirc!;a notes thjt the Spanish fjneâ of the rime rangcH
Matricula (Xilotepec province); cuaamual are still used today for hetween si. 10 and 55.S4 the Mc.xian fjneâ equaled W.S
litcrs (ibid.:27i.
liters, but MoUns Fibrcgi feeb that the Cascillan fantfii of 5 5 liters provides .s
storing shelled mane.*
the most likely measurement here (ibid:26-28). CUrk {1938 1 :64) olil'et> the
The 1>54 liifonn.innn I'ScholeS and Adams 1957:29-^1) like-
rough cquis-alene)' of s,0O0/jnri;(/t - 8,(KI0 bushels.
wise lists only clothing, warrior costumes and shields, and tinxl- 5. Oscar l.twis iVXi} Kfil describes the TepOMÍan curznmatl
: 1 as a "vasifonn
stufTs as the tribute of this province. However, it docs increase the and out with clay." The bins pictured in the Mstri-
granar)', plastered inside
number of obligated towns to fbit>'-three. The recorded tribute itUtand MtaJaza more doscly resemble Tcpoztlan's eimoloir: "'rhis is square,
of poles laid horizontaUy, one pair upon another at ri{tht angles to the lint
consists of 400 loincloths, 400 women's tunics, 400 skirts, 400 large
unril the structure is raised tall enou^ to contain the maiM to be noted"
rcd-stripcd mantas, 400 rich mantaF bordered with feathers and (ibid.). According to Lewit. (hcM Imer nmcntre* were used br ttorbig
udmuti (rabbit iiir), 400 unspecified nunm, and 1,600 large maize-on-the-cob.
while mmtua. iUI this doching was due every eight>' da^-s, accord- 6. On the pictorial manuscript that formed the basis for the 1554 text, five
shidds miM have been depioicd, two of them with the jiMtf (banner) syra^
ing to the text. .\nnu.il uibute consisted of eight rich warrior cos-
for nwiAer ZOl II is o(U dm dirce costumes would haw been shown widi-
tumes, forty-three shields,* and a bin each of maize, beans, chia,
oittsfaiddt.
and amaranth.' 7. The text latet riiit nch bin wis to ooniain 6fi00 Jimegts. The more n6oal
In the eariy Coloalal period, Hnigilopochco cootiinied to pay qoami^ meodOMd li» faodttuff faÍM u the iffSraMitti H 4
36 THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 1 9V- 20V

Copyrighted materia
FOLIOS 2 lr-22r: THE PROVINCE OF ACOLHUACAN
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 25.

—
Quauhyocan "Place Full of Trees"
Ecatepcc— "On the Hill of V\ ind" or "On the
1. Acolhuacan
— "Place of rhc Acolhua" 26.
of Ehecatl"
Hill
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 5v) Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio I2r)
2. Huiiilan
— "Where There Are Many Hummingbirds"
3. Totoltinco
— "On the Small Turkeys"
— "In the Circle of the THE tribute:
4. riach>'ahualco Ball Court"
5. Tepechpa
— "On the Stone Foundation" The following items were given c^xry six months:
6. .^ztaijuemeca
— "Place of the Snowy Egret Feather Capes" or
400 red mantas with multicolored borders
"Place of the V\'hiie Heron Feather Capes"
7. Tcacaico
— "On the Stone Canoe" 400 diagonally divided mantas
400 quilted mantas
8. Tonan\tla
— "Place of Tonantzin"
mamas
9. (jlenpoalan
— "Place of 'Iwcnty" 2,000 large white
10. Tepetlaoztoc
— "In the Lava Cave" 400 women's tunics and skirts
1 1. Ahuate|>ec
— "On the Hill of the Oak Tree"
12. Tiiatcpcc— "On the Hill of Chalk" The following items were given annually:
13. Contlan— "Where There Are .Many Pots" 1 yellow ijuaxoiotl warrior cosnimc and shield
14.
—
Yxquemecan "Place of Maguey Fiber Capes" I blue tzitiimiti warrior costume and shield
5. Matixco
— "In the Place of Escape" I yellow oceloil warrior costume and shield
1
16.
—
Tcma/calapan "On the Sweat Baths" 20 )'cllow coyote warrior costumes and shield(s)
17.
—
Tiâyucan "Place Chalk"
Full ol 20 green xopiUi warrior costumes and shields
18.
—
Tepetlapan "On the Basalt" 20 white and red papalotl warrior costumes and shields
19. Cal)'ahualco— "In the Circle of Htmses" 20 red warrior costumes with eutfalpatzaftii devices, and shields
20. Teijoyucan
— "Place Full of Black Pumice" 20 blue cuextecatl warrior costumes and shields
2 1
— "On the Polisher" or "On the
Tlaquilpan Icrb"Tlaquilin I 1 bin of beans
—
.
22. Quauhqucmctan "Place of the Eagle Feather Cape" 1 bin of chia

11. Epa<^yucan
— "Place Full of F.pa(otr I bin of maize
24. .\meyalco
— "On the Spring" I bin of amaranth
THE TRIBt'TE YE.\R TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2 I r- J ir • M

^ aterial
CONQUEST HISTORY nochtítfau, tniisferiing their tribute duties from Tenoco to the
Island fity (lítAaiRr de Zmpoaki 1952:30). T^mazcalapan and
The ptrecise identiry of the town or citj'-state labeled Acolhuacan Huiplan were abo subject to the Mexica, and £pa;u\'ucan's obligt-
on folio 21v of the Cadex Maubaa lies in a web of confusion. The tions were divided between the rulers of Tenochdtlan and Texoooo
glyph lor this town .is a human arm with water pouring fnm m (Oflher 1983:91-92). Gibson (1971:385) suggests that, in die
upper end. Siniil;ir, ihough not identical glyphs were drawn in latter fifteenth cennirw the Mexica gained lands ami rrihures ;n rhe
Aieiukeas conquest histor}'. On folio 3v an artn-wich-watcr u traditional Acolhua domain at the expense of Tcxcoco, The Mexica
attached by a thin Kne to a tri-peaked moomain with flowers; may ako have strived to tighten their control on kx^-standing sub-
the iniiiriiTis Irvniio. On folio >v thf s;i:iif p;!Ír (it t^Kphs is ir I-', in the rcííinn by inrrcasin'^rr^butc demands (OfFncr 1983 :9I).'
glossed diolhiiatun. And back on folio 3v, an .inn with water spilling Only some ol the .Xtolhua towns owing tribute to the Mexica
gracefully over ii is glossed acolma. There are, indeed, three possi- areshown oo the Coder ilfimáni Acolhuacan tribute folios, and
bilities for the identity of "Acolhuacan," a term usually used to de- many more towns in the same region owed their tribute to Tex-
note a region, the land of the Acolhua.' coco rather than to Tenochtitlan. ScMne of the subject towns* obK-
The first such possibility is Tcxcoco itself, for its gi\ph is paired gations were divided between the two conquering city-states, as
with that of Acolhuacan on two occasions in the Mtndiaa (folios with .\colman, Teotihuacan, and £pa(uyucaii.' The tribute duties
3y, 5y\ Howew, Barlow (I949a:67) (Hsmisses dits out of hand, of Ccnpoalan were quite dearly defined: tribute in goods went to
arguing logic and lack of corroborative c\idcncc. In f.ivor of lev- "Icnochritl.in while tribute in lalior was orj;ani/cd through nearby
coco as Acolhuacan is the historical record of a probably mock Otompan, a Texcoco dependency (ibid.:92). Bariow (I949a:67)
b«de between Tenodititbu) and Tesooco during the reign of nonetheless deddes to indnde several additional towns in this
ItzcoatI; the war wis short, seemingly fought with little heart, anil rrilnitan' prminee, this, however, masks the pnlitica! and eco-
won by Temx-hiitlan (Dunin 1967 2: 125-131). Whether such .i nomic complexities ot dependency rclalioas and (rtbuie collection.
war was real or feigned, Hassig (1988:136, ISI. 317) accepts the In these arrangements, it is particularly inteiCStil^ that Oilly two
reports that Texcooo submitted to Tcnochritlan at this time. Bar- of the Mtndata towns in AooUmacan piavioce were among the
low (1949a 67) does not believe
: it possible. If, however, nek i vic- by Nezahuatco>'otl (Hodge
fourteen Tlufíunñ centers established
tory were claimed by Itzcoatl, it mlghc be repKMnted in the Mm* 1984:129 130),' Indeed, some MenJozii towns, such as Quauh-
ia» as Acolhuacan on folio 5v. yocan (a subject of Acolman) and Tlachyahualco (subjea to Te-
The second possibility is Animan, in the north-centia) Valley pechpa), were dependendes of diese dty-state centers. The rda-
of .Vlcxic". ITiis town is .imong Huir/tlihuitr'. laurels and was tivcly small amount of overlap between .Xtolhua administrative
conquered while the iVlexica served as warriors for the powieiiul centers and Mexica tributary towns may reflect a purposeful design
Tepaneos of Aacapotzaloo. Indeed, Acobnan appears to have been to avoid conflict Obid.:13l).
more loj'al to A/rapnt/atco than to the stnii;!:lin(r Texcoran niler.
and may have willingly agreed to submission. 1 iowever, after the
rm PROVINCE AND ITS INIT^BH ANTS
defeat of Azcapoizalco, Acolman was defiant to the new rulers of
the land; and other "rebel" ttnvns of the Acolhua realm wure
it Most of the towns of this province stretched along the eanem
quickly and rather easily brought into the infant empire. Acolman shore of Lake Texcoco to the valley^ bordering piedmont Some
might be the Acolhuacan shown on folio S\\ a conquest of ItzcoatI, of the communities als<j fanned out into a northeastern spur of the
except that the glyph for Texcoco is dearly attached to the arm valley toward Teotihuacan, while others extended north along a
^Fph and, in any event, the glyph for Acobnan is drawn somewhat broad valley as far as dte vidnity of Padmca. Even the valleys lay at
differently (on folio H ). N'oncthcless, the Sicndnza and Matrícula high elevations, and the area is generaUy described as cold and dry
glosses on the tribute folios arc suggestive: the tormcr adds acolmt- (e.g., fkrhard 1972:207, 273, 311). Nonetheless, moderate sea-
catl calpixtjui <Acolman tribute collector) to the name, while the sonal rainfall was suffident to enoonrage and suttain irrigation ag-
latter gloMes the place glyph as mAmmm/ (1980: folio 3f^ riculture, and at dmet aevoe enough to cause flooding in the »-
The third possible identity for this town is Cbatlidian, Barlow^ land settlements of Lake Texcoco.
preference (I Wa:68). I Ic bases his judiniietil on a statement in a These highland regions have been <luiil<(i into four natural
rtiatim geopi^ca (PNE 6: BO) that Coatlichan was called Acolhua- zones, each offering somewhat different potentials for human use
can hi lis wly days. and settlement (Parsons 1971 :8-l<S). The rugged volcanic moun-
The qiifstinn is unresolved, although Acolman and Coatlichan tains bounding the .\colhuacan domain formed a iini-ra zone, pr. i
seem the most likely prospects. Neither town appears on any Codex viding timber tor construction, charcoal tor fires, and game tui
Mendoza tribute folio. And, although it h not dear to whom Coatii- food. Stretching down from the mountains were upper and lower
chan owed tribute,' at least some of the lands of Acolman belonged piedmont zones, the former \nelding abundinr magticj- and prickly
to the Mexica ruler at Tcnochtitlan, who was paid tribute in maguey pear cactus products, the latter a setting tur irrigation and rainfall
fiber cloaks ai>d maguey leaves (see below).* agriiiilnire Between the lowcr piedmont and the lake lay the
The Acolhua ruler of Teicooo laid claim to the northeaattm lakeshore plain zone, known for irrigation agriculture, salt produc-
portion of the Valley of Mexico and beyond (see Bariow 1949a: tion, and explcHtadon of aquatic resources. Obsidian blades were a
51 -UK)). However, he djil iiui h.ive exclusive dominioo in these particularly prized specialrc of the northeastern corner of.\colhua-
regions. The JVlcxica ruler Itzcuatl inherited some of this domain can tribuury province (Oiiher 1983:91). ¿Vmong the towns listed
fnm TetKMhtithnV eatlier ties with Azcapooaioo and reasserted in the Maidut tally, Qenpoclan and Epafvyooin had notable spe-
these claims by joining with Tcxctuî's Nc7:ahiialcoyotl in renewed cialties in obsidian production (Barlow 1949a: 71), Ecatcpcc spe-
conquests in the eastern and northeastern X'allcy ot Mexico. At cialized in salt, fishing, and the processing of maguey products
tli.u time, the Mendoza towns of Qcnpoalan and I laquilpan (and (Gibson 1964:318. 338-339), and .\colman also had an abun-
the noa-Meiubaa town of Tecpilpan) came under the rule of Te- dance of maguey for dothing and foel (PN£ 6:218).
38 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2 ir-23r
Copyrighted materi
The specialized products of this diverse reôn drculated eacht yellow coyote suits (with cueiyo shields), green costumes with
through an dBdent imricct ijFStem. Some mnlKts were nujor re- 8 Mpf/ff device (and eweriw fields), red and white pupaktl (butter-
gional mercantile centers, others were small distribution points for fly) devices (with eagle daw shields), red (Utqalpatzactli back device
local produce, still others were known for their specialized offer' and red tbuatl (along with cutxyo shields), and blue auxteeati cos-
ings (such as the dog market at Acolman). Some markets met daily, tumes with the popular cuexyo shields. The Matrícula (1980: folio
others at ñve-day or rwenty>day intervals.' 3r) illustrates essentially the same items, although it indndes the
As a general rule, the population denii^ increased from ikm banner {pandi) i^mbol for the number 20 on all but the jaguar oos-
to lakeahore; ifae largest towns tended to lie on the plain and/or tume and cohui the suits and shields in only red, yellow, and
along critical transport rfjutcs. Among the most impressive centers black."
were Texooco, Acolman, and Tepeilaoztoc, and the aon-Metuhza The and somecimes-irrigated lands of Acoihuacan prov-
fertile
towns of Otompan, Ottoticpac, Huexotia, and Teotihuacan.* In ince yielded surpluses of foodstuft, some of which were collected
the northern spur out of the V'aliey of Mexicu, ihc Mendoza centers for annual tribute payments: one bin each of maize, beans, cbia,
of ^lenpoalan, Epaûyucan, and Haquilpan and the ooa-A¡mkaa and amaranth. This is shown in the Matricula as a single bin of
town of Tepepoico eidiibhed large populatioiH * Beyond the mafor maize and beam, widi numerous small dots (dita and/or amaranth?)
ceiiitrs, the "population was dense and scattered in a great many heaped atop.
small, generally contiguous settlements" (Gerhard 1972:311). Hk bifinmcm of 1554 (Schoies and Adams 1957:31-33)
The predominant language of Aoolhuacan province was Náhuatl idettifiet die head town of this province as "Aculma" and indianés
and Included the refined speech of Texcoco. Although Náhuatl was that ihiny-five towns joined Acolman in tribute payments (the
the most common language, Otomi minorities were present in Mtmhta Uses a total of twenty-six towns). The quantities of doth
some towns (PNE 6:212; GeriianI 1972:207, 233, 311). In the demanded fi«m dtis province were essentially die same as re-
Teofihujcjn Valley, pockets of Popuhica speakers were found corded in the Mendoza, although the 1554 text mentions 1,600
along with the Nahua and Utomi (iti^:273). mantas of no special attributes, 400 large blue and red striped
doaks, 400 bhie mantas^ 400 cbedcerboaid-designcd cloaks, 400
loincloths, 400 women's tunics, and 400 skirts, this was to be
TRIBUTE
paid on an eighty-day schedule. The annual tribute from these
The tribute demanded of AooUraacan province covers two pic- towns consisted of seven rich warrior costumes of varráos values
torial folios in Codex Mendoz-ti and contains the standard categories (along with fort> -five shields") and 4,100 jSmq^ each of maize,
of clothing, warrior suits, and staple foodstufis. beans, chia, and amaranth.
The clothing tribute mirrors that for the following province, It is curious that the abundant obsidian resources ofthis province
Quaohnahuac. It begins with 400 deep red cloaks with bright are not reflected in the tribute lists, but these may have worked their
muitioolored borders; no qxcial gloss is given for Acolhuacan's way into the Mexica capital through other means (such as the mar-
doihmg in the Matricida, bor this item is identical with one glossed ket system or gift exchanges). Early on, Ccnpoalan gave obsidian
nihhpiiia (rc(i) in (,)niivihn;iliu,u province (1980; folio ?v). The next blades (for war clubs) to Texcoco, and F.pavtiyucan's obsidian trib-
pictograph shows 400 diagonally divided mantas, half in yellow and ute was divided between the rulers uf Tenochtidan and Texcoco.
half in a bhie tie-dye (sec chapter 8 in vohnne 1). These cloaks also However, under Mexica rule Qenpoalan% tribute changed to pay-
have bold multicolored borders and are glossed micazminqui (diag- ment of (inc c.inoc annually and then, under .'Vhuitzotl, to clothing,
onally divided) on Quauhnahuac's tribute folio (ibid.)> The third turkeys, and offerings for his ceremonial dedication of the temple
type of iMWM due was a quilted tenile with a blade and white of Huitzilopochtli. Similarly, the enlargement of this temple was a
border, in quantities of 400. These are described as cacamoliuhqui stimulus to change the olisiih.m tnltutc of FpavtHUcan. Tlaquil-
on the Matricula foho for Quauhmhuac The remaining doaks pan, and Temazcalapaii lo dothing, maize, and turkej's (Barlow
consist of 2,000 white tmmua, of which 1,200 are described as 1949a:7l-72).
"large" (('otiex Mendoz-ii folio 21v) The Miitrkulii gloss suggests ,\c<)lman and its neighbor Teotihuicnn paid tribute in maguey
thai these may be quachtli, large white doaks. The Spanish com- tibcr dothing and maguey leaves (burned as fuel); Acoiman's trib-
mentary accompanying this Mmhza folio is a litde confused (and uR seems to have been paid K> die local niler, while Teotihuacan's
sotne corrections were mide in these (lesmprions). Th;it t nmmcn- was divided l>ctw een the rufen of Tenoditidan and Texooco (FNE
tary lumps together the 2,0UU white cloaks as 2,(X)0 large mantas 1:25; 6:213, 221).
inaide <tf cwisied diread and combines the first three fancy doab as The tribute ofTepechpa reporwdly evolved from gifts ofmaguey
1,200 anuhliac, small rich cloaks for lords and rulers.' ' In addition fiber mantas given to its local Riler to tribute in cottfin clothing
CO this laige quantity of doaks, the people of Acoihuacan province under Mexica rule.' ' Most of these mantas were large, and some
had to provide their Merica overiords with 400 womcn^t tunics and were adorned with rabbit for. The people ofTepechpa were abo
skirls and 4(M) loincloths, \II nf these were to be rithlv itn n i ited required to deliver in tribute twenty lo;nls ot Voconochco cacao
in reds, blues, and yellows. They were due semi-annually (Meu- (with 24,ÜO0 beans in each load), twenty loads of chile, and twenty
daa) or qvaflnrty (MuricuUi. loads of small peppers (PNE 6: 234).
As with other provinces in and around the \ allc\ nf .Mexico, The clothing and maize tribute continued for many of the
Acoihuacan paid tribute in a large quantity at warrior costumes. towns in this province into the Colonial period. Aeulman, Tot-
These were due in eight distinct styles, three of rich feathers and coco, Ecatepec, (^npoalan, and TIaquilpan all paid tribute in
five of ordinary fr ithcrs ITie three expensive suits were a vellow cloth to their new Spanish overlords; .Acoiman's clothing tribute
quaxolotl (with a xuakoiiuhûi shield), a blue tzitzimiti (with cuexyo included large bed coverings, perhaps similar to the quilted mantas
shield), and a spotted yellow ocríotl (jaguar) with cuexyo shield. seen in the Mendoza (González de Coasfo 1952:11-12, 178, 481,
These were all giv en in single quantities, once a year. The remain- 627). 'I'he people of these towns were also required to wr>rk a field
ing live styles were also due aimually, but in quantities of twent)' of maize and to supply the usual daily provisions for the local cai-
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO year/ FOLIOS 2 1 r-22r • 39
pixquTs household.'* In the cases of Ecatepee and Tcmazcalapan, 2. Coatlkhan, akxig widi Hueioila, Aoohnan, Tcocihuacao, Teodzdan, and
this included cacao beam, which must have been imported (ibid: Tcped^M, wic ooni|ueted bjr conrfitocd Mcaica md AooBma fbrecs. and dw
spoilsof war were therefcfc ptabably tfaaitd. Vef, of thoe towna. only Tt-
178; PNE 1:277).
pcchpa appears on the Mendoza tribute list
V The lca\T5. called mahntli in the Ríljción. were used fi)r fuel. .\«)ltnanini
to pav tril>utc III tK>ih TcniK'htitlan and TextcKo. as was neighboring Hm*
REFERENCES
;iliu.iL.iii '
ulv.ch dues not appear in the Codtx Mi-nJ'i:j tribute tlttjl).
Tills ri|MirIi.ilK iKiurmj during the reipn o) Ahuitiuil-

A great deal of cthnohistorical and archaeological information is
4.
5. Kor a discusMiin nl s.ilIi uiiuplixiiics. sec ficrda:! l-síjv imi tribute <chap-
available on Acolhuacan province. General ^vorks cos-ering this
tcr 5 in volume 1) ami the page dcscnpiiun tor (Juauhtiilan province.
.iiLM uKhuk H.irlciw (19493;66-72), Gerhard ( I :
67 -f.9, 207-
6. These centers were Tcpeclqia and Tevo)'ucan.
21I,273-275,3U-314),Ofíner(l';H í), Hodge (1984: 117- 132). 7. Fw aoalysci of the intrkaie i«|iaml maritet tptan, mc Michael Smith
Sanders et al. (1970), and Hicks ( I VK2 , 1 986). Archaeological stud- (1979). Hanm (ad.), and Bndan (198J%
ies have been reported by BnimlK-l (1976. 1980). Evans (1988),
8. Oliwr (19S3: 1 1) csrinntes die 1519 iNpiilatiaiis of dicse cemrn ai 1^
lows: 'nxcoco (68,072). Aoolman (27,229), Tcpettaoztoc (26,641), Otompm
Parsons (1971), and Sanders, Parsoas. and Santley (1979). Ob- Hucxoda (2:,:75), and Tcotihuacan <!2,660).
(44,194). O/toticpac (;'>,449),
sidian production in the area is discussed by Spcncc (1985) and much more ronscnarivc; for example, he suggests a
Parson's estimates arc
Charlton (1978), and markets are analyzed by Michael Smith (1979) maximum population of ^s,(iiio tur K xkims l"'"l JIM ;
9. Offnersf 1985 2) 5!'' )Kipiila;t>>n estimates lor these towns arc as foUow<s:
and Blanton (n.d.). The Acolhuacan region in the Colonial period
: 1 1
(.U:npoalan (9.64:», KpavuviKan ( I4.~W). T1aqwlpm<6,485X andTepcpiiloo

Isdeacribedby Gibson (1964) and I.eslie Lewis (1976, 1984). Reta-
(47,002). ITiese estimates may well he high.
áaut guptifieas and tribute .iccount.s exist for some of the touTis 10. The MrridozJ annotations indicate that ihcsc were mamilíaí, small mjN-
in this province (see PNE 1:25, 198, 277; 6:82-84, 209-236, UL CaK^nuK could mean "narrow" or "fine," both of which are implied in die
291-305: González de Cossio 1952:11-12, 178, 481,627). S|Mflid> eoamitmary and annotnioai.
11. AfaMftart giem aayiMiaiid blue mauudwiA itiaimidcammia col-
orcd ydlow in the Matñaia.
12. In the piaorial that served as the basts for the 1 554 dociimeni, two of die
NOTES seven shields must have carried the pamli symbol for the number 20.
IV Ihis ii ;ii>i i..,ilv iiLLiiiicd Mil) years prior to .Motccuh/.oma's rcigiia whidl
1 Motolinia H^'Ô: ?2-??) mcnuorn that the "uholc pnivmcc" of the Acol- WDuKJ pi Jit: -c .i: tni- tiiiK- if the first Motccuhroma (PN'F 6:254).
1
huj v,3b tjllcd Aculh jn Ottncr :

l''S.\ 1 1 usls thi- term Acolhuacjn liroailK 14. l-ifts lit thcst m.i'U,!i '.»crc m
lie tnur îci-nj^ wide and eight hrazM long,
;i$ well: " I lu i i irtland ot the Tencocan cttipirc wis located in the eastern and thirty were to be four pitrnjs wade and tour haz^^ Um^ (I'NK 6:2?4).
portion I '! iht \'j|ley of Mexico and was called Acolhuacan." 15. This b probably a reflection of prc-Spanish practiies, when such daily
2. Coatlichan, along with Hunotia, Acolniaii, Teotihuacui, Tecdzdan, and support was pruvided to the household of the local ruler or tribute official.
40 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO year/ FOLIOS 2 ir-Sir

CopynytiLOO riiaicnal
FOLIOS 2 2V- 23V: THE PROVINCE OF QUAUHNAHUAC
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: THE TRIBUTE:

1. Quauhnahuac — "Beside the Trees" The following items were given every six months:
Also in Codex Mmdoza conquest history (folios 2v, 6r, 7v) 400 mantas with multicolored borders
2. Teocalînco
— "On the Small Temple" rcil

3.
—
Chimaico "In the Shield" 400 quilted mamas
4.
—
Huiplapan "On the Water of the Hummingbird" 800 white mantas
5.
—
AcatI ytpac "On Top of tlie (Arrow) Reeds" 400 multicolored loincloths
6.
—
Xochiiepec "On the Hill of Flowers" 400 women's tunics and skirts
7. Aliacatla
— "WTicrc There Are Many Reed Arrows" 1,200 large white manias
8. Molotia
— "VVTiere There Arc Many Common House 8,000 sheets (or reams) of native paper
Finches" 2,000 yellow and red gourd bowls
9. Coatlan
— "VVhcrc There Arc Many Snakes"
10. Xiuhtepec
— "On the of Turquoise"
Hill
The following items were given annually:
Also in Codtx Mendoza conquest histor>' (folios 6r. 7v) 1 yellow cuextecatJ warrior costume and shield
1 1 . Xoxovtla
— "Where There Is Much Green" or "Place 1 yellow coyote warrior costume and shield
of Many Precious Greenstones" 1 yellow tzitzhnitl warrior ctwtumc anil shield
12. Amacoztitla
— ".\mong the AmacozticTttes" 1 green tfuaxohtl warrior costume and shield
13. Yztla— "Place of Much Obsidian" 1 red warrior costume and green xoptlli insignia and shield
14. OcpajTican
— "Place Full of (JcpaUi" I green and rod papalotl warrior costume and shield
15. Yztepec
— "On the Hill of Obsidian" 1 red warrior costume with a momoyactii back device, and shield
16. Atlicholoayan
— "Place Where Water Spurts" 1 brown ocelot! warrior costume and shield
I bin of maize
I bin of amaranth
1 bin of beans
1 bin of chia
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2 2V- 2 3V • 41

CONQUEST HISTORY flowers" (Dunin 1967 2:23). .Vlong with neighboring Huaxtepec,
the towns of Quauhnahuac province specialized in the manufac-
The area of this large and wcilthv pnnHncc was conquered and ture of bark paper. Paper was given in tribute by both provinces
rc-con(|ucrcd between the reigns ot Itzeoatl and Axayacatl and was also passed on to Tenochtitlan nobles as an item of gift
(1426- 1481). Put I of the Cukx Mmhea shows Qamhiuhnac as exchange (ibid.:297). Stone "bark beaters" arc a c<»mmon archaeo-
a conquest of ItzcoatI and Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (folios 6r,
logical And intfaeQuauhnahaaciegioii(Midiael ir n.d.). 1
7v), as well as the early Aiexica ruler Acamapichtii (folio 2v).' But Quauhnahuac was a major oommerdal center m .Utec times; its
femfid moves into die QinuhnahuM region may have rather been regional market was notable for the great quantities of cotton tex-
made by Acamapichtli's suocesaor, HuitziÜhuir! í! ^''] 141 >í. \sho tiles offered there (Duran 1%7 2:23). Professional merchants
actively courted a royal ladyof Qoauhnahuac and generated some
apparently passed in and out of Quauhnahuac (ibid.:357). Many
sustaitied Hi fiwlmg between Tenocbtithin and that southern king- Valley of Mexico gotnls. primarily obsidian and pottery (salt con-
dom (Crmiiai mi\iat\«t! IO4O 04 0^1 n;nlc<^ (It's? stresses
tainers, painted bowls, tigurincs, and other items), have been found
the importance during Huitzilihuitr» reign of moving into the hot
in Aztec-period archaeological sices in this region.
hnds, and that cotton doihlng is reoorded as etweringtlie Mexica
Quauhnahuac province was the land of the TIalhuica. The
wardrobe at this time. Cotton was grown in Quauhnahuacprox-ince. TIalhuica spoke Náhuatl, although they uere amsidcred "un-
ItzcoatI 's move into the realm of Quauhnahuac, beyond the trained" and "cowardly" by Mexica standards. They are described
VUhy of Mexico, was achieved radwr hne hi Ms
confines of the
as pompous in the manner of their dress and in carrying about
rei^ (sometime berween I4'0 and 14^R) The (<mil)incd armies "
floweis (Sabagún 1950-1982 10:186).*

of the Triple Alliance capital cities were mobilized at the behest of
Qoaohnahoac^ neighbor Xinhtepec. However, after providmg
military aid tf) Xiubtcpec, that town also wa»; placed in rributarv
TRIBUTE
status to the Aztecs at the end of the campaign (and is hstcd as a
The imperial tribute demands on this wealthy province consisted
conquest of Itzooad hi die MmiKtt, ioHo (tr). Hidfilapan and of the standard items of clothing, warrior cosnimes. and staple
Yziepec were probably also tnought inio the imperial domain at
foodstuft, along with paper and deciirated L,'our<i Ih)w1s. This ap-
that time (Smith n.d.)-
parently was to be delivered to Tenochtitlan, although Texoooo
Itzooad^ suoceasor, Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina, found it neces-
also nanied Qnanhnahnac among its tribacaries. Quaohnafanac
sary to again conquer Quauhnahuac and Viuhtcpcc, along with |M)rtedly paid tributes directly to Nezahualcoyod during his reign,
Coatepec (Hasig 1988:161; Michael Smith n.d.)- Later, tJuring
and a separate room in the Texcocan palace was desigiuited to store
Axayacatl^ reign. Quauhnahuac was again subdued, but perhaps by tfaoae tributes, in addition, the people of Quauhnahuac (and other
neighboring Ocuilan rather than by imperial Aztec forces (Diirán
hot lands) were required to provide exotic plants for royal Tex-
1967 2:293; Hassig 1988:185). Quauhnahuac developed as a
cocan gardens (Offiier 1983:15, 107-108, 113).
powerful polity in central iMexico and abo carried on wan with With Quauhmhuac^ local abundance of cotton, it is not sur-
jMalinalco. Cohiiivco, TIachco, and Tepoztlan (Michael Smith prising toexpea a hean- tribute in cotton cloth. Fancy textiles
n.d.; Anales de Tlatelolco 1948: 57; PNR 6:242, 277). were given in the form of 400 red mantas with a bold, multicolored
At the time of the Spanish Conquest a fort manned by Axtec and borden 400 yellow and bine tte-d>-e diagnonally divided doaks;
local forces was maintained at Quauhnahuac (Barlow I ''49a: ''6).
and 400 quilted itumtas. The first is identified as inuhpaUi* in the
According to the Mendoza commentary, each ot the si.xteen towns Mturúuia de Trikmt annotations (1980: folio 3v), the second as
of this province was administered by a Mexica governor and trib*
and die third as mmtliahpii* These were desrined
ute collector (tolio 22v). But the imperial overlords had for vears for use by lords and nobles {Codtx Mendoza coniineniary, folio
used other political devices to cement their control over this im- 22v).One of these may have represented a style known specitically
portant province. In 1487 the imperial rulers installed new rulers
as "mantas de Cuemavaca" (González de Cossfo 1952; 553, 557;
in both Quauhnahuac and Xochitcpec (Códice AtAm 196) 74). In :
Roben 1 I iskett. pcrson.d Luiiuininication).
addition, provincial nobles engaged in marriage alliances, gift ex-
Quauhnahuac's clothing tribute also included 8UU white doaks.
changes, and ceremonial activities with Mexica nobles. The Mendoza glasses distinguish these from the 1,200 mmracr di-
rcctly below by calling the former nurntUtu and the Litter mantas
The Matricula annotations identify the 800 cloaks as ca-
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS grandes.
hmuc (narrow cotton doaks) and the 1 .200 as ^tuidMi (large cotton
Quauhnahuac province was located in rhe « i stcrn ptirrion of the cloaLs).
modem state of Morelos. The region exhibits considerable topo- The remaining clothing tribute consisted of 4(X) women's tunics
graphic variation, ranging from the slopes of high mountains to and sidrts and 400 mulriodored kñndoths.' Att the dothfaig trib>
fertile, semitropical valle)"s (Gerhard 1
'->"! Springs ami streams ute was due in 1 enoehtitlan semi-anmully, although the MatrkidM
were abundant (Barrett 1976:155-156). Elevations were suth- indicates a quarterly tribute.
dently low and ramlall snlBcieiMiy high to permit snccessfol cold- The people of (ûlmalntac provinoe paid part of their tribute
v'ation of cotton, chile, maize, and other crops at Quauhnahuac. in the form of eight richlv feathered warrior costumes, each of a
(Pan)Chimalco, Moloda, and Xoxovtia (Duran 1967 2:23; V'illa- different st}'lc and due annually. The tirst is a yellow atextecati cos-
señor y Sánchez 1952:171-172; Sahagún 1950-1982 10:186; tume with "hawk scratches," followed by a yellow coyote costume,
Cíimisco 1072 ::2Q; 1976b:46).- In .idditíon. flowers from Oii.uih- a yellow rzitztmtrl cosnimc. a green iiu¡¡\'ihtl mstumc, a red cf>s-
nahuac were prized lor religious rituals in lenochtidan ( I'orque- tume with a xopiUi standard, a green and red "butterfly" (papatoti)
mada 1969 2:477); individuals specializing in flower growing costunw, a red costume with a ffM«M»)Met0 back deWce, and a brown
or arruiL'ing (vh-hipix'fin-) lived in the region (Carrasco 10?6a), spotted jaguar costume. All are accompanied by aitxyo shields ex-
and (he land was reputedly "full of a thousand kinds of fragrant cept tor the xolotl costume, which has a xuakoliubqui shield, and
42 * THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2 2V- 23V

Copyriyt ilOü i l lalCI lal
the butterfly costume, which has the unique "eagle claw" shield. specifies the 2,000 sheets of paper (this time due every eighty
The Mttüktñ commentaries and glosses state that all these warrior daj's), but omits the gourd bowls.
costumes were made of rich Üeathen, although the Matrúai» clearly In early Colonial times, the town of Coatlan paid a tribute that
indicates that only the tütmmá and xdtd devices were rich and probably reflected some pre-Spanishdanandi: unrefined gold, jars
predom, eadi worth two slaves." The rest of the costumes are pre- of honey, women's tunics, women^ siditi» and the oullÍTatíon of
<:ented in quantities of twent>' each in the glosses, although the fields of iiuize(PN£ 1:80).
pantli (number 20) symbol is missing in the pictographs. Normally
111 rhi- Mrihlozii, whcri m)st;iiiks arc given in quantities ot rwenry,
REFERENCES
they arc made of "ordinary leathers." It is not clear what was actu-
ally Rieanr in this case. Qnauhnahuac province is discussed by Barlow (1 949a: 75 -78),
't he lands lit' Ou.iuhnahu.K province were fertile and perhaps Gerhard (1972:91 -W. 111-114), .MkH.k! Sm:ih (1983; 1987),
irrigated (Michael Smith n.d.). Some of the yield of these lands was and Mason (1980). I'he history of the Quauhnahuac region is cov-
surrendered to Tenodititlan: one bin each of maixe, beans, chia, ered by Dufjn (1967 2). Alva IxtHhochId (1965 2), and AKanulo
am! amaranth.' ITic MatrkuLi prm idcs us with a rare gloss for the Tezo/.onKK' (I9"sa). Ri!es <]'>~Vi an;! .Martin (19fi.si written
one l>m oi cotnliined ioudstutis seen there: jrn tiaolti yoan «7/ . . . colonial histories ot Morelos, and Haskett (1988), iiarrett (1976),
and beans in numbered quantities).'"

tlapoiuiUi (in.ii/e kernels and Carrasco (1972, 1976a, 1976b) provide additional discus-
Quauhnahuac's remaining tribute consisted of local specializa- sion and anaKîs of Colonial conditions in this recion Sixteenth-
tions: paper and gourd bowls. The paper was given in the form of century dc(a:is art î.a:udy available in the Kciaauim geográficas
8,000 sheets semi-annually, although MenJoza's commentary cor- (PNF 1 : HO; 6 : : Í
-
: Ml, 283-290). A brief characterization of die
rected sheets {plifiios) to reams (nsmas). Tlie Miitríaila glosses give Tlalhuica, ficoin the Mexica point of view, is available in Sahagún
only i fnxii/iiipilli aimtil ii.ippoitaltica (8.(XK) papers every eighty days); (1950-1982 10:186).
the unit IS diflieult lo assess. A Sp.misii ijli rss 011 r;u- Miitrinilti states
"mil atados de papel" (a thou.sand bundles ot paper), clearly mis-

intei|Hretinf the quantity. The Mmbu records a semi-«unial
schedule of pa\Tnent for the paper.
NOTES
The gourd bowls itere likewise to be due semi-annually, all
2,000 of them. These were varnished yellow on the bottoms and 1. I hf iiiiu|iii.:si Mjs suri-ly iinilertakin .inii tl.iittici-1 liy the Me.vica whflc in
the senile ut ihc rhcn-powerful AxcapoaaJcu. Kelly and Palcrm (I9S2:282}
rimmed in plain red (800 of tliem) or a red and white step-fret
tcnMtivt'ly siiencst that this pntioidarQuaiAiulnnc may rdcr ID tdifiÍErnK;
mutif (the remaining 1, 200). They are all shown with plain red now-vintshcd toun.
rims in the MiimaiLi and identified as 2,000 xMlif dw every 2. Kelly and Palcrm ( 1952:266) dtti dun of 14)0 and 14)3, «faile Sniidi
eighty days. These half-sphere gourd containers were mamibc- (n.d.) mentions I4}8.
rared from the fruit of the xkah/uabiiitl (gourd tree: Cmeentia sp.>,
}. The ideal dimste ot today's Quauhnahuac, Cucmavao, ii piaiMd coosii-
tcntly in twcnticth-ccmury tour guides. In rite sixicenih ceotury. Durin (1967
;j native ot Quauhnahuac (1 lernanile? I'í^'í 2:71 »). \ii iddirional
2:23) describes the region as an "earthly paradise."
discussion of types of gourd bowls is presented in the page descrip- 4. In thesanelucathtfaeAleiiGaaiinedderiaveeaaiineiitsatdwORMnfand
tion for Xoctmochoo. Tonoacaswell(SdHBÚnl9S0-]n2 ]0:l«Qw
The 1554 Infomiadoii (Scholes and .Xdams I''s7;U-H) lists 5. Hie name derives horn imiteitf (ooddneal) md riitftfíi (cdIm) or pM
(blnik day far dyeing dathing |Malim l970:7«rD. See 5alu«éo 19S0-IW2
twenty-tour towns for this province but records a roughly compa-
11:2)9-240.
rable tribute. Annual tribute was due in die form of eight rich war- 6. In Molina (1970: lOv), mmwIhii^w » defined as • bed cowerii^.
liof costumes of different values and sixty-live shields." In addi- 7. The lunict art shown «ñh red bands in die Mtnmabát Tntmnt.
titm. 4.100 [anteas each of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth were >. The MmUMí Nahuad uys (an etcttyn liofatkaiadl m emutl^tiut tmt
due on an annual basis. The clothing tribute, according to the In- tíattdi (only two precious warrior costumes, each valued a: two slaves). The
annotation is drawn through the tzsnhmii and xoitti costumes.
jormaeion, included 400 red-striped mmtts, 400 red manuu, 400 The
9. artist faifK lo add the cnMonary Uacfc dots on np ef die bin of
mmua with a cbedceiboard design, 400 loincloths, 400 women^ beans.
tiinÍLs, 4(W skirts, and 1,600 large whii>. Al! hiu the l.isr arc ]ir 7;"'i'.'V rr.insI.iTo Ljrjil .i.' ^ 'i :l i iiiii.a- kiiiici-.. I :;l iiti>t. iiiîI p.irt ot"
described as "rich." While the total numbers tally with those Lht till'-'- iiiiy have lead jmo r<in iiafsmaUi. "
in innumerable quantities." The
man\ lilack >l<il> m jy <imply îhHwik ii—» «jiiMiriiy iftifr than «^^piri^Miap fffjV
shown in the MatdnM and Msirmáa, their compositioa varies,
of chia and amaranih.
paititulariv with the substitution of red-striped cloaks for the asMKi.trcd ^\irh IÍ5-4 dfR'umcni. cigkt
1! hi 'Ik hl^l pit.h;-ri;l rlit. adual
quilled ones shoun in the pictorials. I hc 1554 document also shields would have been diaui), three with pantU (20) symbols.
THE TRIBUTE TEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS SSV-SJV • 43
Copyrighted materii
FOLIOS 24r-25r: THE PROVINCE OF HUAXTEPEC
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 19. Ayoxochapan

— "On the Water of the Gourd Flower"
20. Tlajracac
— "In Front"
1. Huaxtepec— "On the i lili of the Huaxin" 21. Tehuizco
— "On the Sharp Rock)- Ground"
i'Mso in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 7v) —
2. Xochimilcaiinco
—"On the Small Place of the Xochimiica"
22. Ncpopoalco "In the Place of the Count"
Adatlavca — "Place of Red Water"
3.
—
Quauhtlan "Where There Are Many F.agles"
23. (Atlatlauhca)
.\huehucpan
—
"On the Cypress" or "On the Drum"
Also Codex Mendoza cxmquest history
in (folio 7v)
Totolapan — (Totolapa) "On the Water of the Turkey"

4.
5.
— "On
.'Vncnccuilco the Water That Twists Back and Forth"
24.
Codex Mendoza conquest history
6.
—
Olintepec "On the Hill of the Eanhquake"
.\lso in
— "On the Small (folio 7v)
7. QuahuitI yxco
— "On the Surface of the Tree"
25.
26.
.\mil9inc0
Atl huelic
Lands"
Irrigated
— "On the Pleasant Potable Water"
8. C-«inpanco— "On the Hair" or "On the Skull Rack"
9. Huirían
— "Where i'hcrc Arc Many Hummingbirds"
10. rialtigapan
— "On the Land of Chalk" THE TRIBUTE:
1 1. Coacalco
— "In the House of the Snake" The following items were given every months:
12. Yzamaiitia
— "Near the Ceiba Trees" six
400 loincloths
13. Tepoztlan — ("lepuztlan) "Where There .Much Copper" Is
400 women's tunics and skins
.AJsoin Codtx Mendoza conquest 8r)
historj- (folio
14.
—
Yauhtepcc "On the Hill of the .Amaranth" or "On the Hill
2,400 large white manias
400 white mantas uith multicolored borders
of Vauhtli"
.Wso in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r)
2,000 red and yellow varnished gourd bowls
15. Yacapichtia — (Y'acapichtlan) "Where There .\re Many
8,000 sheets (or reams) of native paper
Pointed Things"
.\lso in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r) The following items were given annually:
16. TIay'acapan
— "In Front" 20 red warrior costumes with cueâipatzactli devices, and shields
17. Xaloztoc
— "In the Cave of Sand" 20 red warrior costumes with a momoyactU back dexicc, and
18. Tccpaijinco — (Tcipatzinco) "On the Little Flints" shields
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r) 1 >iellow quaxolot! warrior costume and shield
44 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 24r- 2 ir
Cc
1 blue tziahttiii warrior OOfitUlDC and shield THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABI l AM S
I yelloOTcoyoce warrior cosRHnesnd shield
1 blue and green xnpiUi warrior cosnimc and shickf
Huaxtepec province lay in what is today eastern and central Mo-
relos state. It extends from the volcanic slopes of Pupoca tcpcd into
1 black and white ottioti warrior costume and shield
the hot countr}' to the south, along tributaries of the Balsas River
I Mae nw9«w«tfw«rrio('eoctiiiiieiiid shield
1 bin of m ii/u (Gerhard 1972:94). It is largely a region of broad valleys, and ade-
quate water sources allowed for irrigation on extensive expanses of
1 bin of amaranth
I binofbeans
land. Some cotton may have been grown on semi tropical irrigated
lands, as at Yacapichda and Tecpatzinco, although cotton cultiva-
1 binofdiia
tion without the aid of irrigation is also mentianed in the dcxai-
ments (for Huaxtepec^ Yaufacqiec, and ItsfKMRhn: Michael Smith
CONQLl Sr HISTORY n.d.). Irrigated food crops were grown at Huaxtepec, Huifilan, and
Yzamatida (ibid.). Huaxtepec was also noted for its local products
The province of Huaxtepec was largely conquered by Motccuh-
made some eariy inroads into of cacao, lime, paper, and rode crystal; Tepoulan spedalmed in
zooia Hhnkunhia, ihiioiigh hnxMtl
maguey, lime, and paper production; and maguey production was
the rcirion, reputedly bringing Huaxtepec and Tepoztlan into the
also a local speciality of Totolapan (Reltuwn de Huaxtepec 1930;
growing imperial net (Kelly and Palerm 1952:289-290). Seven
towns of this province (Huaxtepec, Tepozthn, l&uhtepec, \kca- FNEÓ:10, 237-250; Oscar Lewis 1951:83-85). Undoubtedly
other towns in this prosince prided themselves on their local spe-
pichtla, Tecpavinco, Ailaflavca, and Tolohpail) are associated with
cialties, but they go unrecorded. For example, Yzamatida, with its
the first Motecuhzoma in Mcndoza's conquest history (folios 7 v, 8r).
Like neighboring Qaanhnahuac, Huanepec was a rich and im-
place gl)ph of a bundle of paper, may wdt have been a local center
own nghr. Flire-k\el gift for bark paper production.
portant provini'c, quite powerful in its
exchanges, marriage alliances, and joint ceremonial participation

The specialized production of so many commodities was paral-
served to cement social and political ties at a high level be tweeu

leled by a strong regional market s)'stem, to allow extensive and
efficient distribution of these specialties. Huaxtepec and T otolapan
Huaxtepec and Tcnocluiilan (Michael Smith l%'3 i:o 134).
Motecuhzoma llhuicamina took advanuge of Huaxtepec's de- carried on an active trade, as did Yauhtepec and Tepoztlan (PNE
garden and 6:11, 249), Markets were present at Huaxtepec, Yacapichda, t<^
lightful dtmate and setting, constructing a botanical
retre.li there (Dur.in 1967 2:247) The ruiiiple at Tcpoztlan drew tolapan, and Tepoztlan (Michael Smith n.d.; Relación de Huaxtepec
the attention of the later ruler Ahuitzotl, who dedicated (or rededi- 1930:37; PNE 6:11, 250). People from these towns also traded
cated) it m 1502, the last year of his reign (Seler I9(Wb:347). Ear- outside the region; for example, merchants from Yacapichtia
lier, in I tST, rhc Mevica imposed new nilcrs on Huaxtepec and carried cotton to the Valley of Mexico to sell in markets there
Tepoulan, indicating a need or desire to control this area more (Michael Smith n.d.). While only these of ex- isolated instances
tightly (Caikr AuUn 1963 :74). M

erica ganisoiiB were acatioaed in
duuige are documented, such trade (especially in cotton) was
aufely a widespread activity in and aroimd Huaxtepec proviiux (aee
1 luaxtcpcc, Vacapichtia, and Yauhtcpcr in I >2 1
."
Rut thi-- may have
been a response to Spanish pressures during the Spanish Conquest
Durin 1967 2:23, 107; PNE 6:230).
rather than a regular fixture in this pravinoe (Midiael Smidi n.d.). Tbia densely populated, semitropical land was iiihabited by
At least five of the city-states in this province were niled by im- speakers of vtrions dialects of Nahuad. To the north and east, the
people were finked ID the Xochimilca and spoke a Xochimilca vari-
portant Iktoque and other high-ranking officials. The Codtx Men-
d$tá commentary (folio 24r) indicates that a Mexica tribute oollee-
ant of Nahuad (Barlow 1949a; 80; Gcrfiard \')12 m, 94).' The
tor and governor were stationed :n each <>( rhu pirivincial towns, Tlalhnica, another group of Nahuad speakers, lived in the western
including the head town of Huaxtepec. Uut the Re/acim it Hua- and southern segments of this proviooe, and inhabind much of
ttpte (1930:36) deaHy distinguishes between oidy the local raler
neighboring Quauhnahuac province as well ^hid.).
(Thiroani) and the imposed tribute collector {Calpixqui) ' In 1519
the local rulers title was Ttdttcattttutli (Toltec-lord), suggesting
TRIBUTE
tmpreaiive lies with the legitiniizing Toltec heritage (ibid.)< As in
other politically complex cin -states of the period, certain nobles The imperial tribute demands on Huaxtepec province closely re-
assisted the ruler m his tasks; in HuaxtepCC the '¡liitoam had at his semble those imposed un Quauhnahuac. The second row ot 1 iuax-
beckoning twelve officials who served "as judges" (ibid.). tepecV dothing tribute begins with 400 plain white mmMa with
Yacapichtia and Tmohip ni both claimed "absolute rulers"; ' the multicolored borders Tliesc are described simply as ichaitilfnatli
former w.is served by two judges anii the latter by lour |udges and (cotton cloaks) in the Matricula (1980: tolio 4r). They are tollowed
several Ttquittatos in charge of labor and other obligations at the by 400 diagonally divided cloaks, half in brown and half in a blue
btrriú level (Michael Tepoztlan likewise had a local
Smith n.d.). tie dvc design. These also have a ailored bf)rder. an unusual brown
ruler along with three judges (PNE 6: 241 -242).'' and yellow in the Mendoza and a variety ot colors m the Matricula.*
The towns of luaxtcpcc pro^-incc shared a border with the en-
I As usual, when cloaks exhibit the distinctive diagonal division, they
emy states ofI'laxcala and Hucxotzioco over the volcanoes to the are glossed as iinaiT.mtnifui in the Mmnrula 'Yhi- Mmdoza then
east. Roth Huaxtepec and Yacapichda had hoarile encounters with shows -.iv figures toiahng 2,400 large white muntus: the Matricula
tl •
^tatcs. Huaxtepec and Tepoztlan fought wars to the west depicts one of thc»e aS 400 quilted manua with a black and white
with Xiuhtepec and Quauhnahuac respectively, and Yacapichda border, glossing them as OKMw/rHif»/.' In addition, the Matricula
warred widi Mixtees to die south {ROtKÜH ie Htuuttptc 1930:38; distinguishes among the vriiite doaks, describing 800 of them as
Hd»€Ímd€YiKKfkM»aÁ.'.2n, PNE 6:242). A^lthin (he piwiiux, cenauac (narrow cotton cloaks) and 1,200 as quacbtli (large white
Tepoedan and Yacapidida warred with each other (ibid.). cotton doaks). The Spanish commentary in the Mendou describes
the 2,400 white cloaks as made of "twisted thtcMl" (folio 24r). The
fCflttinmg dodiing tribute for Huaxtepec pravinoe conaisced of
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 24r-25r • 45
400 multicolored loincloths and 400 women's tunics and skirts. people of Tepoztlan paid tribute to Motecuhzoma by working
The tunics have a red step-frer motif. The omission of the second bml^g houses, and deBvering clothing and turkeys (PNE
fields,
border, icpicten riiit: tlic skins, was probably an ermr. The *eoand Those of Yacapichda, after asserting that they were free
6: 241)."
band ispcesentin the Mttriada (foUo 4r). from tribute paiymenis id that Mezica niler, soil admitted that they
lÜB its nd^bor Quauhnahuac, Hnaxtepcc paid annual tribuí* were required to deliver batdefitM prisoneis to Motecuhzoma
In eight diflerent sn,'ies of warrior cottmnea and shields. However, (Barlow 1949a: 82). ThcthreeMfisdbuiDwnaofTotolapan, Tlaya-
as compiited in the MaJuta, Huanepee ]Mid a total of forty-stt capan, and Adatlavca claim thatthey^ve*te tribute" to Alotecuh-
costumes and an equivalent munber of disddi. The first two styles zoma, just wirriors' arms (PNE 6:8)." TWbWe in dotfaing carried
depicted were each given in quantities of twenty and were made of on into Colonial times in at least Huaxtepec and l&uhtepec (Gon-
ordinary fudierf. The firct is a cotnime with a OMfiijBMtsMi/t d zález de Cosaíb 1952 : 198-200, 570-572).
along widi its auxyo shield; the second is a red and white costume
with a momoyaclli back device, ajjain with au-x-\.
REFERENCES
imr of costumes shows a yellow quaxolotl costume with a xUako-
StAptt shield and a blue tzhdiiad oostume with a auxyo shield. Huaxtepec province Is discussed by Barlow (1949a: 78-82), Ger-
These, like the remaining costumes, were miJe (it v.ihmhle tciih- hard (I972:9N98|. and .Michael Smith (198?). Sixteenth-ccnnirv
eis and given in single quantities. The costumes on the follo\«'ing details are found in PNE 6 :6- 1 1 ,
237-250, 283 -290; Gonzálczdc
folio are a yellow coyote costume with tuacyt shield, a Mae and Cossío (1952:198-200, 570-572); Rt^mán it Hmxtepec (1930)-,
green xnpilli ctisnime with i xhakoHuhcjui shield, a black and white anil Relación de Yiictipuht!:! ín.d 1 I he \/tec-pcriod temple above
jaguar costume with a mexyo shield, and a blue auxtecafJ costume modern Tepoztlan is described by Sclcr (1904b), and differing eth-
with matching shieM.* nographic studies of that town have been written by Redfield
With MiiavTepec's rich irrigated fields, it is to be expected that tl9?0) and Oscar Lewis (1951). Dat.i on native paper and paper-
aooK of Its would have been in the form of foodstuff. As
tribute making are presented in von Hagen (1945), Lens and Gómez de
with SO iiifluy Oilier provuiccSy this oomristed of one Inn eadi of Orón» (1940X Sohagnn (1950-1982 11:111), and Hernández
maize, beans, chia, and amaranth, due annually.'' In early Colonial (1959 1:83-84).
times, '1 cpoztlan grew a good deal of chile, beans, maize, cotton,
mdons, and xianma (Oscar Lewis 1951 :84).
i
Additional tribute from Huavtepcc province consisted of 2,000
yellow gourd bowls uith red rims and 8,000 sheets of paper.'"
mires
The half-sphere bowk OdcaOi) arc from the tree fouii, abundant
here and to the west (see page description for Qiiauhnahuac prov- I I !km íu 'c [i.irin iil -
. iiTitiil uTv-st.)ii.-s, V.iiihii.-|ici" .ip!' II 1 ni- , ixcr-
ince). The paper was a local specialization of at least Huaxtepec i isi il ;1iti i t «. c mi 11)1 íi: II í )ui.,:Liii. I !;iltn,'.ipja, ( !<iai a!i <), \ /.ini.iiH..i, .imi .\tl
Sai jpichil.! ilimiinarcii .Xalo^mc, Tlaya-

and Tepoztlan. Paper was made from the inner bark of die mw- hiJL lit ; i V'<.p.iî.Ti. n. A', iiX()ch.ipjn. .ind
cjc <( icrharii Vi'l: Totobpan also had dependencies (Miducl Smith oA.).
qritihuirl (paper-rree), which grew in abundance in the vicinity of
: Ihc ¡.!h:j de ¡M Tjíjiiones (Gonzalez de Coaño 1952:199) nf^» a
Icpoztlan (PNE 6:247; Hernandez 1959 1:83). 1 he bark was Colonial-penod calfixû) m HuaMcpcc.
SOdecd, cleaned, and beaten with sticks and flat stones to rn,ikc the }. Tile tide uf the Vieapiehda nlcr wis Cbkbimtant autbtuytt, mggaiáa%
sheet soft, flexible, and uniform. The paper was used iii religious Chichimec aflilittiont.
4. Titles for two pre-imperiai niters are <iocttineimd(Gfr*r¿m

ceremonies and for decorations, as well as a inediuiti for the writ-
and CjKtmttutK), as wcH as tides for die three ponoperial judges (JUIaA-
ten gl>'ph. This native Industry thrived for a time after the .Spanish
láktbvMk, TitfflW Kitiwftti. md ZwnMsáMft).
Conquest; a \S5\ doaimcnt states that the Tcpo/.tlan Indians
"have and make a §jcat deal of paper, all of which they sell at ex- Xochtmilco (Bailow : 80). Xnchimilcapiico may tbo ihtte aooic of thb
heritage, if only by name.
cessive prices, dealing with Spaniards and with other Indian mer-
6. Cliirk <17.1U 1 :66) gruup» thcM: twu t^pcs uf clujks. idcnlífyínit them ai
chandise dealers " (Oscar Lewis 195 1 : 84). amaneapanllr. yet diey arc distinctly different. The MenJoza commentary (fo-
The 1554 bînuKim (Scholes and Adams 1957:35-36) lists lio 2-ÍT) indicates thai this was clothing for lords and rulers. .Molina (IV70:Ur)
only the clothing, warrior costumes with shields, and ftxxktuft; it leiiius anÉámmpmdi as "rich cloak with which onfacr wen anajnad and
completely omits the gourd bowls and paper. The clothing is di-
:i<li>rncil."'
One hjs the fcclinp that scimcthinp lacking in these textile drawings.
vided into 400 red-otiiped mmtta, 400 red mantas, 400 blue mm- One III ihc uhite manlm should surely have been quilted, the brown and
is
tas, 1,600 white anntfó.s 400 loincloths, 400 women's funics, and yi llim iMirtler on the mummmpti doak must have been meant to include
400 skirts. These total 4,000 items of clothing, the same as shown more colors, and (he number symbols for 4O0 are awkwardly executed.
m the MtnJtztt, but they are arranged quite diflerendy. The total 8. The three blue costuines in the Mtnduéi ttziaimití, xifíH, and aurlrmtfi
aie all ooiorai green in tiw MmrimU (I9Mk Uio 4í)l
number of warrior cosiumes m the 1554 text is eight, along with
9. Thb is shoM as a tingle hb of combined leedt ia die Mttriadt (1980:
eighty-flour shields. All are described as "rich," and tuine of the Mio4f).
costumes carries the /Muñir symbol for 20, ahhough fear of the 10. The Spanish annoMorcroiied out "ilMeB" and replaced it with "reaais.''
shield'; iniisr have (viclding a total of eighr\-tour). F.qiial (jiiantities There is no u^y of knowing at ihb dme if SjOOO individnal sheets or 8JM)0
bundles was meant.

(4,1U0 fanegas) of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth were also re-
1 1 . The ('oloniai-pcriod doeiinwntsq«"iBÍIim^(c)iíclDnu); die|ire-âniib
quired as part of this tribute.
analoiHJc is the turkey
Strikingly little is kntiwn about how the manv towns of this 12. "\nii.n' %jeur. the warrior conumei in die Mtmku and Mttrkwk are
province each paid their share. A Reiaaon of 1580 states that the at times glossed armas.
46 * THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS J^T-2^T

FOLIOS 25v-26r: the province of quauhtitlan
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: I bin of maize
1. Quauhtitlan
— "Near the Trees" I bin of amaranth
1 bin of beans
AIm) in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)' (folios 3v, 5v)
2. Tehuiloyocan
— "Place Full of Cr\'stai Stones"
I bin of chia
3. .'Mhucxoyocan
— "Place Water Willows"
Full of
4. Xalapan
— "On the Sandy Water"
5. Tepoxaco — "On the Soft Stone" CONQUEST HISTORY
Cuezcomahuacan
— VVTiere They Have Granaries"
6.
7. Xilofinco
— "On the"Place
Small Tender Maize Ears" The Codex Mendoza (folios 3v, 5v) lists Quauhtitlan as a conquest
of both Huitzilihuitl (1391-1415) and Itzcoatl (1426-1440).' This
same document attributes the conquest of Quauhtitlan's dose
THE tribute:
neighbor. Toltitlan. to Huitzilihuitl (folio 3v)/' The Anales de
The following items were given every six months: TlíiteMfo grant both these conquests to Chimalpopoca. who ruled
between Huitzilihuitl and Itzcoatl (Kelly and Palerm 1952:284),
400 rich diagonally divided mantas
and Alva Ixtlilxochitl (1965 2:77) states that Quauhtitlan was sub-
400 white mantas múi black and white borders
dued as early as the reign of Acamapichtli (1372-1391). In the
400 white mamas
early 1400s (or perhaps earlier) Quauhtitlan fell to Azcapoizalco.
4,000 mats, called pmta
In addition to burning the town's temple (the cttstomary coup de
4,000 seats with backs
grace), the Tcpancc conquerors planted maguey in Quauhtitlan's
The following items were given annually: plaza. Furthermore, the specialized market in slaves was at that
1 yellow quaxolotl warrior costume and shield time moved from Quauhtidan to Azcapotzaico, where it gained
1 blue tzitzimitl warrior costume and shield fame in later times (1 lodge 1984; 59).
20 yellow co)'ote warrior costumes and shicld(s) Whatever the precise dating, it is certain that Quauhtitlan and
20 red warrior costumes with cueâlpatzactii devices, this northwestern segment of the Valley of Mexico had been over-
and shield(s) run by stronger city-states (particularly Azcapotzaico with Mexica
20 red and white warrior costumes with momojfiutii back military aid) prior to the formation of the Triple Alliance in 1430.
devices, and shield(s) After that date, the Triple Alliance rulers Itzcoatl and Nezahual-
THF. TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS J5V-26r • 47

CO^tMl reasserted iheir cuiiirol dI the rci.'uni In Llaimmg new con- galions. Undijubtcdly this pottery was distributed through the
quests there (Kelly and Palerm 1952 Itzcoatl probably con- efficient Valley of Mexico market system.
quered Quauhtitlan in 1434 or 1435 (Hodge 1984:60). In this Quauhtitlan was also a center for professional merchant ac-
conquest, some of Quauhtiilan's lands were given to victorious tivity; long-distance merchants from Quauhtitlan were among the
Alcxica nobles (Anales tU Cuauhtitlan 1975: 183).' privileged few to trade beyond the bounds of the empire under
Following Its inci in,>nriUion into the empire, Quauhtitlan ap- the sponsorship of the Mexica ruler Ahuitzod (Sahagún 1950-
pears to have remanud quite loyal to the Mexica. Between 1466 1982 9:17).
and 1473, warriors from Quauhtitlan aided those from Tcnoch- Both Nahuad and Otnmi were spoken in this province, although
titlan in battles with nearby towns, including Xilognco (which is Otomi was more common in the north and Náhuatl predotninated
found in Mcndoza's Quauhtitlan province). In the 1473 dispute in the south. Xilopnco was located just into the region called
between Tennditítian and TIateloioot Qmuhtidan wied with the Teodalpan ("Land of the Gods"), which extended further north
former. into Hueypuchtla and Axocopan provinces. Otomi was the pre-
Tcnochtitlan .ipparcntly exercised considerable diren political dominant language there (Gerhard 1972:401). Quauhtitlan itself
control over Quauhtittao. From 1494 utiiil 1 SOi, Quauhtitlan was may have been a multi-ethnic center, combining Chichimccs and
Motecuhzoma Xocoyooin
niled by a military governor; in 1503 people from CoUiuacan. The people of Quauhddan spoke Náhuatl,
appointed the Quauhtidan Tbaoam (Atukt de Cumhrittm 1975: althou^ a smaU Otoou minority was also present (Hodge 1964:
206, 208). Political ties were further cemented by the marriage of 58-60).
one of Motecuhzoma's daughters to the ruler of Quauhtitlan in
1512 (ibid.:21«). TRIBUTE
The Quauhtitlan domain extended north and east, but was
blocked lo the aouth by atRM^ Tepanec dty^4tatea. Quauhtitlan's Quauhtidan provides one of the best examples of the complexides
net of political control was not coincident with its status as head of of political organization and tribute demands in Aztec times.
an Aztec imperial pro\-incc. For example, the rulcrships of Tzom- Gibson (197 1 390) used Quauhtidan to show that any single town
:
panco, Qtlaltcpec, Huehuetoca, and Otiazpan were all under the might be subiect to multiple tribute demands: people of this town
control of the Quauhtitlan Ttatuna in the early pre-Spanish six- "îd tribute in different amounts and principally from separate
teenth cencurw and that same Tlaroitrii maintained lands in nearby lands to [their] own tlatoani, to the tlatoani of I'Liropin, ro Mon-
Toltitlan, Tcpcxic, and Tcpotzotlan (Gibson 1964:41; Hodge tezuma II (who had ten 'private' lands in the vicinity of Cuauhtidan
1984:7!)/ None of these towns is induded in Quauhtidan^ tribn- and maintained calpixque in two of them as well as hi Cnauhtillan
lary province (CUbr Mtmkm folio 26r). itself), to other owners in Tlatelolco, Culhuacau, I\tap.iljpj, Mexi-
calcingo, Azcapotzaloo, and Texcoco. ... In spite of these various

modes of dependence, Cuauhtitlan was regarded as a Tepanec
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS town, subject to IT.ii op.in, when' trilnirc was paid to the Tepanec
daioani" (ibid.). And, of course, uibute in manufactured goods and
Quauhtitlan itself was situated on die western shores of lakes foodstufis was paid to Tenoditidan {Codtx Mmhu folio 26r). The
Zump.ini.n ;ind Xalttfcan. The cir\' wt; kirgc and its Tlatoani im- Mendoza, then, represents only a portion of the external economic
portant. Like other lalccsidc and island cities, Quauhtidan was di- duties and demands placed on the people of Quauhtidan (and,
vided by canals used for travel, transport, and irrigation (Hodge sbnilarly, on other provinces as well).
|984:<;7-^0). It in:iy line housed as many .is 10,000-15,000 Follouintr its ()n<|ucst l>v It7.C(i.itl and N'czahualcovotl,' Quauh-
c
people, and its lUttoam was overshadowed only by those of die tidan was required to pay tribute to Texcoco in 140 loads of royal
Triple Allianoe capitals (Torquemada 1969 1 :2ñ-288; MotolinM «iMfiv (each load containh^ twenty items), two line feathered
1950:210) warrior cosrurnes along with two shields, other feathers, icwels,
All about tlic city (I'xccpl ti> tlu- c.lÛ MrtulKii .ui .illiivi.il pl.iiii, and gold pieces, and all the vegetables, flowers, fish, and birds that
which was halted by hills and mountains to the- iu)rth, west, and lived in the region (.\J\a Ixtlilxcjchitl 1965 1 :319).
soud) ganders. Parsons, and Sandey 1979:209; Hodge 1984:57). The Codex Mendoza shows the clothing and warrior costumes,
Itwas a high, cold and dry area, with seasonal rains (PNE 1 :296; but none of the other luxurious objects and foods mentioned
Gerhard 1972 127, 401). Food Stlples SUCh as maize were grown
: by Alva IxtlilaodlitL Instead, it does indicate that the people of
here (although firosts must have posed an occasional threat), and Quauhtidan were required to pay tribute m staple foodstuffii and
maguey was abundant (PNE 1:190). The iakeshores provided reed mats and seats.
hige quanritiea ol reeds from which mats and seats could be made. The clothing tribute coi: ii I nf 4i)(i fancy cloaks divided in
Lime was an hnportant product in the more noft^ttD cjnicmiDct hal£ the left is solid red, and the right is diagonally divided be-
of this province (around Xlfo^nco), although it is not fisted in dw tween solid yellow and bhe de-dye. They have a prominent nmlti-
Mendoza as an item of imperial tribute (PNE 1 : 296). Ttwm w«n colored border. These mamas are glossed as centzontli nacazminqm
major day deposits in this region, and Quauhddan was an impw- tilnutii (400 diagonally divided doaks) in the Matmula de TrAmm
tant center of potter\ production well fano the Colonial period; in (1980: folio 4v). As dsewhere in the Mttríaát where doshs show
1564peopii' from this town were making a variety of clay vessels any diagonal division, they are labeled nacazminqui. The only
iochuling "pots, pitchers, bowls, human-head jars, and tripod vases" decoration on the second type of doak is a black and white border;
(Sanders, Panons, and Sandey 1979:292; Gibson 1964:350). Cer- this is glossed as temhapanqui in the MatrkiU* (tbid.). The final
tain types of jars came to bt assnciatLd specificallv with Quauhti- cloak IS plain white; ihe MiihuuLi illustrates this item with a tri-
dan (ibid.: 351). It is no surprise that Quauhuüan was the setting angle symbol and glosses it tanauac (narrow cotton cloak). The
m
for an i portan t pottery market in early Colonial times, and prob- Metidtta suggests that dl these mmmcv were small (aaawtflai) and
ably in the pre-Sp:in:s!i era ns well (iliid . i^S) It :í Mirprising, indicates that they were to be paid every six months 0n oomtrsac to
however, chat pottery dues not ñgurc in Quauhtitlan's tribute obli- the eighty-day pay period in the Matricuia).
48 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2$V-l6r
The warrior costume tribute irom (Juauhtitlan was extensive. nud-SMtecmh century (Hodge 1984:74-77). Other documented
The pMpk wtK nM|iiÍKd to |Myi mnully, two ridi oostoines snd Colonial-period tribute consisted of seats and *1ieds" (surely matt),
shields; one was a yellow /¡¡uxolot! su'lc wirh its xiiaholmhtita shield, worsiL-nV d.inii'- .itnl -.kirTs. m;igiu;\ himey, maguey fiber (ntywu),
the other was a blue tzitzimttl (demon of the air) with its cut:^ and other small things from Quauhtidan (PNE 1 : 190).
sfaidd. Beyond these oostnoxs and shields made of fine fcatheis,
the people of Quauhtiilan were required annually to supply their REFERENCES

Tenochca oveikuds with sixty additional costumes and shields, in
three styles of tmxXf each.* The first style is a yellow coyote, the Information on Quauhdtlan and its province can be found in Bar-
second a red ooMume with au(f^maetíi insignia, and the third a low (l949a:40 -42), Gerhaid (1972: 127 128, 401 -402), Gibson
red and white costume widi a mm«y»M bade device. They are all (1964:10. 19-20. 41. 45. 137, 176, 329, 339, 350-351, 358;
16.
associated with nveryo-styde shidds. The MMriaila mirrors diese 1971 390), and Hodge (1984:57-79). The Anaks de CuauhtitUm
:
items with one exception: the OKiM^MaKtb' insania is dx>wn with (1975) prov ides a wealth of historical infixmadon on this region,
an tbiMtl in the Mam'cuU. and Quauhtitlan and its environs are portrayed on the 1550 Santa
The people of Quauhtidan province were also required to sur- C^ruz map (Linné 1948). Colonial details are found in early rela-
render part of their harvests to the imperial powers: one bin eadi ciones (Rektion de Tequisquiac, Citbdl^, y XUeeaigt 1952; PNE
of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth annually. The IS 50 Santa 1 : 190, 296) and in Colonial tribute accounts ((jonzález de Cossío
Craz map (Linné 1948). selectively illustrating Valley of Mexico 1952:149-150). Results of archaeological surveys in the region
bndsi apes ind jc tivitics. shows trees and prickly pear cactus around are iqionied in Sanden, Ihnoiis, and Sandey (1979).
Quauhtitlan, but no crops being grown. Nonetheless, Quauhtídan%
canal s>'stcm undoubtedly provided irrigation for agriculture.
Quauhtitlan was the only province required to pay reed mats
and high-backed scats in tribute. Certainly its proximity to the NOTES
reedy lakeshorc prompted this demand.' Four thonsand mats and
1. The CM* GMnMfp9a«M{ipam(>iaiihridani% conque
an ec|u.il number of scats were to be paid every six mondis (quar-
(Kdly tai Ptlcrm 1952 :2MX but Unsloltidan a conqucn of hiooail (per- u
terly according to the Matricula).' The woven mats were used for haps a joinc effort with Ncnhnlcosmi of Teacocoi sec KcUy nd Mann
sittingand sleeping and for laying out wares in the marketplace; 1952:288-289).
the high-badced seats were tlie prerogative of high-ranking nobles 2. Tnltitlan vas in important center Incited rime to Qimilititian, liu: it not
included wirh Quauhtitlan (or any other province) in MenJoza's tribute tally.
and are seen throughout the codices (e.g., Fhrtntmc Codex; Codtx
Kclations between Quauhtidan and Toltitlan were not amiable.
Mendoza part h" illustrations in Diuin 1967 2). The reeds them- .Much later, in 1508, land* were again distributeci among Mexica nobles,
selves, green and unwoven, can be seeo bundled Hid tottd io a ca- lhi^ lime from the Meukat wmn of lUintoyocin (iâwfa it OmMoH
noe on folio 60r of Codex Meadaxm^ 1975:214).
The h^mmtaiH tíí t5S4 fists only the doib and warrior cos- 4 Tzompanoo and Cidahepec are among the "lake towns" in Codex Mrttimm
(faJio 17i^ Odaipan was inHiidrd in Anuniiiloo (de Pedraia) tributary piw
tumes for this province (Scholcs and Adams 1957:36-37). The
iiMe(&ilfci28r).
dothing tribute, it says, consisted of 1,200 blue and wiiite mantas, 5. Thfc ii wiliiBii i> die winwiiff ofTIc HOCO^ defeating Tenochtidau and Ami
designed in a chedcerboard fashion (perhaps the bhie tie-dye seen extncdng tribute 6tim • number of valley townt, induding Quaulnidaa. AKa
in the pictorials). This was due every eight}' rial's. Quauhtitlan also hrliKochirl is krwrnri for his Strong pro-lVacooo tdaMS, Slid dic infemiadoa
theretore is sorncwhjt suspect.
paid tribute in five rich warrior costumes and forty-three shields
6. However, the shields lack the pantli suii!>iil fur iO. lliis w:is probably
(of which two must haw carried the fumái symbol for die number an ovenight or a lack of proper space on the page in the artists eye. 'Ilie
20). As with the other entries in this document, a variety of every- jV/tffniailf (I9B0: Mb
4iO ooAi die aufliibcr qmlMil on die cojpoce coaiumc^
day tribute is mentionedi while local spedalizations of woven nuts shield.
and pottery are induded, this is common 7. were abo called ktuttm and grew in abundance near
I'he rc-i-ds (tstUm)
for other provinoes as
lakes and around standing waKr (Hernández 1959 1 : 126).
well. This sort of "diiil)' tribute" is shown for Quauhtitlan in the
8. lntlieAfiMribX*dirrnikuw(l980: foyo4v):f(ttitf
Codex San Andres, which details laborers (men and women), tnmtas, 9. Oirioudy, die Medea ralen depicted in Atodnñi cooquest UsMfy sit
turkeys, and perhaps cacao beans «o be p«id mlbiochdtlan the m only on lowly mats.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 25V- iór • 49
oüpy tiyhico inaiotial

THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: The following items were giwn annually:
1. iVxocopan
— "On the Bitter Water" or "On the Creeping 1 white tzttztmitl warrior costume and shield
20 red warrior costtunes with momoyaali back dexices,
VVintcrgrccn"
and shield(s)
Also in CoJex MmJaza conquest history (folio 8r)
2.
—
Ateneo "On the Shore"
1 wllow coj'otc warrior costume and shield
Í.
—
Tctcpanco "On the Stone Wall"
20 blue cuextecati warrior costumes and shicld(s)
4. Xochichivca
— "Place Where Flowers .\re Cultivated"
1 bin of maize
5. Temohuayan — "Place Where Everyone Descends" 1 bin of amaranth
6. Tezcatepec
— "On the Hill of the Mirror" or "On the Hill 1 bin of beans
1 bin of chia
of Tcícatlipoca"
7. M\7.quiyahuala
— "Where There Many Mcsquite
/Vrc
Circles" CONQUEST HISTORY

8.
—
Yzmiquilpan "On the ItzmiquilitT'
— .\xocopan and its region was subdued by Aztec imperial forces
9.
10.
— "On the of the Land"Knife"
Tlaahuililpan
Tecpatepec "On the
Irrigated
Hill Flint
under the first Motecuhzoma (1440-1468).' Much earlier, the
town of Tecpatepec had reportedly placed itself under the Tlate-

lolcan ruler Quaquahpitzatzi (Quaquauhpitzahuac), who probably
THE tribute: ruled from 1351 until 1418." Barlow (1949a:45-48) includes
•\xocopan in the Old Tcpancc Domain; Da%'ies (1987:2(W) com-
The following items were given every six months: bines Yzmiquilpan (in this province), Actopan (in neighboring
400 richly decorated mamas I lucypuchtla province) and Atotonilco (de Pcdraza) into an Otomi
400 white nuintas with black and white borders confederation or alliance.
800 white mantas Once brought into the imperial net, this area may have been
400 quilted mantas relatively loyal and peaceful to the Triple .\lliance; there are no
400 women's tunics and skirts records of rebellions.' .Most of the towns in this province were
400 jars of thick maguey honey comfortably bordered by imperial towns in Xilotepcc, Hucy-
50 Tilt TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 26v- 1-¡T

puchtia, and Acotonilco (dc Pedraza) provinces, 'fhe northernmost Thick maguey honey was paid in the form of 400 large jars due
town, Yzmiquilpao, waned witfa neaubyMemitlan, abo an eneiny twice a year. Of the imperial provinces included in the Matdoza,
of the Tripk Alliance. only .Axocopan and neighboring 1 lue\puchtla paid tribute in thick
honey from the abundant maguey plant. I'hc honey was appar-
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS ently derived from aguamiel, the popular liquid eanrac teJ from
maguey roots.'' 'I'hc hone\ was produced by cooking agiiatnid, and
I'hc core this region {but not including Vziniquilpan to the different types of honey resulted depending on the extent to which
north) constituted part of the general region called Teotlalpan
the liquid was cooked (Carrasco 1979:55).
("l,;ind o! tlic f;ii(k"i '
This wjs predominantly Otomi land, al- Alrhoiiph this folio is missing from the Matiiatla dt Tributos, a
though Naliuuil and (-liicliitncc (Paiiif) were also s|H)kcn in the few other records of tribute from towns in this province exist.
provinoe(PNE6:15, 32, 35: Gerhard 1972: 155. 295).' A Retaríón geográfica (PNE 6: 15) states that the town of Axocopan
Axocopan province was high and dr>', with relatively low rain-
form nf maguey
paid tribute to the \!i \ic ;i in fhi' shieUls, small
(all. This plateau region sustained large stands of magiiey and
fire-hardcncd rods or lances, maguey mantas of various styles, and
prickly pear cactus, and game was reasonably plentiful (PNE hbor on nine maiw fields. The more northeriy town of IVscate-
1 .21-22, 143, 217-218; 6: 17, 32). The maguey provided a diick
pec paid tribute in deer, rabbits, hares, snakes, hows and arrows,
honey and fiber for mmtas (PNE 1:217-218; 6:17, 19). The and deerskins to Motecuhzoma and his predecessors (PNE 6: 32).
people of .\xocopan grew a variety of foodsrufTs including maize, None of these is leAecced in the Mmdata. CtJonial tribntes in-
beans, chiles, chia,amannth, squashes, and large and small toma- cluded maize from .-\tenco; maize and small maguey fiber mantiis
toes (PNE 6i 18). Sometimes diese crops were produced widi the
from Yzmiquilpan; clothing from I'ezcatepec; small doths, lime,
aid of irrigation (PNE 1 2 1 -22, 125). Lime was available in some
:
and the worldng of agricultuni fields from Axocopan; and maize,
towns of diis province, but it doc nnr tppear as an item of tribute lime, and clothing from 'IVrcpancn iTionzález de Cossfo 1952:
(PNE 1:22, 143,217-218). The |k i|)k ol Vvocopan were actwe, 65-69. 96-98. 432-435, 4«U, 604-605).
at least in the early Colonial period, as traders of many of these
The b^rmaetín of 1 554 (Scholes and Adams 1957 37-38) : lists
regional products: prepared maguey honey, maguey ñber, lime, c liitliing, warrior cosniines. and frxidstuffs. but omits the maguey
maize, and the Spanish-introdaced sheep and goats (PNE 6: 19). honey. The due every eighty days, consisted of 1,200
clothing,
mtmat, in contrast to the 1,600 shown in die Memhza. But as in
TRIBUTE the Mendozii. four types of warrior costumes were due in tribute,
although the shields totaled forty-two (two of them would have
Inipcri.'.] tribute payments shown in the f Vu/i v Mi-nloTii p.irtialK-
carried the pantli syndwl designating the nunber 200. Méae,
rctlett these regional rewiurces. Clothing is given laitiiough maguey
beans, and chia (butnoamannth)werepflidmqoaiititieaof4,I00
ñber is not specified),'' as is maguey honey and the foodstuff quartet
jantgus aimuaily.
of maize, bc-ans. chia, and amaranth. In addition, the warrior co*;-
tumcs demanded ot most conquered provinces were required in
pa\Tnent by .\xocopan.
RCFCRENCES
The clothing tribute (Kgins with 4(M) decorated cloaks: the left
half IS solid red, while the right half is a blue tie-dye design (see Barlow aWa:45-48) and Cerhard (1972:154-156, 295-300)
Anawalt 1990). With its multicTilored border, it is identical to discuss this province and region, while Granberg (1970). Carrasco
tftiintiis paid by neighboring Atotonilo) (de Pedra/a). Tlie people (IT'Í), and Sahagún (1950-1982 10: 176-181) provide details on
ot this province also provided 4(X) plain white cloak-s with a black the Otomi and their life-st>lc. .Sixtecnth-ceiuury records exjst for
and white border, 800 plain white miviun u itli no apparent border, selected towns in this province (PNF. 1:20-22, 60, 125, 143,
and 400 quilted cloaks with a black and white border. The Men- 217-219; 6:13-19. 34-38; Ck)nzález de Ckwío 1952:65-69,
doza glosses and commentary identify these cloaks as numtíüas, 96-98, 432 - 435, 480, 604-605).
suggesting a sm dl si/c. Pour hundred red-banded women's tunics
(and an equal number of skirts) were also part of this irüiute. The
payments were doe rmet a year, according to tiie Mmina con-
meniary. The folio for Axocopan is missing in the Matrícula it NOTES
Trihiutt, but it would be expeaed that it would indicaie a quarterly
I. V\i<M¿ <;;'-KS:i6Si incltiilcs TcqMiqwcÑitl» canpi^n, along wiifa nu-
payment schedule. merous iijwns in ncarljv provinces.
.\lso included in .\.\ocopan's tribute were four sr\'les of warrior 1. The wurccs provide canflining data. Sec Barlow 1'>H7 6'^ - 76.
costumes. The ñrst, manufactured of rich feathers, is a red and 5. The people of .\xocopan worshiped lluirziiopochtli, sugpcstivc of ciosc
ties with the Mexica (PNF. ii: 15).
white tatamití, or **demon of the air." It is accompanied by a
4. I'he Teotlalpan region also spilled over into neighboring Hueypudldl
xkaUoliuhtjui shield. The other costume made of valuable feathers province and bordered with Xiloccpcc atid Atotomilco (de Pednza) provinces.
is direcdy below, the yellow coyote style with a cutxyv shield. Only 5. Oiomi was the domiium language in Yzmiquilpan, Axocopan, TecpoKpcc,
one of each of these types of costumes was due in tribute araraally. and Tezcitc|H:c. A minority of Chichitncc (Paine) speaken Lived in Ysmi-
However, costumes made of less valuable feathers were due in quilpan; Nahuatl-speaking minorities resided in Axocopan and Teqiatepec,
6. Cuctun was not a product; it is mentioned ipeciliGilly as un-
likely local
greater annual quantities: twenty red costumes with a momoyactli
aviilable to die paople of Tcnpanco in cariy fjJ»wM«l tiiMB (fSañSta. de
back device and twenty bhie mexttead oosnunes. Both wtt accom- Coüfo 1952:432).
panied by cur.xi!/ shiehis. although the ^«Miff (20) syoibol has been 7. Oiomf and Msrhiüinta diciiomrics describe several varieties of amaramh,
omitted. This was probably an error. distíngiiísbed by colors of red, bine, blade, aib-hued, yellow, and white (Ca-
rrasco 1979:SJ-S4).
Axocopan also paid tribute in bins of maize, beans, chia, and
8. Depending on its preparation, aguamiel could become pulque, honcv-, a vine-
amaranth,' one bin of each annuallv .Maize and these Other CfOps gar, or a sugar (1 Icrn.indcz 19.Í9 l:349).Thc honey is compared with Spanish
were growTi throughout this province. arrvfK ("new wine boiled thick, mush": Stevens 1726; sec also PNE 6: 17).
THE TKIBUTE YEAR TO TEAR / FOLIOS 26v-3 7r * 51
Copyriglviod material
FOLIOS 27v-28r:
THE PROVINCE OF ATOTONILCO (DE PEDRAZa)
Imftritt Bianáary
V;-.'r Prtvintul Bvundtry
¡ndtptndtnt Stioriti
/ • Trihutary Tosni
/
/
/
•:'T --^ / .•-'jh/
r -^^^
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 1 bin of maize
1. Atotonilco
— "On the Hot Water" 1
1
bin of chia
bin of beans
Also in C.odex Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r)
2.
—
Guapalcalco "On the House of Planks"
I bin of amaranth
Í. Quc(;almacan — "Place VVTicrc Quetzal Feathers Are CONQUEST HISTORY

Captured"
4. Acocolco
— "On the Twisting River" There are rwo imperial provinces in the Mendoza headed by towns
5. Tchuchucc
— "On the Stone Drum" named Atotonilco. 'ITic only distinction between their glyphic rep-
6. Otiazpan
— "On the Bamboo" resentations appears to be size; on folio 8r, where both arc de-
7.
—
Xalac "On the Sandy River" picted, one is decidedly larger than the other. To avoid confusion,
Barlow (1949a J8) labeled
: this one .AtotoniltX) de Pcdraza after the
town's encomendero, a conquistador-surgeon named Maese Diego
THE TRIBUTE:
de Pedraza (Gerhard 1972:295).
The following items were given every six months: Most of the towns of this province arc undocumented and seem
400 richly decorated mantas
to have vanished or been drastically renamed. The only locatable
towns are .Atotonilco and Otiazpan. Barlow (1949a: 37-40) places
WO white mantas with i)lack and white borders
this province in the Old Tcpancc Domain, and Da\ics (1987:209)
800 large white manias
suggests that Atotoniici), with its neighbors .'Vxocopan and Izmi-
400 loads of lime
quilpan, formed a kind of Otomi confederation. The .Atotonilco
The following items were paid annually: ruling djTiasty was reputedly Ixrgun by a son of the Mcxica ruler
I yellow quaxolotl warrior costume and shield ItzcoatI (Chimalpahin 1 965 : 1 97).
I blue tzitzimitl warrior costume and shield Atotonilco itself was brought into the .Aztec empire by the first
20 red warrior costumes with ineiâlpatzactli doices, and shields -Motecuhzoma (1440-1468), although there is no record of the
20 blue cutxtecati warrior costumes and shields conquest of the component towns of this province (Codex Mendoza
20 red and white warrior costumes with momoyaali folio 8r). Once conquered, .Atotonilco appears to have been quite
back devices, and shields loyal to its imperial overlords; warriors from that town fought in
52 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2 7V- 28r

the front lines in TaoA mnpaign against Metztitlan (Davits from the Aiatriaik dt Trtímm, so Nahuad annotations are lacking.
1987:199). As usual, tUs tribute was due m Tenochtitlan twice a year.
This province was bufiieRd on most fronts by nther Aztec prov- .\totonilco and its associated t(»wt)s paid .i total of sixiy-iwo war-
inces, which may explain the lack of reports of imperial garrisons rior costumes annually in tribute. The first costume is a yellow
in this area. A Colonial-period Spanish aüpixqiu (tribute colkcrar) putxidotí st)'le, while the second is a blue "demon of the air"; both
is mentioned at Atotoniico in 1 548 (PNE 1 : 17} and ooold well ic- of these were made of rich feathtis, according to the Mendozii
Bcct pie-Spanish conditions.' glosses. The shields associated with these costumes are of the
Baclaiw(I9Wa: map) extends the boondaries of this province to xtcttboHtibfia and ituxyo styles. Only one of eadi cosmme and
the Tarascan frontier, which Is probably a bit too eciit rnus. The -;hic!il « n'i|',iiri-il .innually.
provincial head town (Atotoniico) Uy in the northeastern part of The remaimng three mamifao
styles of warrior costumes were
the province and seems to have been more oncnted toward Amo- tund of ordinary feathers, and twenty examples of each were doe
copan and its compooeoc wwns, and to the enem^ Metztidan to annnally. The first is a red meâlpatzactli style; the seiond, a blue
the north. auxttatti regalia; and the third, a red and white costume with a
fnamviAittiiif back device. These costumes are accompanied by iden-
t!cal ciifx-n shields.
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS
Like many other provinces in the Mendoza, Atotoniico was re-
Atotoniloo and Otfanpan (and presomably the other vanished towns quired to send 10 Ibnodidtlan one bin each of maize, beans, chía,
of this province) were locsted just rhc north nf the \':illfy of Mt-v- and amaranth. Maize continued to be grown in this area in ('olo-
ico. This high, cold region experienced relatively low rainfall. In nial times, although some of the best agricultural lands were
Coioniai rimes some of the Atotoniico lands, plamed in wheat, by then planted in the introdnced wheat (Gonziks de Cossio
were irrigated; bur irrigation was said to be impossible elsewhere
on Atotonilco's lands (Gonzalez de Cossio 1952:89; PN£ 1 :
17).-' Aside from Tepeacac, Atotoniico was the only province to pay
Irrigation was also practiced at Othnpan, and agricukanl bndi trflmte In lime, nrfdch was kxally available (see above). Lime was
there were generally fertile iihid. : Z*?-). With its high, dff hod- widely used in central Mexico in building constniction, food prepa-
scape, the region produced abundant maguey's and pricldy pear ration, and curing (see page description for Tepeacac province).
cactuses and was a notable source of lime (ibid.: 17). The hfinudáñ of 1554 (Scboles and Adams 1957:38) records
Atotoniico was an OtOOli Center, and the predomiri.inr l:ni[rii;>)Te only 1,200 rich manta!: (due cvcrv' eighty da\"s). and five warrior
of the region appears to have been Otomi and its relative .Mazahua costumes with forty-three shields (all "rich") due annually.' It also
(Geihanl 1972:295; Bariow 1949a: 39).There were Náhuatl speak- lists 4,100 fm^ each of and diia to be paid an-
maizie, beans,
erv in the area, however, Otiazpan residents were N'uhiin and nualK'. but omits the amaranth. This docimxnt makes no mention
(Jiomi, with the majority being "Mexicana," or Nahiia (PNF. of lime.
1 :292; Gerhard 1 972 : 3 ? i). The people of Tepexic (located roughly
between Odazpen aitd Atotoniico) also spoke Nahuad (Barlow
REFERENCES
1949a: 39).
Atotoniico and its component towns are disnisseil by Barlow
Q40a ? 7 40) and (ierhard (1972: 295 - 300. 3 32 3 3 i i S The
TRIBUTE { I : - . 5 1 .
CiJiif lit OiLtzptin (Lcander 1967), part of the Coiitx \Liitano
The tribute paid to the .'\ztecs by Atotoniico pro\'incc is quite Jmirnrz. hails from this region. Some Colonial details are available
straightforward, consisting of the usual clothing, warrior cos- for Atotoniico and Otiazpan (PNE 1:17, 292; Gonzalez de Cosúo
ruiiKs, and foodsrutts. and the less usual loads of lime. The first 1952:»8-90). The Otomi arc described by Carrasco (1979) and
item of clothing tribute consists of 400 rich mantas, destined ibr Sahagún (1950- 1962 10:176-181).
lords and rulers. 1 hese cloaks were divided in half, with one seg-
ment a plain red and the other a blue de-dye. Multicolored squares
march tHong the border. This was probably a regional style (see NOTES
Anawalt essay, chapter 8 in volume 1), and an identical item is
shown on nearby Axocopan's tribute list. 1. The Nahuad title fl«}>úiyin' b uacd, bat the uceunnt of that pcwWon wb a
Spaniard named Martin Hernández de Ahnis.
The remaining tribute on this folio consists of 1,200 plain white
2. This may reflect post-Conquest innovations
manui; the first 400 carry a distinctive black and white border. No * The ]iictr>ri.)l fri>m w-hich the Informuiu-nt uas lit r:\t i! ',m>iilJ iiast iIIun
material is specified, although it would be most likely if they were unKii pantU (2Ui symbols on only ru<o of ihc shiclil» aiul on none oí the
made fipom the locally available magoejr. This province is missing
THE TKIBtTTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 27V- 2 8r S3
Cüj j y q6 malarial
FOLIOS 28v-29r: THE PROVINCE OF HUEYPUCHTLA
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 20 blue ocetotl warrior costumes and shields

20 white aiextecail warrior costumes and shields
1. Huevpuchtla — (Hue^puchilan) "Place of Great Opochtli" 1 bin of maize
Also in Codex Mtndoza conquest history (folio 8r)
2. Xalac
— "On the Sandy River" 1 bin of amaranth
3.
—
TcquLxquiac "On the Saltpeter Water"
1 bin of beans
1 hin of chia
.Msg found in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 4v)
4. Tetlapanalovan
— "Stone Quarry"
5. Xicalhuacan
— "Place That Has Gourd Bowls"
CONQUEST HISTORY
6. X(>tnc)'oc3n
— "Place Fullof Elder Trees" The region to the north of the Valley of Mexico and some-
7. Acavocan
— "Place of Reeds"
Full
what bevxjnd attracted the attention of the early Mexica
8. Tezcatepetonco
— "On the Small Hill of the Mirror" who claimed \ictorics here as early as the reign of HuitzilihuitI
rulers,
or "On the Small Hill of Tczcatlipoca" }9I - 1415). The

9.
—
Atocpan "On the Heavy Damp Fertile Land"
(1
Hueypuchtla province
only acrual conquest recorded for this ruler
is Tequixquiac (Kelly and Palerm 1952:
in
283-284). Althtmgh the conquest of Tequixquiac is also claimed

by Chimalpo|H)ca {Codex Mendoza folio 4v), Hassig suspects that
THE tribute:
this town indeed fell to the earlier ruler (1988: 309). The conquest
The following items were gi\-en every six months: of Hueypuchtla itself is attributed to the hrst Motccuhzoma ( Codex
Mendoza folio 8r).
400 white henequén mantas with black and white borders The three provincHal heads of Hueypuchtla, /Vxocopan, and
.•\totonilco (de Pedraza) were all geographically close to one another
800 white henequén mantas
and were all brought into the empire by this same Motecuhzoma
4O0 jars of thick maguey honey
(Kelly and Palerm 1952:293). With the notable exception of Atoc-
The following items were given annually: pan, the towns of Hueypuchtla province were clustered in the
I yellow tzitzimitl warrior costume and shield northern extremities of the Valley of Mexico and just into the
1 green quaxolott warrior costume and shield modern state of Hidalgo. Atocpan lies considerably northward and
20 yellow coyote warrior costumes and shields was linked with Atotonilco (de Pedraza) and Yzmiquilpan (in Axo-
54 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS j8v- i(;r

copan province) in a luge Otomi oonfedendoo that maintained cotton, an import into Hueypuchda from more northerly regions
conststenr loyalties to die Triple AUianoe (Damea 1987: 199, 209). (see above).*
At(>q>an panicipaced in the Menead batdeaagainit enemy Metz- Tlie people of Hueypuchtia were also required to pay tribute in
dtlan to the north (ibid.: 199). the form of 400 maguey-fiber cloaks with black and white borders
and 800 platn white maguey-fiber manias, all due semi-annually.
This tribute demand drew on an abundance of maguey in the re-
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS gion. In Colonial times .\tocpan paid tribute in clothing made
of cotton and of maguey fiber (Gonzalez de Cossfo 1952:90).*
Hiic>'puchtla and its component rouns lay on a high, diy, and Hueypuchtia provided magiicy-fibcr mamas in trihure P\'K 6 28). Í :
cold plateau punctuated by low mountains (PNE 1:110; Gerhard The Mendoza illustrates five styles of warrior costumes due in
1972:44, 295). Maguey and prickly pear cactus thrived in this imperial tribute annually. Two of diese were made of ridi feadiers:
cnvirunmcnt, inJ erinding stnncs {manoA .ind good stones for a yellow f.-jfr, ;«/;>/ idcmon of the air) \nth its .-u(\'yo shield and a
making limc were also abundant (PNF. 1:110, 207; 6:29-30).' green quaxolotl costume with its xtcakoltuhqut shield. Only one of
Neither the lime nor the grinding stones figure on the Mtnéua each style was due in tribute annually. The remaining three tj^pes
tribute Lilly for Heuypuchtl.i pniviiitL-, jithough limc docs appear were lo be |)aid in quantities of twenty each and were made of
in Colonial tribute requirements for Acayocan and Aiocpan (Gon- ordinary leathers. The first is a yellow coyote costume with a
zalezde Cossio 1952:3-4, 90) and conrinued to be produced in xkabolitibtftii shield, followed by a blue jaguar costiime and a white
Hue\puchtla and Tequixquiac (Gibson \^(A 2''^) . .'/i'v.'i , ./.'/ costume \s ith black bands. These two latter costumes are
A great market was apparently held in ilueypuchtla in pre- accompanied by cuexjio shields.
Hispanic times, although it had ceased to operate as a strong re- The Matmuk it TrSmtai trils a considerably different story.
ginn.il nuTc.inrilc (<-ntcr in Colonial times (PIVF. 6:26). N'oru-llu-- 'Hie "ilemon of the air." (jiiaxolotl, and cuextecatl costumes and
le», cotton concmucd to flow into this area from Meatitian in the shields correspond to those seen in the Mendoza. However, the
nor^ prabaU]^ reflecting pre-Spanish traditions 0faid.:}l). Reai- {aguar costume is accompanied by a xiaUaBiibfiii shield in the Mii-
dents of Hiic^'puchtla were active in the Colonial period pro- trt'ciiLt. and Ma>Ji)Zji\ coiote style is not included in the .M.nríailíi
ducing lime, stone (perhaps grinding stones), maguey honey, for this province. In its place, however, the Matricula illustrates
and maguey fiber. They also hunted rabbits, hares, partridges, two oompletely fliflerent styles cH costume, a red ebmH with fue-
and other lilds» md raised nirkey^ and chickens (ibid.) .\l! but the tzalpatz-acrli device, and a red and yellow cosnime with an impres-
chickens were snrely Colonial continuations of pre-Conquest sive momtyactli back device. Cuexyo shields arc associated with
activities. these cosaimes. In addition to diese diflerences with the Memhzt,
This was the region know-n as the 'Icotlalpan, "Land of the the Matri'aih adds no paiitH (20) symbols ro the costumes or
Gods." Many of the towns of this province, including llucy- shields, suggesting that only one of each tjpe was due aiuiually.
puchda, Atocpan, and Tequixquiac, belonged to die Old Tepanec Hoeypñdnh province was also required to allocate some of its
Domaiti iRimIou 11-10, :4Q'i Hiil!/i!o[)ochtli wds apparerulv wor- production in maize, beans, chia, and amaranth to its Artec over-
shippeo ai 1 lueypuchila, an iniiicaiion of close ties w ith the .\lexica lords, One bin ot each of these grains was due annually. Some of
(PNE 6:29). this may have been grown on irrigated lands."
The predominant language of this area was Otomi, although The tiir.il !!ctii of tribute required of Hueypuchtia was 400 jars
Náhuatl was also spoken. In 1 luev^juchtla. for example, both lan- of thick. niajTuey honey, due ever)' six months. The .\Litriciiiti gloss
guages were s-poken, but Otomi was the most common (ibid.:28). identifies the honey as nn ctli (honey). This is in contrast to the
Strong Otomi majorities were found in Tequixquiac andTetlapana- bees* hemcy delivered by TIachco province, glossed as quauhnevctU
loyan (Carrasco 1 979: 34). Atocpan had a Chichimcc (Fame) minor- (Matrícula de Tributos 1980: folio 8v). Derails on maguey honey are
ity hot was primarily an Otnmi oommimity (Gerhard 1972 :44)^ provided in the page description for .\xocopan province.
Hueypuchda is included in the 1554 Información (Scholes and
Adams 1957:38-39) under the name Teopochitlan,' The tribute
TRIBUTE consisted of 1,200 undistinguished mantas (as o|)posed to the
in the Menina) to be paid every e^bty days. In addition, six rich
The imperial tribute demanded of Hucypuchtia province con- warrior costumes and forty-two rich shields were to be paid an-
sbted of the common categories of clothing, warrior costumes, nually,' along with 4,100 fmugts each of maize, beans, and chia
and food staples, along with jars of thick maguey honey. Tributes (but no amaranth). The magney honey included in the pictorial
did not include some of the more notable regional specializations tallies is absent in the 1554 document.
(such as lime, grinding stones, and game); these items sorely worked .\ sixtccnth-ccntury Reladm geogn^ lists Hueypuchda^ tribuB
their way into urban households throng die eziensne Valley of to Motecuhzoma as deer, rabbits, nets, and some small mignqp^
Mexico regional markets. liber doals, as well as partridges, bows and arrows, and the cuhi-
The first item of clothing was certainly intended to appear idcn- \ ation of fields of maize, beans, squashes, and other crops (PNF.
úcal to ooes portrayed on folios 26r (Quauhtidan), 3 Ir (XUotq)ec), 6:28-29). Tolnacucfada, a Mcxica conquest in this region but not
and )2r (Quahuacan). This sryle of mam*, intended for the "lords included on Memlmfy tribute folios, reportedly gave eagles, par-
an<I taciijucs of Mexico," was decorated with one half red and one tridges, deer, hares, and rabbits in tribute to the Mcxica ruler
half diagonally divided between solid yellow and a blue tic-dye Itzcoati (ibid.:25)." Atoqian's Colonial-period tribute included
motif. All these elements are dearly seen In the AfiMrKKfa it TrBm- cotton and nugoey-fiber dothingdne every eighty days and small
far(19fi0: folio Sr), although the blue design has been left out of magucy-ftbcr mantas, jars of honey, and sandals to be paid once
the Mendoza version. As elsewhere in the Matricula, these cloaks every fifteen days, on market day (Gonzalez de Cossio 1952:90).
are hbded naanmRfK^ "dtagooally divided." Being die dress of
"lords and raters," these 400 doaks may wdl have been made of
TBS TRIBUTE YEA> TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2 8v- 29r 55
Copyriylited inaierial
REFERtNCtS 2. The Tcuthlpin rcûn iho encompassed Axocopin prcnincc and bordered
u-ith Xiloccpcc and Atotoniico (de Flednzi) provinces.
Data on Hueypuchtla province can be found in Barlow (1949a: i. The material of these doab b not ipedfic in either the Mariaik or the
48-SQ). Gerhard (1972:44-47, 295-300). and Gibson (1964: J9.

4. AiDcpanms the most MMtheilyaf the Hiiqfpndiihimm
45, 203, 270, 275, 279, 336). Sixteenth-century records exist for
had aootti id eoumi énmi Alciiiidan, juu lo the WMih.
Hueypuchtla (PNE 1:110; 6:26-31), Tequixquiac (PNF. 1 :207). 5. The foodsnilF nime is iOustnted m the MtnriaiU ir Tribum as a liagle
Acayocan (González de Cossío 1952:3-5), and Atocpan (ibid.: bin containing a bean, a maize kernel, and numerous small bUck dots.
90-93). Sahagún (1950-1982 10:176-181} and Camsoo (1979) 6. Colonial records ]nJicatc thic the people of Tequixquiac uwd illígltioil,
although fhfKc ot I l-.:L-\puL htl.i dkl not (PNF. 1:110, 207).
provide dcoik on Onxni culture. ^ Tti,- is trcqucniiy suhsTirjtcJ iur //íjcv- in Colonial documents.
a. The pictorial from which this text was derived must have illustrated six
NOTES costumes but only four shields, two with the pantli (20) s^mibol.
9. Baiiow (1949a:48) adds Tolnacuchda to Hueypuchda povmce on dw
1. The grinding stuncs found hci« wcK rcpoctsdly "the best that cm be buift of pfcndniiâ
found ia ih» fauid" (PNE 6:3Q).
56 ' THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 28v-29r
FOLIOS 29v-3or: the province of atotonilco (el grande)
Âttuooiloo
\ ^
\
Ac-xtochicb
^ J
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: CONQUEST HISTORY

1 AuMooilco— "On the HotWattf" Atotonilco cl Grande is distinguished from its namesake AtO-
Also in CoJex Mendoza conquest histnn' (folio fir) tonilcode Pcdraw presumably by the size of its glyph and its asso-
2. Acaxochitia
—"Where There
Much Aeaxochitl"
Is ciation with present-day Atotonilco el Grande. Place gl\phs for
y Quadiquefaloyan— "Place Where They Make fane both towns are found on folio 8r of Codtx MetuUaa'i conquest his-
Cotton Máfitas" tory, and it is assumed that the larger glyph pertains to this tribu-
4. Hueyapan— "On the Lake" tary province.'
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 16r) The Meitdozd liistory itnliu Sr) indícales that .\toionilco was
5. Qzihuinquilocan— "Place VvlAoi It^Mtuhipiitití" oonqueied by the tirn Motecuhzoma and Hueyapan subdued by
6. Tblanf ingo —(Tulanînco) *'0n the Small ReeiT' the second ruler of that name. The conquest of Tulanpnco, the
last-listed town in Atotonilco province, is associated with the
early Mexica rulers Huitzilihuill (1391-1415) and Chimalpopoca
THE TRIBUTE:
(1415-1426; Kelly and Palerm 1952:283-286). In this early pre-
The following itnaa woe gimt every six mondis: Triple .Mliance period, it seems to have fallen under the expanding
800 diagonally divided numtts Tepanec domain of Azcapotzalco's Tezozomoc (ibid.: 284). None-
.600 w hire nuititas of henequén theless, the Aoothua (of Texeoco) had claimed Tblancinoo as a
1
tributary from the time of Icaubt/.in (AK,i Ixllilxochid 1975:291).'

I he following items were given annually Tuianînco apparendy rebelled during the reign of the Aoolhua
I warrior eocnime with fOrfuiJvMMrt// devica, and shwld mler Quinatcin, and Acolhua govemor* and tribute oollectnn re-
I tzitzimit! warrior cosrume and shield placed the ItKal nilcrship (Offncr M)). Ry the rnrlv 1400s,
:
1 ûaxoiotl warrior costume and shield Tulanînco was suñicienily integrated into the Acolhua doniam to
I owatmii/ warrior oottame and shield be inchided in a 'fíncocan alliance 0bid. :42).
I din of maize The nirliulent political and military history of the Valley of
1 bin of chia Mexico and it.s environs prior to the formation of the Triple Al-
1 bin of beans liance may have left Tulanînco without a firm overlord. Whatever
1 bin of amarandi the drcumstances, the Acolhua apparently found it necessary to
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2yV- 30r * 57

coiii|ii6r the town spin, this time under Netahnalcoyotl (Ahn point of view state that the people of Tubncinco were required
IxtIil\(K hit! I'^'i')^ 2 Tul.uivinco lay on rhe major mure to to pro\ndc gifts of clothing, and x h.in(]U('t, to Moteciihzoma I's
Totonacapan and the coast, and was important as a supply center tnx>ps passing through on a campaign to the Gulf coast (Duran
fiar troops on the nurch to the ooast When the people of TVihm- 1967 2:165).
qinco rebfllLi! .)L':!Ínst Nezahualcoyorl some four years larcr, rhe The clothing tribute vfiown in Codex Mcm!,)7,i, due semi-
Aculhua ruler quickly put down the revolt. Altliough the local ruler annually, begins with Ü0O cloaks divided diagonally mto segments
wag left in his fbnner position, a Texcocan tribute collector was of plain yellow and blue tie-dye. The Men^zá commentary indi<
placed in Tiilnn<,inrn iihiil I"'''; N't /.ihu.iliovorl niuy have con- cates th.it these were to lie worn In' the lords of Mexiio, rhe
sidered this land !>oinewhai troublesome after his tirst conquest, MMtricuia glosses them as namzmtnqui (1V8Ü; tbUo 5v). The mate-
for he had left troops in Tulanînco, housed in a "fen" or prf rial from which they were made is not specified, but maguey was
sidio — the Tulan<;inc.is liurncd such a srnicnirc in their rebellion ioc.dlv a\'jiljble. ;ind cotton could he olit.iiiied re.idi!\' thrrmtdi the
(ibid.)> The Acolhua ruler may also have relocated some loyal strong regional market system operating in this province. In addi-
Aoolhoas to this area; he reportedly founded the town of Qtzihoin- tion, the people of this provbwe were required to pay m tribute
quiIo<:!n :in(i populated it with people frOItlTexcocii iihid ). I,60O plain white mantm woven ot mniniey fiber, a local resnurcc.
Aside from l ulanîncos importance as a major jumping-otl The Matricuk glosses suggest, however, that they were manufac-
spot to die ridi coastal lands, it maintained generally unlriendly timd of cotton, for it labels them as WH) «HMiMr and 800 fSMfA^
relations u-ith Metztitlan to the north. It may have served the Only four tufa warrior cosrumcs and shields were due from
Triple Alliance as a buffer against this hostile region.' It normally Atotoniico province aimually. They consisted of one )'ellow cos-
maintaiiwd an Aziec "garrison," but was apporeiuly ^gain in re- tume with fMrtstf^Mttwctft' device along with its xkiAolMfui shield,
belUon in 1519 CGerhatd 1972:335). one red tzitzimitl cn'.nime with ;i ¡í/n-vfi shield, one liliic /imimlntl
device with a xicakelmhqut shield, and one yellow cucxtecatl cos-
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS tunie ii4th hB osfxyv-style riddd. The depictiotK of these ooftumea
in the Mgtriinda fibid.) arc in complete .igrccment with those
The Grande province lay in present-day
lands of Atocoailou el shown in the MtiiJczn. although no specific glosses were provided.
southeastern Hidalgo. This is a reahn of ooosiderable geographic The final category of tribute demanded from this province con-
diversity, from high plareaii pnnmiated by nigged mountains to sisted of basic f(HKlsiiifts. one bin each ot mai/c, be,ins, chia, and
the beginnings of tlie hot country through the Sierra Madre Ori- amaranth. The Manuuia shows two bins of combined seeds: a
ental (Gerhard 1972:335), Rainfall was likewise variable, being mimerans tiny seeds in each bin. Some
kernel of com, a bean, and
minimal in the Tulancinco region but increasing toward Atoto- of these crops may have been grown with the aid of irrigatitm
nilco and the east. In the plateau setting maguey was an especially (Ruvalcaba 1984:127).
significant product. The tribute hsted for Atniomk n el Grande in the Informa-
Atoroniico lay on a major north-south route, and Tulanijinco dm (Scholes and Adams 1957:39-40) closely approximates that
commanded the trunk line from the Valley of Mexico to the north- found in the Mendoza and Matriatla. Four costumes and twenty-
cm Gulf coast. It is not surprising that important marketplaces de- riirec shields' arc listed, along with 4,100 fanegas each of maize,
veloped in this region, one of the largest being at Tulanqnco. This beans, and chia (but no amaranth) due annually. The tribute in
market was held every twenty days, and markets were also held on mantas, 2,400 of them, was due every eighty days, agreeing with
a regiil.ir hcdule in other towns of this regioB (Rowikaba 1984).
^-i the pattern in the Matrícula de Trihtttos.
The population of .^totoniko prarinoe was predominantly The clothing and foodstuff tribute continued into Q>lonial
OlDini. A minority of Tepehuas lived at Acaxochitla (Gerhard times. The people of Atotonih» pnmded dieir Spani^ overfords
1972:335), and Náhuatl speakers were found in the major towns \nth clothing and maize (along with quantities of the Spanish-
thnnq^hout the province (PN£ 3:90). In fiurt, Nahuatl-speaking introduced wheat), and a multitude of daily consumables such
pcnois appear to have been confined to AtoRxiilco, Qoauhque- and labor duties (PNE 1:26-27). In
as tortillas, firewood, eggs,
9Üoyan,and Tubniînoj, .imi nut found at all in the outlying areas 1539, Acasochitla's tribute consisted of a varicn,- of men's and
(ibid.:92; Kuvalcaba IV84: 124>. It is not clear whether these Ná- women's clothing items, loads of chiles and beans, chickens, and
huatl spedoets were monolingual or bUingual, but itia inggtstive labor on a field of main (ENE 8:23).
that Nahuad was die language of provincia] adraimstration and
nobility.
REFERENCES
Surv"c\"s of Atotoniico cl Grande prmincc arc finmd in Barlow
TRIBUTE
(1949a: 64 - 66), Gerhard (l'>:2 :335-338), and Ruvalcaba (1984).
The tribute demanded by the Mexica of Atotoniloo d Grande Oflher (1983) discusses Tulanînco in the context of Aztec-period
province was cotripletflv vtund ird: < lothing, warrior aistumcs and Acolhua administntion, iiiid \lv,i IxrliUothitl (19fiS 2:\'^>6. IW)
shields, and staple fcNHlstuft^. it may have t>een somewhat more provides consuier.ihie dei.iil alioul I ulan<îneo'& history. Colonial
varied than the Mtndoza suggests; Torquemada (1969 1 168) men-: details on Atotoniico are found in ENE 8:23, PNE 1 : 26-27, and
t¡í>ns thjt young men of Tulangnoo were required to pay tribute PNE 3 :90-92. Information on Otomi culture is found in Carcasoo
in reed mats and seats, pine torches, digging sticks, pigment, (1979) and Sahagün (1950-1982 10: 176-181).
liquidamb.ir. smoking tubes, gold tiks, gold shidds, and objects
nude of feathers. When this same town was conquered by Neza-
hiialcoyotl, that ruler demanded an annual tribute of clothing and
beans, and added a requirement to plant trees in gardens and for-
ests (Alva IxtlUxochitl 1965 2:199). Histories from the Mexica
58 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / POLIOS 29V- )Or

Copyrighted niaterial
NO I KS }, The more nurchcriy AtutuniJcu cl Grande and (Juauhqucvayulan may have
mote hendÜ/, alihou|h no doameBBaiy tecoid of tiiii it
scr\ cd this fimetioti
1. The smaller Atolunilc» gl>ph drawn diMC loHaeypuclitta and .Vvt>cup«n,
is available.
while the larger glyph is shouii in ¡iruxiiniiy 10 T1>paooyan and lownt to the 4. CtHMUc: narrow cotton cloalc; fuacbtli: large cotum duak. Tlie Murfaik
an. These Utdngs often follow rough geognphkal proidinities (Me also pi|^ lepicaeniations ahow a graceful triangle shape on each doaic image'
detoripiion for Anxoniloo de Fedian)- 5. dmm
Four aUeids, one widi a ptrnS (20) symfaiol, must have been on the
2. IcnihBiB appean to hive niled m
nydiical dmc; he w» die eifliest of pictorial fiwn which the i5$4 teat was derived.
XokNl^ encestan and ms said to heve mled 180yNiB(OflÍMrl98}!l9).Siich
a «atement b pnbablf atMlofoiis »
the po|Hilar Spanish phiase, "irom thiK
immemoriaL''
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2yV- jor • 59
FOLIOS 30V-3ir: THE PROVINCE OF XILOTEPEC
I
THt TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 1 yellow oceloti warrior costume and shield
blue cuextecatl warrior costume and shield
1. Xilotcpcc
— "On the Kill of the Young Maize Ears" 1
I bin of maize
Mso in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)' (folio 8r)
1 bin of chia
2. Tlachco— "On the Ball Court"
J. Tza>-analquilpa
— "On the of the TzayanalûHitl"
VV'arer
i bin of beans
Michmaloyan — "Place Where They Catch Fish"

1 bin of amaranth
4.
5. Tcpctitlan
— "Near the Hill"
— "WTiere There Much Acaxochitl" CONQUEST HISTORY
6. Acaxochitia Is
1. Tecoâuhclan — (Tccoâuhtla) "Where There Much Is Records of .\ztcc conquest in this region emphasize Xiloiepec it-
Yellow Ocher" self, barely mentioning the other towns of the province. Three
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest histor}' (folio I6r) Mexica rvlcrs claim Xilotepec's conquest: Motecuhzoma Ilhuica-
mina, Axa^-acatl, and AhuitzotI ("Ibrqucmada 1V69 1:164; Alva
Ixtlilxochitl 1965 2:256; Alvarado Tezozomoc 1975a:467-470).
THE TRIBUTE:
'Hie Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r) credits only Motecuh-
The f(»ll<)wing items were given every six months: zoma Ilhuicamina with this victory. Prior to the formation of the
Aztec Triple .Mliance in 1430, this region was under the domina-
400 richly designed women's tunics and skirts
tion of the Tepanccs. It was apparently taken by Ixtlilxochitl of
4(K) mantas of a twisted ohsidtan-scrpcnt design, each eight
Texcoco in his battles against the Tcpancc ruler Tezozomoc in the
bra2uis long
late 1420s (Alva Ixtlilxochitl 196S 2:86). Teeofauhtlan, the final
400 haif-quilted skirts
town listed for this province, is recorded as a conquest of Mote-
S(K) jaguar-design mantas
cuhzoma Xocoyotzin (Codex Mendoza folio 16r). This may refer to
400 manias with a red step-fret design, each eight brazas long
the crushing of a rebellion rather than an initial conquest, since
400 diagonally divided mamas
this entire area was well incorporated into the imperial domain by
The following items were given annually: the time of the second Motecuhzoma.
I or more live eagles Xilotepec's Otomi ruler may have been related to the second
60 THE TRIBUTE VF..\R TO YEAR / FOLIOS JOV- 3 I r

Motecukzoma. This relationship may stem from the recorded be- Mendoza and Matnatk, this skirt is depicted against the backdrop
ginning of the Xilotepcc (i>'nasry-, which was initiined hy Izttonix- of a folded doak. It is, indeed, the only lone skirt marked for trib-
coatzin, a son ofltzcoati (Chimalpahin 1965: \ ')7), ute in ifaete pictorials.' Its design suggests "quilting," but the
Barlow (1 949a 43 and map) adds several towns to
: this province, Nahuad annoation does not. Sahagun (1950-1982 9 :17, 45, 51)
although they are not inchided m the Mtmhz* or Mtttríaúa. They mentions the dnaauM among die rich dothing taken by Aztec
include Chiapan (a conquest of ,\huit7otI) ;)nd the legendary Tollan poíbtccíi on long .ind .inluous juUT Iiey tO tOUluA Xic.il.inco The
.1
(a conquest of Itzcoatl and/or Motecuhzoma Uhuicamtna). These, pocbttta purchased these tine alártt and other rich dothing in the
along with nine odier towns subject to the Merica, are located TIateloIco marketplace with plain doaks given them by die Mesdca
roughly souili ,u\A cast of Xilotept-t province.' In iidîirion. hou -
nilcr Ahuir/otI; these clcgnnt e.irmcnts were onii.iccd Xhuitzotl's
;
e\'er, the distant Zimapan (to the north) was apparcnüy subject tu propcrt}' in the trading venture, and surely represented his wealth
Xilotepec' and importance to the coastal rulers. The dfinau were also M
placed on slaves in the marketplace by slave dealers to make them
more attractive, and these skirts adorned bathed slaves to be sacri-
ficed by an ambiticNB merchant. A skirt of this style, complete with
'ITiis was the Lind of thi- (Irnmí, with several towns consisting of fancy border, is depicted in S.ih.iinin (ibid.: plate 14).
only Otomi spcalcers: rzayanaiquilpa, Michmaioyan, Tepetidan, The people of Xilotepec province also paid 8Ü0 doaks of a
and Acaxochida (PNE 1:57; Gerhard 1972 : 312). Otomí pie- jaguar design, glossed itOvámg^ in the MatrkiÚM (1980: feHo
doniinated in the prov ince .is :i whole, although minorities of .\1a/a- 6r).'° Xilotepcc is the only pro\'incc to provide cloaks of such a dis-
huas resided in the south and Chichimccs (Pames) in the north. These mantas are followed by 400 cloaks of eight
tinctive design.
Nahnad speakers were few in number here (Gerhard 1972:383). Vmus each; they are deoorated widi a vertica] red band endosing a
Klotepec itself was a major Otami political oenKr (Torquemada stcp-frct design {tltipalcoUuhqui in the Matricula 1980, folio 6r).
1969 1:287). The hnal item of clothing tribute consists of 4O0 multicolored
The cUmaK of XHotepec province was predominandy oool and MMWMK half of the chudi is red, die odwr half is divided diagonally
dry, and the landscape consisted of low barren hills. The rivets into yellow and blue (tie-dyed) segments. \ multicolored border
here, however, were apparendy suthcient to allow for some irriga- decorates the edge. I'hese manias are identical to ones paid by
tion ft Tnjnmalquilpa, Thdioo^ and l^cocaahdan (PNE 1 :57; Xilotepec^ neighbor QoahHacan. Like the Quahoacan tribute, this
6:4; Simpson 19?4:49 50).' But a predominant resource in these srylc is described as «í/ítfiw/Wíy;// (diagonally divided) in the Matrí-
high, dry lands was maguey, from which were extracted pulque and lula (ibid.; .Anawalt 1990). Ss usual, the clothing tribute was due
fibers for dodüng and mats (PNE 6:2-3, 201; 1 : 159-160, 226). semi-annually {Mendoza) or quarterly (iMtfnhifa).
Lime Wis ,ilsi) M product of the region (at least in Colonial times), Eagles enjoyed the habitat of .Xilotepcc province, and they are
although II dues not appear as an Aztec tribute demand from this found here as an itein of tribute. The only other Mendoza province
province In the Mendoza (PNE 1:21, 226. 310). Tlu- people of to pay tribute in eagles was Oxitipan, the northernmost province
Zimapan gave game to their Xilotepcc overlords (PNE 6: 3), while of the empire. The quantities for both provinces seem a bit vague;
those of Xilotepec provided tribute to the .Vlexica in the form they were to give a live eagle, or maybe two, or three, or four . . .
of mantas, turkeys,^ hares, and rabbits (Desaipdon dt Qutrüm sometimes more, sometimes less. This is uncharacteristic in the
1906:43). Clhichimecs from this region carried bows and arrows tribute documents, where quantities and fieriods of tribute collec-
and skins of deer, rabbits, and other wild animak to sell in Valley of tion are t)pically very specific." The Matrícula (ibid.) gloss states
Meneo markets (ibid.:21). "ten eagles," but does not supply the indigenous number glyphs.
According to the Mendoza, they were to be delivered on an annua!
TRIBUTE basis; their supply may well have been iinpredioable, and the abil-
ity to captan eagles alive was snidy a risky and uncertain biiaiiiess
The imperial tribute for XilotqKC province only partially reflects at best.
its dryluid lesoaroes. Ahondant qnantities of cloth were demanded, Xilotepec was also required to send its annual share of warrior
hot there is no indication that these wen to be made of maguey costumes to Tenochtidan. This consisted of one rich j-ellow jagiiar
fiber.' oostume with a xktáníiubfui shield and one rich blue auxttcatl
All the dodiing diown on this fatio is decorated. The first im- costume vriih a auxyt shield. The Matriada (1980: folio 6r) adds
age IS divided in half, one side depktillg S woman's tunic and skin the /mm// (20) symbol to this latter oostonie and shield, but there is
SCI, the other representing only a sldrt.* The tauttii number sym- no way to verily whether one or rwenty were intended (sec bclowi
bol apiiarcntly indicates 400 oifeach. The Mtniou commentary The people of TQIotcpcc province also grew sniBdent staple
and gloss indicate that these were ver\ fine ("niuy ricos"); the \ foodstuffs to send one bin each of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth
tricuia (198Ü: folio 6r) describes the skirt design as xuakoltubqut aimually in tribute. The Matrícula gloss (ibid.) spedfies only tanto-
(step-fret). The second item of dothii^ tribute, 400 rich imntfatr, is auá m ed dntS (bin of beans and maize), with no mention of the
als<^) highly embellished. This black and white motif is identified smaller grains
as ytzauaadiubqui in the Mamada (ibid.), a word that can be trans- Similar tributes arc recorded in the 1554 Informaam (Scholes
lated «9 *SivHted obaidifln-aerpent.*" The jaguar spots an not and Adams I9$7:40-41). The pictorial from which this textual
referenced in the Náhuatl eloss. These cloaks were to
of extra- lie doniment was drawn must have included a patli (20) symbol on
ordinary length; the eight ñngers represent eight bnoús (see one of the shields, but not on its corresponding costume. So the
Berdan 1980b: 33). discrepancy between the two tribute pictorials is not resolved here.
The following item of clothing represents 400 skirts of an "ir- Ten live eagles arc listed (the number in conformirv with the
regular" or "twisted" design (ebuoautd in the Matrícula 1980, folio Maincuia), as are the maize and beans (but no chia or amaranth).
6t).* Like die wonentt tonics and taaii loindodis depkted in the The h^mmaon also inchides the qnameriy tribute in ckdiing,
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 30V - 3 I r ' 61
listing 2,400 numtat of "divme cotors," 400 women^ ninks, tnd {Vmt-.n) WDBupa úm, aldwqgh Gcdind (1972; 70) ii útpáat and feeb
40() ricli skirts. If this 1554 docuiiitnt w.is copied frotii a pictorial thit XiloiepMÜi «mmi of Zinipin icflecv Colonial adjunneiMi.
}. This pncdce b lecoided far early Calonnl túnci Hid iMjr or inijr not re-
similar to the Mendoza and Matncuk, then the item described as
flect pK-Hi«panic patterns in these areas. irr$gatkM is also mentioned for
ikiiis (cMsdomU) in die latter docninents had been oonndered Mwral towns in the Chupan domain (PNE 1:17. 21. 59, 166, 19}. 209.
MUMttv in the fomcr» 289, no).
4. The source says i{*//»n«t, cliirfcins. It ihc |uticrn )u riji!ml in ptt -Spjmsh
timt's, the correlate would Ik; turkeys.

REFERFNCFS 5. Neither the Mrnddzn nor the \Utricuia mentions the r\pt oi material.
Throughout, both documents seem to be quite careful about mdicatin;;

Information on Xilotepec and its region is found in Barlow maguey- or palm-libcr cloth: when neither is mentioned, cotton is assumed.
(1949a:42-45). Gerhartl (1972:70. »2-)33. 383-386), PNE 6.This is the only case in which tunic and skirt arc showTi together pictorially
(1:57, 5P. 15Q-160, 226: 6:1 5, 201), Descripción dc Qiieretaro in the MaBrimlM or Mmdtza. In the fanner, the bands on the buipiUi are black
(19Q6), and Simpson (1934). Carrasco (1979) provides an extensive

7. Oufc (I9JB 1 idadfia thb at AuMMIm^
Otomí and their ailnire» and Sahagún
(tody of the pnchispenic makes."
(1950-1982 10:176-181)pfesentsade(criptioaofOloiinículttfie 8. Andeison and Dibble (in Sihagún 1950-1982 9:17, 45, 51) translate
through Nahua eyes. dfkaeutití as skirts of "irregular design." Molina (1970:2Qr) defines tbieottk as
"somediinf :^> Istca. like a hook." Tltia really more dosely tesembles the pce-
vious tmmta i.m ti'it tally
9. CMark (I'JIS 1 JVi) tonsidcrs this an error.
NOTFS in fkrU">! i.ipuar; lilmallr lUiilt Clark (19}8 I :6'^) iiltntiiits ihtsc as ocrto-
it-niLipdHt: iXeiotl l |ji:ujri + ti-nrli (border) + ti»paUi Ipaintcdi. However, the

1. These miscelliuieoui conquests arc siniated between (he prwincc* of pictograph shows that the entire doth is covered with tiie laguar motif, and a
3QioicpKHidAlD(oiiiloo(de ñrdraza). AlidiadSiMlh(iML)gniiiiistlwiiiinin distinct border is lacking.
a Mpnne, iDMEgíc pravinoe uncler Chiapin. II. The only Other instance of muncrical vagueness in these documcmibifac
2. TlikbddinedlndieJUhciiiAAvMtoAfliM^tm reooid of trinne Ja cneniy capdm gimi by die inovúiR
62 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3OV- 3 I r
FOLIOS }IV-}2t: THE PROVINCE OF QUAHUACAN
/
/
/
/
/
\ .TJalhcfeeo?
\
jChidiicqiitvil*
^^f^' Imftrtsl nmmttry
* PrtvintiétBémmétry
Ameyalco
w^mm Inieptmiini SHitrín.
Coi«q)ec /
I
i
Inbute nup of Quahuacan (3 1 v-32r)
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: THE tribute:

1. Quahuacan—(QiMguacan) "Place Where They Have Trees" The following items were given every six months:
or "Place \\Ticrf Thcv H.ur F.)i:It^"
800 rich diagonally divided moifaf
Also in Codex Mendoza conquesc history (folio 5v) 800 white mantas of henequén
2. Teq»—(Tcq»n) "Place of the Royal Palace"
Abo in CtátX Mendoza contiuc-r history (folir) 5v)
3. Chapolinoloyan
— "Place U hcrt- 1 hey Catch Grasshoppers" I green aitxtecati warrior costume and shield
4. TIaladavco— "On the Canal" 20 yellow and red ehuatl with aufâtaoB devices, and shields
5.
—
Acaxochic "On the Aaixocbitr 20 red and white warrior COStttmes with «mufocdi bade
6.
—
Amcyaico "On the Spring" dc\ ices, and shields
7.
—
Ocotepec "On the Hill of Pines" I bin of maize
8.
— "Place of Hiiinqiiilitr
Huizquilocan Full 1 bin of chia
9.
—
Coatepec "On the Hill of the Snake" 1 bin of beans
10. Quauhpanoayan
— "Place Where the Water Is Crossed bjr a 1 bin of amaranth
Wooden Bridef"
The following items were given every eighty days:
.\lso in f.Wi'.i Mi'}iihz,i L'omjULSt history (tolio l()r)
n. TIallachco
— "On (he Cailiuaicd Land" 1,200 loads of llrewotxl
12. Chichicquavtla
—"Where There Are Many Cbübiftuubtia
1,200 large wooden beams
I.20Ü large planks
Trees"
1,2ÜU piliars
13. Huitzigilapa— (Hvificilapan} **0n the Water of the
Hununinîrd**
Also in CtAxMembzt conquest hisiorjr (folio 6r) CONQUEST HISTORY
Artec military conquests in this region began as early as Itzooad's
rdgn, and towns in the area continued to be brought into the
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3

IV-32r 63
Aztec empire through the reign of /Xhuitzotl (1486- 502). Itzcoatl 1 nually. The remaining costumes were manufactured ot ordinary
reportedly coti(|u<.n ii diree towns: Quahuacin. Teqia, and Hui- feathers, and twenty items of each were due aiwually. One is a
tzi<;ilapa {Codex MenJoz-ii folios 5v-6r; Kcll\ jik! Falerm 1952: yellow and red aicfalpatzuctli device worn with a long-slccvcd
287-288). The following ruler, Motecuhzuma Ilhuicamina, appar- ehuatl that has a feathered "skirt" in place of the usual body-
ently ignored this area in favor of fir-flung conquests elsewhere, encasing legs of the more prevalent warrior suits (see Anawalt es-
but his succf ssor, Axav-ir.irl. invested hea\'ily in bringing the west- say, chapter S in volume !), The other cosrumc is a red and white
ern regions into llif empire. Among his victories in Qiuhuacan garment worn with a feathered momoyuait back device.' Both cos-
province were the town of Quauhpanoayan and the nearby non- tumes are accompanied by oter^-style shields.
Mendozd center ot Ail.ipuico (ibid.; 296 2^7; CoJex Mcndozji folio Additional annii:d tribute c<)nsisted of one bin each of maize,
lOr).' Several years later the Mexica ruler Ahuitzotl found it neces- beans, chia, and amaranth. As occurs only rarely, the Matrícula
sary agai nio subdue QuaKvacan (Alvaiado Tezozomoc 1 975a : 274). quantities doaely resemble those depicted in the MeaduM. For
This docs not appear to have been a particularly troublesome Quahuacan province, the Matrícula (1980: folio 6v) shows two
area for the imperial adrmmstration; no rebellions were reported bins, each with a kernel of corn, a bean, and numerous tiny black
nor garrisons present. dots on top.'
The remaining tribute of this province reflects its specialization
wood products. The 1,200 loads of firewood,*' to be paid every
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHAHI I AN TS in
eighty days, ' arc packed onco carrying frames (autxiS), ready to be
The towns of Quahuacan province rested in the mountains between toted to the cir\%
the Valley of Mexico and the Valley of Toluca. This cool, rugged, Perhaps to supply the growing cir>- of Tcnochtitlan with ade-
mountainous area provided an excellent li iiiu.ii (or pine forests, al- quate building materials, this nearby province was also requiicd tO
though it also offered fertile hinds tor the cultivation of staple crops pay large quantities nt rimher every eighr,' days to its Aztec over-
(PNE 1 :60, 292). Production in this region emph.isizcd the abun- lords. This tribute consisted ot 1,200 large wooden beams (hue-
dance of local woods. In Colonial times, the people of flalachco pantli), 1,200 planks (xapetktl), and 1,200 pillars (quammimilli)."'
were taxed in vigas (wooden beams), tablas (wooden planks), char- 'lítese are all of different sizes and shapes, and the first (beams) are
coal, ami firewood (González, de Cossio 1952 : } 19).' The residents slightly curved at the top, with a ro|>e passing through a hole bored
of Coatepcc carried wood' ID the mines at Tasco (PNE 1 1 09). The : thrCN^ the beam." Large beams were shaped from the trunk of a
people of Atlapulco, a mm-Mmdoza town in the bounds of this tree, and were rounded (.Sahagún 1950-1982 11:115-116). The
province, carried one targe load of charcoal to Mexico City each planks (xopttlatl) served as foundation beams with the following
Saturday to sell in the market there (PNE 1 : 80). While these Rda- range of characteristics: "thick, wide, thin, slender, loBg^ small,
amut record Colonial conditions, it is certainly likely that this re- each one short, each one small and short, concam, scooped out,
gion's economy was builtaround its abundant forests in pre Spanish hoUowed out" (ibid.: 115)." The pummmUS was a cylindrical
times. pole with a thick base and thin top (ibid.).
The Quahuacan province spoke a variety of lan-

residents of The It^vrmadm of 1 554 (Schcdes and Adams 1957 :41-42) in-
guages, notably Náhuatl, Ototni, and Mbthtanc*. While in some cludes all these items, though in fiir less detail than shown in the
communities a single language predominated (as with Otomi at pictorials. The 1554 document lists three ridi warrior costumes
Huioeifilapa), in others all three were spoken (as in Tlallachco; PNE along with fiuty-one rich shields " to be given annually, and 1,6Ü0
1 :292: Gerhanl 1972: 168. 270). Barlow (1949a:35) logically sug- mantas to be delivered every eighty days. Large quantities of maize
gests that Ototni predominated in the north while .Maclatzinca was (8,200 fanegas) and beans (4, 1 00 fanecas) were due annually. The
common in the south. Quahuacan was certainly located in a geo- tally also mentions 1,200 beams {vigas), 1,200 planks (snarteam),^*
graphically tranárional tone between the two edinic groups. and 2,400 small beams (viguetas pequeñas) to be paid on an annual
besis. 'I"he sm.ill bfiinis (.it h-^^t) uerc tor the construction of
TRIBUTE housesi one such beam could be carried by one man.
The demanded of QmhiKu an province rcflcas both stan-

tribute
REFERENCES
dard imperial demands and local specialties. The clothing levy con-
sisted of 800 fancy numm (of unspecified material) and 800 Quahuacan province is discussed by Barlow (1949a: 33-36), Ger-
maguey-fiber mantas' The decorated c'oiks. iliudcd inrn three haid il9-'::100 101. 168 171, 270-2"?). .md Cil^snn (1971).
decorated segments and bordered in many colors, arc glossed as Parts of the Códice Osuna (1947) pertain to this region. Cx>lonial-
oMzuoB maammfitt (800 diagonally tlivided cloaks). The diagonal period details on selected Quahuacan towns are found in fiipeks ¿t
division w.is app.ireinly the most diagnostic characteristic of these Nana Fspami (PNT :60. 109, 174, 292) and the Libro de las tasa-
1
cloaks, even though onl)- halt ot the cloth carries that motif (see daus (González de Cossio 1952:79-81, 319-321, 556-559).
Anawalt essay, chapter 8 in volume I). The remaining 800 cloaks Sahagún (1950-1982 11:114-116) presents a disoourae on the
were undecorated and made of maguey fiber, a fact that undoubt- preparation of timber for construcdon.
edly reflects a local abundance of this cold- weather plant. These two
cloak images are enhanced with an enigmatic symbolic triangle.
While the Matrícula de Tribtttos usually glosses such cloaks as ca-
NOTES
nauac (narrow or ñne cotton cloaks) or qmchtti (large cotton clo.iks),
in this case they are glossed as maguey fiber mantas. I. Barlow (194'*a:.t5l suggests thjt TIaljtlavco anJ .Xalatlauheu (listed as a
Further tribute from (jiiahnacm pvovinoe ouwsted of three conquest of .Vxayacatl on Codtx Mendoza lolio lOr) are one and the same. De-
spite the similarit>' in names Uld the frequetKy of interchanging xatli and tUUi
styles of feadiered warrior costumes with their accompanying
(as well as the presence of a rwenrieth-cenrurv' .Xalatlaco in the area>, the
si II li! The first is a green aiextccatl costume with its cuexyo gl)T)hs for the two lawas arc dtstinctiy diíFcrcnt.
shield;' only one such item of rich feathers was due in tribute an- I. They abo paid thdr tribute in eggs, tall, and chiles.
64 ' THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3 IV-32r
J. The i>7>c and purpose of the wood are not specified. i 0 The Náhuatl terms are found in the MasruuLi de inhuan ^ I VSO; folio 6v).
4. The clothing was to be delivered every six months according tu ilu A/m Cl.irit ( I 1 : 70) libeb the planks as Uiipiilli and the pillars as timuftlUíMtUi.
ésaa (folio Mv) and every eighty days according to the Mnrkuk (1980: They are called tnjjw ffvndu, uMmts grandti, and morillas, respectively, in
foliu 6v). MenJeed's Spanish (folio }2r).
5. TheAi<i7iai/«id'erntaw(l980:Mw6v)venMm«fdiiicg((^ 11. Sahisúa(1950-19g2 11 :115)niemiomaplankpiwfidedirithscocd, al-
die ouftonury short;Uick hwiionnl lines, «Ule the Mrmbta aakt them. though the enct meanh^ ii ehnive.
6. ThepfainirfuiclicMafiUsGaannneiiixivefHwithaniull^ 12. The ihort, wide fieatures maech diose QiuiDMed in che AfcwdW.
feaihen in the Mbiriak venion (I9S0: iblio (hr). 1), This document docs not distingiiisfa between rich and orcfinary leathen,
7. Icis more uiul for oat Un inihe Mútrinda ir Trikau to equtl two kihe as do the MmJazit glosiei. Further more, it is clear tliat the artist of the hfrr-
.Mriiiitaa mniion piaiirial most hai-e omitted pantti l20) syrnliols on two of the cos-
K. Ill tht Matn.uiu íl'ÍKO: (uljí.íii i \etz/initi qii,iuit¡ yn fi'jfi/.vt;; ; I .^0(1 luads of tximes, but plaaxi ihcni <i;i (he .<( i'<inip.inyinb! shields, yiekfalg fatty^-one
fircuoiNj). Hk- ircfhmlli >uttix relcnk CO a tuencj'-count; thiü may then consti- shields (a\ in the Mrt!jii:Mi hiii only three coMumes.
tute 1 .200 lujJs o( twenty items odi. Quk (1938 1 :7Q) tnnabtes fiiewood 14, Spci^üR-jIly. a fiMnon is j iuurth (jf a Isige piece of dmher, tamd length-'
as tkt/ttHfamutL wise into four pares (Stevens 1726).
9. TUtpeiiodiiifae Mine in both the MiMbifa end dteitfi*^^
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3 1 V- 3 2r • 65
Cu,. J I
.'jü material
FOLIOS 32v-33r; the province of tuluca
ImftrM ttmrndsry
Imitftmdtmt S*»*rt§i
• TVUmttrj Timm
JTuluca \
^Miupec
CaliyiTi3\'an
_'lcoicnant>>
/-
--^
V\
1
IHtnite map of Ihloca (32«^33r)
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 1 Muc ,': f,';;w/,'' \i jrrii tr cosrumc and shield
1. Ibluca—(Tulucan) "Place Where Men Indine Their Heads" 1 green quax(doti warrior costume and shield
and "Place of die Madatzinca" 20 fed nw9ca«Mf warrior oosiimies end diields
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)- (folios 2 hins of maize
2. CaUxtlahuacan
— "Place of dte Plain of Houses"lOv, I2r) 2 bins of chia
3. Xicaliepec— "On the Hill of the Gourd Bowb" 1 bin of beans
4. TcpctI huiacjn "'Pl.ice of the Tall Mountain" 1 bin of anuranth
5. Mitcpcc
— "On the iliil of the Arrow"
6. Capuiteopan—"On die Temple of die Oipvlm" CONQUEST HISTORY
7. Metepec— "Oil the Hill of the Mspicy"
Also in Ledex Maidcza conquest history (folio lOr) Aztec military incursions into the Toiuca \'allc}' began vMth .\xaya-
8. Cacalomaca—'Thce Where They Hunt Ravens" catl, who conquered Tuluca, Calixtlahuacan, Mitepcc (TIacotcpec),
9. Caliv iiKnan— "Place Where The> Put Houses in Order" Metepec, Caliymayan, Teotenanco, Tepemaxalco. and ôquitzinco
(Kelly and Palerm 1952:296-300; Cedtx Mendoza folios lOr and
Ako in Codex Membu oooquest history (folio lOr)
10. Teotenanco—"Oil die Sacred Wall"
10\').' According to one source (Durán 1%? 2:267), the ruler
-Mso in Cvik.r Mendoza conquest histoid' of Tenantzinco (to the south, in Ocuilan province) called on die
(ficdio lOr)
11. Tepemaxalco
— "On the Divided Hill" Mexica for military aid against the bothenotne Tuhicans, and the
12. goquitzinoo—"On die Litde Clay" Mexica eagerly responded. Another reason for conquest may have
been the refusal of the Tulucans to accede to Mexica "requests"
THE TRIBUTE: for building materials for Huitzilopochdi^ temple (ibid.: 286).
The following heme were given every six mondis: However, either (or Imth) nt these was merely .i pn u xt, for the
Mexica were surely interested in establishing a firm buffer zone be-
400 whi:^: .;inriir, i>r,ii!!ii.\ with mulucolored borders
tween the Valley of Mexico and the powerfol Tarascans to the
400 henequén mantas with red stripes (Ocuiltcca-stjic)
vest. Already the Tarascans had moved into the \'alie\' of Toiuca,
1^00 «diíce henequén mgmtas
peth^ as early as 1462 (Durbin 1970: 170). Axayacatl's invastons
The following items were given anmnliy: took place between 1475 and 1478 (Hasng 1988: 184).' Duran
66 * THE TBIBUTE YEAB TO YEAR / FOLIOS } 2V- 3 3 r
Copyiiyt ted material

(1967 2:278) indicates that the Tuiucan losses were extreme. annotation: (tntzontii ubtiima carubuac (literally, 40Ü narrow or
Itesig, however, snggests that Aztec míUtuy strategy was de- dim ocMon doalcs of maguey fiber). Perhaps, in this case, flflufaur
signed to minitni/c enemy l<T>sts .md in.iiiunin a srrong suh¡ect means "narrow." "rhin." or "fine" only.'' The remainder of the
buffer for the Aztecs against the i arascans to the west {1%Í : 184). clothing from this province was made of maguey tibcr, and the
An efficient hatdefield strategy could abo be consbtent with tradi- high elevadon of the Valley of Tohica was conducive to extensive
tion;)! Aztec goab to capture enemy warriois for sacrifice, rather maguey production.
than them at the soeoe of battle.
kill The second item of tribute consists of 400 Ücudteca-styie cloaks,
Ftdlowmg the defeat; die Mexica burned the Tnhicans* teiii|rfe, also of maguey fiber.' The presence of this design In TVilnca prov-
the charaaeristic symbol of militury conquest. Tliey then cirried ince suggests either influence or immigrants from nearby Ocuilan.
the image of die main Tuiucan god (Coltzin), with his priests, to Manuu of this style were also paid in tribute by the more northerly
Tenoditidan (Alvarado "RnnEomoc I975a:402-404; Darin 1967 Xbooddan. In addition, the people of Tuluca province were re-
2:272). .Apparently Aztec garrisons and a tribute collector named quired to pay 1,200 cloaks of maguey fiber in tribute. .'\s usual, the
Yaot! were left behind to maintain control of the newly conquered Meniau states that all the clothing tribute was due biannually,
region and collea tributes (Alva Ixdilxochid 1 965 2:257). Gerhard irfiile the Mtirkubi faulicam a quarterly tribute.
(1 972 : 1 74 - 1 75) mentions an Aztec garrison at Calixdahuacan. Tuluca province also paid its tribute in the form of three styles
Apparently the region was not restful after .\xayacad's show of of warrior costumes, due annually. The first is a bhie ttónnnt/ (de-
Mexica might. The following ruler, Tizoc (1481-1486), foimd it mon of the air) with a xiadeoliuhqui shield, the second b a gtean
neoessary again to subdue Tuiucan, Mitcpci (Tlacotepec), and fuaxUaÜ stj^ with the same type of shield, and the third a red
Metepec (Kelly and Palerm 1952:301-303; Michael Smidi n.d.).* ciiexttcatl costume and cuexyo The first two styles were made
shield.
Much later, Motecuhzonta Xocoyotzin (1502-1520) suppcessed a with rich feathers, and only one of each was required in payment
rebellion at Calivinayan (Chimalpahin 1965: 121). However, the eutxttetd costume and shield were made finm wdi-
Barlow (1949a: 27-28 and amp) adds two non-Memhza towns nary feathers, and twenty of tliese were required in payment.
to this province, extending its boundaries fiir to the west. How- The Tuluca Valley, despite its risky elevation, was highly pro-
ever, it is likely that the province of Tulnca was more compact and ductive for the staples of maize, beans, and other crops. This pro-
confined to the Valley of Toluca. ductivitv- is reflected in the relatively large quandtíes of ÜDodstuib
due annual!)' in tribute from this region. The Madaa illustrates
three bins, two uith mai/e ketneh and small dots and one with
beans and small dots. The glasses state that the former represent
The Valley of Toluca is a large, fertile valJqr extending firom the two bins of maize and two of diia, while the latter symbolizes one
Nev ado de Toluca (clevadon 4,560 meters) in the south and flank- bin of beans and one of amaranth. The Mamada shows three
ing the Rio Lerma in its northwestward jouniqr. The valley lies at almost-identical bins of maize, beana, and small dots, and provides
a high elevation (ca. 2,500 meters at die river); frast therefore no gloss.' Itis difficult to ascertain whether specified quantities were
presents a hazard for agriculrui L, Nonetheless, maize, beans, and demanded or whether tliis roughly represented the >ield from
amaranth were grown here in abundance (Zorita 1 963b: 264-268), fields designated as tribute lands; Zorita (i963b:266) states that
and considerable surpluses were stored (or lean times and for trib- .Axayacatl required the Madatzincas to cultivate a field 900 x 400
ute demands (ibid.). Such surpluses may have Ixx-n produced with brazas in size. This was for "the lord of Mexico."
the aid of irrigation; this is recorded for Colonial times at Tuluca This entire tribute is similar to that demanded by the Azteca
(PNE 1 :227). Teotcnanco, in the southern part of the province, fíoUowing their initial conquest of the valley. Alva Ixdilxochid
sold some of its nuii/c in (lie Cokmlal Mexioo City market, an ac> (1965 2:257) states that Texcoco's annual sliare totaled 880 loads
tivity thai may reflect pre-Conquest patterns (PNE 7[2]:7). of fine mantas decorated and bordered with colored rabbit fiir, 370
This was the land of the Matlatzincas, who also Inhabited puts loads of other bordered imaiMaB; and forty loads seven numtíB
of neighboring provinces. Sahagún (1950-1982 10: 181-183) de- made of feathers to serve as bed coverings. 'Hie levy inelilded,
scribes the Mithitzinca in some detail, equating them with the in addition, the cultivation of a field of maize "in each ptace,"
Toloque (|)i->)|)Il' < )f Tuluca). They worshiped a unique god (Coltzin) and gifts of gold jewels, adornments, and fine feathered warrior
and spoke a "barbarous" language, although some individiiab also costumes. Tenocliiitlan demanded a like amount of tribute, and
spoke Náhuatl (ibid.: 182-183).' TIacopan half as much.' 'l°hc Infwmaam of 1554 (Scholes and
Mazafaua- Otomí-, and Nahuati-spcaking peoples shared die Adams 1957:42) closely mirrors this tribute, merely glosring over
valley with the Madatzinca (Gerhard 1972 174, 330). : The Otomf some of the finer distinctions made in the pictorials. For e.vample,
and Mazahua may have been early inhabitants of the valley, fol- all three warrior costumes are described as "rich," the chia and
lowed by the of the Madatzinca (who were Chichiinea).
arrival amaranth are notindnded, and die maam are undistinguished.
Náhuatl probably became importantintheregioaCaJlowingAzaya-
cad's conquests in the 1470s.
REFERENCES
TRIBUTE The ,\/.tcc-peri(xl Toluca \ alley is discussed by Barlo\s' n949a:

27-29), Durbin (1970), Gerhard (1972:174-178. 330-331). and
Tbhxa provinee gave tribute to its Aztec overlords in standard Zorita (i963b: 263-270). The Aztec conqoest of this region is de-
categories of clothinc, warrior oisnimcs, and staple fooi'sruffs. tailed in Dunin (1967 2:267-274), .\lvarado Tezozomoc (1975a:
The lirst item of clothing is a white mama with a multicolored 402-406). and Alva Ixdilxochid (1965 2:253-257). Brief /Íí¿i-
border, given in qtiandties of 400. The Mrmlinr ôss indicateB hmicr exist fix* TuhKa (PNE 1 :227) and Teonunco (FNE 7[1]: 1;
that these were small cloaks made of cotton The Matrimk (1980; 7[2]:6-7). Lockhart presents a study of Cobnial-period Toluca
folio 7r), iUustrating a red and white border, presents a confusmg (1976).
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 32V- 3 3r ' 67
5. For more intiprmation on the .\lat!;it7mci. see pruvmLe '.ie'.Lrip;u>n-. tar
Ocuilan.
1. Tuluca, iVlctcpcc, Caliymayjn, and Icoccnanco arc found in the Cedtx 6. In the prcscm-day .Sierra None de fucbla, a .N'ahuat-spcakmg weaver used
Mauhu conquest histoT)'. caiuhuai to refer to gauze (sec Anawalt and Berdan held notes, 1985, for
2.Dmícs (1967:71) suggests that Tcnamziiioo was already an Aztec can- "Cloith, Clodúng, and Aoculniracion: Tcnile Traditioas of Middle America,"
quest, whileHanig (1998:185) aigva that it «w conqaered • year after rescaich fiinded b)r the NatiiMul GMgnphk Sodetjf). MaKna (1970: 12t)
Tulun fell. uses die term dbîtli, iriiifJi oould nieaii cidwr 'nanoM^
). Hassig suggests three separate invasions, cadi in «ooccsaifc yean. Zorita 7. In the AfomMi rfr TrihtMs (I9B0: felio 7r), mMff («MMixfi] ocuikKtyo
(1963b 266) mentians that when AxayacatI first conquered the Mstlatzinca he
: idititmaiH.
retained the native Thtoani Chimalcccutit (though nor hi« le««er, defiani B. As is customary in the XUtriruta, each bin is shown with one bean, one
liiiilsi When tribute demaM>l'> Ik-chii.- inu mu iiiiis. ( :h:iii.ilitt iit1i\ '.ulmiis maize kernel, and niimerous iiny black dots. The third bin, himever, adds an
rLvohcil against him. ami Axavaciil rL-turnul ik the \ jÜcv a second time with additional kernel ot corn. This may relate to the relaticclv errater iiui/e trib-
his .irmv to Mippii i^ rhi 1 1 lu lliuii, ute shown in the MmJi/^j for this pnn i
4. Ot these, (laly 1 uluca u included in Meadaza'i conquest history (folio I2r). 9. This is according to the system whereby tributes were divided into live
Conquest III the Mailanincu b noted b)r aewcfai sooNe* (ice Kelljr and Pa> pans, Tenochtidan and Tcxcoco cacb lecehmg two while the amaUer
lerm 1952: 302 -}0}>. TIacopan received one part.
68 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS JlV-Jjr
FOLIOS 3 3v-34r: the province of ocuilan
\ i-
Ocuilan
\
Tt-'nonhrincfi
• /
'tcqiulotan^
t
C!ual«pcc
Imptritl Émndsrj
Pravintttl Btunitry
Iniiftniint Stitriti
•
'I.
• Triûitry Ttvns
'ííMiatinhrn^
|
/
/
;

1. Ocuilan
— "Where There Are Many Ocuihtcd" or "Where All the towns in Mendoza's Ocuilan province were apparently con-
There are Many Cateqiillars" quered by Axaj'acatI in his western campaigns. However, the con-
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (foho lOv) quest of Ocuilan itself is described by Duran (1967 2:293) as a
2. Tcnantzinco— (Tenanvinco) "On the Small Wall" "rebellion"; hence it may have been previously conquered by the
Codex Mendoza conquest history
.'Mso in lOv) (folio Aztecs. .Xxayacatl's successful show of might against Ocuilan prob-
}.
—
Tcqualoyan "Place VVTiere There Arejapuars" ably occurred in the year 1476.' Hassig (1988: 185) suggests that,
4.
—
Tonatiuhco "On the Place of the Sun God" in .^xaj-acatl's campaign in the Ocuilan region, Oaiilan was the
5.
—
Coatcpcc "On the of the Snake"
I iill first to be subdued, followed by Tcnantzinco and probably the
6.
—
Cincozcac "On the Mai/e Jewel" other towns of this tributary province.-
.\s was customary, the .\ztecs undoubtedly installed tribute col-
IHt IRIBLTK: lectors (calpixque) in this province. .•\n official of that title is men-
tioned in a (Colonial Relamn for Tcnantzinco, one of the towns of
The following items were given every six months:
this province (Clonzilez de Cossio 19.52:395), but it is not known
800 rich henequén manias whether he had .\ztec or local affiliations. Tcnantzinco probably
400 rich cotton mantas warred with Cucâlan, to the south in Tepequacuilco province
400 large white henequén manias (PNT. 6: 140), and Ocuilan carried on traditional hostilities with
2,000 loaves of white refined salt
Quauhnahuac, at least prior to its incorporation into the /Vr.tcc do-
The following items were given annually: main (Duran 1967 2:293).
The political situation in this province may haw been histori-
1 yellow warrior costume with quetzalpatzactli device,
cally and structurally complex. Gerhard (1972: 170) suggests that
and shield
Tcqualoyan and Tonatiuhco had subailers tied to Tenanizinco,
20 blue atexiecati warrior costumes and shields
but such a hierarchy is not evident in the Mendoza. He also men-
I bin of maÍ74:
tions the possibility of Coatcpccs dominance by Zatjualpa, an
1 bin of amaranth
Aztec conquest not listed on Mendoza's tribute tally (ibid.: 397).
1 bin of beans
There is no evidence that Ocuilan itself held any particular politi-
1 bin of chia
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3 JV- 69

ca) control over its oomponent towns, other dun beiiig designated to the red and curlicue stripes: one contains two black vertical
hy the .\ztccs as the imperial tribute-collection and politkfll center stripes, ihf oTlier disjil.i w .i series of interlocked cohlH shells. The
for tlus grouping of communities. former is glossed bmtzitzUla tiacovitettii, "[mmiMrJ designed with a
Barknr (1949a:25 and map) adds two more towns to this prov- huinmingbird-wonnded-with-a-4tkk** in die MMriada it TVikmnr
ince: Temazcaltepec and Zoltepec These two are located t'.ir to the nVSO: folio 7\0. The other Ocu)lan-sn,'le cloak ;s dtsiribed as
west of the towns in Alnáu^ Ocnilan province, at the Taras- tecailacatzaacati by Clark (1938 1 : 7 1).° He further notes that this
can fttmtkr. Thejr (and several other communities in tlie region) "wind-iewdîral" served as a device on Qoetzakoad^ shield
appear as Aztec conquests and carried on wars with the Tar.is- (ibid.). All of these were nude of inatniev fiber, according ro the
cans (PNE 7[1]: 11, 20-21). The several toyms in this borderland Mendoza glasses, and they were demanded in quantities of -KK) each.
area were repotedly oonqneied and leoanqnered by Menea rul- Located between these two Ocuilteca-style doalcs is an intricate
ers from .\xajncad thnmgh the second Motecuhzoma (Michael red and white manta glossed ixnextlacuiUoHi in the MatríaiL (1980:
Smith n.d.). folio 7v).' In addition to its bold swirls and "eyes on the border"
edging, it contains an eaglet head in the center. While this immui
THE PROVINCE AND similar to one paid by neighbonnsr TLichco province, none-
ITS INHABITANTS is it is
Mendoza and MatncuLi. And, unlike the other

theless uitique in the
The towns of Ocuilan province Ue to the sooth of die Tohica Val- cloaks paid by Ocuilan, these were inanulactnred of otnton, proba-
ley, with Ocuilan itself ijuite separated fnim its assonatcd toun<- blv .111 import into this region.
bldeed, Ocuilan lies tu the northeast of Malinaico and was perhaps I he final item of clothing tribute consists of 400 plain white
separated from its component towns by that provinoe. MCMttr made of "henequén^ according to the Afiemte» and of
The Ian<i of this gcnerailv cool ^p_,\ drv proxince was moun- maguey fiber (r.hrilmatli) according to the Mittriaila (1980: folio
tainous and broken by numerous harianms. ' The area was jwobabl)' 7v). As is u.sual, tlie Mendoza indicates that these cloaks were given
conducÍTe to the raising of maguey plants, as welt as the cultivation in loads rê., 400 loads), while the Atormi/b suggests that only 400
of the iisii.ll '.riiplcs (it m,iÍ7c, lieans, chia. ,ind amaranth. Ocuilan items were gi\en in each case. .\nd the usual pattern i
¡f lii;Minual
Itself coiuuined gtKul lands lor the growing ot maize, and the tribute m the Mendoza and quarterly tribute m the Mamiitta is
people of Tonatiuhco and Tcnant/.inco gave maize in tribute to maintained.

their Spanish overlords in the nii<i-si\teenth centurv (Títm/ále/ de Ocuilan pro\nnce also provided two st\ lev ot w:irrior cosmmes
Cossio 1952:395 396. 530; PNF. 1:167). Sahagun-. intunnanis in tribute. I he first is a ijUítZitlfnitZiiíílt headdre.S-s with llowing
(1950—1982 10: 183) emphasize that only maize, beans, and ama- green feathers worn with a yellow warrior suit; the ooBtnme is ac-
canth grew in this region; it lacked chiles and salt.'' 1 lowcvcr. To- compiniri' i>v 1 \ i. !! iHuhijui shield. One such outfit and shield
natiuhco did apparently produce salt, of excellent quality but in were deiii.indcJ .i!iiiu,illy. The other warrior apparel, of which
small quantities (PNE 6:281). twenty were required in annual tribute, is a blue ntcxtecatl sxy\c. "of
Matiatzinca was the predominant language of the pro\ ince, al- the people of Cucxtlan" or the Huaxteca. The shield design is
though Ocuiltecan (related to Matiatzinca) was the language of the a relatively uncommon one in the Mendoza, found also only for
people of Ocuilan. These people were sufliciendy notable to war- the provinces of Tepequaeuilce), Huaxiepec^ and Pedacatco. Tlie
rant a brief descriptioo io Saluigim^ FhnMm Codex (1950- 1982 shield's blue color matches that of the costume, and it is decorated
10: 183). In this source they are flfeened to die Toloque (the people with a tall triangle and two pairs of short black horizontal lines (see
ofTuhicanX and "much given to bewitching others." Considerably .\nawalt essay, chapter 8 in volume 1).
greater detailá provided on the Madatzinca, who, according n> The people of Ocuilan were also required to pay tribute In staple
Sahagün (ibid.: 181-183) were so named because dicy shdled fbodstufls: one bin each of maize, beans, chia, and sinannth an^
maize by beating it in a net, because they performed human sacrí- nually. The cultivation of these crops in this rq;ion(eiioept for the
lMesbycnishiiigao(mnoaerinanet(mif(iMí * neO» or because chia) has already been mentioned.

they were skilled with slings (tmtttktf).* He goes on to describe Ocuilan was the only province listed m the Mmdazt to provide
these peo|iie as "strong, rugged, hard, sinewy." Their diet loii s.ilt in tribute. The salt is refined, in the form of 2,000 loaves semi-
sisted mainly of tamales, beans, and fruit atoic; their clothing was annually, and designated for use by the lords of Mexico (Codex
made of maguey fiber; and they made a potent pulfUf. Like the Mendoza commentary, iblio 33v). It is glossed as yztaeomhH (con-
Oeuilteca, the\ were eonsidcred by the Nahuas lo l>u^\ llietiiselvcs i.uiUTs of s.ilt) in tlic Mj'nnttii (I'WO; lolio ~v). This tria\- have
with "the bewitching of people, the blowing of evil upon people." been the high-quality salt from Tonatiuhco, a town in this prov-
ince. Salt of varying grades was obtained from numerous sources

in Mexico, including the ocean, saline lakcv. and underground
TRIBUTE
water sources (Hernández 1959 2:407), Fine salt could be ob-
Ocuilan^ miperial tribute requirenienis consisted primarily of the tanwd from some aaky spring waters. The water was collected in
usual items of clothing, warrior costumes, and food staples, along pit^ and the sun allowed to evaporate the water, caving a salty resi- 1
with the less typical salt. The people of Ocuilan produced distinc- due (ibid.). This damp product was then formed into molds, as il-
tively designed doahs, the main feature of which were two vertical lustrated for Ocuilan provinoe.
red bands with intermittent black and white curlicues. Fithcr the The tribute listed for Ocuilan in the Infonriiiaon of 554 (Scholes 1
design was particularly popular and uidcly adopted in the region and .Adams 1957:42-4}) is vaguely similar to that found in the
or Ocdlan peoples also occupied areas to the north: mantas of Memhza and MuhbMtf. The 1554 docntnent lists an annual tribute
Oeuilteca design were also given in tribute by neighboring Tutuca consisting of two warrior costumes and nveniy-one shields,' all
and nearby Xocotitlan. Those produced hy these two tatter prov- rich and gilded; 8,200 fanegas of maize; and 4,100 j'ant jias of beans.
inoea, however, were simplified from those provided by the COfS It also includes of 1,600 plain white mantas due every
a tribute
aica of Ocuilan. The Ocuilan «untar add further embeUishmena eighty days. This textual document omits the salt, the amacanth,
70 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 33V-34r
the chía, and the differentiation shown for warrior costumes and NOTES
cloaks in die pkiorial manuscripis.
1. Chimalpahin my.m-.AMktiiCtUHibtitUm 1975:55).
2. KeOy and Palerm (1952 :296-299) Kft Tcnanninco ind Conepcc. Only
REFERENCES Ocuilm and Tenamiinco are listed in MnduA nufam hinory (folio lOi^.
). Gerhard (1972: 1 70, 397) places die elevation range of diis regional 1,500-
'ITic Ocuilan provincial region is discussed by Gerhard (1V72: :,K(K1 iiK-U-rs.
17Ü-17I, 397-398), Durbin (1970), and Barlow (1949a:25-26)

4. l ilis luiy III' tiKirt' t»i'[,iphoncal dian real. Amung (h« .Nahua, lu eai (uod
ulrhciiii i-h>\v iiid s.ili vt.is cqiiivakni 10 finoflg.
and mentioned in passing by Durán {1967 2:96, 293, 307, 319, Littrjily, "siiitic :ki
"
5,
335. 353) and Torqucmada 145, I4'>i. Colonial dewrrip-

1 :
<S. /íAfij/ZiMuiil) • j.i/;./.':/). is|iirjll > aiZiJiJ ifeoiel).
tions of Icnantzinco and Tonatiuhco arc found in the Ubn dt ias 7. VuT ;i dct.iik'J .iiulysis ni (his (trnn, set province descriptions for TIhcIkk
Tasamna (Gonzalez de Cossio 1952:395, 530). Brief Refaaonrr anJ nou I W in the Anû^h essay, chapter 8 in vohune 1.
8. This would ftntU (20) symbol wcte prcscm on one diield but
result if a
exist for Ocuilan and 'IVnantrinco (PNE 1:166, 206!, ,ind 'Icnan-
lacking OB either cf the winiorcosn m. m
tzinco and Tonatiuhco are mentioned in passing in other Relaaoms
(PNE 6:140, 281). Sahagún (1950-1982 10:181-183) describes
the Matlatzinca in depth and the Ocuiltsca briefly.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3 3%'- 34r • 71
ul-i- J
, ..JÜ material
FOLIOS 34v-35r: the province of malinalco
—
)
/--
-
/
/
AUlinaloo /
ImperUI Btunitry
Prtvintitl BmnJtry
/ ¡ndtftnitnt Sti»ritt
• Triiunry Ttvni
7
I
/
^^mpahuacan /
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: cates that the Mcxica ruler appointed the ruler of Malinalco, per-
1 Malinalco
— "On the Grass"
haps suggesting an earlier conquest (Kelly and Palcrm 1952 JOO). :
—
.
Nonetheless, Malinaltx) appears to have developed as a rather firm
2. Conpahuacan "Place That Has a Skull Rack" subject of the empire, as its ruler later attended the dedication of
the great temple of Tenochtitlan and also provided combatants for
THE TRIBUTE: a distant war in Tehuantepec'

No special fortifications or military garrisons are noted for this
The following items were given every six months: small province. This is not surprising, as it was insulated from the
1,200 large henequén manias volatile Tarascan borderlands by Ocuilan province. Likewise, no
special imperial civil or military ofliicials are mentioned, although
surely tribute c-ollcctors were on the scene. This was, however, not
1 bin of mai/x; a perpetually peaceful province, as wars with neighboring Quauh-
1 bin of amaranth nahuac arc recorded (Michael Smith n.d.). Townscnd interprets
1 bin of beans the main Malinalco temple as a symbolic and political statement of
I bin of chia imperial ownership and control and suggests that it was "created in
response to the need for greater political integration in the Mexica
CONQUEST HISTORY realm" (1982:136).
Malinalco a small tributary province, containing only two towns: THE PROVINCE
is
.AND ITS INHABITANTS
Malinalco and (ônpahuacan. Malinalco itself was conquered by
(^npahuacan was subdued earlier, by the first
Axayacatl, while The relatively small area of this province contained fertile valle>"s
Motecuhzoma. The conquest of ônpahuacan appears to have at approximately 5,000 feet in elevation (comparable to Quauhna-
been part of a massive military campaign that stretched south and huac). The mountain and valley region drained south,
rivers in this
west into present-day Morelos and Guerrero (Hassig 1988: 159- to the Balsas, sometimes cutting deep barrancas into the landscape.
161). The first mention of .Malinalco as an .\ztec subject appears In a mid-sixtccnth century Relación. .Malinalco is described as sit-
under the reign of Axayacatl; however, this reference merely indi- ting in a hot valley, with good springs and streams for irrigation;
72 • THt TRIBUTE YtAR TO YtAR / FOLIOS 34V-35r

the remainder of the territory was rough and mountainous (PN£ and washed, and repeatedly beaten and dried in the sun until the
1 : 143). Native fruits were grown in the lower reaches, while stone fibers were ready for use (Ibid.).* Cloaks of this oiaterial were re-
was also quarried here, perhaps on the rockT hillsides HUkl ; ^Ví/.ví portcdly sold in the TIateiolto iTiarkeiplace (Sahl^dll 1950-1982
Aubin 1963:77, 79).' While the Colonial and contemporary town 10: 75). They came in a variety of sizes and shapes, differing de-
is located within the the Aztec-period ceremonial ruins of
vallejr, grees of fandneas, and weaves diat nnged from "tight" ta "net-
Malinalco rest above a steep hillside (Cí.ircúi P;n<in \'^>Afi). In cun- like." The seller of these cloaks also reportedly made them, and
trast, ônpahuacan sat on a high rocky hill still in Colonial times, traveled about with these wares (ibid.).
and its surrounding terrain was so treacherous that transport on The only other tribute demanded of this province consisted of
hnrschack wiis considered impossihlL'. While ihi> town l.n in the four bins of fiMulstufFs: one each ot maize, chia. hems, and ama-
"hu( lands," its water supply was limited, and cultivation was basi- ranth.' The substantial agricultural production rellected in this
cally restricted to maguey Objd.:55). trRiute may have derived from irrigation in the vidnity of
Thf pri'doniin.int Linpiage of M.ilinaico and ("onpahuncan u as .M.llin.ilco.'
Náhuatl, although this was also the land of the Madatzincas. I'he Infonttiitioii of 1554 (Scholes and Adams 1957) omits this
Náhuatl may haw been a pre-imperial language, as the Malinalcas province in its tribute listings.
were among several southward-migrating Chichimtc tribes (which

included the Mexica); Malinalco was also the scene of the legend-
REFERENCES
ary abandonment of the goddess Malinalxodi by her brother, the
Mexica patroo god Huilzilopochtii (Davies 1987: 18, 22). Additional information on Malinalco province can be found in
Barlow (m9a:29-32), Gerhard (1972:170-171), Garcia Payón
TRIBUTE (1946), QAiia (1984), and Townsend (1982). Brief KfteteMr exist
tor the two tov\Tis in this pro\Hnce (I'N'K 1 :54 >5m 14.^>. and the
In the Codex Mtndozii (folio 35r) and Matnculu Jc inhttos (1980: Alexica quarrying of stone there is recorded in the Códice Aubm
folio 8r), the folio listine Vlalinalco's tribute is shared with the (1963:77,79).
pro\ince of Xocotitlan. In the Miitriaila the division berween the
r»i) provinces is made by a distinct vertical black line; in the Men-
doza the provinces are stacked, with Malinalco above Xoootitlaii,
and no line divides them.
NOTES
The most prominent item of tribute rendered by Malinalco and
Qonpahuacan was clothing: 1,200 palm-tibcr cloaks were sent in 1. Duran 1967 2:304-305; Alvaiado Tezonmioc 1975a: 5)8- 539. Bodi ac
tribute twice a year (or every eight)' days, according to the Ma- tivitw* look place under the Atodca niler Ahuitaod.
tricttla).' ^npahuacan was surely the major cY)ntTÍbutor to this 2. ThHdocuiiieiKed<|u«T]iíi|gwekpbceÍRtheyearil$Ol, 150}, and 1515.
3. The OMKfi, ur "tHk" (j^fph for the number 400, appcan Id ha«e been
levy; cloaks of palm fiber were still made and marketed by people
added by dMerent hmd, and teeimngiy after the gio» was written, to
from thistown in early Colonial times (PNE 1 55). :
nal omission was probably a scribal overufhc The number glyphs are dearly
In the Mgtriaik each doak has two fingers projecting from its and IidIiIIv drawn in the Matricula.
top, indicating a length of two bnzas. These lingers have been 4. Tni liMii; iriiii¡; I'll ill.tti ri presents (Tii/ (to bleed or ro perfórate), as in
¡1
omitted in the Aiemhat, but wen probably intended the pl.Ki. ri.iiiK u . '^liN lur (,;us'ul<» (folios 15v, 1 7v). The plant is identified ai
(see note 3).
) / lp Claifc (1938 1:71) and Andeisoa and Dibble (in Sahagdn
Each plain white mama figure is shown punctured with a sharp I'.i>(i~ivk: 1
bone. This svmbol provides .i phoiu ; unpt for vcfoti, or palm

i. ] 5 . The plant a also described jnd diustratcd in Sahaglúl (1950- 1982 1 1 : 110;
and these cloaks are indeed glossed ycffttUmtttU in the Ma-
fiber,^ 205, ill. (i'>\ u .-ilthough ñbcr from m leaves is not menrioncd.
The Mendoza commentary describes the material as "soft
tricula,
6. 'U'hilc Ü1C Mendoza illustrates tuxi bins, the Matricida shou's only one bin
containing a kernel of com, a bean, and numemuB tiny Uack dots.
henequén." Hernandez (1959 170- 171) mentions that the leaves
1 :
7. Irrigation it reeoHed far dttiMalinaloo area in the Colonial ibieendioen-

of the ytpti produced finer and stronger fibers than did those of niry, úm nay or nay not have been an eneoiion of pfe-Spanhh piacrioet
the maguey. The leaves wen first mked in water, dwa pounded (PNE 1:143).
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 34V- 35T • 73
Copyii.jl tod material

FOLIOS 34V- 35r: the province of xocotitlan
THE TRIBUTARY TOWN: league with Texcoco's Nezahualpilli and Tlacopan's Chimalpopoca
(Alva Lxtlilxochitl 1965 2:256). Interestingly, Xocotitlan seems
1. Xocotitlan-"Ncar the Fniit" to have been of lesser militar)' importance than neighboring Xi-
Also in Codtx Mendoza conquest history' (folio lOv) quipilco, which is not listed on the tribute folios of Mendoza or the
Matrícula. As the Triple .\lliance moved out of the V'aliey of Mex-
THE TRIBUTE: ico to the west. Xiquipiico may have been the army's first target.'
Also included in this western campaign were Xocotitlan and prob-
Tlic following items were given ever\' six months: ably Tuluca. The year was probably 1478.-
400 designed henequén mantas These strategic conquests placed the Triple Alliance with sub-
jects close to the enemy Tara>icaru>, and indeed Axaj'acatI attempted
a forceful campaign against the 1 arascans after securing that fron-
I bin of maize tier. The enterprise ended, however, in disaster, the Mexica being
1 bin of amaranth roundly defeated by their western enemies (Alvarado Tczozomoc
1 bin of beans 1975a :'229).
1 bin of chia
THE PROVINCE .\ND ITS INHABITANTS

CONQUEST HISTORY
Xocotitlan lay along a fertile valley watered by the I.erma River.
Xocotitlan is included with Malinaico and Qonpahuacan on folio During the Spanish Colonial period, this was known as the Valley
35r of Codex Mendoza. Xocotitlan province is shown on the bottom of .Matalcingo, just north of and perhaps including the Valley of
half of Mendoza, while in the Matrícula (1980: folio 8r) it occupies Tuluca. Most of the towns in this region were located 2,400- 3,000
the right third of the folio, separated from Malinaico province by a meters above sea level, and the climate was generally "cold with
thick black line. These provinces may have been grouped together moderate rainfall" (Gerhard 1972: 174).
for the sake of convenience (sinc-c their tallies were shon enough .\t the time of their conquest by the .\ztccs, the people of this
to fit on a single folio); they are not geographically contiguous. region spoke a variety of languages: Ma7.ahua, .Vlatlatzinca, and
Xocotitlan was conquered by the Mexica ruler Axayacatl, in Otomi (Alva IxtlilxcKhitI 1965 2:256). By the time of Spanish con-
74 • THE TRIBUTE YE.\R TO YEAR / FOLIOS 34V- 35r

tact, a aoutteriiig of Náhuatl may also have been pmait (Gerhard every six months; the Mairicuk docs not indicate a schedule for
1972: 174). Ocuilteca people may also have lived (or at letn ifaeir this payment
presence- was felt) in this province, since cloaks of specifically In addition 10 tribute in cloth, the people of Xocotitian paid
Ocuilteca design were demanded in tribute. Today Mazahm and their Aztec ovcrlofds bins of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth (one
Otoini are in evidence (Barlow 1Wji:37). of each annually). The Spanish commentator (folio 34v) is at odds
Sahagiin (I9S0-1982 10:183-184) >k-scnl.cs the AW.ahua with the Spanisli glosses (folio ?5r); the c"ommcntator indicates
people (named after their first ruler, Manatí tccutli) as "not well that eight bins were due altogether, two of each seed. The Mi-
nanBd. The old women paint liieir feces with >'el!ow ochre or with tfKidt is unenlightening, illustrating one bin of combined seeds
red. They even paste their arms, rhcii 111". uítIi fcarhtrs " They and providing no Náhuatl or Spanish gloss.
were always carr)ing gourd rattles with them. He also mentions As with Alalinalco, Xocotidan province is not included in the
that riiey were great fanners, although dieir land was very cold. nxtiial 1 554 tribute dacnment (Sellóles and Adams 1957).
I.iitlc IS known of the rei;ioti's resourees. Sixteenth reiuur v Ri -
Luionts indicate that irrigation was used in Xocotitian and that tish
REFERENCES
were obtained form the river at Xiquipiico (PNE 1 : 298-299). En-
tries |iir Imth ri iuns iiulicate that nothing special was grown there, Inform.ition on Xocotitian province is found in Barlow (I'MOa:
just subsistence products. Maguey or yucca may also have been 36-37j, Gerhard (1972 : 1 74- 1 78), Alva Ixdilxochid (1965 2 256), :
widely available, if the Coda Mtndeza glass for the tributwy cloaks and FNE 1 298-299. Ufe in the Valley of Mataldngo (before and
:
("of henequén") h correct. Certainly Xocotidanlayatandevation after the Spanish Conquest) is disc-ussed by .Monso de Zorita, al-
appropriate for the nurturing of maguey. thou^ he emphasizes Tuluca (1963b:26}-271). This region and
its history are alto studied by Dnrfajn (197(0> The bonterii^
rascan foit of Acambaro has been studied by Gorensieln (1985).
TRIBUTE
Xocoddan^ tributary demands were limited to mmus and staple
NOTFS
agriailtural pnulnrf. The image representing the 40(1 nuintiis h,is
two ornate stripes of red alternating with black and white curli- 1. Bjrlou \ V>¥H:U>). However, Dmcs (IWT:70-71) suggests thai Tuluca
cues. These are described as cloaks of soft "henequén" in the Span- was the first .\Icxica conquest in the west.
AtuiUs de CuaiAtitUa (197S :57) and Camnaipahia (1965 : IOS). Xocodtkn,
ish ooounentary (folio M\ I. In the Matriaila Jf Tributos (folio 8r) 2.
Xiquipiico, and Tnlua are all indoded in the CUkrMnidBa aopiiquaisaf

they are described as cloaks of Ocuilteca design and closely re-
AxayaratI ({bUo lOi^ Aaqmoti received a aerions wonnl in the battle againit
semble aswittr ghwa Ociilbn «od Tttlttca provinoes» fust to die Xiquipiico,ahhongh Aha Ixdibnchid (1965 2:254) reeonb mwim ctpture*
south. As iscttstomary in the Memhai, these dools were tobe paid by the Aitect ai }dqdpiloD (moic than 12,000 pawns).
THE TRIBUTE VKAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 34V- 35r ' 75

FOLIOS 35V- 36r; THE province of tlachco
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 400 little tuskcts of rcfinci! uhite copal for incense
8,000 balls ol unretincii cop.il, wrapped in palm leaves
1. Tlachco— "On the Ball Court"
Also in Codtx Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r)
2. Acamilyxtlahuacan
— "Place of the Plain of Cultivated Fields t yellow tzitzimití warrior costume and shield
of Reeds" yellou if/r.vfraiiiiwarriarc(Mtunie and shield
3. Chontaloottian
—"Where There Are Many Strange Snakes" I
1 bin ot maize
Also in Ohfer Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r> 1 binofdiia
4. Teticpac
— "On Top of the Rock"
5. Nochtepec—"On die Hill of die Prickly Pear Cactus"
6. Teotiizncan—"Place of the White God**
CONQUEST HISTORY
7. TIamacazapan— "On the Wîtt-r of the Priest"
8.
—
Icpcxahuaico "In the Painted Hill"
Tlachco and its assodaied towns apparcuil;, iiid
military interest until neighboring Quauhnahuac was suitably sub-

not attract Aztec
9. Tikapucako—"On the Tnstd Sand Heap" dued by the imperial forces. Then, under the Mexica ruler Mole-
10. Tetenanoo—''On die Stone Wall" f<thliOina Ohadamina, at least the towns of I'lachcu and Chuntal-
coatian were conquered (Codex Mendoza folio 8r). Some of the

towns included in this Mendoza province may not have been sub-
THE tribute: dued until later; apparently Teticp.u: wjs not brought under impe-
The following items were given every six mootiu: rial |>c)wer until the time of Axayacad (Chimalpahin 1965:104).
C^cualpan, relatively dose to towns in Tlachco province but not
400 richly decorated cotton manUt
itself on the Mentkza tribute tally, was conquered by the earlier
400 womenli ntnics and skins
ruler Itzcoatl {0»dex Mendoza folio 6r). This town later welcomed
1,200 large white henequén mentar
Ahuttzod after his suocessAil railiniry campaign against the more
The following items were given cvcr^' eighty days: southerly Tcloloapan, Ostoma, and Ahhuizdaji (Alvarado Tenso-
200 litde pitchers of bees' honey moc 1975a:528).
1,200 yelUm varnished gourd bowla It appears that the conquest of diis region was only part of a
76 • THf. 1 KIBL I K YKAR TO VtAR / FOLIOS 35V-36r

broader military sweep made largely by Motecuhzoma llhiiica- eye. This doaic is glossed as yxnextJacuMü in the Matricuia (1980:
mina. Husig (1988:159) suggests diM, while Hacheo ksdf ms folio 8v). Else where (ibid.: 35) I have tnmsland this as **painted
subdued hy militar)' force, Chonrnlcoatbo may have peacefully mantas of maguey filler."- but there are other translation alterna-
submitted to the Aztec show of force. tives. L^renzana suggests the rather unlikely "useless painting"
Michael Smith (ad) suggests that Hacheo, well prior to its (Clarie 19)8 1 :71),' but 'Srealihy pahitbig^ would be more icason-
may have been subject to Quauhnahuac.
OOOqiiest by the Aztecs, abk ' Whatever the meaning intended, the gloss is most certainly
However, by the mid-tifccenth century it must have b«en sufli- quite correct: the eye in the cloak design provides the ix- prompt
denily strong and independent to warrant its own ootiqaest, sepa- (eye » aetebbdii.
rate from that of juaiihnahuac. Relations among towns
( in this area Accompanying these fancy cloaks are Wi women's t\inics and
appear to have been rather belligerent. Despite the iza that Tla- skirts with red bands and 1,200 dooks of palm hber. llie Mendoza
dwo^ Qnanhnahuac, and Tepequacniko were all Aztec provinces, glosses these htter as mantiBtf de Eiupun (small cfoaks of hene-
these neipliliors carricci on trailirionjl wars w ith inic another (per- quén),' while the Matricula identifies them as ycfotilmatii (1980:
haps reflecting old wrongs, predating their common condition folio 8v). They are labeled glyphically by the bone picrdng the
under the Aztec political nmbrella). Thchoo warred with Quauh- garment: diis provides the foti (ô bleed" or 'Ho pierce") syllable,
nahuac and Ychcatcopan (in Tepequacuiico province; PNE 6:90, alerting the reader to the material üxotl^ That material consisted of
277). Tzicapu9alco carried on hostilities with Alahuizdan and the fibers from i'uaa aietjoiia;" threads made from these plants
Ychcateopan (both in Tepequacuiico pronnoe; PNE 6:96). Ychca- were considefed finer and stronger than those produced from the
teopan also faced Nochtepec in baide (ibid.: 90). nuêy (Hernández 1959 1:171). Each of these three manta fig-
Despite the £ict that die towns of this pcovince lay along the nres has two fiiigeis piocrodi^g from its top^ indicating a length of
hostik Tarascan border, no garrisons or fortifications are re- two bnuat,* In G>loaial dmes Tlachco contfnued to pay tribntie
ported. However, a "governor" was installed at Tlachco by Mote- in clothing made of "some leaves of trees called yûigo^ (PNE
cuhzoma Xocoyotzin (and probably also by iiis predecessors); the 1:255). For more detaib on jwkm/ doaks, see the page descriptions
governor^ duties entailed die administration of justice and the col- for Mabnalco province.
lection and transmi'ision of trituitcs to Tctiociltitlan iPNF. 6:276- The people ot Tlachco province were also required to pay an-
277), The Rtladm of Tlachco makes it dear that this official gov- nual tribute in the form of two warrior costumes. One is a yellow
erned only Tlachco and its tstmuks, not the entire province (ibid.). "demon of die air" style, the other is the style characterized as
I.iirlc is kiioui! ol flu: LiovcrimiLTit of other towns in this prri\ incf, nit x-tccatl. "of the people of Cuenfau" or the Huaxteca. Both are
except that I'zicapuâlco was ruled by a local Tiatoani called Ahui- accompanied by xicakoüubqm shields.
tecntU. He was aasisied Iqr fear esteoned nobles m administering The Mtikbea tribute roll for this province additionally depicts a
local jnstiGe (PNE 6:95-96). wDOilen bin full ot maize kernels and small data; the annotation
and commentary indicate that this represents two bins of maize
THF PROVINCK AM) ITS IMI ABI I ANTS and chia (to be paid annually). In contrast, the Matrícula depicts a
maize kernel, a bean, and numerous small dots, lacks a Náhuatl an-
'llie province of Tlachco covered the northern tip of present-day notation, and contains a Spanish gloss that says only "measures of
Goerrero. It was a regían of hills and low numntains, and a mod- maize" (1980: folio 8v). It b difficult to Imow with certainty exactly
crate dimate; rainfall decreased from north to south (Gerhard what was demanded, since all these cnltigens were grown in the
1972:252). province (sec above).
The predominant language of die provnice appears to have Like its neighbor Tepeqaaewleo, Tbcho paid tribute in bees'
been Chontal, s:i(ikt-:i in the A/rr;<-.'«ijv centers of Tlachco, Acami- honey (quauhmcutli). These 200 little jars were <hic every eighty
lyxtlahuacan, Chuntaicoatlan, Nochtepec, Teodizucan, Teticpac, days. The acquisition of (his wild honey continued into Colonial
Tlamacazapan, Tepexahoalco, and Tetenanco (PNE 6:265; Ger- tunes among (at least) the people of Ttícapa;aloo; part of their
hard 1972; 252). However, "Mexicano" iTs''.ihiiatl) was mixed into Colonial tribute included five little jars of honey to he L'iven evcrv
the language mosaic, as were Mazatcc (notably in Tzicapuâlco sixt)' days (PNE 1 : 79). In the same general time period, the people
Hid Thdwo) and Tarascan (PNE 6: 94, 265). of Tlachco and Tkmacaai pan were reqmred to pay tribute every
The economy of the province was based on maize cultivation 120 <fa\-v in twcKc large jars of honey (ibid.: 2 lit)." For more infor-
supplemented with beans, chiles, chia, squashes, and various other mation on honey, see the page descriptions for Tepequacuiico
vegetables and fruits (ibid. 98, 280).
: In additian, small aroonnis of pravinoe.
salt were produced ;it I /icipuí, ilco (enough 10 attract purchasers Further rrih\irr from 'I lachco province included 1.200 yellow
from Teloloapan and ^ ctuaieopan),' and the uplands .ircjund Tzi- gourd lx)wls, to be paiil every eight)' da)-s. The Mendoza commen-
capuâlco were home to a tree called kmx^buitl, from which taiy indicates that these were varnished yellow; the Matricula glos-
ônd ax handles and digging sticks were made (ibid.: 92, 98, 216). ses merely identify them ;is ximlteamuitl, and one of the howls is
Cacau also seems lu have been produced in the region, though drawn with a chevron desjgn along its nm (1980: folio 8v). Accord-
only in small quantities (iUd.: 281). ing to Molina (1970: 158v), xualh and .v;ív//ítiw«//f/ were the same,
"gourd bowl." 1 lowcvcr, Clark distinguishes them, suggesrin;' that
TRIBUTE die xicaUi was a half-sphere shape while the xicaltecomatl luui a nar-
row mouth. If this were die case, the illustration and gloss on this
TIachco's tribute b^ns with a variety of dotiiing, to be paid twice folio aic mismatdied. A form of narrow-mouthed gourd bowl is
a year according to liie Mtnitu and every eighty days according found on the folio for Xoconochco province (folto 47r) and is glos-
to the Mamadla. Heading the list are 400 richly decorated red and sed tecomatl in the Matricula (1980: folio I3r). For more informa-
wiiite mantas with the prestigious "eyes on the border" design. tion on varieties of gourd bowls, see the page descriptions for
The body of the dodc shows bold swirls, lines, and aides, and an Xooonochco prowinoe.
THt TRIBUTE YEAR TO VKAR / FOLIOS 35V- j6r * 77
Hacheo and its neighbor Tepequacuiico were the only Mendoza REFERENCES
pRmnoci to pay tribute in copal incense, and diey gave it in the
same form and quantities. Hacheo paid 400 little baskets of re-
Sources on A/iec pt ri" ! TIachco are rather limited. Hie rôn is
.lisaisscd in general terms l.y Gerhard (1972: 152-154, 252-255,
fined white copal for incense and 8,000 balls of unrefined copal
397-398), Barlow (1949a:22-25X Harvey (1971). and Coe and
wrapped in palm leaves, doe every eighty da>'5. ActxwJiug to Her-
Wliittaker (1982) in their introduction to the treatise of Ruiz de
nández (195'' 1 : 177), many different r\pes of plants \icldcd forms
of afaiU; apparendy the plants in the Michoacan area typically
Alarcón. Some of the texts of Ruiz dc .Viarcón derive from this re-
gion (ibid.; .Andrews and Hassig 1VH4). Rcltiavnes geográficas exist

emined a yellow Bqirid, irfille tfie product of the Aztec provinces
was white and transparent (ihid, ~f>:, Snmcrimcs the liquid would
1
for TIachco and Tzicapuâlco (PN£ 6:263-282, 93-100). Addi-
just ooze out by itself but the tree {copalquabuitt) could also be cut
tional Colonial-peritxl details are available in the Lihro delastm-
aones (Ck)nzález de Cossío 1952:272-273, 357-358, 6l5-61ti)
to release the product ^d.). CopM was noted fiw its odifenms
qualities and was used widely as an incense. and die Rtktma gitpêu {PNE 1 : 58-59, 79-80. 163, 255).
The Matrícula (1980: folio 8v) glosses identify the baskets of
copal as yttat tepiM and the wrapped balls as qiuflhifyt.* Both
white incense and qiuiuhiocopiiHi (unrefined incease) were included
in the offerings to the god Huiizilopochtli during the month of
NOTES
IbmMl (Sahagdn 1950- 1982 2 : 74). It is not dear wfaedxr fMW^
iocopaUi was a p.irtit ular variety of oopsl Of merely t difictem form 1. These tvio lowTO «ere in the tnliu;.ir't pnivincc df I L'pcqujniilco.
or stage in the "refining" process. 2. YxnextlatuMii: ubtii - maguey liber; nextU - ash; tJacuihUi » painting or
The tribute listed for TIachoo in die 1S54 hfirmmiSm (Schohs uTiiing FQradilimiit;iiNreliiKlytriiiilaiion,s(eiio(e 199ofdHpicriin
volume 1.
and Adams 1957:4^-44) is much reduced from that showri in the
V Clark bases his sutcmcnc on (.orcnzana. rcfcrnnp to this same al(»<;s for
Mendoza and Matrtatla. One entry in this inideentury Colonial t jiiakv paid by the nearby pronnce of Ocuilan It must have been dcriv • fromi
docnment lisis only an annual tribute of two oosnunes of gold, .'! "in vain" (Molina 1970:46r).
T! V 'f,;n.
twenty-one shields decorated with rich feathe^^,'" 4,100 füriei^,¡r of 4. This would derive ftum ámttia, to gain wcaldi or acquire Kmcthing by
hard WDrfc(Moliiu 1970:4<i).
auize, and a like quantity of beans. Two thousand tnantas were
5. The gion over the fiist figure adds MnA^ smooth or soft.
also due every eighty days. A somewhat different entry lists the & BodiClaflc(I9}8 1:71) and Andenon and Dibble (in Sahagun I9S0-1982
costumes and shields, the maize and beans, and the vutntas How- 11 :110b 205) make this idemifieation.
ever, it also adds one hundred copper a,\es and two large copper 7. Sahagun (1950-1983 10- 75) «pccificallv mentions the icfotilrmmimad,
palm-filKT [lo.il. !-!jr.ii
The
I
I
bars ^tíá.'.16-ll). honey, gourd bowls, and incense are no-

H.The ii(in-.\/rr.'i.'''.j iiiwn <il ujs aixi iniiudcd ill this Colonial levy.
where mentioned. In the realm of further small disparities, N'och-
The Libn Je Lis i.;-wi.'i .'.rj i(rim/.ili-7 de Oissio I9>J ^^7, f>l^) mentions
tepec reportedly gave Colonial tribute in gold dust, and llachco TIachco's honey ta.v and funhcr notes that the non-.V/fni/üij communitv' of
paid wax 10 hs Colonial overlords (PNE 1 : 163, 255). Yet these Cacualpan also paid a Colonial tribute in honey.
9. This is simply identified as €i)paJli on folu> Vr of the Mathfula. For more
items do not appear in the .\ztec imperial tribute lists. Perhaps,
information on (op«lli, see page descriptions for folio 61r.
however, they made their way to the imperial capitals >ia other
10. The Infiirmadmi was derived from a pictonal; is dlis case two dWBWntt
distributian channels, fir represented more spwifically Colonial and two siiields would have been drawn. One lUeld wmid abo have had a
interests. banner tup, ágfúípag Ac mmibcr 20.
78 * THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAS / FOLIOS 35V- 36r

FOLIOS 36V- 3 jr: THE PROVINCE OF TEPEQU ACUILCO
Mihuiztlan
• I
0?tonn
'llachiiuljcic
!^*""^'^ Imptriél Bttinitry

——- PrtvimcitI BtuaJiry
InJtftM^tiil Sti»rf»s
THE TRIBL ARY TOW NS: I 400 black-striped mantas, each two trazas long
40Ü diudcd mantas
1. Tcpequacuiico
— "Place Where Fates .Ve Painted" rich diagonally
Also in CWf.v .Mendoza c'onqucst history (folios 6r, 8r)
400 white mantas
2.
— "On ihc Water of the Chile"
Chilapan
Ohuapan — "On the
1,600 large white mantas
3. of Círeen Maize"
Stalk
4. Huitzoco
— "On the Digging Stick" The following items were gisen annually
5. riachmalacac
— "On the Thrown Spindle Whorl" 1 j-cHow warrior costume with ijuetzalpatzaali device,
or "On the Ball Court Rings" and shield
6. Voalian— "Place of Night" 1 blue ocehtl warrior costume and shield
Also in CoiJrx Mendoza conquest histor)' (folio 6r) 20 red cuexteeatl warrior costumes and shields
7. Cocolan
— "Place of Many Disputes" I bin of mair.c
8. Atenanco— "On the Wall of Water" 1 bin of chia
—
— "On the
9. Chilacachapan Water of the ChUacaxtb'" 1 bin of beans
bin of amaranth
— "On the
1 0. Teloloapan Water of the Pebbles" 1
1 1 . Oztoina "Cave Made by Hand" 5 strings of (bakbihuiti (greenstone)
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest historj- (folio 1 CK') and folio 1 8r

12. Ychcatcopan
—
"On the Temple of Cotton"
The following items were given every eighty days:
13. Alahuiztlan
— "Where There Are Many Gliding Swimmers"
too little copper axes
Cue^lan — "WTiere There Are .Many

1 ,200 yellow gourd bowls
14. Macaw Feathers"
Scarlet
400 little baskets of white copal for incense
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 6r)
B.OOO balls of unrefined copal for incense
200 little jars of bees* honey
THE TRIBUTE: CONQUEST HISTORY

The following items were given every six months: 'I ripie Alliance military incursions into this region began early in
400 quilted mantas, each r>v'o bruzas long the history of the empire and continued, in successive waves.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 36V- 37r * 79

through the reign of its bst ruler. The first Mexica Triple AlBanoe ck»e aifaninistratne supervision from the hnperial capitals. This is
nilcr, Ir/,coatl. conqucrctl a numhcr of cirv- states in this area, in- doubly rrwe for Oztoma, which w is favored with tWO Azcec offi-
cluding the Codex Mendoza [owns ot Tepequacuilco, "^'oallan, CIuc- cials, a TiacocbciikatJ and a Thcatecati.'
(abn, and TdoJoapan.' Motecuhzoou IlhuicMnina continued his This pravmce seems to have been unstable internally as well as
predecessor's interest in this rich area, apparently reronqucring with its Some of the towns within the ter-
troublesome neighbors.
Tepequacuilco and Cueâlan and adding Oztunia, V'chcateopan, ritory of the province fought among themselves: Cucâlan uith
Tlachmalacac, AJahuiztlan, Ohnapan, and Chilapan to his consid- Apaztia (a non-JMMiaf town) and Oilatlan with Thcoiqiec and
crablc laurels. '
Of these conquests, it appears that only Alahuiztlan Tétela fPVE 6:14!, 129), WTiile all these towns were subject in
submitted voluntarily to the Mexica military presence (PNE 6: some manner or other to the Triple Alliance, only Cueâlan is in-
101). Tízoc apparendy achieved one conquest in this region, that duded in Tepequacuilco pcovince; if towns entered the empire on
of Tonali \Tnoquc(;ayan (Coder Mt-ndoz-a folio 12r). This town, varying bases (those recorded in the MendtZM representing only
however, does not appear on the Mendoza tribute roll. one such base)," these internecine hostilities, perhqK predating
Some of these same towns were seemingly unhappy with impe- Aztec conquest, may have continued ummpeded. It is less easy to
rial rule, as they appear repeatedly on the conquest lists of suc- explain the wars carried on by Vchcateopan with tOWns in ne^h-
cessive Mexica rulers. Most notable of these was Oztoma, whose boring Tlachco province (see above).
overthrow is claimed by both Axayacati and Ahuitiod,' Ahuitzod's In addition to stationing loyal nKO-at-arms dose to hostile
conquest of this fortress especially well docutnented in slightly borderlands, the Tnp!e A!li.!nce powers orchestrated some colo-
conflicting accounts. Alvarado Tezozomoc (1975a: 525-528) re- nization m tins proxmce. The most profusely documented in-
cords fierce fighting and heavy casualties in this campaign, and stance of resetdement involves the towns of Oztoma, Teloloapan,
ooncorrent difficulties with the nearby Tarascarts. The chronicler and .AJahuizdan, .As subjcrts of the empire, these three centers
also docruments the need to repopulatc this site, aioni; w.ih the rebelled and were furiously reconquered by the Triple •Mliance ar-
devastated towns ot Teloloapan and Alahuiztlan,'' with serrlen mies. The reoonquest took a heavy toll in local lives, and, since it
from the N'alley of Mexico- The Relihión i^npivfitii tor Cbroma was important to the vVztecs that these liorderland areas be well
notes the conquest of the town of Oztoma, the subsequent build- populated with loyal subjects, a resettlement effort was launched.
ing of a fortress there, and persistent attacks 1^ Taráscaos. The re- In all, supposedly, V.OOO married couples from TeiMchtidan, Tex-
pcatcd Triple iVIIiancc or Mexica conquests of Oztoma may reflect coco, I'lacopan, and other Valley of Mexico centers were relocated
Tarascan incursions into the region and/or divided loyalties to to these depleted towns (Alvarado Tezozomoc 1975a :S33-S36;
Taráscaos and Mexica on this volatile borderland. Dunn 1967 2:351). Under somewhat diftient historical condi-
Tepequacuilco was a frontier province in the truest sense, shar- tions, the borderland town of Chilapan was reportedly setdcd by a
ing long western and southern borders with groups fiercely hostile noble official (Ttxplatttuhtii) sent there by the first Moiecuhzoma,
CO the Triple Alliance. To the west were the Tarascans, while the aldMN^ it is unknown how many people he took with him. This
southern border faced the independent Yopes. It is not saipnsin^, story gms aome support from the statements that the language of
then, to find armed oatpaats In this region, of which the now-van- diis town m the andnidi OBntiHy was Mexicana, though not as
ished Oztoma is the most fiunons. "polished" as that of die Afeiica, and that the people's customs dif-
Ozioau was located in a particularly volatile area, being the fered litdefrom those of the Akidca (PNE 5:176-177). It does
subject of repeated attacks, conquests, rdwllions, reconquests, and appear that the Aztecs, whether through repeated military incur-
colonization eflbrts. It is interesting, however, that it did not abut sions, deployment of troops, or colonization efforts, expended
direcdy on the Tarascan border, but was insulated 1^ other towns considerable eneigy in securing this frontier and subduing resdets
of this province. One of those towns. Alahuiztlan, was Imked to subjects.
Oztoma by its duties to send food, weapons, and aid to that "for-
tress" (PNE 6: 102). Nearby Izapa, a subject of Alahuiztlan, was
also fortified, on a round hill, to protect local salt resonrcet from
the Tarascans (il)iil.: ¡05 1. Fartiicr soutli aioiii.' ilu- Tarascan bor- The region encompassed by 'repequacuiico proxince was generally
der, Totoltepec supported Aiexican troops and also sent aid to hot and dry, with considerable elevation variation. The land, in
Oztoma (ibid.: 149-1 50). and Teida fought with the Tarascans north-central Guerrero, was mountainous and dissected by large
(i'liil 1
' V) ' ("urious!\\ '\'chcMteopan, another town in the western fiver drainages, especially the Balsas (Mczcala). Some of the tow ns
part ot this province, records wars only with towns to the north, in of this province were on major land routes;
situated alotig rivers or
Tbdioo province.* Others, such as Oztoma, Iztapa, and Alahutzdan, were built on hill-
The Mf'ukzit town of C'hilapan lay at the very southern edge of tops for defensive purposes fPNF. 6: 102- 103, 1^'^ ! 1 1 ) .-\ccokI-
Tepequacuilco province, bordering on unconqucrcd Yope ter- ing CO Alvarado Tezozomoc (1975a: 522), Teloloapan was large,
ritory. The people of that town were required to contribute to tht havhig a wide, proaiinear street; Chibpa was abo laid out whh
wars the Aztecs fought uith the Yopc^ ( PNK ^ 1"8) Three other "straight streets" (PNE 5: 176). However, some towns in the prov-
towns conquered by the Aztecs were strung .ilung this southern bor- ince, like Vchcatcopan, may have cvhibited a more dispersed set-
der; Otiatlan, TIacotcpcc, and T/.otiipanco; jierhaps they served tlement pattern (PNE 6:91).
as a butter in this militanlv unstable region. Acapetlahuaya, near ( ierhard ( 1972 : 1 52) npt!\' d<-s< r:ln's the hiiitni.iLH- ihstnbiiüon of
Oztoma . also served as an Aztec garrison site (PNE 6:115). this region as a "thoroughly cunlusiin! picture." In a very general
I v. ) other centers with possible militar)- sigitificancc were lo- sense, it niav be said that Chonta! w as spoken in the northwest of
cated in this province: Tetenanco (or Quecholtetenanco) and Poc- the province and Coixca in the northeast (including Tepequacuilco
tepec. These two, along with Oztoma, are included on the Men- itself). Cuitlatcc formed a strip along the Balsas, and a pocket of
dna's enigmatic fcHim 17v and 1 8r. An important official (Mixcoad Tuxtec sat in the east. South of the Balsas, the language picture is
TlaesMciiMIt) is associated with Tetenanco, which may well indicate vague. The people of Chilapa spoke a tough fonn of "Mexicana"
80 THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS ^év-JJT
(Náhuatl), while the people of Otlatlan and Tiacotepec spoke hige ones; the Matrkala glosses the former as ianavat ("narrow"
"Tepusteca" (PNE 5:176; 6:\23, 128). Tétela was a Cuidatec or "fine"), the latter as fMwfoft QiimMiyim large white cottm
town Íibid.:n2) .iloncr rlie Balitas. A fuu oíIilt towns, iiorTh of cloaks th:u also circulated as a turm of money. The former may
the Balsas, are described as strictly "Alexicano"; these include Aca- have been a responsibility of leloloapan (PNE 6: 146).
pedaliuaya and Cuelan (ibid.: 1 16, 138). Others were Chontal While the dolfaing tribute was due every sn months (every
towns: Toroltcpcc. Apaztia, ,ind Ahihui/tlan (ibid.: 100, 144, 149). eighr\' li.n s :ircordiiiL' to the Matriaiht), the rcm.iininp items were
Ychcatcopan and Oztoma were characterized as both Chontal and paid on an aimual basis. 'Ilircc types of warrior costumes were de-
Nahoa C'Mencano"), while TUoloapan oonnined a nuxmre of manded: a yellow costume with fuetz/ápttZM^ device, along with
Chontal, Mexicano, and "Vsaica" speakers (ibid.:8<>. 106, 146). its xtciilcnliuhipii shield, a blue wdnt! (jauruar) cosnime with its
The /Mfldim suggests, tor Oztoma, that the Náhuatl speakers were cuexyo (variant) shield, and twent}' red and black cutxtttati cos-
left over from die tfane when Motecnloaau^ troops were sta- tumes and shields.The Mmiau commeniary (fallo 36^ states
tioned there, but that the popuhiTinn uas essentially Chontal. It that the first two were made of ridi feathers, the OKxtKMt/ of ordi-
also mentions that, for Teioioapan, the Chontal and "Yscuca" nary feathers.
peoples lived in separate btrries, beii^ die more andent inhabi- Tepequacuiico was one of the more distant provinces to be re-
tants of the town. As m.n be expected of .i conqueror's tonirue, ihe quired to provide bulky staple foodsruffs in tribute, .•\ccordinp to
introduced language (Nahuad) survived in this region largely as an the Mendoza, one bin each of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth
overlay, except in towns sodi as Qiilapa which may have been were paid aimnaUy. The Mrtrioii^ shows only one bin of combined
settled early on b\' N'.dui.is (see .ibovc) seeds. The calthaiion of maize, beans, and chia (hut not amanntb)
The economy ot the region was based on agriculture, combin- is mencioiiied repeatedly in the Rtiacmus geoff-aficas for towns in
ing cultivation of maize, beans, and maguey.
chiles, squashes, chia, diis region (PNE 6: 87- 148).
The towns of the province also produced an abundance of fruits .•\side from these r.)ther iisiul tribute items (cloth, warrior cos-
(PN£ 6:87-148 and passim), llic major salt resources of the re- tumes, and foodstuffs), the people of Tepequacuiico gave a wide
gion were located around Alahuizdan, YRapa, and Oztoma. Salt amyof spedaKzed products in tribute. Among them were copper
from rhesf xnnrces was sold throughoiir the area and uns ccmsid axes, one hundred of them evcrv' cightv i\.\\s. On\\ auv other prov-
ered well worth guaxdil^ (ibid.: 1Ü4- 105, 112). Farther south in ince, nearby Quiauhtcopan (folio 40r), also paid tribute in copper
the province, Cne(alan pradoced just enough salt and cotton Ibr Tepequacdioo province but dose to Quiauh-
axes. Chilapan, in
its ouTi consumption (ibid.: 14.'). .\tcnanco, CfKolan. Tcloloapan, teopan, rcponedk exploited copper locally (PNT lO.'i, For more I ;
and Ychcaoopan abo prcxluced cotton (ibid.: 89; 1:51, 102,216), information on copper, see the page descriptions for Quiauhteopan.
but the most significant cotton-growing town was Tétela, a non- The 1,200 gourd bowls given every dghty days were covered
Mttuhza communiry that sat at the confluence of two rivers, rétela with a yellow varnisli, perfi.ips the tlalcoziibuitl, used :!s .i "yellow
produced cotton in abundance, apparendy enough to supply much wash," collected by people from the town of Teloloapan (Sahagún
of the region (PNE 6: 136 and passnn). The people of Tetda abo 1950-1982 11:257; PNE 6:146). While die rims of the bowb
grew small amounrs nf cacao, as did those of /Mahuiztian, Cocolan, dnnra in the Mendoza are plain, two of them in the Mttnaik are
Chilapan,and Oztoma (PNE 1 : 20, 102-103, 167). However, most decorated with a chevron.
of the region^ cacao needs were supplied from the Pacific coast Cbé^Bnátí, probably jadeite," must have been i mportant in
Speci.di/ed products from the province included cupitlli an<l (los- of round and oblong hc:ids were
this region, for five sizable strings
sibiy jadcite trom Cueâlan (PNE 6: 140, 142), a yellow pigment demanded in tribute annually. While the natural sources of jadcite
(iMntsnhntft'* firom Tdoloapan (ibid.: 146), and whin honey, are radier vague, Coe (1968:94, 102-103) indudes die Balsas
copper, and gold dust fram the province^ southemxnost town of River drainage fin Tarascan tcrritorv! -^s x likely source area." Per-
Chibpan(PNE 1:103; 6:181). haps some of this jadeite trickled across the Tarascan/Triple Al-
liance border through trade, or perhaps people living akmg the
Balsas in Tepequacuiico province ()rot-iired i:}deite or preensrone
TRIBUTE
locally. Cue^dan, a provincial town close to the Balsas River, re-
The trflMte demanded from this large and rich province ooinddes portedly had local greenstone leaoarccs (PNE 6: 140). According
<Hiitf ( lust Iv with its towns' resources. C!otton growing in several to Aztec wisdom, e.vperienoed persons could locate greenstone by
comniutiKies is surely rejected in the large quantities of cotton searching for it at dawn:
doth required in tribute. The first type of mmro shown, quilted
when (the sunj comes up, they iind where to place thcm-
with a black and white border, was rcquiroil 'h nvo hniztis long.
sebes, where to stand; they face the sun Wherever they
These cloaks, 400 of them, arc glossed iiiúimmiiif'í/ui ("quilted"
can sec that something like a little smoke [coKin>n] stands,
mmtat) in the Mttrimh ( I Wi). folio Vr). The second t)-]^: of cloak,
that one of them is giving oif vapor, this one is (he precious
.dvci 4(10 ill mitiiber :itid tuo I'ni-iV in lciii;t!i, «:!s detornrcii wilh
Stone. (Sahagún 1950-1982 II :22l}
three black vertical stri|M;s; it is lalieied tid¡ui¡>i¡tlavilc uinrniiti ill the
Mttrkida (ibid.)." The third manta drawn is the most elaborate of This procedure may be associated with a particular physical prop-
those required of this province. It has a black and white Tlaloc erty noted by Sahagün (ibid.: 223) —
he mentions that chakhihuitl
mask design in the middle, a diagonal corner of pitch black, and "attracts moisture." Hence the "smoke column" may be the mois-
the prestigious red, black, and white tmixyo border. Of theae char- ture that is rising in the carh tiiomiiig Hin.
acteristics, the Matncuia gives priority- to the diagonal division, Tepequacuiico and its northern neighbor TIachco were the only
glossing the cloaks as naanminûi (diagonally divided)." Tepe- provinces required to pay part of their tribute in copal incen.se.
quacvilco province w as also required to pay tribute in 400 woraenlk Lwge quanddes were usually required for ceremonial purposes;
tunics and dtiita, decorated with black and red bands. The remain- Tepequacuiico gave 400 baskets of wliite copal {yxuu cîaiii) and
ing doth tribute consisted of 400 small white cloaks and 1,600 8,(100 balk of oopd to be refined for incense, due every eighty
Tilt lRIBi;i t YtAR lO YEAR / FOLIOS 36v-37r • 81
days. Ft>r «ktaik on cop«l, see die emiy under Thchoo province. Oztoma. Fuither details of life in this ttgioa can be gleaned fiom
Like four other southern provinces (TIachco, Tl.iIt<)c,Muhtitlan, the texts of Ruiz de AkrcÚD (Coe and Whittaker 1982} Andrews
Quiauhteopan, and Yoaltepec), Tepequacuiico was required to pay and Hassig 1984).
tribute in jars of bees' honejr. The 200 iars were to be delivered
cvcTV eighty da\'5. WTiilt- rhr \h¡trini!,¡ elos'^ is l.irgi-ly ohlitcratcd,
honey in identical jars given by neighboring prcmnccs is uniformly

bbefed ftundmtvc^ (futiAneMS). This type of wild honey was NOTES
prodnoed by a bee called mimiauati, a slender, stinging bee that
1. The first three of these conquests are recorded in Codex Mendoza i con-
lived ia forests and in i/«mi<»/»n/«(Sahagun 1950-1982 11:94)." quot hisioty (folk> <Sr). wtük che oonqucK of Tdoloipan ii noted in a Xdl(^
Honey was a popular sweetener for many foods and drinks. gngi^ (PNE 6:144). The ame JMkhr CilMd.:138. 144) also mndow
Ills interesting that, while some towns in this retri')n reportedly IttoMd^ over nearby Ontcpec^ « Kwn not fannl on the Mwwfcw
victories
raster. Kelly and Piknn (1952:288) leooni noit of thaw couqucni. How-
developed local cacao and gold resources, these prestigious com-
ever, thc> m i
s I r;i ascribe TEpequaouüeo as 'npequadnla, and dtut are led geo-
modities were not demanded in tribute. It is Skdy, In the case of
graphie^lly .isir^v (here.
cacao, that production was limited and COnld satisfy only local de- 2. Tcpequatuilii • is thi yn\\ one uf these towns included in the \U>i¡hzj con-
mand. It IS not clear why the gold obtained at the distant town ot quest history for the hrst .Motccuhzoma (folio 8r). The conquests of l)7.toma,
Cuculla, Chilapan, and Vchcatcopan are mentioned b)' Alva IxrIiUochicI
ChOapan was not a tribute item, althongh the tMadán fat this
(1965 2::0I) and Turqucmada (1969 1 : 157). Torqucmada (ibid.) also notes
town lists radically different tribute overall from that sho«-n in the
the conquest of Tlachmalacac, and Alva Ixtlilxochid (1965 2 201) records the :
Mendoza: jaguars, eagles, maize, and chile (PN£ 5 : 1 78). Chile is nibduiag of Ohuapon. A Rtkáém ptgfîfiet (PNE 6: 101) mentions the £dl of
also hsicd as an imperial tribote item for the town of Ychcateopen Alahuisdin. Mom of these caaqucsa are suamiriacd and anapped in Kéfy
(ibid.: SO). and Fikfm (1952:291-295).
3. Otnma% oonqocH ñ aitribnted lo Anyaead in Mendm^ conquest history
Some of the tribute obligations of towns in this region were met
(folio lOv), and to Ahuitzod by AK-arado Tczozomoc (1975a 344), ;
by supplying local Aztec garrisons and by fighting in wars against 4. Teloloapan had already supposedly been conquered by Itxcoatl. and .Ma-
the Tarascans. Teloloapan, Oztomn. and the nnn Mmdozji town of hiii.'il.ni sutn!iiL..i Ip, \1ipu [ i.li.'i :ii.i Ilhuicamina.
Totoltepec provided Ibod and troops lor the garrison at Oztoma; 5. I'litiiltcpi-t 1Í nut included m the Mendoza tribute tally or conquest history,
but 3 Rriaaw! ¡^rofiTjp^ti records its conquest ()y .Vvay.itJtl iPNt 6 149), Tiilda
Abhuiztlan, TeloloaiMn. and Ostoma fought wars with the Tar-
«as alvcj in A¿tii subject not listed in the Mendoza lor this province,
ascans, perhaps helping to hold the western border Ibr the Triple 6. Rather than warring with Tarasc-ans, the people of \ chcateopan fought
AlUance (PNE 6: 102, 110, 147, 149). w ith those from TIachco, Tzicapupalco, and Nochtcpcc (all in the Az-tcc prov-
The b^tmteUtt of 1554 presents a list of Moteouhxoma ince ..it Iljchco, PNE 6:90).
Xocoyot/in's tribute dem.inds th.it differs s!ij;htly fn»m that of the 7. Altliough not included in the MtaJua tribntE tally far this province, all
Mendoza. On an annual basis, the people o( the province were re-

thiee towns are desciihed as "nibjeeit of Moteenhuiiia" in Mmimm pifá-
>oir(PNE6:I23, I2«,317)l
quired to send five strings of rich greenstones {tbakbibuiify, three 8. TIk glyph and gloss for the title TlMMtolBH/ do not agree here; the 1^
warrior costumes and forr\ -nnc shields; 8,100 fanegas of maize; i.vfs tlam-hie(tlH.U>\\o I8r). For details and an intei ietatiOB of these ompoili,
p
4,000j!wwg«r of beans; 16,0(X) baskets of copal; 2,000 men (figures) see the page descriptions for folios I7v ami IHr.
9. See Berdan it d. ii J.
of copal; 800 large painted gourd bowls; and 2,000 dieets of narive
10. I.ircrallv, "vcllow canh" atnHi = ¡xnÁ m l.uiÍl, njâuit/ui - yellow). Sa-
paper. Aside from this varied annual dun,-, the pronnce paid cer-
h.ii'iin I
Toll - l''SJ 1 1. J57 describes
1 a yc\k''\ >:i 'I: ¡ring agent called lUoMtt.
tain items of tribute every eighty days; 3,600 cloaks, one hundred This IS not quite the satne as leicziihuitl, yellow ocher.
copper axes (to cut wood), two large bars,'" and one hundred cop- 1 1. Thlp¡i/>íi!h- iii omrnjll = wdc black striped, two brazas.
12. Clark (l'^.ÍH :7.^) identifies this design as coaxayacaia tihnadi {mtti ~
per bells" (Scholes and Adams 1957:44-45). I
ndl^ xiiyiiiaw - full of maslcs; tSmatli = cloak). 1'he caaût on felio Mr

man a doak deconted with two rondels containing Tlaloc masks.
REFERENCES 13. There appear lo have been several variaiiotu of chtkhibiad, neutrally
called "gneasmK." Sahagun (1950- 1982 1 1 :22}. 226) descnfaa «Mámtf
Additional information on Tepequacuiico province can be found (gneiiMoac)b fM»afaMtt«vitf (quciial feather greetMone), ^tktítA miid
iztte áddSriá (white greenatooe). In all mi
M
Oike bbdc water greenstone),
in Lit%'ak Ring (1971a), Harvey (1971). Barlow (1949a 5-22), ; 1
these caaes, die distinguishing feature is eolar, whidi langed fiom «Úte to a
and Gerhard ( 1 972 1 11 - 1 14, 146- 148, 152-154, 291 -293, 3 16-
near blade, indnding some that were spotted.
:
318). A Mapa de TepequMmSa is found in Glass 0964: 129, ill. 81). 14. Coe abo mentions the .Moiagua River valley (in Guatemala) and Costa
Several Relaciones gtofrafuas exist for towns in this province (PNE Rica as sources of jade or jadeite.
15. Hcrnánde? (1959 2:4S-49> discussts ^. vcr il types of bees and honey-
1:20,51,102-103, I4(), 167, 2 16. 256, 287, 290, 296; 5: 174- 182;
combs, but identities none as i¡uj¡ih)n¿uit¡.
6:87-148; JLOtam dc Iguala: Ibussantt 1931). The related histo-
16. The t)-pc or material of these bars is not specified.
ries of Duran (1967 2 J47-355) and .\lvarado Tezuzunioc (1975a:
:
1 7. The writer dcscrilR-s the material of the axes and bclb as Utrm Oran);
525-536) describe in detail the conquest and repopulation of however, copper is surely meanL
82 * THE TRIBUTE TEAR TO TEAR / FOLIOS |6v- jyr
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 2,400 large white mantas
1. Qihuatlan
— "Place of jMany Women" 80 loads of red cacao
2. Colima
— "Place Taken by Acolhuas" 400 loads of brown cotton
3. Panotlan
— "Place of River Fords" 800 redseashells
4. Nochcoc — "On the Prickly Pear Cactus Fruit"

5.
—
Yztapan "On the Salt"
CONQUEST HISTORY
6. Petlatlan
— "Where There Many Mats"
.\re
AhuitzotJ (1486-1502) conquered Xihuacan, Apancalecan. C090-
7. Xihuacan — (Xiuhhuacan) "Place That Has Turquoise" huipilccan, Coyucac, and Xolochiuhyan (Codex Mendoza folio 13r).
Mso in Codex Mendoza tx)nquest history (folio l}r)
8. Apancalecan
— "Place of Hou<.e Canals" Códice Chmalpopoca (1975:67) and Anales de
both add Qihuatlan to Ahuitzotl's conquests. Duran and Alvarado
Tlaielolco (1948:17)
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio Jr)

— "Place of the Yellow Huipilli' or "Place of
1
Tezozomoc are silent on conquests in this region, but /\lva Ixtlilxo-
9. Coôhuipiiecan chitl (1965 2:279-281) relates the story of the valiant Texcocan
the Yellow Ehuatt' noble Teuhchimaltzin, who managed to kill the ruler of Cacatula
Also in Codex Mendoza cxjnqucst history' (folio 1 It)
under the sway of Texcocan power.
10. Coyucac
— "In the Place of the Coyuca" and bring
The
this coastal center
other towas listed on the îhuatlan tributary page in the Co-

¡Úío in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 13r)
dex Mendoza may have been "conquered" towns and
1 1 Qacamlan
— "Place Where Grass and Reeds Abound" subjects of the
— thus automatically part of a listed conquest. Or, perhaps just as

.
12. Xolochiuhyan "Place Where Attendants or Slaves Are likely, they may have simply been omitted from the telling. In con-
Made" trast, Acapulco is included in Ahuitzotl'i cx)nqucst list {Codex .Men-
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 1 3r)
doza folio 13r) but excluded from the Cihuatlan tribute tally (even
though it surely fell within these boundaries). These inconsisten-
THE tribute: cies also lead to the possibilit)' that towns were incorporated into
the Aztec empire on different bases. Whatever the terms of con-
The following items were given every six months: quest, no rebellioas are recorded for this province.
1,600 orange-striped mantas, each four brazas in length
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 37V- }8r • 83

THE PRÜV INCK AND ITS INHABITANTS yoicbcati) in tribute, although it was grovm in both the Pacific and
Gulf coastal regions (Foster 1942:19; Kelly and Palerra 1952:
The towns of Qhuadan proviiux, or those that have been thus hr 144-145). .Vlore is kmnvn ,i(io\ir brown cotton from the ethno-
located, were situated just inland from the Pacilic Ocean (see Bar-
graphic literature than from archaeology or ethnohistory. While
low 1949a: map; Litvak King 1971a: map 5; Har\ey 1971:604). Sahagún (1950-1982 10:75) distinguishes several types of cotton
Areas inland were internipted by the Siernj Madre, and it is diffi-
ihasically by region), he does not specifically mention brown cot-
mlt to know how much territory was indeed encompassed in this
among
ton as the merchandise of the "cotton seller" in the great
province.
Tlateloko marketplace. Alcorn (1984:389-390) reports that in-
(îhuatlan province shared a Ions; northwestern l>ordcr with the
formants in the Gulf coastal region used to identifj^ four different
Tarascans and an eastern border with the ôpcs; both were areas
types of cotton: two perennial tall varieties (one white, one brown)
that remained unconqueicd by the Aztec empire throughout its
and two short annual varieties (one white, one brown). These in-
short history Ciûatian wis nariowljroonnecicd loTepequacuiicD,
formants also stated that the short varieties, more productive than
an Aztec pro\ance. the tall ones, have been frtm lack of cultivation, and that the
lost
LinguisticaUy and ethnically, the province was highly diveisc. tall forms remain but only gn>w spontaneously in dooryards. As
The eastern edge of the province was composed of Tepuztcco reinembcred by these older infornunis, huili uhitc .ind brown cot-
speakers; the central section, Cuidaiec speakers; and on the west, a
ton used to be planted, sometimes being intercropped with maize
variety of languifes and groups existed sideby side. A]ârenily or beans 0bid.:39O). Hernandez (1959), someti mes ofliermg in-
there werenumerous pockets of diffieient language groups dotted triguing botanical and i.-.ilnit il klerails, is quite uncn]ii;btcninu uitli
throughout the province; this variation may have been quite ex-
regard to cotton. The hijonnaaon oí 1554 omits this tribute item
treme, «-ith each city-state exhibiting its ou-n identifiable language
ttma its Qhuttlan listings.
(Andrés de Tapia did single out Zacatula, on the western border of
The 800 Vermillion scashclls also appear in the Matrícula and
the empire, as having its own language: 1971 : 592). For more de- are glossed as tapatbtli. Tapatbtti is a kind of scashell that "re-
tails on this distribution of languages, see Brand (1943), Lirvak
sembles a crysia); It is also tranducenr, it is also transparent, smooth,
King (1971a: map 4). Barlow (1949a: 13 -14), and Harvey (1971). slick, ever slick, rough; it is rough, perforated" íSahasriin I'JÔ
1982 11:230). They were cut and made into bracelets and neck-
TRIBUTL laces Obid.), aiui the MuM (a synonym for tafoAlBi was called a
"physician's howl" and used bv phvsicians for divination fihiii. : fiO).
'l°hc Spanish commentary indicates that the white tnantas were The In/ormaaon of 1554 (Scholes and .\dains 1957 1 14) calls these :
woven of "twisted yam,** wliik the h^riada dt Trihitm (1980: <b- **piednw encamadas de cpie dios badán mascaras." Clark (1938
lio 9v) calls them qiuchtH, .1 litrgf white cotton mmta frequently 1:74) identifies these as SponJvlm prínceps ,ind stiggcsts that they
used as a medium of cxd).mge. rhe It^tmtcU» of 1554 (1957: were probabl}- provided by the towns of îhuadan, (,âca[ulan,
1 14) seems to omit these plain manua entirely, instead increasing Nochcoc, and Coyucac (ibid.).
the number of orange iyell(iw)-srri[W(l m,iin,i^ to 4,000, For the 'I'tierc i^ I'trlr do(-u!Ticnr:ir\- information on the tributary towns
Striped mantas, the Matruula gives luiuhrzoutii lúzhuabtumqui na- ami their miliviiiuai irii>ule. barlow ( I'M'â:'.' 12) provides some
tummatl: "1,600 yellow-striped mantas of four hrazaí* (Berdan details on possible locations of the touTis. noting also i ibid.: 15) the
|9fl0b:.?6). The correspondence between tribute in raw cotton tribute of two towns that appear in the Cîhuatlan region but go
(reflecting coiton-growing areas) and the production of oversize unrecorded in the Mernhzti. the towns of Anccuiico and Cidalto-
cotton mantas is discussed in diapier 5 in voiinne 1 (see abo maua gave tribute to .Vlotecuhzoma in the form of enemy slaves
Berdan 19873). (this iras a borderland), mamas, and gold dust taken from nearby
Clark (1938 1 : 74) identifies the red cacao as Myrodia junebns B. rivers (sec PNE 6: 1>8|, Diaz del Castillo (1963:268) mentions
end Náhuatl annotation in the Matricula (xochitaca-
transíales the three Spanish gold-seeking expeditions guided by Morccuhzoma
aad) as a cacao drink with certain dry, pounded flowers. Molina II's emissaries; one of these, he says, went to Zacatula (Qacatulan),
(1970: 160r) identifies xsdmtfo eacmurtl as a drink made of cacao although this not supported by C^nésV letters. Pferhaps Diaz
is
with certain dried ground flowers, and indeed several varieties of was influenced by the later, post-Conquest importaru e of Zacatula
flowers were combined with chocolate to produce aromatic and as a mining center. In any event, ^catulan was dose to the Tara-
tasty beverages (e.g., see Sahagún 1950-1982 II :201, 203, 210). scan border, so dose that it is even oiKertain whether it was alRK-
However, iht v v/'/i,;í,v, ,;,'/ mentioned here is more likeK one of ated with the Aztec empire or the Tarascan (Brand 1971 :646). In
four varieties ol cacao discussed by Hernández (1959 1 :304). He the internal economy of this area, gourd bowls {tecomates), cacao,
diaracterizes diis type of cacao as a smaller tree, with smaller fruit salt, nets, pottery clay, and fruits were itnportam exchange items
than that of the two largest varieties; the tree, he sa\^. produces a (ibid.: 164).
seed of reddish exterior. This is consistent with the depictions in

the tribute rolls: the flower glyph attached to the bundle provides REFERF.NCF.S
the clue identifying this as xoihi- (fluweri tacjo. Given the great
distance between (,îhuadan and Icnochtitlan, it is more likely that For mure intbrmauon un (îhuatian province sec especially Bar-
the sturdy beans would have been transported than dtetr more per- low (I949a:8-I5), Harvey (1971). Utvak King (1971a). Gerhard
ishable "ground and flowered" alternative. This item isinchldedín (1972:39-41, 393 -397), and Papeles de Nueva España (PSE 6:
the ¡n/brmadón of 1554, but as one hundred loads. 158-166). Sec also individual town Ustings in Ei libre de Jas tasa-
QShunlan was the only provnxe to deliver knm cotton (»- tmttdepuMotJek Nkm Eiptiia (Goocflez de Cosifo 1952).
84 • THE TRIBUTE TEAK TO TEAR / FOLIOS 37V-38r
FOLIOS 38v-39r: iHt province of tlapan
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: The following items were given annually:
1. Tlapan
— "On the Dye" or "Place of the Tlapancca" I red oftlott warrior costume and shield
I ycll<)« iucxtecail warrior coütutne and shield
Also in Cukx Mendoza conquest history (folios 12r, 1 3r)
10 gold t:ll>lccs
2. Xocoda—"Where There Are Many Fruits"
3.
—
Ychcateopin "On the Temple ot Côttun"
20 gourd bowls of gold dust
4. Anuutao—"On the River That Divides into Channels"
5. Ahuacada—'"Where There Are Many Avocados"
CONQUKST HISTORY
6. Acocozpan—"On the Very Yellow Waler"
7. Yoalan—"Pbce of Night" 'rbp:!n is recorded twice in Codex Mendoz-ii\ conquest history, first
8. Ocoapan—"On the Pine Water" or "On die Pine Canal" as a trophy ot Tizoc ( 1 48 1 - 486) and agam
1 as a conquest ot .\hui-
Huitzamola— "WTicn I imnîmnUi Alwunds" army
10. Acuitlapan
— "On the Water Dung Heap" tzod (1486- 1502). Its
recorded by Códice Cbimatpopoca, Alva

"destruction" by a Triple Alliance
IxtlilxiKhitl, and Torquc-
is
1!. MaUna]tepec~"On die Hill of Gra»" mada, all of w hom agree on a date of 1486 for the event (Kelly and
.\]so in Codex Memhzji conquest hi^rnrv (tolin 16r) Palerm 1952:276). This would have been the year of the
12. Totomixdahuacan
— "Place of the Bird-1 luntcr's Plain" young Ahuitzotl's reign.' In another account (/Viva Ixtlilxochid
first
13. Tetenanoo—"On die Stone Wall" 1965 2:271-272), the Texcocan ruler Nczahualpilli takes center
14. Chipedan—"Place of Xipe" stage in the conquest of Tlapan. This ruler, along with the Medca
ruler Ahuitzod and the Tepanec nder Chimalpopoca, conquered
THF TRIBUTE: Tlapan and other major provinces in southern Mexico with some
diflicultyt leaving gmte de fruamición in the strongest centers.
The following items were given every months: It is not dear when the other tow ns in this province fell to Aztec
400 women^ tunics and skins military might. Several were apparently directly subject to Tlapan
400 red-striped «unMar and may have been delivered to the A/tecs .ili.ng with TIapim.
800 large nutnuu However, this may not have always been the case. Malinaltepec,
800 gourd bowls (iwwNwfeO for drinUi^ for example, fell under the forces of Motecuhzoma Xoooyotzin in
THE TRIBUTt YtAR TO YtAK / tOLlOS jhV- 39r ' 85
the early 1500s {Codex Maidoza foiio lórj Kelly and Palerm 1952: ing green and white feathered headdress and an accompan)'ing
277, 311). xiaAtMpd shield. In die Mittrkak (1980: fslio lOr), this cos-
Despite this provitHe's frontier location, Mpifc/cd licrween the tume is lirawn with numerous black spots, replicatinp the jaguar's
two unconquered realms oí Vopitzinco and Toiotepec, no for- appearaiKe. The second costume is a yellow cutxttcati costume
tresses or gnritons sre imponed. However, two other neeriijf con- widi a ateeyo shield.
quered districts may have taken over the function of tnaintaininp The gold rrihute wis delix crecl in nvo forms: bars and dust. The
the hostile borderlands. One such realm, that ot Ayotlan, is added bars consisted of ten tablets; each was to be four Hngers wide and
fay Barlow to Tbpan province (1949a: 108). Ayodan apparently three-quarters a mm* long. These bars, to be delivered an-
nilcH nvcr ten other important towns in this area and carried on nually, were to be as thick as vellum. The Mutríaila (1980: folio
wars with nearby Nexapa, Xalapa, and the Vopes (PNE 4:260). I Or) glosses these tablets as tcoantkü coztii matiactti, "ten (bars of
One of the towns, Tonotepcc * did , house a resident flHQMbgfw' (trib- yellow gold." TIapan was the only Mendoza province to provide
ute collector) and a gârrison representing Motcaib7om;i''i intcrc^rs gold in the form of tabkts, although nearby Ayotlan reportedly did
(PNE 1:29). The other political district conquered by tlic Aztecs (sec above).
(Ometepec) lay to the east of Ayotlan, near the border with the The gold dust was delivered annually in rwenry gourd bowis.
Mbnec state of Totocepec (Michael Smith n.d.)/ The amount to he containeil in each bowl is specified as two al-
mofadas, or tlic quantit)' that tills "the hollow of both hands placed
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS togedier" (Clark 1938 1:74). The gloss for this item in the Ma-
tTÍculít reads centccpavtli in xulli rm-iiithitl rrj.-t/r, "rwent\' íTiowls of)
1 he region encompassed by I'lapan province lay in present-day yellow gold dust." "'
GoUl dust was obtained from rivers or streams.
eastern Gnerrero. The dhnate was hot and dry, and the terrain The emperor Motecuhzoma apparently told Cortes and his cap-
mounr.iinoiis CGcrhard ¡972:32!). Nonetheless, .isrrinilnirc was tains that "they collected [gold) in gourds by washing away the
&uccei>sful through irrigation in at least Ychcateupan, Yoalan, and earth, and that when the earth was washed away some small grains
Chipedan (PNE 1:98, 137). Cotton was grown at Yoalan and remained" (Diaz del Castillo 1963 265). In : another ledmique, re-
probably at Ychtateopan/ .As with several neighhnrine provinces, ported from the ( ¡ulf coast region:
some towns in I'lap.in province produced honey, although this

An Indian cuukl leave here (near Veracruz city) and reach
does not appear as part of their Impetial tribute requirements.'
the source [of the gold) by midday, and have time before
Ciold was an especially important resource in this province and dark to fill a rccd as thick ,is a finger. In order to get the gold
may have served as an incentive for \ttcc conquest. Gold appears they had to go to the bottom of the water and ñll their
as an item of local tribute (Sclcr 1904a: 128- I 54; (il.iss 1964: 165) hands with sand in whidi they seardied for die grains, whidi
and figiires sietiificantly in the province's imperial dues, (¡oíd was thay hqit in thdr mnahs. (SariUe 1920: 14)
mined in 1 lapan. \'chc.ui-opan. and Totomixtlahuacan (PNE 1
The final item of trünitc for TIapan province was 800 yellow
137, 274) and taken trom i river near Ayodan (PNE 4:259). Gold
entraction continued to be an important activity in TIapan well
gourd bowls, glossed as ayottctli m the Matrkuia. '
' These were the

fine bowb from whidi cacao was drunk. The drinking of that prized
Into the Colonial period (Cionzilez de Gmsio 1952 : 5 1 1 ).
beverage from these special cups is recorded for grand merchant
Ayotlan, at the edge of the Pacific coastal plain, also produced
feasts (Sahagün 1950-1982 9:35, plate 29).
cacao; its tribute to Motecuhzoma, however, consisted of a gold
The Colonial tribute from TIapan resembled its .-Vztec demands
bar three fingers thick, gourd bowls, cotton, fish, deerskins, and
only in the category ot trold dust. In this later period, TIapan also
jaguar skins (PNE 4 259-260).
: Some of these Qipcs Of items ap-
paid tribute in jars ot hone}' and loaves of wax (Cionzalez de C^ssio
pear in the Mendoza as tribute also iiram TIapan province.
1952:511).
The predominant langnage in TIapan was Tiapanec; langxiages
The ¡nfbrmaeiÓH of 1554 (Scholes and Adams 1957:46-47) re-
spoken in other towns of this province included Náhuatl .m.l Mix-
cords a similar tribute for TIapan province, although it consider-
tec, along with Tlapancc (Gerhard 1972:321,Barlow 1949a: 1U9)."
ably reduces the tribute in gourd bowls, does not specify the hi/i-
The non-iMaidbaf oommnnities nearer the coast were both Tlapa-
piles in the lumiu tribute, and adds 2,0(M) balls of rubber and 400
neca and Yopc. 'l"he Tlap mci.;) were given that name because the\
tiauitJ. On one hand they
painted themselves with red ochcr, called
robber figures On human form) used as ofléríngs to the gods. The
were nch and "Icnowers of green stones"; on the other they were
document indicates that eadi âam of gold dust was vahied at
"completely untrained; they were just like the Otomi; \ei they
232 pesos.
werereally worse" from the point of view of the Aztecs (Sahagún
1950-19S2 10:187). REFERENCES

Additional infiMmation on TIapan prtwince and its neighbors can
TRIBUTE be found in Gerhard (1972:148-151, 521-^24), Barlow (1949a:
107-112), Haivcy (1971), Lister (1971), Brand (1971), Radin
While gold 1-, [in ir:i¡nent in Tlapan's tribute, this proxince also
(1933), To8cano(1943XGfaHS (1964:163-166), Sder (1904a). No-
gave tribute in the tnore usual categories of clothing and warrior
guera (19?.?), Octtingcr and Horcasitas (1982), and Pást) y Tron-
ooatumes. The semi-annnal tribute in dothing oonsisted of 400
coso (PNE 1:30,48-49,98, 136-137, 184,273-274!4:255-260).
loada of woTtit-n's tunics (lecorateil with a red hand and a short band
at the neck opening; an equal number of shown with the skirts
¿antúfllt: 400 loads of doaks with three red stripes, each two fnmr
' NOTES
long;' and 800 loads of large white mantas
The people of Thpan al.so provided two warrior costumes in 1. However, Céákt CUmtâfoct also reoonls TIapan as a conquest of Tiaoc
tribute annually. One was a red jaguar-style costume with a flow- (Kelly and Paltim 1952:301-303).
86 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 38V- 39r
Copyrightac mater a l i l
2. I'his Tocutcpcc is nu( tu be cuniused with the Mixwc Mate of 'Ibcoiepec to 7. Gloíxú 15 ohonmatl, ''rwu hrazM," in the \Utrirulii (I9H0 ti>li<> lOr)
the cast. ThiilmrTfluapecwai never inooqMicned inn dieAsHci^^ 8. Th« Matricula (1980: folio lOr) givei tile generic litmaiti lor iIkm- ilujki.
doaiain. 9. Cbri (19J8 1 74) explains chat a vara equals 2.78 feet, aJthough that tenii
:
). Mkheel Smith (fid,) divides this region into one tribuury prawinoe CTbi- was used for a variety of measurenrents.
piiO lad two iini^ fMOviiiccs (Ayoilan arid Ometepec). 10. Xútti * sand; ttttmtkU > mtk > yellow.
gold;
4. rUMn^-"QndieTanplearONnm." 11. Aytttc^ B gourd howl, finm 4MM( gourd or nehn îloline 1970; )vX
5.The mwiu ofRHBan» end Adntacm; ihhough the letter mi ncnby Cleik (193« 1 : 74) cilb dMie potiery bowU «Udi aeens onlihdy.
end en Aziec cooqwet; it ii im liend in the ilf<a4w <PNE 1 :49, 274^
i. MdinaltepecmdTonminlahmcaniRieThpeneeinidieralcnafChipe-
din and Tctemneo wne Nduia (GtAui 1972:121).
THE THIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 38v-39r • 87

FOLIOS }9V-40r: the province of TLALCOgAUHTITLAN
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: tal rows, wirh Tlalcfxâiihtitlan at the top, Quiauhrcopîn in the
— "Among the Yellow Lands" middle, and Voaitcpec at (he bottom. The arrangement is ditTerent
1. TIaloOfauhtitlan
in the Matricula (1980: folio lOv), wirh die three provinces On the
Also in Cedex Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r) same order from left to right) placed in vertical columns. In Iwnh
2. ToIimjMii— "Plice of the Reed Cutters" documents the town gl\phs
3. Quauhtec<)iiui,iiii-i)
— "On ;hc I.illlc Courti Tree"
mitial are the provincial capitals, these
m
Ychcatlan
— "Where Much Cotton"
glyphs .Trc t'ound at the extreme k it iIil .\h/iJoza and at the bot-
4.
5. Teponidan —"Among here 1
the G>pper"
Is
tom of each eolumn in the Mairicuia.
however, replaces each of these
The
pro\'incial capitals
iirformatión of 1554,
with the last-
Ahua(,i?in«)— "On the
\ cry Small
6.
7. Mitzinco
— "On Small Arrow" Trees"
the
Oale listed town gh-ph:
yac (Scholcs and
Cac^3tl^n< Tequisquitlan QCala),
Adams 1957:47-49).'
and Ychca ato-
8. Qacada—"Where There b Much Gran" Alva Ixtlilxochitl (1965 2:1919 ibis Tialoocauhtidan among
Nezahualcoj-otl's conquests over which he placed a tribute official
THE tribute: named However, other sources (Hassig 1988: 159,
Huitziltecuh.'
231-232: Kelly and Palerm 1952 : 292. 311) attribute the concpiest
The following items were given every six montiu: ofTlalcoâuhtitlan to either the first or the second MotecuhT'oma.
400 large white mMter Tlalcocauhtitian was under Aztec rule by the time of Ahuiizotl's
100 ihde pitchers of bees' honey Great Temple dedication in 1487, for tributes from that town con-
20 pans of a ydlow varnish called tt(»stbuiti tributed to the commemoration Durin i I''^"" 2 ^1). Of the to^ns
in this province, only TIalcufauhcitian is liMcd in the Mendoza
The following items were given annually: conquest history: it was brooght into the empire by Moeecuhaoma
1 yellow fiUKofa/ warrior oostunie and shield Ilhuicirnln.i (folio 8 r).
The garrison of Pochodan was probably located in this jurisdic-

CONQLEST HISrORY tion.This strategic town, subject to Ahuaqcinoo, was reportedly
conquered by NezahualcoyotI, Motccuhzoma llhuicamina, Axaya-
The province of Tialco9auhtitlan heads the only Mtmkut folio to catl, and/or Motccuhzoma Xocoyouin (Alva IxdiUoclutl 1965
contain three provinces. These provinces are arranged In horizon- 2:201: KeUy and Mem 1952:293, 297. 313). Hiia may be the
88 THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 39V -4ur

otherwise-unlocaccd Poaepec on Codex Mendoza folio 17v (Mi- pitchers of bees' honey. Honey may have been prevalent in the
duel Smith luL).' area; it continued to be given as tribute to the Spanish Cokimal
government in the sixteenth century (Gonzalez de Cossio 1952:
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS 503).* The procuring of honey is discussed under Tepequacuilco
province.
The area encompassed by I'lalccx^'auhtirlan province r;in in ,i r.irhcr The ¡nfonriíiíióit of 554 (Scholes and
1 Adams 1957 :4'' 4H ; rep-
narrow sliver north and south ot the Balsas Kivcr. I lalcofauhtitlan licates the Mendoza tribute, although it omits the honey and inter-
hsdf lay dose to the Bal«a«, nesu' the region broadly called Mes- prets the ydiow vamiah as gold diiat
cals. Numcmus "Mc7c;ila-st\ lc" greenstone masks, some of them
bearing glyphs on their backs, were buried as offerings at Tenodi-
REFERENCES
tithui% Great lîii|de.*
The cerrnin of this province
WIS bndcen with inountainü and Information on Tlalcocauhtitlan proMnrc however slim, can be
karratuas and was generally hot and dry (Gerhard 1 972 1 1 ). : 1 found in Gerhard (1972!lll-113), Bariow (1949a:82-84), and
The predominant language ofTlalcofwhtithin itselfwas Coima, Harvey (1971). Sixteentb-coimry docinnentation exists m the A-
a vari;nn of N'ahuarl; a sixteenth-cenniry Spanish vicar described pcles de hJueva Fspaña (PNE 1 : 1 "4, 2W, s ; 240-260^ and Fîsto-
the language as "coarse compared to (he relined speech of the Ittrio de Nueva España (ENE 8:119). Details on its conquest and
Mexicans" (Harvey 1 971 606). Tbitec, a hnguage of unknown af-
: cariy tfibnce are found in Alva hdibodiitl (1965 2: 198).
(Iniries, was also spoken in Tlalcocauhtitlan and neiehhoring towns,
and Tlapanec and Alatianie were also spoken in the vicinit}' (ibid.:
606, Bariow lM9a:83). Nons

1 . The pictorial manuscript from which the 1 5S4 textiul document de- wk
TRIBUTE n.LiI rmisr hive rcscmhlct! the Mjrthulj more rh.m thi .^ /iThjVc,.' in fornut.
Iii ii .i.l 111 itMiliiiL' Iriiin iKittiirii !ii top m the ;rulu:enm¡s miriner, the intcr-
Following its rccordci! coinjucr hv W/nhualcoyctl, the province prtler iiius; Ivnc rt ,iO rln- coldmil'i Irinii Tii;i tii tMittom, accorilmp :ii Spanish
of Tlalco(auhtitlan owed to its I cxcocan overloads an annual trib- convcmions. II ihe piuinial had rcsvrnlilcil th« Memhza, the interpreter
ute of sixnen pieces of colored lacquer, twenty loads of oopal in- would have had to read the place gl>phs from right lo kft. Ttus imiih un-
likely. Sec Bcrdan 197£a iior a fiillcr discu.ssion.
cense. 268 pourd bowis,* and twenty loads of wood rods* (Aka Ix-
tlilxochitl 1V65 2:I9S).
2. Alva IxtlibcochJtl soesses that this tribute collecior owed sole allcgiinoe »
IbicocOk the iritniMs bekmgiqg lo that ruler alooe.
The tribute demands on the eight toMiis of Tlalcoânhtitian 3. Aba Ixtlibnchid (1965 2 :201) indndes Pociqwc anong other conquered
pms-itue sectil relaiivelv light. The people of this province were lovnu in diis region, and vinZantiriik (19d7: 154) loMnively locates it in ib^
required lo deliver one Xolod head warrior costume with its xicaJ- generri area.
4. While many caches contained materiak from thb region in Guerrero, the
(oltuhtjut shield annually, and 400 large white mantas semi-annually. Chamher on the
greatest concentration wa.< in 11 siete of the temple dedicated
The cloaks are glossed as i/iMd't!i in the Miitriiulii ( 1 'JSO: folio ! Ov ).
r<i iht- rjin îxl I IíiIik lM:it.is rc-uiiu IVKH : )0l). Me7.Cila-sri,-le liinirincs
In addition, Tlalcoâuhtitian paid rweius pans ut a selluvi var- aiul MUNb arc iliscuMcd in greater deptli by Cjon/.alcz González ( VH7^ Broda I
nish called tecoîthuitl.' This material was used on gourd bowls as 1 1 <^8 7
9(1) nggesB cimion m defining tiwK aitiftcts m tcriM of a rqm^
:
style.
well as people's handsand feet (Alvarado Tezozomoc I97.'ia 5). : .? 1
^. Júíiroí and line lutimmin-

This yellow stone was ground up and used to make things particu- TliuvM
6. fUéthuttU, This thjck, varicdorod tree, from which drums were
larly "brilliant" (Sahagún I9S0-1982 11:242). Sauer (in Barlow made, is dctcribed by Sahagún (1952-19M) 11:111) and Hemindei (1959
1949a: 8}) suggests that this may instead be a "yellowish lacquer 1:40).
base, prepared from Coccus insects." The Balsas River drainage and 7. Tlae nane detivcc Cram M/(iiaae) and «nnaifai <)'ellow). The picnm of
ifais item indndes the glyph for "Mooe," inCamiing the reader that the name
its snrnnnding highlands were known as a major source area for
of die nanrial bcgi» wMi
this material. 8. Cofcmlal tribute from Tlilcoyaohtitfaii il»o mchided wa» and tiles of gold,
The final item of tribute for this province was one hwidied Utile demandi not placed on this prarmce by the Aztecs.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3t;v-4or • 89
Copyrighted matBrial
FOLIOS 39v-4or: the province of quiauhteopan

1. (îaiihtcopan — (Quiyauhteopan) "Outside the Temple" Quiauhteopan is the middle of three provinces occupying folio 40r
Also in Codt.x Mendoza conque<it history (folio 8r) of Codtx Mendoza. While the last-named town is glossed Xala (and
2. Olinaian
— "Place of Much Movement" or "Place of Many unglossed in the Matriotla), the ¡njorniaiión of 1554 implies that
Karthquakes" this place gUph could as well he interpreted as Tequisquitlan
3. Quauhtccomatla
— "Where There Are Many Gourd Trees" (Scholcs and Adams 1<>5":48; Bcrdan 1976a: 1 15).'
4. Qualac
— "In the Place of G«xkI Drinking Water" The conquest of Quiauhteopan is claimed for Motecuhzoma II-
5. Ychcatla
— "WTiere There Much Cotton" Is huicamina in the Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r), although its
6. Xala
— "Where There Much Sand" Is conquest is also attributed to N'c/.ahualcoyotI of Tcxcixo (Alva Ix-
tlilxothitl 1965 2:201). Despite the fact that it appears as the pro-
THE tribute: vincial head town, it nonetheless may not have been the most im-
ponant community in this province. It is listed as a sujeto of Olinaian
The following items were given every six months: (PNE 5:210), and this latter town continued as the most impor-
tant center of the region well into the Colonial period (Gerhard
-HK) large white manias
UK) little jars of bees' honey 1972:321). The political importance of Olinaian is also refleaed
80 little copper axes in the invitation extended to its ruler in 1 48 1 to attend Tizoc's coro-
40 large copper bells nation as new Mexico king. I he nder of Quiauhteopan was ap-
parently not invited (Duran 1967 2:.U)7; Alvarado Tczozomoc
1975a: 446). The designation of a less powerful town as Aztec pro-
1 blue cuextecatl warrior costume and shield vincial capital is unusual in .^ztec imperial politics, but not un-
1 litde pan of small turquoise stones known (see Qiayxclahuacan |)rovince).
Barlow (1949a: map) constructs the province as a rather long

north-south sliver, but the identifiable towns actually cluster in a
small area to the south, close to 'I'lapan province. WTiilc this rather
compact province lay at a considerable distance from the Triple
90 * THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 39V-40r

Alliance capitals, there arc nu furtitications or gente de guarnición tifacts in west Mexico, the Alixtec-Zapotec zone, and western
meotioiied for any <tf its towns.' Guatemala. Copper belb were used to adorn representations of
deities and to accompany the deceased on their journey to Mictlan,
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS the land of the dead (CoJex MagUabtAiam 19b3: folios 45r, 't9r-
59r, (S8r). They abo circulated as a form of money in Yucatan, as
"ITic small area cncompasscJ hy Quiauhreopan province lay in the did small copper mcs iTo/./cr 1^41 «'i - Oc, :?!)/
present-day state of Guerrero west of the Rio Tlapaneco. The re- The tribute listed in the infanntiaon of 1554 (Scholes and
gion was hot and dry, and die terrain moantainoas (Gerhard 1972 Adams 1957:48) omits all aoept for the warrior coatume, ahieid,'
^2\). N'one of tlx- townv of this pro\ ince lay alone mi\' mi\or trans- and imvitas. .\s usual, the warrior regjalia was to be deHwed an-
portation route; all roaUü m the area led to and irom Olinaian. nually, the cloaks every eighty days.
Nahnad was the predominant lan(^ge in this pronnoe, al-
though speakers ofTlapanec, Matlanie. .md Miztec WCK also pres-
REFERENCES
ent in the region (ibid.; Barlow 1949a: 85).
The local econoniy of Olinaian inchided cacao growing, al- Only scattered bits of information exist for Quianhteopan prov-
though this valuable product fails to appear on the province s trib- ince; chey are found in Gertltrd (1972:321 -32.?), Barlow (1949a;
ute tally (PNE 1 : 172; ENE 8: 120). Similarly, gold was apparendy 84-86), Har>ey (1971), Lister (1971), and Schmidt and Litvak
mmed in this region, but is also omitted in Qniaohteopah^ tribute King (1986). Sixteendi-century ndaama (PNE 1:172; 5:209-
iSchmidt and I.irvak King l'>86:42). (jilnnial tribute from the 210, 251-252) and a short mention in the Fphtolurio dt NueVt
town of Olinaian consisted of cacao, cash from the sale of cacao, España (£N£ 8: 12Ü) round out tlie documcnution.
gMt and little jars of honey, presumably reflecting the area^ local
resottica (PNE 1:172).
NOTES
TKIHt II
1. Tcquisqnidan: ti^m^tU: "full of salqxov" (Molina 1970: 105v).
Like the other prosinces on this folio, Quiauhteopan paid one 2. However. Geduurd (I972:}2I) fflemioM a Meacw gsrrim at
warrior costume with shield annually and 400 loads of large white Quiaufaieoptn.
Niaiitiis scmi-aiuiuallv. The warrior costume is a blue auwtfnitl 3. TUicamndek adorned with hottmnid blade Kms in die iMi^^
folio lOv).
stjie, the shield a matching auxyo.' i'he Mutricuk glosses the
4. In the Mjuiaila (IQKO: fuliu lOv) die bclk are aflaouHd as (qnWOwllt)
cloaks as ûatMi (1980: folio lOv).
ami the .IX 1h;hIs .is Ir-f'i-th Iciijipcr).
Turquoise cither was mined in this area or passed through it in >, These twij prijvincei pave sitiiilar inbiitt i:i tDp-.Kr. ,ilt'-iiiii;li rln-i mltl' not
trade, as one pan of small turquoise stones was demanded in trib- contiguous. In addition. (,)ii.i\nil(iiiilaii in Cowtapan province rc|Kirtvdly
ute annually. Additional miormation on turquoise is found under gave iitde copper hoops in inlmu' ii> .MoiecuhzoiiM (PNE 4: 197).
6. NamcroiB copper artifacts haw been unoovued ardiaeolctgically in the
Tuchpa province.
slate of Gucnm. Uttci^ ifdiaeolagical sjmdiem of die !«• miea that
Like other neaihy provinces, Quiauhteopan paid pan of its trib-
copper was moit frequently cast intu vmalt bclk wrJi elongated
ute in honey. The one hundred Jars of bees' honey were to be paid
resonators which arc slit at the botmm and have a rinir for suspen-
semi-anaudly. Honey is further discussed under Tepequacuiko sion at the top Sometimes the\- were similarly shapK-d hy a pr^)ce^s
province;. of wire coiling. Ubiong hatchet-like axe heads, semilunar knives,
Quiauhteopan provided a considerable tribute in copper items: finger rings, twee?ers, fishhooks, rinj;s «iih small shell pendants
tort\ I.irgc cop|)er bells .mi! c:ghtv copper ax heiuiv. coliecled for
which nrnst have been clemcno of necklaces, beads, and needles
also have been collected. (1971 :<2il)
tribute twice a year.* Thts was the only province to deliver copper
bells, aldiongh nearby Tepequacniloo paid part of its tribute in
The copper axes arc discussed at length bv Rasbv il''61l and Pendcigaat
(1962). .Vletalworkin^ was well dcvclo|H:d in the I'arascan area to the west,
copper ;)\ heads.' The copper for these Quiauhteopan objects may
where copper was alio used for twls: an ax head hafied to a wooden staff
have been obtained locally or perhaps from realms to the south. foraied part of a burial at Tcintzunoan (Weaver 1972:271).
Pendeigast (19(í2:533) shows heavy concentrations of copper ar- 7. TbislS$4icbliiNisqistÍMtt««ntyslií(kbweicdufc
THE TRlBUTt YtAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3yv-40r • 91
FOLIOS 39v-4or: the province of yoaltepec
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: sion under I'lalcocauhtitlan province). In this case, the elusive town
of Yfhca atoyac may have been the administrative and tribute-
1. Yoaltepec— "On the Hill of Night"
collection head of this province. Indeed, Gerhard (1972: 128- 129)
Also in CoJex Maidoía conquest history (folio 8r)
2. Ehuacaico
— "In the I louse of Skin"
raises doubts about the idenrit)' of the head town of the province
He men-
}. T/.ilaca
— "On the Water of the
apan Tzitatayotli Gourd"
and also poses questions concerning its precise location.
one of the possible
Patbnalan — "Where There
tions the presence of an \ziec garrison at
4. Much Flj-ing" Is
5. Yxicayan
— "Place Where Water Seeps Out" Ychca atov-acs, which also served as a tribute-collection center
6. Vchca atoyac
— "On the River of Cotton" (ibid.: 108).
Regardless of the precise aiiministrative structure of this prov-

ince,' the only Aztec conquest information available pertains to the
THE tribute: town of Yoaltepec. This town was pri»bably conijuered by .Mote-
cuhzoma Ilhuicamina as part of a broad conquest sweep from Te-
The following items were given ever)* six months:
peacac south.' The conquest of Yoaltepec is attributed to this same
400 large white maiiraf
ruler in Codex Mendoza's historical section (folio 8r).
1(K) little jars of bees' honey
Several other towns in the region were conquered by the /\ztecs
The following items were given annually: but not listed in this or other neighboring tributary provinces. To
I yellow warrior costume with quttzalpatzoitU device, and the south were the towns of Ycpatcpcc, Tccomaixtlahuacan, and
Ayoxochiquilazala. .^11 three paid tribute to their Aztec overlords,
shield
40 gold tiles
although 'I'ecomaixtlahuacan paid only "some presents of stone"
10 masks of turquoise-blue stones (chakhthuitt) from time to time, insisting on its independence fn)m
Aztec rule (RMF.H 1927- 1928 app.T.2: 137; Schmieder 1930:79).
1 large packet of turquoise stones
The people of Ayoxochiquilazala were required to support a local
CONQUEST HISTORY garrison of Motecuhzoma's warriors, who ate up all the turkej-s,
deer, rabbits, and maize that constituted their tribute to that exalted
Yoaltepec is the last of the three provinces drawn on folio 40r of monarch. In addition, however, they paid gold dust in tribute,
Codfx Mendoza. Like Tlalcovauhtitian and Quiauhtcopan, its head which apparently did reach the coffers of Tenochtitlan (RAIF.H
town may not be the first one listed, but rather the last (see discus- 1927-1928 app. T.2: 147-148). Ycpatepec paid its tribute every
92 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3yV-4or

fcw months in green feathers, gold dust, and greenstones "of litde ttAtfr) headdress; the accompanying shield is of the nierjw variety.
value." Thvv n!)raincil these rcijiiirt-d goods from great distances, The 400 large white cloaks are glossed qiuuhtli in the Matriatht
them to Mcxica tribute

delivering collectors in the non-Yoal(ep€C (1980: folio lOv). T\\t town of Yxicayan, at least, paid tribute in
town oFTeoda (PNE 4: 161). MMMttV.*
To the north were the iirifionaiit "gateway" towns of Acatlan The people of this province also provided 100 little jars of bees'
and Although Barlow (1949a: 103) places Acatlan in Yoal-
Piaztla. honey, which, as mentioned above, was abundant around the town
tepec province,*it probably had a political and tributary existenoe of Yxicayan. This tribute was due every six months. A discussion of
separate from cither Yoaltcpcc or neighboring Tcpeacac province. bees' honc' is foimd under Tepcquaaiiico province.
Its somewhat privileged status may have derived from kinship ties The lony gold disks resemble the plate-sized ones rendered by
(FNE 5:59),*as weH as from its stratîc location aloi^ routes lo Coyolapan province. These annual contributions were to be a 6a»
and from the Valley of Mexico. ger thick and "the size of a host." C'lark (1938 1:75) concludes that
Both Acatlan and Piaztla were probably conquered by the Hrst these would have 'measured about three inches in diameter." It is
Motccuhzoma on his way south on Coayx-

to take vengeful action not known whether the gold used in finhioning diese disks was
tlahiiacan lHassig 1988:166).* Apparently Mexica armies made a avail:ilile localK or ¡inporled.
habit ol [Kissinu ihrough .Acatlan, for part ol it.', tribute obligations The final item ol tribute tor this pi o\ince consisted of one pack-
cxmaistcd uf militar)' supplies and food provisions for these men on age of blue stcmes and ten masks of the same rich blue stones. It is
the march. In addition, .\c.ul,in eavc a present of mannn:. rabbit clear that the stones in question arc turquoises, which surely must
skins, and hare skins now and then to the Mcxica ruler; that ruler, have been imported into this area. .\ discussion of turquoise stones
in turn, reciprocated with mamas and other things available in is included under Tuchpa province.
'I cnochtitlan f PNK 5 : 59). Piaztla Ukewise supported the marching The tcvaial Inf.nniiáón of 1554 (Scholes and .\dams l'i>5~:48
troops. notabU with food and military arms (spears, sluclds, and 49) duplicates lius list, though omitting the honey and maims, it
arrows). It also scat aji snnusl tribute of salt «id wax toTenoch- alsomentions that the turquoise pacfca^ oontained bhie stones of
titlan(ibid.:78). mixed value, stone to stone.
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS REFERENCES

Ybahepec pro\ince lay in the Mixteca Ba|a, a generally hot, dry, The region encompassed by this province is, overall, poorly docu-
and mountainous region in western and northwestern Oaxaca. It mented. .Major secondary works on the Mixtees tend to emphasize
was, in fact, the only province recorded in the Mendoza to occupy the peoples of the Mixteca Alu, with some peripheral references to
this region. Nonetheless, the rugged area oontained a number of die Mixteca Baja (e.g., Spores 1967, 1984; Caso 1977). Nonethe-
Mixiecaa dty^tes, of which Yoaltepec may not have been the less, Dahlgrcn (l'^54) gives considerable attention to the towns of
moN impomnt.* The predominant language of the towns of this the Mixteca Baja, and Spores (1965) includes a synthesis of the
pravinoe was Mhetec, although just to the north at Piaztla a variant Mixteca Baia at the rime of Spanish conquest in volume 3 of the
of Nahuad was current (ibid.: 56-57). Both Mixtee and Náhuatl Handbook nf Middle Amnican Indmns .Additional information on
were spoken at Acatlan, the Nahuatl being a reflection of politi- the region roughly encompassed by Yoaltcpcc province is found in
cal and military dominance over the majorit}- Mixtee population Getbaid (1972:108-109, 128-132, 163-ltid), Barhw (1949a:
(Ibid. : 59). 103-107), RMFH (1027 1928 app. T2:137. 147-14'^, IM,
The region was sufficiently productive to yield the traditioiul 154-155), and ViUascñor y Sánchez (1952 1 :325-327). A short
crops of maize, beans, chiles, and squashes and small game such as RdtaAi exists for úte town of Tzilaca apM (FNE 5:237-238).
deer and rabbits. Liijuidainbar trees grew around the town of Yxi- The western edge of this pro\ince is described by Gerhard (1972;
cayan, as well as pines (which yielded resin for torches) and oaks 108-109). Garcia Pimentel (1904:109-115), and V'illaseñor y
(used (or finhioning the ubiquitoos digging sticks). The residents Sanchez (1952 1:343), and mentioned in a few early sources (PNE
of this same town also occupied thcmscK cs in collecting hec honi". 1 I'H' I-'NT S 14- IS') ^'tpatcpec. to the south of Yoaltepec
1 1
making pottery, and digging atnoit roots; they sold the!>c along pro\ince, ¡s mentitmed
iriliut.iry in a Relación geograjica lor the
with ntaixe, beans, nukeys, and mmtttm the markets of neighbor- town ofcû.ihuitlan (PNF 4: 55- 1 162). The townsof Acatlan and
ing towns (R.MF.H 1927-1928 app. T.2 54- ^M. : 1 1
Piaztla, It) the iiorlli iifdu^ |)rin:i:c-e hut included in itbyBailoW,
The people of the more northerly towns of Acatlan and Piaztla are described in detail iii a Rtluiinri gtugrapca (PNE 5:55— 8()), in
cultivated maize, beans, chiles, and chia; raised turkeys and dudcr, die Suma de Visitas (PNF. 1 : 446-447), in the Epistolario de Nueva
hunted small came; numircd tniit trees; an<! priKlurei! cochineal España (ENE
14:88-89), by Villaseñor y Sánchez (1952 1 :345-
and a small amount of salt (PNE 5:62-65, 7V-8U;. A variety of .U6), and by Gerhard (1972:42-44). The neighboring enemy
smaller plants and heibs were collected, indnding taabtuxBthitl, a realm of Tototepec ÍS discussed at some length bf Davies (1968:
fragr:int flower added to the prÍ7cd chocolate drink and also valued 181-213).
asa medicine to cure "stupidity of mind" (ibid.: 63; Gates 1939:98).
Aromatic arrangements, in tlie form of nati, weie abo made from
Nirrts
these small yellow floweis (Sabagún 1950- 1982 1 1 :202).
1. In iildiiiiH) III ihc c'lint'imon over the head town, it k recDideil dut two of
TRIBUTE the tov.T\s in this provincv, Tzilaca ap«n and Psriaiulan, were tubjecis of the
town of Tanda. This but Gomnninhy docs not scan to have eiperienocd
Like the two other provinces on this folio of Codex Mendoza, Atoaot oonquMt <PNE 5 ;238)b
2. Hiiiig(l988:))2)indudes%altepecinacainpaignthatstre[chedthrough
Yoaltcpcc provided one warrior costume with its shield annually
Morelos and on duough Yooean, Huehuedin, Tepcuac, Tccaloo, Quaub-
and 400 plain white mantas semi-annually. The costume is yellow, tmdiiii, Acttanco^ TecMMchaloo, Coatepec^ Voalicpee, Onodqiac, aiMl Ted
with a flowing green "compressed quetzal feather" (or quttzalpa- looyoocaii.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS ^^V-ÔT • 93
). Bwlow makes diis association ofi the basis of the wars Acadan had with Puda, Juxdahuaca, Tecnmasdahuca, T^mav-aca, and Hua|uapan, none of
Ynoeni md Tepcxk, boih in Tepeacac tributary prowinoe. But diat rcgkm's which is in Yoaliepec province. Simiiafl)i; GerhanJ (1972: 128) lites numciona
hiiiMy of warftie
pmmce^
it tinned md oimáile ^ diKUwoii under Tepeacac Mixtccan sutes in the regida, die
Jac Madeea tribute nil)'.
uu^fidty of wiuch are not lined on the G»-
4. TwonabhsandiliabwñctlraaAcailaBwcitnîiiMdwUinanaidaim 7. i<iMffwaiadiidi,fibnn»RMMuiedfcrcleaninf dodiCf(Hcnijndetl959

at^ rioMS; they carried tUi out in eigliq^^
at MiMccidaimia% palace
(PNE5:59). S. Yidcayaji also paid io nibme ki anudi chile peppers, which do not appear
5. Ha5si{;(l9R)i If/ I
|
• I
Yraocancdnwiieiillythminhaie-
II ijtcfrom on die Mimkta tally. Yxicayan Is the only town in this province for which
and Acadan,
ri«s oí vall«y-s lhai incluiicd PtaztLa such detailed data ate available (SMEH 1927-1928 app. T.2 1$4- ISS).
:
6. Spam (IW7!57)liaia~eiifaiMlyiBí9oriimiiK^ in dwMincca Bija ai
94 • THE TRIBUTE TEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 39V-40r
Copyrighted -raaterial-
FOLIOS 40V-4ir: THE PROVINCE OF CHALCO
Chalco
I
/
^y' ^lepunlan
/
/
J Oujvxumulco
— Imptritl Battniary
' PrtvimfidI Btaaátry
t
Initfenitnt Stitritt
• Tributara Towns
/ ,
? - .r'
-
'j.'.',.,: ,
V/
/
/

1 . Chalco
— "On the Greenstone" or "In the Place of the Chalca" Chalco and its constituent towns, in the southeastern comer of the
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folios 3v, 4v, 6r, 7v) Valley of Mexico, were long a thorn in the side of the Mexica. 'ITie
2. Tccmiico
— "On the Noble's Cultivated Lands" Chalca were among the many gmups of Chichimcc migrants who
3. Tepuztlan
— "Wlierc There Much Copper" Is moved into the Valley of Mexico from at least the thirteenth cen-
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 8r) tury onward. As they arrived, in separate waves, they settled in dif-
4. Xocoyoltcpcc
— "On the Hill of the Xocoy'oUi' ferent parts of the Chalco region and developed distina altepeü
5. Malinaltepcc
— "On the Hill of Cirass" (city-states). Over time, these became ranked in p(jlitical impor-
Also perhaps in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio I6r) tance, based on the chronological order of each group's arrival. By
6. Ouavxumuico
— "On the Corner of the Tree(s)" the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Chalco u'as clearly divided
into four such ranked altepetl: TIalmanaIco in the north, Ama-
THE TRIBUTE: qucmccan in the east, Tenanco Tepopolla in the west, and Chimal-
huacan in the south (Schroeder 1984). None of these was directly
'ITie following; tribute was given every six months: named "Chalco," and none appears on Mrndoza's Chalco tribute
80O large white mantas folio (41 r). Nonetheless, Chimalpahin, the major chronicler for
this region, mentions Chalco frequently, apparently referring to
the four-part collcctivirj'.
1 blue tzitzimiti warrior costume and shield It is not entirely clear what is meant by "Chalco" on the Men-
1 red cuextecatl warrior costume and shield doza and Matricula rrihufe pages for this province; the same place
6 bins of maize gljfph appears four times in Mendoza's conquest history (folios 3v,
2 bins of beans 4v, 6r, 7v).' It may well imply the politically uitified quartet of ai-
2 bins of chia tepeti, or perhaps only its leading town, I'lalmanalco. Moiolirua
2 bins of amaranth (1950:210) mentions "TIalmanaIco, with its proWnce of Chalcô,
where there arc infinite numbers of people." Barlow (1949a: 74)
feels that this Chalco is intended to be Chalco TIalmanalc-o rather
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / KOI.IUS 4OV-4 I r • 95

Chaku Ateneo. It this were indeed the case, it
than the lakeside 1488; this did, however, reduce the organization to a hve-part sys-
would break the usual pattern of Valley of Mexico head towns tem from its original seven parts (ibid.: 51). The twenty years
being locatcil c lose ro rhc l ike;, with their subject towns "fanning under a milit.iry gnvcrnorship also allowed Mexica rulers and
out toward ihe \;ille\ run" (Gibson 1'Í64:45). All four of the Chaica nobles to intermarry, and the later-instated rulers were in
Chako altepetl had nonlaaistrine nettings. some cases the children and grandchildren of these marriages; the
According Chimalpahin (1965), Tenochtitlan and Chaico
to new leaders, then, had close ties to both Tenochtitlan and Ama-
carried on some tnorc in earnest than others, from
sporadic wars, quemecan (ibid.: 47-48).
1385 uiidl 146S. The ('oJex Mendoza conquest history shows .Secondly, jinme lands in Chaico were distributed to privileged
Chalco'<i conquest by the Mcxica four times, under HuitzilihuitI, members of the Triple .Alliance nobility, with the three imperial
Chimalpopoca, Itzcoatl, and Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (folios H, tlaio^tie taking as much as they wished (Gibson 1964:263).
4v, 6r, 7v). Wliether OvCfCOOM bjr Hnitzilihuid or the earlier Aca- A third transformation of Chaico involved demands by its o\ er-
mapichtli,' Chaico again apparently rose up against the Alexica by lords that its people participate in "Mcxica life." This necessitated
breaking canoes and kilting five Mexica; for this they were put their attending religious ceremonies in Tenochtitlan and sending
down by Chimalpopoca (CWfxA/fn</<K::»fclÍD4v)b During Hiitzili- w.utiors til fight in distant Mexica wars (Chimalpahin 1965:211-
huiri's reign, in 1407, the Mexica made attempts to dethrone the 214, 232). For these latter efforts, valiant Chaica warriors were re-
Chaica rulers and replace them with Chaica from nonruling Un- warded with Alexica warrior costumes and
titles (Hodge 984 44). 1 :
cages (C^himalpahtn 1965 184- Ih"). here wis a loud outcry I However, they do not seem to have received lands in conquered
from other Valley of Mexico tktoût at this treatment of tradi- territories, as was customary for Triple AlUance nobles (ibid.).
tional, lineage-based luletshipa. Bending under threats of war, the Nonetheless, Triple Alliance forces did come to the aid of Chaico
Mcxica restored the proper Chaico rulers to their prior offices in at least one itisi.mee, forcing the HueaoctitKO from ChaIco in
(ibid.: 187- 188). 1482 (Chimalpahin 1965:216)."
The conquest of Azcapooalco and the fíMination of the Triple The Mexica also dabbled in the internal structure of Chaico.
Alliance in 1430 upset established dependency relations in the \ 1 hey may have moved the regional market from AmaquemecatltO
ley,and a number of towns had to be reconquered by the new lords i lalmanaico, and they surely disrupted the royal lines of succes-
of the land. Chaico must have been among them, for it appears sion (Hodge 1984:51-52; Hassig 1988:258). Hodge (1984:51-
again as a conquest of It/.coatl. Up until this time it seems that the 56) argues that the Mexica imposed a hierarchical administntive
wars ber>t'een Tenochtitlan and Chaloo were of the flowery variety structure on a system that was essential segmentary (that is, conis-
(xotbryaoti), designed to caprate enemy warriors and maintain a ting of relatively equal parts). Tlalmanalco became the preeminent
relatively stable stalemate. But shortH before the advent of the center in this hierarchy, ruling over the other three traditional
Triple Alliance, Mexica warfire aimed at conquest began in ear- Chaloo centers (Amaquemecan, Tenanco, and ChimaUiuacan).' In
nest. In the early 1430s the Menca systematically conquered neaihy addition, a tribute hierarchy was established, oontaimng five towns
lake cities of Xochimilco, Mixquic, and Oiitlaliiiac, moving dose (fim Chako). rílese imcns, seen on fotio 41r of CóJtx Mmdoza,
to Chaico territory (ibid.: 194).' bear no resemblance to the politically significant centers, and in-
The war aocelerated in 1445, when the Chaka refused to carry deed are difficult even to locate both histcmcally and today. The
building stones to Tenochddan for the construction of a tcmjilc irihute-collcction centers, therefore, were not at all coincident
god Huitúlopochdi (ibid.: 199). The "request" by Mote-
ibr the with the poUtical centers. It may be that Texcoco exaaed tribute
cuhzoma nhnicamina for this service was a nor-too-snbtle demand from the more important aktpttl, for that Triple AlBanoe capital
for siihsep. R-iUT. The rrhis.il liv rhr (!h,ilv.i leil rn cvlt. nuprc in- also claimed conquestofitilang-standiiig enemy (AhnlxtUhnchitl
tense warfare, with the eventual collapse of the Chaico entities in 1965 2:196),
1465 (ibid.: 203 -207). Davies (1987: 56-58) argues that the actual
end of the w;ir mnv H.ne crmic rnoKc \ears earlier, iti 14s í. He THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS
and also considers that, logically, it would
cites conflicting sources
be unlikely for Motecuhaxna to undertake a distant war in Co- The tributary province of Chaloo extended generally south and
ayxtlahuacan with nearby Chaico an imminent threat. The .Me- east nf I, alec Chaico. If the Chaico on the tribute folio is Chaico
xica armies would, most surely, have had to pass through Chaico Ateneo, then the province extended from the lakeôre, south
territory to wage that war, at the same time leaving Tenochtitlan through a fertile vaHey, and up the mountain sbpes. However, if
rc•l;^tiêl\ ungTj.irded, Hassii; (1988:151), while not critical of the Chaico intended is Chairo Tlalmanalco, then the province was
Chunalpahm's chronology, also stresses the importance of the confined entirely to the eastern and southern edge of the valley
Meiica oonqnest of Chaico; a hostile Chaico barred Mcxica move- and to the piedmont. More than half of the towns are impossible to
ments to the cast and south out of the \'allcv of Mexico and also IcKate with certainty today, so the l)<»rdcrs of this province arc fuzzy.
threatened the security of the Mexica home. Tcpuztlan may also
at The high valley contained fertile agricultural fields where maize,
have been oonqnered by the first .Motecuhzoma at this rime,* but beans, squash, grains, and fruits were grown (Hodge 1984:33). If
Quavxumuico may not have been subdued until the reign of the the province extended to the lake, chinampas would have provided
second Motecuhzoma (CoJtx Mauhza folios 8r, 16r). high yields of staple foodstuffs, vegetables, and flowers, and flsh
Following their definitive conquest of Chalco» die Mexica began would have been abundant (Gibson 1964: 340). CMa and conifers
aeiiously to intégrate Chaloo inio thdr nawens imperial organiza- giew on the mmmtain sbpes rimiiHiig tiua ptorince, and building
dtrn. First of all, Chako mleis (at least nine of them) were replaced stone may also have been availabie kxaily (see bekni^. The 1550
by Mexica military governors {ûmMaloqiu)-^ the traditional rul- Santa Cruz map (Liimé 1948) illostntes fereated readies above
somewhat transformed, were not reinstated until some
etsfaips, Tlalmanalco and Amaquemecan.
twenty years bter (Hodge 1984:41). In Amaquemecan, for ex- Cortés (1977 1 :228) estimated that some 20,000 people lived in
ample, five of the indidonal ruling lilies were reiastated in 1486- Amaqoemecan and iis envifons, aiul ardiaeologicaJ suiveys have
96 * THE TRIBUTE VEAB TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4OV-4 1 r

concluded that Amaquemccaii itself probably housed 5,(JO0- 10,000 stone, sand, and wood (or construction in Tcnochtidan two or
IKople (Hodge 1984:33). Sanders, Parsons, and Samley (1979: three times a year. They were also to provide maize and participate
111.1(11 |)l.icc .\imquctnecan, Tlalnianalco, and Ch.ilvi .ill at the in vvars fur the .Mexici. In .iJiiitioii, ihc lords and nobles ofChaloo
same high level of "provincial center," implying similaric}' in size were to attend dances and ceremomes in Tenochtitlan, on which
Hid foncnon. occasions they would present Motecuhzoma with gifb of chnhing,
The people of Chalni rl.iimed cl:srincr heritaces hut a common precious jewels, and f(K)d and drink itîrkcys .ind tacaoi iKNT.
Qlidiimec background (Schrocdcr 1V84). This was a province of 7:260-261). Woodcutting as a major occupation in Chalco prov-
Náhuatl tpeaheis. hioe continued in the Colonial period (Gibson 1964:389). Also in
Colonial times, large quantities of maize were demanded in tribute
TRIBUTE from Chalco (PN£ 1 105), Tlalmanalco, and Amaquemecan (Gon-

:
zalez de Cossio 1952:506. 510).

Chalco's rttriilarly •'chciiiilfd tritiutc, ns ^hinvn in ('mirv Mcmlnzjt,
oonststed only of the standard categories of ciothmg, warrior cos- REFERENCES

tumes, and feodstufis. The 800 whhe moMas are wideconted, be-
yoHi! a s\Tnbc)lic triangle. Sometimes the MatriaiLi dc Tnhntos Domingo Francisco dc San Antón .Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtle
glosses such images as camuai (narrow cotton cloalis^ but in this huanitzin (1965) wrote a detailed history of the Chalco polities,
cate die Mitr&iib (1980: folio II r) gives us only tiAiMift' (doak). fecosfaig OA Ainaqiieiiiecan, and Darin (1967 2) provides consider-
The Mam'ailij c.vplicitK- states that these were to be delivered able historical ínfonnation on Chalco. Syntheses of this pra\-ince
every eight)- da}'s, while the Mendoza records a senú-aiuiual sched- arc found in Baflow (1949a:73-75), Hodge (1984:33-56), Ger-
ule of payment. haid (1972 102-106, 245-246). Durand-Forest (1974), and espe-
:
The people of Chaico wore required to deliver onlv two warrior cially Schrocdcr 1QR4). Farly Colonial docnimentation for this re-
(
costumes and shields in tribute: one a blue tzitzimitl costume (with gion is found un the 1550 Santa Cruz map (Linnc 1W8), in the
its xiaUcolhihqui shield), the other a red auxttaai coatmne (with LAn dt las tasaciones (González de Cossio 1952:508-510). in a
aifxyo shield). Both the Mendaa and Mur&afa designate this as very brief Rchiiión for Chalco fPXF I : 105), and in slightK' more
annual tribute. ample relations (ENE 7:25V 266; 8:232-244). Sanders, Parsons,
Chalco paid the richest foodstuff tribute of any imperial prov- and Santlcy ( 1 979) and Parsons et al, (1982) present archaeological
ince: six bins of mai/c. rvvn of beans, rwo of chi.>, .ind two of studies of the region, and Gibson (l%4). Davics (l''H7: 50-58.
amaranth. The MairhuLi tk I rihutos (1980: folio 1 1 r) illustrates the 237-238), and Hassig (1988:171, 173, 258) analyze the history
same number of bins and their contents, although the two bins full and political geography of this province.
of only maize kernels exhibit a square instead of a circle s\-mboI.''
The Náhuatl gloss of the Mamaila is uncharacteristically verbose:

ynin cenct mite yn HaoUi yn rtt yn qukaikqiiitiya am» iiiii tLipmuiUi
(this very great quantity of innutnerablc mai/e (kernels) and Inrans
Nores
was given in tribute). N'o specific ijuantities are indicated. .Such a
laige tribute in staple foodstuffs is suggestive of (hiiiiimpa cultiva- 1. TKe«e ire not to be conAued with Chako Ateneo, shown u a klce town on
from the folio I7v.
tion, although high yields fertile valleys and proximity to
2. The Anales Je Cujub:iilaH (197S : 32) dates the beginning of this conflict at
Tenodititian may also have prompted demands of such quantities.
1 .185. Huitzilihuiti did not atsume tlie Mexica throne until 1J91.
Exceptionally large quantities of maize are not reflected in the ). These towns all appear » trophiei of AouMpiehtU in the CoieeMimhu
1554 Informuim (Scholes and Adams 1957:49-50). Oiüy 4,100 folio 2v.
fanegas* of maize (and an equal quantity of beans and chia) weie 4.There ii alto a Tepozdm in HmaMpce provinoe, which is prabifaly the
required annually, along with an annual tribute of two warrior cos-
nodera town of Tcposdin. Barionr (19Í9b:74X honráver, fceb diai the Te-
puxdan m Clialoo provinoe is that well-known town.
tumes and forty shields, and 800 mantas due every eighty days. 5. The mien lied in 1465.
The Mendoza tally says nothing about the locally avaihble woods 6. This may not hive been a favor. The people of Chalco had long-standing
and stone. Vet periodic demands of these products were made by Ithouiüh Jt tii;:cv n^rbuicnt!' rcl]Tion( TcpttliHun b jJ'Jci] .a this 1 i'l-.ij^ :''S-i ' 1
as by Tenochtitlan (Duran 1967 2:133-137, 373; Chimatpahin K HjrM\ A'iS 1%I suggests thjt the ujuarc may signal a larger quan-
]^lf)^:2]fy. iludge 52 - 5 Vi. .Mntccuhzoma (presumably the
1 :
tity than the cirde

second of that name) demanded that the people of Chalcx) provide V. Sec page descriptions tor Petlacaloo province.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 40V-4ir • 97

FOLIOS 4lV-42r: THE PROVINCE OF TEPEACAC
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 19. Nacochtlan

— "Place of Many Earplugs"
20. Chiltecpintlan
— "Place of .Many Small Red Peppers"
1. Tcpeacac — (Tepeyacac) "On the Beginning of the HilP* 2 1 Oztotlapcchco
—"On the Platform of the Cave"
/\Iso in Codfx Mendoza conquest histon' (folio lOv)
— "On the Water of the Feather Tuft"
.
22. Ate/cahuacan
— "Place That Has Pool of Water"
a
2. Qucchulac
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio I2r)
3. Tecamachalco— "On the Stone Jaw"
4. Acatuncu — "In the Small Kccds"
5.
—
Tecaico "In the Stone House" THE tribute:
Also in Codex MenJoZit conquest history (folio I0\)
6. Ycôchinanco
— "On the Yucca Chinampa" The following were given at undetermined intervals:
Quauhtinchan — "I lomc of the Eagles"

7.
War captives from 'Tla.\cala, Cholula, and Huexotzinco
8. Chietlan— "Where There Is Much Chía" or The following items were given every eighty days:
"Where There Are Many Chinampas" 4,0(X) loads of lime
9. Quatlatlauhcan— "Place of Red Heads"
10. Tcpexic
— "On the Crag" 800 deerskins
4,000 loads of canes, called otlati
11. Yrzucan— "Place of Obsidian"
12.
—
Quauhquechulan "Where There Are .Vlany Feather- Tufted
8,0(X) loads of canes for making arrows
8,0(K) loads of perfumes, called acayetl
Eagles"
13. Tconochtitian
— "Among the Sacred Prickly Pear Cactus 2(H) carrying frames, called cacaxtles
Fruits" The following items were given annually:
14. Tcopantlan
— "Place of .Many Temples" 2 bins of mai/c
1 5. Huchucdan— "Place of Many Old Men" or "Place of the Old 2 bins of beans
God"
16. Tetenanco— "On the Stone Wall"
17.
—
Coatzinco "On the Small Snake"
18. Epatlan
—
"W here There Are Many Skunks"
98 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4IV-42r

CONQUEST HISTORY find Mexica troops stationed in some towns of this province. What
is perhaps surprising is that this military presence is clearly docn-
Tcpcacac was ri-jvirteJIy ifirKUicred more than ona- by fliu rones 972
tnentcd for only two towns: Tepeacac and Y tzucan. Gerhard ( 1
of the I'riplc /Uliancc. I'hc iirst and must elaborately recorded 278 describes Tepeacac as a "mountaintop fortress," and Mexica
)
cxMiqiiest was by Motecuhzoma Uhaicmutia (1440- 1468) and war- genu dt guamiáÓH were present here at the time of t)w Spanish ar-
t ii ir-. froiK r l< \ ! ii miIk i
<>(' Ntculco citi^•^, ' 'Thi'- irtiicH movc- rival (Diaz del Castillo 1963 308- 30^).' Vtzuean, a major jumping-
:
nicii! '><^ I cpcacat and its neighbors u is provoked by the assassi-

off point for military incufsioos and commercial caravans to the
nation ot traveling merchants from the \ alley of Mexico, although
south, was also the site of a Mexica garrison (Torquemada 1969
Tepeacac's ideographic location made it a prime target for Aztec I : 5 IK. (lorti-s 19" ] : 1 1 >). Both of these lou iis «<.il major inar^
conquest in any event. Not only did this province lie astride the ket centers; hence Holt (1979:399) classifies the installments as
SOUtfaem bftrders of Tlaxcala, Chokila, and Hiicxot/.inco bur its
commercial garrisons.
towns abo controlled major thoroughfares to the rich lands to Tc|K;u;K iisfU no: link held a major market on a regulatschcd-
the south. ule but was actually required to do so as a condition of its con-
The formalities and strategies of Motecuhzoma's Tcpcacac
quest. A vast variety of hixury goods were to be available there,
detail by Durán (1967 2: 155-158) and
campaign are described in cise of truvclinL' pochteta and other
pixsiimably for the relative
AlvaradoTezozomtK (1975a: 306-309). In proper Mcxica fashion, merchants." A formidable Mexica garrison would have assured the
Motecuhzoma sent four messengers to Tepeacac bearing shields,
''terms of agreement^ as well as the general protection of mer^
"swords." chalk (ttzari), and feathers. With these symbols of sub-
chants passing through the rctrinn.
mission, the messengers gave the lords of Tcpcacac the oppor-
Towns in the southwestern part of Tcpcacac promcc, including
Oinity to submit without bloodlhed; when the lords refused, the
Ytzucan, were known generally as "the province of the Coadalpa-
envoys alerted them of the war to come. When the attaddng army nt i :!s" iPN'F 1 : 1 24). Tliis included three towns clearly subject to
arrived, the captains sent out scouts to assess Tepcacac's defenses:
Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin and his pasados, but not listed in any
they reported that there were none.' The army then dhñded its
tributary province CPNE 5 :82-83, 86, 90). The irilwte of two of
forces and attacked four important towns of this rôn simultauK- these towns, .Xhuatlan and ôyatitlanapa, included shields of stout
oiish-: Tcpcacac, Tecaico, Quauhtinchan. and Acatzinco.* TecanM- raw cotton for
canes, large stout canes, blades to insert in lances,
c h ilro also fell at this time, perhaps yielding after witneasing the
armor, and white lime (ibid.:83, 90). The third town, Texalocan,
fate of its neighboring towns (Hassig 1988: 173).^ gave capriv es from its wars with enemies ToRXnihoacan, Choiula,
Peihaps this dúm of oooquest was premanire, for the area re- Huexotzinco, and Coixco (ibid.). Apparcndy dlis tribute did not
mained restless and insecure under Motecuhzoma. VVliatever the pass dirough the adminiairatne atrnctnre ofTepeaeae proHnoe but
prior events, the towns of Tepeacac and Tecako are included in
went direaly to Tcnochtidan. To cnhiinre his control of the area,
Axayacatl^ (1468- 1481) lauieb (Coder MeaAxta folio lOv). Two Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin placed two high-ranking .Mexica ofB-
additional towns included in this tribut.iry province entered the
dals in Texalocan as judges (ibid. : 87).*
imperial realm after Azayacatl's reign. The incorporation of Atcz-
cabuacan (Tehuacan) occurred under Tixoc (1481-1486), and THK PR()\ INCF. AND ITS INH.\BITANTS
Tepexic fell to Moteiuli/om.i \'ocdyot/in iCodcx Mctidoza folio
12r;Gerhard 1972 :281;. In the latter case, the Mcxica came to the Tcpcacac province covered much of central and southern Puebla
aid of one of their conquered subfects (Quadatlaufican) in this state. The core of the region, around die four head towns, was cold
jiî >\ inte, which h.id been attacked in ! 502 by the rvilcr of Tepexic. and dry. with occasional snows rcporte<f for TLcaico (PXE :215). 1
i epexic was then mcorporatcd into the administrative structure uf These towns lay in a broad valley bordered to the northwest by the
Tcpcacac province Obid.). isolated volcano Malindie and on the extreme eastbyCidalleped
Prior to its c-on(|Ufst h\ \.'tci.- armies, the "province of Tepea- (Picx) dc Orizalui
cac" was jomdy governed by four towns: Tepeacac, Tecaico, Que- Other provincial towns lay largely along thoroughfares to the
dmlac, and Tecamachako (PNE 5: 16). Each of these towns had south. To the sontfaesst ran a loi^ valley to Tehuacan (perhaps
its own defined boundaries, including woodlands (ibid.: 25). 'These Atczcahuacan); to the southwest a narR)wcr valley led to the hotter
towns were further divided administratively: Tcpcacac had three lands around Ytzucan and the "province of the Coadalpanecas."
"señores," and T^cako and Tecamaehaloo each huid (bur lords and The Tehuacan region, like the core of the province, was dry but
di\isions.' Presumably 0"<íchulac hadssinílar political stnicnire; somewhat warmer. Ytzucan and its surroundings were also rela-
it was in fact joined with Tecamachaloo under a single ruler prior tively hot and dry, although irrigation allowed tor the cultivation
to the Spani^ Conquest (ibid.:27X and the two were conndered <rf cotton at least around Ytzoeai, Epatlan, and Coatzinoo (FNE
as "a single province" (PNE 1 :201). 1:10". I2v, S:<r, f;crh,ird 1972:160).
These four administrative centers, along with the towns of The crops cultivated around Tepeacac were the usual maize,
Qoauhtindian, Acatonoo, and Tetananco, formed the nutiliern beans, and chiles, along widi the findt of the priddy pear cactus
edge of this province and served as bulw.irks against the imperial (PNF 5:37). Woods from a varierv of trees (including pines, ce-
enemies of Tlaxcala, Choiula, and Huexot/inco. In facn, Tepeacac dars, oaks, and poplarsj were a valuable resource in this region, as
province ran ahmg almost the entire hostile borderland. ITic re- were the products of the ubiquito\is maguey plant and dyes firom
maining towns of the province were spread broadly to the south, the tiny cochineal insects (PNE 1:207; 5:34-35, 37). There was
primarily along major transportation routes. Ytzucan, for example, an imponant jasper quarry at Tecaico (PNE 5:40), which also
was a gateway to die south through which many an Aztec army thrived from its prmluction of maize, Ume, native soap (surely
passed on its way to distant battlefields. Atezcabuacan served • 4BMft% firewood, and prickly pear cactus fruit, and the manufac-
ahwilar ftmrtifin* tme of reed man (PNE 1 :215). The people of Teopandan, in the
Givien in atntegk geographical kxation, it is not aoqniaing to sonihwesiMu conierofthe province, gained dieir livelihood ftoin
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4IV-42r • 99

CopyriglMod material
collecting firewood and honey, hunting, and producing wax <it)id. HtKottaH (noble arrows) in the Matrktía ( 1 980: foKo 1 Iv) and have
226). Fruits, cotron, and the m.iniit;icn.irc ofrccd (^,^skcr^ .ind scats decidedly pointed ends. Canes of whit h< \ t r liriil must have been
provided a living for the people ot nearby Coatzinco (PN£ 5 97).
: abundant in the rîon^ Coatzinco itself delivered m tribute cane
Nearby, the non-Afonftrar towns tied to Abuihn (see above) lived îdds, strong canes, and bows and arrows, along with white üme
from hunting dc-cT nnd nil)1>its, making baskets, piTodiiddgootton, and blades tor I.mi es (PVF. > . ). Tlu- tribute of ncarliy ,\huatlan
growing a variety of ínúts, and cultivatiilg Staple feodsuifi (FN£ consisted of canesj chat of (ôyatitlaiupa, canes and shields of cane
1:202; 5:82-83, 85-88, 92-93).'» (along wriih white lime and cotton for armor: PNE 5:82-83, 90).
Three languages were prominent in this dispersed pro\'ince. Tepcaca; udn the <>nl\' frilnitan,- pro\nnce to "reeogni/e Motecuh-
Nahuad was common in the core area and may have been the lan- zoma" with martial tribute, undoubtedly a result of its natural re-
gmge of dominance and administntion. Popolucan was spoken in source endowments and its history of endemic warfare.
TlKamachnla) Mn<l 0"echiiIac, although "all the nobles speak iVIe- Tepcacac u .is an impurtanr m.ii;'e-i:rouing area, sn irs annual
xicano to a greater or lesser degree" (PN£ 5:20). Tecalco bad tribute consisting of two bins of maize and two of beans is not sur-
Popohican and Otmni mlnoiities, ahfaotigh most of the people (in- prising. It is, however, somewhat surprising that chiles were not
cluding the IrKal ruler) spolcc Nahtintl (Ccrhard 1''72 25'i). Popo- ; demanded, since they were grown abundandy in the region (see
lucan was the predominant language at Quauhtmchan (£N£ 16: above).
12). The towns asroctated with Ahwdaii (incfaidmg the MaiJou The people of Tepeacac also paid their Aztec overlords 8,000
town of Coatiinc») were Nahoad-apeaking (PNE 5 : 82, 85, 89, 95). loads of smoking canes iiicayctl).'* Smoking normally accompanied
special feasts, especially those of nobles and wealthy merchants
TKIBl I E (Berdan 1982:33,91).

The final item of tribute paid h\ Tepeacac province was 200
Despite 1 epeacac's claim that it recognized .Motecuhzoma only as cacaxtli, or carrying frames. These were used throughout .Meso-
a friend and ally m its wan against Tlaxcala and Huexotzinco america as bade frames, to which were attached loads of caigo.
(PNE 5: 14 - 1 5). it nonetheless is recorded as an Aztec tributary The entire a])paratus was hefted finto the shoulders and held in
province in the Matricula de Tnbutos (1980: tbUo liv) and Codex place with a cumpline across the forehead. .\ common load for a
Mtmhea (folios 41v-42r). This tribiue is «nusua) in its lack of bearer might be fifty pounds.
both clothinE^ nnd warrior costumes, a featiueshaied Only with die .\ll this tribute, with the exception of the annual dun,' of food-
distan! province ot Xoconochco. stuifs, was due on an eighty-day schedule. Uliile this is the most
The fifst (and unique) tribute demand is pnsonen train die common period far tribute collection in the Mttríaüa, it is ex>
nearby towns of Tlaxcala, Cholula,and Huexotzinco. These are of tremely unusual in the Mouloza record.
an undetermined number and delivered at unspecified periods. Some of these same items were included in the "perpetual trib-
Warlare was endemic in this region, widi TepeacK figfatii^ legn- ute" agreed upon by Tepeacac and its Aztec oonquerois upon its
larly against the Aztec's archenemies fPN'I-' 5; 31). Tepcacac also conquest; maize, white beans, and dcervkins I lowever, other com-
warred with nearby Calpan and Totuiniluucan, roundly defeating modities demanded at that time do nut reappear in the Mendoza
the latter in 1470 and nearly depopulating it (ibid.; Gerhard 1972: tally; these inchide salt, chiles, narrow magncy-filier mantas, fine
222). A tribute demand in prisoners of war would have the conse- sandals, reed scats, and scats made of nishes iulahuiiaipctlMl; Duran
quence of maintaining these borderland wars with Motccuhzoma's 1967 2:158; ;\]varado Tczozomoc 1975a;.UW). People Irom this
enemies. Coatzinoo abo continued a steady state of war with four province were al.w held responsible for service in the Mexica pal-
enemy towns lo the north (P\T, v96)." ace (sweeping and totinir w ater and firew ood), repairs on roads, aid
.•\side from the Spanish annotations, this prisoner tribute is in m wars, and service in bearing loads (ibid.).''
dicaied by a svnibol for warfare (a woven shield in front of an Tributes listed for this province in the 1 554 Inforyfhi.i .n \ holes
'
obsidian-studded club) ' and the lieads of three men with glyphs of and Adams 1957 50) only vaguely resemble the Mendoza demands
:
their town names attached." in number and type. It adds 200 shields, 4,000 loads of pimlli (a
Tepcacac was the only province to pay tribute in lime, deer- beverage), and a bin of chia. It reduces the bean tribute to one bin,
skins, and certain wood products. Four thousand loads of lime decreases the tribute of arrow-making canes to 200 annually, and
were due every eight}' days. Lime was important tn buHd-
(tenextii) mcreases the tribute in carrvHng frames to 4,000 annually. It com-
ing construction, and maize kernels were soaked in lime water pletely omits the deerskins, siiiokmu tubes, lime, and other canes.
overnight before ibey were ground into mat the next morning. In These tribute demands, and chose listed in Codtx Memkaa, are
addition, Bme was combined with varions plants as medicines for vastly different from die gifts die conquering warriors carried
chronic ulcers and skin rashes (I lern;ini!e/ 1959 1 : 57, 66) and was hooie to iheir lonis in Tt-noclimlan; these wares includc<l cloaks,
also used to renovate capes (Sahagiin 1950- 1982 1 :29). animal skins, sandals, stones, jewels, gold and other precious things,
The tIeHveryof 800 deerskins is testimony to the importance of rich feathers, êlds, and warrior costumes (Durin 1967 2: 158-
hunting ro this region, espeeiallv in its southwestern eorner, The 1 These are reminiscent of the finery availalile in ;he Tepeacac
people of I'epeacac and other towns of the province primarily wor- marketplace and underline the fact that, despite the "everyday"
shipped Camaxtli, god of the hunt (PNE 5:29-30). nature of the tribute goods, hixuries passed throu^ Tepeacac on a
The deerskins arc followed by 4,000 loads of canes .ind 8,000 oocable scale.
loads of canes for making arrows. In the first case (he material is
identified as bamboo (sdfat/)- There were many varieties of these REFERENCES

canes, some stout enough for use as a hmliiini: material (Her-
nández 1959 1 :397). The second bundle ot canes appears diñerent Information on Tepeacac province is available in Gerhard (1972:
in color and structure from the mM and is identified as a type of KO-163. 220-223, 2«0-264. 278-283), Bailow (1949a: 100-
cme used spedfically for making arrowi. These ate glossed as 102). OUvera (1973: 1978). Cayetano Reyes Gareia (1973), Luis
100 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4iV-42r
Copyriohted material
Reyes Garda (1972, 1977, 1978), Carrasco (1963, 1966, 1969. pcnnanent settlements of troops; however, the SpaoMl report of an Aztec
1973), Cook <fe Leonard (1961). Simons (1968), Dinh Dávil> mi |ai«nutMt at Tepeacac may have been a reapoiiae loan eneoiy presence rather
nwn.
dian a rcgidar fimire In thit
(1973), and Kirchhoff (1940). Details on towns in this province are
8. Good* indudedm ibis ''ofder"wete rich cloaki,iionei, jewels, feathen of
found in the 5i»MiKútur(PNE 1: 58. 107, 112, 124-125,206- lilm (and odier nieiai^, jtfuar lidni, ocelot tltina, ca-
different etdoia, gold,
207, 214-216, 225-226), Rebmnes t;,otr'v//iV«r (PNE 5:12-45, cao, rich loincloihi, and nodab (Durfo 1967 2:62X
'H~W, 27<-274, :S-H, .'.ml !\p:.^tî.iru i/V Xiuia Hiparía (ENE 9. AhuBtlan, however, scenu to have been the mere imponaiw town ameof
these three, with Texalocan its subject town <T*NE 1 :202y The of the
titles
The region around Ichuacan
8:135^ 16:9). exhaustively dis- i!>
Mt'xitMn (iff.rt.ils St it iinu (I iTl 1 fx.il. II ,ni .irr '!
•i;h:yr: 11Ji -k /'../jV-jf ' iud AiobtM^
cumd in Mi^€idi (1967). A Ribcim geográfie» eñts for Ahrat- huMJil lUijitiüil 1 hiM- Miiimst iiiiliijiH iliuii.'. .IS i\ legal ones.
lan(PNE 5:81-93), 1(1 \i!t i\\ these towns cnpjgcd in all these actiuties. For instance, the
people of IcsaliHan cultivated cotton, bur those of Ahuatlan and (,>n-atitla-
napa obtained their cotton from Ytzucan (PNE 1 :2()2; >:H8, The pro-
duction of maize was quite unreliable in all three towns, but somewhat less so
NOTES in Qoyatitlanapa, which benefited from irrigation. When the maize crop
foiled, the inhabitants of these Knms
purchased this essential staple in Te-
1. Tbe annjr included mnion finm Ibnochddan, Ampoizaloo, TlacQ|Mn, peacac (PNE 5:S3, 85, 88, 92-93). The baifcett weie made te Tcaaktcan
Qoauhtitiaii, Acolhiuacaii, Texooco, Chaleo, Xochimiloo, Colhuicaa, Cukb- Cibid.:8S,88).
lüuac, Mizqtdc, and Coyaacin Qhaug 1988: 172). 11. Tfautcala, HucKoainco, Chohila, and Ibnomihiucan.
2. TUi is remirmcem of the 'Iteooring and teconnoiieriqg" iceoe on foBo 12. In the historical section of Cnier Mendosa, this is symbolized by a ifaield
<7r of Cndex Mendoza. with feather and an atlai/ or spear thrower (Clark I9}8 1 :27).
balls, darts,
3- 'I'liv t'i'ir |iiiiKi|i i'. iii.m-. lit th:-. ilisnirt lV|iiMi .u". I •jf.lUu, I'Jucchu- ! V I hi tirsT IS el.issid .'I'.ii.jy.'i.jt/ (person from Tlaxcala), the second ibulul-
Us, .irui 1 t'ciiiu^ tuko. .U-iUinuj was i lujelo oí icpcac-jc (t.crhard 1972: u-:.i ipcupic triini (ihiiliiiai. .ind the third hut-wt:in,jil (person from Huex-
278)..\lv lirado lczoa»ioc(1975i:306-}09)lijghligiiBTccaiiHKliilconiore or^.lnco). The pl>ph for TIaxcala is a h.ind pattini; a tortdia i ilaxcii!(li) = tor-
than docs Duran. tilla; il)ta(i) = abundance of "Place oi .Many lortillas'l Cholula is
4. Some acnial dates for these conquests arc available in ttic donimcntary represented by a deer's tiior (iholota) = tt) flee or jump; itiuiini = atnindance
rcaird. although, as is usual, there is some disagreeittcnt. This coriqucst of of: "Where There Is iMucfa Fleciiic"). Huexotzinco's glyph consists of three
Tc[ie,H.n i-. dated at H.?** by lorqueinada but at 1466 by the Anain dt Icafybrenchet above the botRMBhdfofa nun's body (i«mi(r/> w-illow tree;
Tlttielolm and Chlmalpahin. The fall of I'ecalcn and Quauiinchan
i» abo dated nm(iH) = rump: ttm = small; <« ^ on or In: "On the Situll Willow Tree").
at I Mtb by Chimalpahin, However, tbe Anotes
ai is the conquest of Coatcpcc. Each man wears a distinctive headpiece: tbe Tlaxcabn wears two white
de TludUb places this latter event at 1441. Ciiiina^»bin provides a «late of ieather tuits on np of his head; the Qudulan. a red headband along with die
14éS ior die &n oTHuehiiedan (Keüjnnd Paienn Í952i2<9). two fcaihcr tnfts; nd the man from Huemnincot a red headband and the
5. This recalls the ftwr-part political sL i umife of Tlaaola just to the north. aiited tablet cfasiaciefjstic Ibe the nien of this town. In die MslrisAi (198(N
6. Kelly- and Palenn (I9$2:)02) equate the andent Atezcahuacan with (he fblio I Iv), this last figure also has the feather tufts.
modern Tchuacan. Neither Barlnw imr (iiTh.irJ make- the correlation, Bar- 14. AmI — neá;yrtl - tobacco See pape deícri;iti'ins, folio 6Sr. this volume.
low (1^49a: 101) It-aînt' the tnwti uiilncatii.! he ii'.iD-.Mdti here ci) Ate/ra-
I 15. These tribute demands bear a riiuijh >iir;lant\ '.vjrh tributes required by
huacan relic* on its ideruili: ni'ir; .l^ I'ehuai^n. iht Icxal lords: cotton mamas, lomiloths. vnr-.Lti's tunics and skirts, sandals,
7. There is some <JeL).lte almul wlielher such iiisr.)ilriniils wire |HrniaoeMt nuts, smoking tulies. cacao, and lurke\-s, aluni; with household service and the
tortresscs or transitional scttlctnents o( "iiiovahlu" tnMips (Me Uava-v \^7H. cultivation o( a field <it iiiai/t It their local señar needed precious stones,
van Zantwiik 1967; Holt 1979), lepeacac and Yizucaa may have had rather leathers, goid dust, or similar objects iur religious cerenmnies, these also
permaneot leRfencnti of noops; however, the Spoidih repon of an Aziec would be coUcctcd (PNE 5 :28-}0).
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4IV-42r * 101
FOLIOS 42V-4U: THE PROVINCE OF COA YXTLAHU ACAN
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: The following items were given annually:
1. Coa)'xtlahuacan
— "Place of the Plain of Snake»" 1 yellow warrior costume and quttzalpatzactH device, and
shield
.•Mso in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)' (folio 7v)
2. Tcxopan
— "On the Blue Color" 1 j-ellow ttizcoadli warrior costume and shield
}.
—
Tamaôlapan "On the Water of the Frogs"
2 strings of rich green (hatchihuiil stones
4. Yancuiclan
— "Where There Arc New lowns" or ROO handfiils of qnctral feathers
40 bags of cochineal
"Place of the New Town"
20 gourd bowls of fine gold dust
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (foho 12r)
5. 'Icpuzcululan
— "Where There Many Copper Hooks"
.-Vrc
1 feathered headpiece, called tlatpihni
6. NochÍ7.tlan
— "Where There Is Much Cochineal"
Also possihly in Ctidex Mendoza conquest history (folio 15v) CONQUEST HISTORY
7.
— "On the Sand Hill"
Xaltepec
8.
—
Tamaôlan "Where There Arc Many Frogs"
Coayxtlahuacan was one of Motccuhzoma Ilhuicamina's most im-
9. Mictlan
— "Where There Arc Many Dead" portant conquests. Following his first military incursions into
10. Coaxoniuico
— "On Corner of the CoatU Tree"
tlie
Cuetlaxtlan and the (iulf coast area, Motecuhzoma learned of the
1 1. Cuicatlan
— "Place of Song" or "Place of the Cuicatcca" killing of 160 merchants in the distant realm of Coayxdahuacan.
ITie merchants, from Tenochtitlan, Te.vcoco, Chaico, Xochimilco,
Coyoacan, Tlacopan, Azcapiitzalco, and other cities, had been
THE tribute: trading in this especially rich market for goods such as "gold,
feathers, cacao, worked gourds, clothing, cochineal, and
finely
dyed thread made of rabbit hair" (Duran 1967 2 18.5). VVTien word
:
400 rich quilted manias of the massacre reached the .\lexica ruler, an army was imme-
400 red and white striped mantas
diately formed to march on distant Coajr'xtlahuacan. which was ap-
400 black and white striped mantas
parently conquered without maior complications.'
400 loincloths Of the other towns included in this Mendoza tributary province,
only rama9olan is recorded as a conquest of this first .Vlotecuh-

zoma (Kelly and Palcnn 1V52:291). Later Triple Alliance oon- Valley of Alexico-to-Oaxaca route. Yancuitlan, Nochiztlan, Tama-
quests into this region added Yancuitlan (under Tizoc and again (olapan, Texopan, and Tepuzcululan, along with Coayxtlahuacan,
under Motecuhzoma Xocovotzin), Xaltcpec (under Ahuir/.otI). and were all impórtant seats of hereditary leaileiillip in the days prior
Texopan and Nochiztlan (under the second Moteculuoma; Kelly to Aztec conquest (Spores 19iH:48).
and Mam1952:302, 304, 310; Codex Mendna folios 12r. ISv). The core area of diB province was Mixtee. However, die head
ôgolan, a town recorded on folio 7\ of CoJex Mendoza as 1 townofCoayxdahuacan was a Popoluean (ChiK:ho)-spcaking dty-
serving as a seat for cmo Alexica governors, was also oon<|uered by siate,and Cbocho-qwaking peoples also lived in the vicinity of
Motecuhzoma Xocoyotztn 0bid.:l5v: Kelly and Paletni 1952: *nima;ohpan and Teaopan (Gerhard 1972:283; Spores 1967:53).
^101. As in rnatiy other ouil)ing provinces of the .Aztec empire, I'hc very eastern edge of this province, around Cuicadan, was
rebellion lay close to the surface. Yancuitlan and îofolan took Cuicatec.
hearty advantage of a disastrous Aztec defeat in a flowery war The larger valleys of the province, around Yancuidan, Nochiz-
against Hucxotzinco to ri'^c up apainst their Aztec overlonN I he tlaii, and Tama(,olapan, provided the trrearcst agriculrural poten-
lords of thesetwo towns ordered the roads blocked and guarded daL The Nochizdan Valley was the most productive area (Spores
against the Menea, and when Motecnhzoma's messengers arrived 1984:81), while "die valleys around Coaixdahoaca are restricted,
in the vicinity the\ eruountereii nierch:ntts whn h.ul heen woundeil dry, and largely unpn)ductivc" (Spores Not surpris-
and robbed by the people of these two rebellious towns (Duran ingly, the Nochizdan Valley was the most heavily occupied area
1967 2:434). However, Motecuhzonu was apparendy capable of during Aztec rimes; Spores (1984:95) calcubres that 159 sites in
qtHckly recronping. :ind he neatly quelled the rebellion, subduing the \ a!le\ «ere occupied at that time and estimates a po|)ulaiion
Yancuitlan and linding ^(olan abandoned.- for the valley at 50,0ÜO. Next in size was tlie l amaôlapan V'alley,
Ahhough Cocolan is nor included on this folio as a tribote- whh some 2 1 9 sites occupied and a lilcely populadon size of 20,000.
paynng tou-n, it counted as an Aztec conquest and was the sent ot Sp in -, c^r-t iatcs the population of the Coayxtlahuacan \'allcy also
tu'o Mexica governors, a Tkcautuhüt and a Tkmcbttiubtii (Codex at -U,UOU people (ibid.: 96). The choice of Coayxtlahuacan as a
Membea folio 17v). The presence of diese officials in this distant head town for this Aztec tributary province may have been poliri-
town mav well be tied to the importance of (ÔQoian as a gold- cally motivated: focusing administrative and tribute-collection
producing region (sec Bcrdan 1987b: 163-167). functions at this more peripheral center may have served to weaken
The only mafw ferriiicatioii or fntte dir ItuiimjM the snranger Mixtee centers in the region.
ince appears to have been at Coayxtlahuacan itself (PNT. 4: 16'). The highly xaried environment of tliis province provided op-
Tribute collectors stationed at Coayxtlahuacan collected tributes portunities tor a broadly based economy. .Agriculture provided the
from the towns of Aibihooca and Mafinakepec; these towns are sttflT of lifis. widi the culdgens inchiding maiae, bema, s(|uash,
located considerably to the cast of Coa\"xtIahuacan and are not in- chiles. ztipf)tt% avocados, maguey, and nnpiilff(VWE 4:209; .Spores
cluded on the Codtx Mtndoza tribute tally. The nearby towns uf 1984:80). .Additionally, highland areas supplied woods and resins,
'Rpeucila and Ptptiodcpae were abo under the imperial thumb, and spedBc locales throughout the region provided materials such
but not as "Mi-uJica towns." as fine and coarse clan's for pottery, chert for tools, hasali for grind-
Robert Barluw ()V4Va: map) places in this province additional ing tools, palm fiber for mats and baskets, pigments for colorings,
towns that are not included in the Matricida/ Mendoza tribute list. c<K-hincal for dyes, and gold for luxury ornaments (ibid.:81-83;
These include three towns far to the northwest of Coayxtlahuacan: PNE 4:210).
Peilaltzinco, Chila, and These communities indeed paid
Icxitlan. Since these many product.s, and others that had to l)c acquired
tribute to Moteinih/.oma, hut on a different basis from diatof time Irom outside the region (such as cotton, cacao, and salt), were noC
towns on the Mind.rzj tally. Petlait/iiico and Ixeitlan were on main uniformly available, trade and market nenvorks served important
travel routes and tuitilled their tnhute oi)iii;ations by supplying distribution functions. Coayxtlahuacan had a large and varied mar-
Aztec troops with provisiona and warriors (PNE 5:70, 75). The ket that attracted merchantN from long dist;nues (see above). Ta-
lords of Chila,howewr, rccoenizcd Motecuhzoma by sending him mafolapan, Texopan, and Tepuzcululan all had active marketing
presents of gold jewels and cloaks "when it pleased them," receiv- and trade netwocks (Spores 1984:82). In Colonial times the people
ing presents in return (PNE 5 :66). of Nochizdan traveled from market to market selling dried chiles,
fruits, mantas, and women's tunics and skirts; this may well reflect a
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INH ABIT.'VNTS pre-Hispanic pattern (PNE 4:211), Archaeological investigations
have substantiated the documentary record of widespread regional
The tovnis of this province were, for the most part, important interaction. Artifacts analyzed from the site of Coayxtlahuacan sug-
ancient Mixtee centers in northern Oaxaca state. The core area gest strong relanonships with other communities in the Mixteca
of this pro\'incc was centered in the iVlixtcca .\lta, a land ot moun- Alta, and also with the Valley of .Mexico, C^holula. and the Oaxaca
tains and \'alle)-s and cool, dry climate (Gcihaid 1972: 2K.V). area (Bemal 1948-1949; Spores 1967:56). Archaeological investí-
The major centers tended to be aMOGÍMKl with the region's val- gatlons in die regknt have yielded an abundance of spindle whorb
leys, of which the Valleys of Yanhuidan-Nachizdan, Tama^lapan- (suggesting the importation of cotton fmm lower elevations); re-
Tepuzcuhilan, and Coayxtlahuacan were apparendy the most im- mains of fish, shells, and stingrays (indicating ties with the Pacific
portant in diis province. While COayxtlahnacan was the head rown coast); jade objects from the south; and obsidian from the north.
of the tributary province, it does nor seem to have been the must
significant in terms of strategic location, traditional hcrcdiury TRIBUTE
leadership, agricnlnnal potential, or siie (Spores 1967:56-57).*
Coayxtlahuacan was (and is) situated in rugecd, mountainous At the rime of its conquest by the .Aztecs, Coayxilahuacan's tribute
country off the main routes of travel; l ama^lapan, Texopan, Yan- was set at manias ten hazas long, loads of chiles, loads of cotton,
cuidan, and Nochlzdaa, ill contrait, an all located along the main ocean salt, and various cofaxcd dyes Oûrin 1967 2 : 185). Ahwado
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 42 v-4 :|r • 103
Cl-,- J I
-od iTiaterlal
TezozomcK ( V75a 337) expands on
1 : this list, adding^^Kfwaiid teco- the few treasured feathers. By this means some 10,000 feathers
matesigomá bowls). I le further specifies the cloaks as fii«eftr/i(lu^ were prtjcurcd annually in the Vera Paz district of Guatemala.* Ac-
white cotton cloaks) arui í\;¿huíibuanqui iytiluw striped; ibid.). oonSng to the Mendoza, a totd of 2,480 bnnches of quctul feath-
In the Mendoza and Matricuia, Coayxtlahuacan gave in tribute ers were paid by Aztec tributar)' pro\Tnces annually, (^f these,
three styles of mantas (1,200 loads) along with loincloths and Co3)i[tlahuacan paid 80Ü, an amount equaled only by that of Xo-
women's tunics and skins, Each of the three ntiinta figures shows conoeheo. Mudi of diis may have entered the proviiKc through
two fingers, indicating a length of two brazas each. The first of trade; fieathers were among the fine cotnmtxiitics attracting long-
these, quilted with a black and white border, is glossed as caatmo- distance merchants to the market at Coayxdahuacan (see above).
tiuhqui (quilted) in the Matricula (1980: folio 12r). The second Onoe obtained, these predoos feathers were subjected to elabo-
cloak has two red and white vertical stripes, glossed as tlapaUotuil' rate and time-consmning processes to form them into glanunmis
ttayo (red cloak of Ocuihn). The third, with numerous wide and and exquisite objects of special value.'* One such manufectured
narrow black vertical itripes, ñ labeled as ttilpapatlavac (wide blade item was provided by this province: the quetzal feather-bedecked
cloak). All of these represent styles characteristic of other areas tlaîloni was the prert>gative of rulers and is discussed in more de-
of the empire,' and their presence in Coayxtlahuacan suggests tail under Cueilaxtlan province.
cnrincc tiont with otber province^., perhaps through migration or The Mixteca Mu was a major center for the production of
through movements of goods and ideas via trade and the ever- oochineal dye. Virtually every cooummiiy in the ettg^d in
active marketplaces (Berdan 1987a:253-2S8). the productron of en chinea], if only on a small scale. But it ctmsti-
The iic.vt item of clothing consists of 4()U red loincloths with a tvtcd a major enterprise in the Nochiztlan, Tamagolapan, and
black and white step-£ret band. In the Matriatla (1980: folio 12r) Tepuzcululan valleys (Spores 1984: 128). Small amounts nf cochi-
red and white stripes continue below the decorated band. This neal were induded in the tribute demands on Texopa n along with ,
loincloth design is unique in the Mendoza and Matricula, but un- parrot feaiheis and slaves (neither of which is reflected in the Men-
fortunately the Matricula provides only the gloss tattzoatU maxtiati doza tribute tally; PNE 4:55). In the Colonial period the towns of
(400 lomdoths). The design on the bi^K and skirt, however, is Tama^lapan, Nochizdan, and Yancuithn contiiuied as protmnent
more usual, with the customary red rectangle at the neck opening centers of cochineal production (Lee ! 947 - 1948:464). This highly
and two horizontal red bands. Also ciLstomary was its quantity: 400 valued red dye was derived from a microscopic insect {Cocais catti
loads were doe every six months, along with the rest of the dfJth- or Dactô^ cocoa) which lived on the prickly pear cwtn^" the
ing tribute." bodies of some 70,000 insects )icldcd one dried pound of cochi-
The people of Coayxdahuacan province also were required to neal (ibid.: 451). The Náhuatl name for cochineal was (and is)
ddhrer two rid) warrior costumes with their shields. The first is a neebezíB, from nedMi (prickly pear cactus) and eztS (blood).
yellow costume with a green .uul yellow "quetzal feather" head- The final item of Tribute tiemanJcd from ("oa\'xtlahuacan prov-
dress;' beside it is a cuexyo sliield. The other yellow costume, also ince was twenty gourd bowls of hne gold dust Ciold was procured
accompanied by a cuexyo shield, is unique in the Afeniait and ilf«- in the vkiiiity of diis province, and (¡logolan itself (at the south-
triaila. ('lark (19?8 1:78) argues that this is a .'h.víi r,': .//,•, "wind- eastern edge of the realm) w as a known gold-producins; area (Ber-
ing navel string" (see Ana wait essay, chapter 8 m volume I). In dan 1987b: 166-167). Cuicatlan, at the fareastern border of Coayx-
the Matrkula (1980: folio t2r) this tall cievioe is supported on a thhnacan province, gave gold (along with featheis and "stonesi") as
wrxxlen frame. its tribute." GoJd aoquisicioo Is discussed more fully under Tlapan
In addition to the clothing and warrior costumes demanded of province.
ahnan dl Aztec tributary provinces, Coayxtlahuacan recognized The tribute listed for diis province in the Jh/imadiAf of I5S4
its overlords with armual payments of ijrcenstonc, feathers and (Scholes and Adams 1957; 5]) adds one rich feathered device but
featherwork, cochineal, and gold dust. As with other southern does not include the gold dust or cochineal. It also mentions 2,000
provmces that provided greenstones in tribute, CoayxtbhoacaiA even though the Mendoza shows 1,600 mantas, 400
contrilnitidii of tw o striiiijs w is most likely jcíiiiircd through trade loincloths, and 400 wonieii's tunics iand skirts).
or other means from outside its own territorial bounds.* The Relaciones geoff apai} document the tribute of some tow ns
Many types of fietthers were prized, but none so highly as the that were conquered by the Aztecs but not incorporated into a
shiniiiK ! iiie green quetzal. This now-rare bird lived in some abun- Ma>d<>Z4i rribiit:irv province. One such town cluster lav in the vi-
dance m che "cloud forests" of southern Uaxaca, Chiapas, and cinity of Côayxtlahuacan and may nonetheless have paid its tribute
Guatemala, characteristically at elevations of 4|000- 7,000 feet through the tribute collectors stationed there. The tvpes of tribute
(Edwards 1972: 1 14). The male tail feathers were especially prized, paid consist largely of items showTi in the Mendoza for Coayxda-
draping some twcnt>' inches beyond the end of the tail (ibid.). The huacan province. To the cast of the province, the towns of Atla-
hi^WSt trees and presented some
birds (ireferred to nest in the tlaueea and Malinaltepec paid their tribute in cochineal, cotton
problems of "proper feadier pfocunment." According to one doaks, green feathers, varicolored feathers, and greenstones; these
account, items do not seem to have been produced locally, for the people
used little cotton mantas to buy them from other towns (PNE 4:
the native Indians (of Vcrapaz, in Guatemala] . . . painstak-
165). They were also required to provide warriors for Motecuh-
ingly capture (the quetzal birds] alive with some litdc nets
zoma's wars (ibid.). In the same area, the town of Tepeudla gave
and other devicei which they have for the pofpose. Thqr
mantas and jaguar skins purchased from its neighbors, along with a
poll out three or four of the prettiest tail feathers and re-
few feathers (PNE 4: 95). Its neighbor Papaloticpac paid its tribute
lease the bird so that they may bear more of the same fruit
in gold dost and garrison provisions (PNE 4 : 90).
the following year. (Mcdcl, mid-sixtccnth century, in Mc-
In the Coloaial period, Tamaôlapan paid its tribute in gold
Bryde 1945:72)
dust and local provisions of tuilwys (or chidwns), maize, firewood,
Other accounts tell of difidreot techniques: hiring the birds to and jwriw or grass (Gonzalez de Cossm 1952 : 335). Nearby Tama-
places where they habitually fed, then catching them and phKking induded gold dust, women^ amies
{olaqxui^ local Spanish tribate
104 THK 1 KlUU I K \ t.AR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 42V-43r
and skim, cacao, and honey, along wich the customary subsistence NOThS
prodncls (ibid.: 32 1). Tenpui abo gwe gold dost Obid. :467).
1 . This probably took place in the ycir 1 458. aldiough 1 45 S and 146 1 are aim
ponUe dates (Kelly uid Palenn 1952 :269). Part I of Cukx Memhza shows
REFERENCES this as a cimqncsr of MatBcuhaaiiia IHmirimiiii, and the subdued Coagn-
tiahvacHi lukr » Anmal (inUo Tv).
The Mixtc'c.i \k:\ is the land of the famed Mixtee eodiccs, among 2. Tiin|ucmada give$ a dale of I S08 (or diese events (Kdly and Ptelerm I9$2
which the must tamuus arc the Codtx SuttaU, Codex Vindobonttuii,
^78). Torqucmada also attributes a conquest of Coayxtlahuacan to Motccuh-
zotru Ilhuicamina, in 1 506 (ibid.).
and Ba&y. The relationships between glyphs (espedally

CiNfcar
?. Tcpcucil.1 was reportedly conquered by the sctond .\!<iii.'t«h/-<jnia: Papalo-
place-name glyphs) shoun nn these codices and those in Codex ticpjc p. lid tnl.iiti' r ,iii h.u uiuuu .il ii )ii(ii nn ( loayxllahuJi .ii> í
!
'HS - 1 'M'i
"1 -72). s'ii_~N(.> »js not tvpieal of Atta.
(1973). Additioml inibrautiaii on the regioa is covered in Barlow :li.i: ( <i:>yxilahii.H-jii tin- : i
5. ITie quilted cloaks were prevalent in the northwest part ul the empire and
(1949a : 1 n- 1 1 R), f ierhard (1 072 4R -
:
i:. - <;
\ QO-20 V
1 283
the black-striped ones to the northeast. The Ocuiltcci style was :ipecitic to
290), Caso (IVól; 1977), Cook and liorah (1%8), Flannery and Ocuilieca people, in Ocuilan, Tuluci, and Xoootidan provincei (tee Berdan
Marcus (1983), Dahlgren (1954), and especially Spores (1965; I9<i7a:255).
19C)~: l'''S-)) f'onijiies! itifnrrn.itiiiii is presented in Diirán (I'M? 6. Every eighty days according to the MttrkuU. The Mmdtta conunentary
(iblb 42v) Indícate» that skins were id «xompai^ the tunks.
2:185-189), Alvarado lezozomoc (1975a:334-342), Kelly and
7. This i^ glossed at oMai^MttMif on die Mmiiada UHo dMwing Hnaaie-
Palenn(I9S2t24S9),andHa5sigr(l988: 105, 166,230). AnJiaeolt^-
pec's tribute (4r).
cal iinLvT::;.iriiins .it ( ji.n-xtlahuacan are reported by Bernal ( l'>48 8 A more detailed dbcussioo of greenstone is provided under T^pequacuilco
1949J. Ethnohistorically, the Codiee de Ymbuitkn, Cádkt Sierra province.
(León 1982). and JttUtmut geognfitas (PNE 4:88-99. 163-176. 9. This was m 1575; It niii^ be guessed that the annual product im m pic
Spanish rimes was gfcater, asanming higher denund and probably a generally
183 ISQ, 20A 200; s ii'js -"") provide adiliiitin.il insights into the
laiger quetzal bird popaUikm during Aztee limes,
nature ot this province. Quetzal birds and feathers are discussed by la Sec opcciilly Sahagún (1950- 1982 9).
Edwards (1972). McBryde (1 945), and Gaseo and Voorhies (1989). 1 1. In sixKcndi-cennir)' Tiaxcala the prickly pear cactus was planted wtah the
Feathcniorking is described in dLtaii hv Sahatiún íl''50-1982 9). eaprm pvrpoie «f "boKiiig" dw tiny cochiiieal-prodiKing insecii (Loddiart,
Berdan, and Andenon t486:79-M).
Past and present uses of cochineal are examined byLec (1947-
\2 This «as in addition to tht m,inus and food given to the tribute collec-
1948), Cordry and Cordry (1968:6-7). and Sayer (1985:139- tors, and truit sent on occasion to the Mcxica garrisons (PNE 4: 185).
140) 1 he costumes and textiles of the tCgion are disCUSSCd bf
Anawalt (1981) and Bcrdan (1987a).
THE TKIBt 1 K Y EAR TO Y t.\H. t I OLIOb 42V-43r * 105
Copyrighted matsrial
FOLIOS 43V-44'"- '^^^ PROVINCE OF COYOLAPAN
.\Í--X-í'í>i/r;-
s f *< IjriMiiljn
\
\
\
\
\
\ F.tlaii
J QuiivúluiiiLin
Imfiritl Bovniéry
Prtvintitl Btanáary
Cituuac .Macuilxotl •i^^" InJtpcndtnt Stñariot
'
Coynlapiin
'^^^^^S^^KÍ^.íi-^'''/^^ • Trihuttrj Ttvns
'njk'UL'diihu
'letiqwc n
TIIF. TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 1 bin of chta

20
1 Co)x)lapan
— "On the Water of the Bell" tiles of fine gold
.
20 bags of cochineal
Also in Codex Mendozii conquest histor)' (folio I3v)
2. Etian
— "Where There Arc Many Beans"
3. Quav-xilotitlan
— ".\niong the Trees" Quaiihxilorl
CONQUEST HISTORY
4. Ciuaxacnc — luaxacic) "Where the
(I Trees Begin" Viixin
Coyolapan was probably conquered by the Aztecs in the late 1 580s,
Also Codfx Mendoza,
in 7v folio 1
Camodan — "Place of Many Sweet Potatoes"

early in .Vhuitzotl's reign.' tarlicr, under Motecuhzoma llhuica-
5.
6. rcocuiciatian
— "Placx of Much Gold" mina (1440-1468), Huaxacac had fallen to .\ztec military might
after the people of I luaxacac had killed and robbed .Aztec emis-
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest hisiory (folio Jv)
7. Quatzontcpcc
— "On the Hill of Much Hair" 1
saries and merchants." Other conquest?; of towns in this pro\incc
are recorded for Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin: Quatzoniepec and,

8. Octlan— "WTicrc There Is Much Pulque"
9.
—
Teticpac "On Top of the Rock"
again, Huaxacac
Torqucmada I'W^ 1:420; .Viva IxtlilxochitI 1%.^
(
2:318), while Teocuiilalpan was conquered by .Vhuit/.otl. \ num-

10.
—
TIalcucchahuayan "Place of Damp Land"
IL Macuilxochic
— "Place of the God Macuihochitr Iwr of other towns in this region were also conquered over the last
three decades of the Aztec empire. Barlow (l94Va:119) plots
twenty-four of these on his map, in addition to the nine iucatable
towns from the ¡Xínidoza.' These included .Miahuatlan (by Mote-
THE tribute:
cuhzoma Ilhuicamina); Tcovap<Jtlan and Mictlan (by .Vhuitzod);
The following items were given every six months: and Iiztitlan, Xalapan. Xaltianqui/.co, and Atcpcc (by .Motecuh-
400 richly worked quilted mantas zoma Xocoyotzin). Reconqucsts of Teoâpotlan and Micdan are
K0(( large white mantas alsodocumented for this last ruler (Kelly and Palcrm 1952:291-
317)^ It appears, as Davies (1974:1X1, ?35) h.is noted, that con-
The following items were given annually: quest of this region was achieved "not by a single lightning thrust
2 bins of maize but by a series of expeditions."
1 bin of beans If only the Mendoza towns are considered, the tributary prov-
106 • THK TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 43V-44r

incc of Coyolapan fucuscd un the Etla Valley m Oaxaca, at the were assigned
xica governois to Huaxacac, a Tlacaucubtlt and a
edge of whkh stood the garrison of Huaxacac. The ochcr towns Tkmhtrmbtli (Codex Memkea folio 17v). The designation of Co-
added to this province by B irlo» f ill into dcñittble dusiers to the yolapan as provincial head town may have been due to its impor-
north, east, south, and west of that valley. tance as the dominant political and miUtary power in the region at
To the east lay five towns that had been anciently subject to the the time of Aztec conquest.
powerful Zapotee kint'iiom nl rco<,apotlan (Zaachila).' This king-
dom had been ovenhrown by the Mixtees of Coyolapan shordy THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS
before its Menea cofiquest, and its leaders traveled sonth to Te-
huanrcpcc to establish a "government in exile" (Spores 1967:67; niie to« ns of C'oyiiiapan pro. iiu e t.ill >;)i:.ireK in ami around the
Barlow 194Va:121). Despite Mexica claims to the contrary (see Valley of Uaxaca, concentrating in the Etla arm of that vîshbone-
above), Teoâpotlan staunchly reported itsindependence and au- shaped valley. The settlements were dispersed and distributed
tonomy from Aztec rule, tLiiininir ihiit its tnlnjie payments to die ütiKíníj .1 mmilter ol politic al units i'cit\ -states). The largest con-
garrison at f iuaxacac were made "out of friendship" (PN£ 4: 194). centration was at Coyolapan itself, with a population estimated at
Aside from this there is no doamwntarjr evidence Ibr 13400 (Blanton and Kowalewsid 1981 : 1 12).
tribntc- p uTiicnts Irnm 'IVfKâpntlan and its subject tOwns flowing The towns tended to be situated in the valley along the base of
through the CJoyolapan provincial administration. the surrounding mountains. Huaxacac, however, was situated on a
To the west of CojmlflfMn province lay a tnountainous region hilltop caled Acatepec Blanton^ survey of a hilltop on the
(ibid.).
with six towns which recognized Motecnh/nma with tributes in west side (if the .\toyac Riwr \ielded the only "significant con-
gold and cotton mantas (RÍVIEH 1927-1928 app. 1.2:185, 187). centration of .Aztec sherds we have found an}'wherc in the vaüe/*
Apparendy diese tributes did not pcsc throagh the officials at (199) : 3 18). It isonly very tentatively suggested that diis may have
Hiiaxacu-. Similarly, the nearby to« n of Tcotzacualco paid tributes been the site of the Aztec garrison of Huaxacac.
to Motccuhzoma in greenstones ((hakbibuitl), feathers, cotton and According to Rtlacioti dt Cuilapau (1581>, Coyolapan was
henequén mtmut, and cultivated fields of maize, beans, chia, and setded in a "fine valley" with a "favorable climate." A later JMmmííi
cotton for a garrison of Mexica warrior> stationed in th.ii tow-n for that town (177"-177S) describes the climate as "mild and
(R.MEH 1927- 928 1 app, V.2 : 175). Itee towns lay on the Mix- healthful." The mountain and valley terrain yielded considerable
tec/Zapotec cultural border." variation in temperature and production potential. Above the al-
South of the Vallej- of Oaxaca, dippine inf" 'lie rci-lm of l oto- lini.il pl.iin^ tl.inkinii the .Atoyac River ipnu '-lini.: cspeci.illv fertile
tcpec, lay three towns that may have j;auicd special lonMiieratiun and well-watered landsj, extended a senii-arid thorn torest pied-
in their relations with Motecuhzoma by virtue of their proximity mont priddy pear cactus). At higher elevations
(with in esquite and
to that enemy kingdom, (ûixtlan carried on wars with .i Tototepec ihe ilf'n lorcst gave way to mountain forevts of oak and pine
town (RiMtll 1927-1928 app. 1.2 : 115). while CoatLin paid the (Sniiih ami Hopkins 1983:14-15). Lowland irrigation agricul-
Meidca luler gold dust and mama!. Motecuhzoma reciprocated ture benefited from usually reliable water sources: rivers, streams,
with genu it puirtucion for their borderland wars (PNIi! 4; 1.Í .Í), springs, and a generally high water table (Flannerv 19H.?:.Í24).
Coadan was politically uneasy; the people of that town rebelled Therefore, the upper reaches of the mountains were cold and for-
against their local ruler and requested IQ be incorporated into the ested, the lowlands pleasantenough to support crops of sweet po-
Aztec empire (ibid.). None of these towns, however, appears to have tatoes, anonmr, and various fruits, and the piedmont conducive to
had any actual ties with Coyolapan province, and Barlow seems to exploiting mesquite, maguey, and prickly pear cactus (ibid.; Pad-
have includcil them there by reason of geographic con\enience. dodc 1966:42). This last plant served as host for the tiny dye-
To the north were a series of mountain towns that liad been ¡noducing cochineal insects. Wild animals and birds, ranging from
conquered by die Aztecs; four of them paid tribune 10 Motecuh- deer and wild boar in the mountains to macaws, p.irrots, and rab-
zoma in green te.ithers and greenstones.' Fhey obtained these ex- bits in the lowlaDds lentifiil (ibid.:4)). The Ma|)le crops of
otic goods by trading small mmttas for them in towns fifteen to maize, beans, squash, and chiles could be grown throughout the
twenty leagues distant (RMEH
1927-1928 app. T.2 124). While : Valley of Oaxaca and up the mountainsides, risking frost damage at
these towns are not listed on the .Mendoza tally, two of Motccuh- high elevations (Smkh and Hopkins 1983:14). A river ninnmg
zoma's tribute collectors from the "Province of Huaxacac" col- down from the sierra just to the north of HuazacK reporMdIy car-
lected this tribute for the iMexica ruler (ibid.). The Zapotee town ried gold (ENE 4: 142).
of Ixtepexi, slightly north of Mendoza 's Coyolapan province, paid Most of the territory in Coyolapan province had traditionally
its tribute in gold, green feathers, deer, maize, turkeys, firewood, been controlled by Zapotee rulers. However, in the two centuries
and personal service to the garrison at Huaxacac. The noidocal prior to Aztec conquest of the region. Mixtees from the west and
gold .inJ te.iihers \itre reportedly acquired by working on fields in north had gained political footholds in the area. .Marriages formed
Ichuantepec tor approximately six months of the year." While the between Mixtee and Zapotee ruling families provided the ground-
conquered towns in this northern region are not actually listed in work for these incursions, leading to the setdement of Mixtees at
the Mendoza for Cloyolapan pruv ince, thev may li.ne nonetheless Coyolapan and their eventual cMiK|ue^ts <>)'
Tl( iv.ipi itl.Jii. .Mictlan,
contributed to its gold tribute. The other goods helped support and Teticpac (Spores 1965:965-967, Paddock 1966:41). I hc Rt-
the garrison and, perhaps, die loeally surianed tu ooilecton uid Uem de Cmlmpm (ibid.) rehtea that "tiiaie Mixtees dum that they
governors. subingateil almn-it all the Zapotees in rhc Oax.ica vallcvs and re-
While Co\ ulapan was the head town of the tribuury province, ceived tribute from them." Archaeological explorations in the re-
the focus of administration and tribute collection seemed to be at gion have revealed Mixtee influence at a majority of Valley of Oa-
Huaxacac. There. Motecuh/oma had a garrison stationed tO SSSUre xaca -ites, nlthfiugh Zapotee ind Mivtec cultural tndition'i .ippcar
open avenues of transportation (presumably for troops and mer- to have cuniiiiued "side by side with little or no visible blending"
chants} to Tehuantepec and Guatemala (PNE 4: 194).* Two Me- (Spores 1965:965). Despite Mútec political importance, Ziapotec
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 43V-44r • 107
continued ta be the feigning language of the regjoB, with only the kxidao may have reached Tenocfatidan,'' but the woinen^ lunks,
wesKm portion of the province being piedoininaiuljr Afixiec kxndoths, copper hoops, and xhAmori birds may have been used
(ibid.; Barlow 1949a: 123). by resident Mexica at lluaxacac iPNl 4 I')8). Likewise. !
Tedqiac^ tribute of turkeys, hares, rabbits, deer, and honey could

TRIBLTF have easily been consumed locally (ibid.: 1 1 1).
The tribute listed for Qiyolapan in the Información of 1554
The tribute paid by this province lo its Aztec owerlords reflects, to (Scholes and Adams 1957: 51 -52) mirrors that in the pictorial tal-
some degree, the natural resources of the region. lies. The 1554 aooovnt does spedfy that the l,200fiMMttrwereiobe
The proWncc's semi-annual clothing tribute was rather unre- paid every eighty days and indicates that each bin (one each of
markable. Coyolapan paid 400 loads of richly decorated quilted maize, beans, and chk) conuined 4,100 fanepis. The Mem«riai 4t
nmm, with borders of yellow, gnat, «nd red. These qoiited mm- ht PuMtt names Eda and Coyolapan as towns whose tributes were
r<tr somewhat resemble those p.iiil by other proviiiccs (e.g., Aool> dhñdedamongdwdureeTripÍeAII)anoerolers(ENE 14: 120-121).
huacan, Axocopan, Tepequacuiico), although Coyolapan^ have
mohicolored rather than black and white borders, and its quilted
design is more eiaboiiiri.- I'Lth.ips ihe people ot Côvolap.in pnn - REFERENCES
ince had their own traditional stj'le of such mamas, which the
A great deal of archaeological imi cthndhistoru work has been
Aztecs then demanded in tribute. Aside from these specially worked
done on and around the Postclassic V alley of Oaxaca. .'\n excellent
items, C>)yi)l:ip in delivered S(K) loads of large, plain white clo.iks,
recent review, analysis, and bibliography of such work is found in
labeled quatbtii m the Matricula (1980: folio 12v)." Cotton for the Flannery and .Marcus cspeciallv notable here are Topics Í
weaving of doiks was imported, some at least from Tehuantepec,
and 81-99. Other intbrmative works on the area include Blanton
Xalapa, and \cxapa, all south and east of this province (ñ4E
Bhmton and KowalewsU (1981), Whitecotton (1977).
et al. (1981),
4:103, 107. 113). Caso (1962), .Spores n96i). Chance (1978), Nader (1969), Dc-
Coyolapan was the most distant province from Tenochtidan to
Cicco (1985), Marcus (1980), M. E. Smith (1973). Barlow (1949a:
have paid trilnite in bulky staple foodstuffs. TIic Spanish annota-
lt8-125X and Gethard (1972:48-52, 71-74, 88-91. 143-144.
tions and comments Mendoza state that two bins ot maize,
in the
IÍH-160, 100-10?, :5S-260). Tototepec, the .Mixtee kingdom
one of beans, and one of chia were due annually. The Matricula to the south which escaped the Aztec imperial discussed
net. is
(folio 12r) shows only one bin with a kernel of corn, a bean, and
by Da vies (1968: 181-213). ¡¡êofri-dficas for towns in the
Relaciones
numerous small black dots (probably representing the chia).'-'
province and reeion are found PNF, (4:9-23, 100-154, 177-
in
CMier staples produced in the region were surely delivered to sup» 190-205). md
182. R.\lF.n (1927-I92K app.T.2:n4-146. 180-
port the carrison at Hu.i\jcac,"
191). Some of these have been translated in Paddock (1962). Addi-
Specialized goods from this province consisted of annual deliv-
tional information is found in (iarcia Pimentel (1<>04: 50- 70) and
eriesof gold and ooduneal. Tim gold wes to be delivered in the Lpistoiano de Suna Espaiia {ESE 4: 142-146; 14; 12Ü- 121).
form of rwcnt) round tiles, "the size of a medium plate and the
thidoicss of a thumb" (Codex Mendoza tblio 43v). Coyolapan wa:,
one of six roughly condguovs provinces to pay tribute in gold; if
not locally available, it was certainly in a region through which NOTES
merchants passed carr)ing such high-value commodities. Ilie land

1. Tbt AMaktdtTbttkkii{í9«M}t»miaaainq/mitm
of the Qiinantecs, bordering the extreme northern part of Coyo- (1969 1 ; 186-187) in 1489. ud Alva btlibncbid (1965 2 :28I) in I486. Ceda
lipui province, wa.<; a known gold-producintr area, and Día/ del MvnJoza (folio I}v) places die conquests of Cogmiapan and Teocaithlpan
Castillo (1963 265, 268) speaks of the Cihmantccs and Zapotees

: m ulwi in this pruvince) during the mle of Ahuinod (1486-1502). Kelly and
a single breath regarding the availability' of gold.'* Spores (1965:

Piilenn, however, idouify die Coyohpm of these documcmed conqucHs as
Coyulapa. Puebb (1952 }05>. :
968), however, feels it is likely that metals were imported. Blanton 2. Füur Mexica noblemen, iccompanied by rucnn-cigfat mcfchaots. were
and Kowalewski (1981:112-113) emphasize the high degree of transfMirtini; p>ld Just, ilecp blue sumes imiiilail xihuitl- (or MoteruhEomi^
economic specialization and interregional trade in the Late Post- diadem and lor setting wirli le.irliersl. ruli ie.ilh(.r tii.uekl\ witli tolil (nu-
(honioil), shields, shells, .imi j vellow culunne Js;ent lor ;i.iini!ni; íccli/n-.íuiili)
daasic Valley of Oaxaca." Whatever the sources of the raw materi-
I
I.Vivarado Ici-ozomoc i>-fi. Ihi-c luxuru- ti r 1.-1 si ind king were

als, diis seems a small tribute in hixuries for an area so latided for lK.-ing cjrried from the (iult oast when the be.ircrs were intercepted near
its artistry ingoUl and mosaic work (see Saville 1920). HuaxaiJc.
As with the Unds of the Mixtees to the north and west, the Val- V The timns <it (.îijt/i)nle[He and TeiKuilUtUn still elude ¡¡co^phie
identiiicatiiHi.
ley of Oaxaca was an important cochineal-producing area. Coyola-
pan pnnincc paid twenty bags of this dx tstutT .ninu.illi, m every
4. According M the Cato rcAM«M-iÍMMiiw(i964- 1967: Mm
was oanquenMlin l494mdTea(a|MMfanin 14Í95,diiriii(AhiiÍBinl'!iia%B'
eight}' days (according to the Mamada 1980: foUo 12v). For more 5. TeiMidindetWJIe,Micdaii,aikhicapiiuTlacoluti,aiidTfaliiMCM
details on cochineal, see the discussion of Coayxdahnacan province. 4i 105, 116» 145, 144, 179). Macuibochic^ inchided in Otyoiaptn pnwlnoe,
If indted tribute from the northern pcripher il town of Kti pcxi was slaa «ppawmlyoBce aubject coTVoyafodm (a)ld.;102).
was gathered at the iluaxacac garrison, then their gold tribute may
611 Of Ae Á
"piidilM pefioles," three were Mixtee, two were Zapotee, and
OliewttUMIied(ied(RMEH 1927 |9:8app. T2 :l8.f-^1<)1).
be represented in Coyolapan^ provincial tribute. Similaily, the 7. ThcK lowm were Atcpec. .\altianquii«o, lecuicuilco, and (^ôquupan.
gold dust contributed by Tcotitlan del Valle may have Itet-n ham- The greenstones were considered of "poco pttao," mull nine (RMEH
mered into the round gold tiles, and their tribute manias added to 19:7-19:8 jpp t:: i:4-i:5),
H l'\h 4 Iri he people of Ixtepexi paid «ineurrem iribiitf ru Mixtee and
Tributes from individual towns listed for this
I
CoyolapaiA total.**
Mexlcj lords, uho h.id eonqucred them in turn- I ke .Mixtee kingdum oí
province in the MenJozj may have been used locally and not served
Coyolapan h.ui extended its coni|iMst inH> dw
Zipoicc Rgion shoii}|r bcfcue
as part of the aimual and scim-aimual assessments. For example, the Mexka armies arrived.
the white oocton miKar and maize paid by die town of (}aav»- 9. Holt (1979: 37)) dmifics dm as a oomnwrdal girrison.
108 • THE TMBtfTE VEAlt TO YEAR / rOLIOS 43V-44r

10. Both oí diese Rtladants are tmtnljtcd iiitu Kiifjlish in Phííih^ i 1962: 1 5. The author-^ cite the large quantities of obsidian ftnind archacologicaJly ia
38-44). the valley; the sources of ofaaidian wete far to the naidi in and aninnd the
11. iMímar with tbe triangnljr insert arc fburui throughout the Mendoza ind Valley of Mexico.
Mairiaát, and are variciusly glasnd as tjiuuhtü (\mf)t white cotton cloaks), (a- 1 6. fcutitlan del Valle aim paid ii> tribute in turfc«y», chiles, and "yndios pur
wtmtíganemy, ¡Mlmuli ^n^gueyîba dada), or juK OmaiS (dmk; Mm- eidavos"(PNE4:106).
aíttkde THtew imfoÜM H
5r, Ar, tiv, i tr, 12«}.
12. Tlii*«oddM|ggat«tebÍB«tchofBMiae,lwaiit,anddib.
17. Hie tfibuics froni thit town were gatbncd up hy three didfetent tribuie
oollccnn: one local, one firofln Huaaacac, and one fitom Caaystlahnacan. The
1). There wa« at«> a garriion ar neaity IVomeuateo (Barlow I949i; 125). MMWor and nuiic were delivered to MoMcuhtonu ciu««^ thif last caipixi¡ui
14. In rhc carlv ('alnni,il period. Tcriqiac and Krian paid part oftheírtlíblRe (PN£4:IW).
in gold dust (Gonzalez dc Cossio 1952 18), 442).
:
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 43V-44r * 109
FOLIOS 44V-45r: the province OF TLACHQUIAVCO
— Imptriét Bounitry
- Provtnttat Boundary
Inirfradtnt Señaritt
• Trihumry TtVHI
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: Xocoyotzin, probably in 1511 or 1512 (Anales de Tlatelolco 1948:
17-18; Codex Teíleriano-Remensis 1964-1967: folio 42v; .\nderson
1. TIachquiavco — (TIachquiyauhco) "On the Place Outside and Barlow |94i;4l4-415;Hassig 1988:232), However, there had
the Ball Coun" been a history of earlier Triple .Mliance military incursions into this
Also in Codex Mendoza ct)nt|uesi history (folio I6r) region,' probably incited by the of traveling Aztec merchants
2. Achiotlan
— "Where There Is Much AchioiF"
(Duran 1967 2 :417; .\lvarado
killing
Tczoromoc 1975a: 597-599).-

Also in Codex Mendazii conquesr historj' (folio I5v)
h usual that the cabeceras, or "head towns," were conquered
3. Qipotlan
— "V\Tiere There Are Many Zapote Trees" is
before or at the same time as other towns recorded in a given Ma-

Alio in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio I3r) tricula/ Mendozj prownce. However, this last con»|ucst rec<irded in
these documents may have reversed this; TIachquiauhco itself was

conquered by Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, as was the town of Achio-
THF. tribute: tlan. But the third town includcil in this tribuiary province, (âpo-
dan,' was probably conquered earlier, by .\liuitzotl {Codex Mendoza

folios I3r, I5v, I6r; Kelly and Palcrm 1952:305). This rather
400 large white mantas fragmented conquest history reflects the comple.xiry of the political
The following items were given annually: organization in the .Mixteca Aha prior to Aztec imperial onslaughts.
This, along with the province of Coav-xtlahuacan, was the land
I warrior costume with /¡uetzalpatzactli device, and shield
of shifting Mixtee kingdoms. In the TIachquiauhco region, both
20 bowls of fine gold dust
TIachquiaucho and Achiotlan were important Mi.«ec centers, and
5 bags of cochineal
TIachquiauhco was ruled by a "great lord" who may have been to
400 handfuls of quetzal feathers
some small extent controlled by the lord at Tilantonco (Spores
1967:66). If (jlapotlan were to be equated with Tcoâpotlan (to-
day's Zaachila), then this would include a rather distant Zapotee

CONQUEST HISTORY
kingdom in the tributary province of TIachquiauhco.'
Of the thirty -eight provinces recorded in the tribute section of Co- The Mixteca .Mta was a region of well-developed warfare and
dex Mendoza, TIachquiauhco was the last to be conquered by the shifting alliances. TIachquiauhco and Tututepec fought against
Aztec armies. This occurred during the reign of Motec-uh/.oma Mitlatonco (PNE 4: 79), but TIachquiauhco and .-\chioda also had

their wars against Tututepcc (Spores 1967: 14). The region oon- ter of six contiguous tributary provinces that paid tributes to liie
troned by Tutntepec, dtrecdy to the soodi of Thchqutaahoo prov- 1 ripie .\lliance in gold or gold objects (see Ben) an 1987b: 164-
ince, was m vt r ronquered by ilie Triple .\lliance forces. Despite 168). The gold was probably procured locally, as it continued to be
Its location along a historically hostile border, no Mcxica fortresses in Colonial times: at some time prior to 1560 Achiotlan was re-
or garrisons seem to have been installed in this province. its quired to pay eight containers of gold dust (each worth ten pesos)
line incorporation into the empire's tribiir.iry ;má .idniinistrativc c\i ry si\r\ d.iys i;(7on?.;ikv de Cossio 1952: 1 .V).
qntem, there may not have been sufficient time to develop for- Cochineal, of which 'l iachquiauhco gave five bags in tribute,
tifications m garrisou in this area, or die Trqile AUianoe powen was an important product of the Mixteca Alta. This prized dye is
m:n line preferred ID deploy dieirfercea alaagoifaer,nMiiK pKSB- ilisciisvLi! in í,-rc.¡l<.r depth under Coayxtlahu.u -in prov incL-.
ing borders. The final item of tribute tor TIachquiauhco and its two compo-
Ahhongh nor indoded in this Mmitu provinoe, the town of nent towns was 400 bundles of quetsal feathers. Quetzal birds were
Mixtepcc appears ro have maintained some relationship u irh Tlach- probably not native to this r<:£;ion, the feathers jrri\:ne in the
quianhco (Spores 1967:55), perlupc as a direct dependenc)' (Bar- province through trade with either Miahuatlan or Tututepec (Ball
low 1949a: 1 12). It maintained a mlerdiip with apedfic Intimacy and Bntddngton 1978: 1 1 3)."
and succession requirements (Spores 1967:139). Formal rules of The Informadón of 1554 precisely reiterates these tribute de-
succession may also have applied to the nearby town of Tlacotcpcc mands in type and quantities, it describes the warrior costume
Spores 1967: 142- 143X dtfaoagh its tdatiiMiship with Tlacfa- headdress as resembling the witig of a laige bird and spediies that
quianlioo is undear.' each bowl of gold dttst equaled 232 pesos of gold (Scholes and
Adams 1957:52).
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INH.\BIT.\NTS
1 lachqniauhoo was located in the Alixteca .'\lta, in an area de- REFERENCES

softed M generdly cool and dry (Gerhard 1972:283). Tlach-
1 he .Mixteca Aita is bro,idl> dcxuinented, although riachquiaohoo
quiauhco itself lay in a valley, although in general rhe region en-
is often only peripherally mentioned. Nonetheless, major works
compassing this provmce was rough and mountanious. Achiotlan, in
on the region by Dahlgren (1954), Flannery and Marcus (1983),
TIachquiauhco tribntary province, was located well outside Tlach-
Cook and Borah (1968), Spores (1965, 1967, 1984). and Caso
quiauhco's \aIK s. is presumably was (âpotlan.' The dom.iin of
1 1 ill contribute to an understanding of TIachquiauhco in the
this Mixteca iMuttzgu (kingdom), then, appears to have extended
broader region. Other references on the province include Barlow
over a considerable area.'
(1949a: 1 12- 1 13), ííerhard (1972:283-290). Hassig (1988:223-
While this area seems to ha\c been lienselv oirupK-d I>1 prt--
235), M. E. Smith (1973), the Rclaaon de Tilantongo (PNE 4:69-
Spanish times, valleys lo the north (N'oLlii/ilan an<l I ainai,(>iapan)
87). Retaaon de Mistepec (RAIEH 1927-1928 app. T.2: 142-146),
had considerably denser populations (Spores 1984:49, 96). The
Balland Brockington (1978), González de Cossio (1952: 13-15),
population of the Tl-icIu|ui.iuhco and Achiotlan V'allevs tna\- have
and dM Smim ie yiam (PNE 1 : 282-283).
reached a maximum ot 2U,UU(J each, with, ot course, additional
populations in more isolated subject towns (ibid.).' The dominant

Ungua^ oí the regi<Hi was Mixtee^ with a Trique minority to the
anuh(Geriiaid 1972:283). NOTES
Hadupliailhco (today's Santa Maria Asunción Tlaxiaco) was
1. TheTripIc Affianeeanmcf haddevaslaladtheReariiy nmrnsofXaliepec^
situated on a north-south route leading from the Mixteca Alta to Icpaupec. and Cuammecaii, poarilily as early as lS0}-l504(Hnng 1988:
the Pacific coast. It was apparendy a major trade and market center 223).
sening wide 2. Alvjrjijd Tc/n.'i I'^Tvi milu', tlit; rm.nli uits js nzlomtca.
a area, as it does today (Spores 1967:55; 1984:82). 'III. I. I : n'l.
ITiesi- wctf ilif ^llv^^ll^^.•î íTKTt Karus oíteii used by ihe Meuca rulers as spies.
Major crops in the area where the traditional maize, beans, squash,
Kelly .in.l Rik'Mi) >:i'^5M(i5) identify Capadla ai Zaadiila, "fonncriy
and chiles, although specialties such as cochineal were significant Tco7.apotbn"' (sec P.\'E 4: 190).
to the pre-Spanish and post-Spanish economy of the region. Per- 4. This identification, however, is somewhat unlikely if only on the basis of ge-
haps reflecting pre-Hispanic patterns, TIachquiauhco^ Coloaial ographical distance. See ihe discussion of Zaachila under Coxnlapan province.
5. Barlow adds TIaoolcpec to this tributary province; it was conquered by the
spectalisatioas focused on lumber and wood products and doth
Anee uiiiíh^ but hs mtainmhip with the unpiie and wiih TIachquiauhco
production.*
prnHnee it not ipeeified Qlarbw 194911: 1 12)^
6. Mhicpac,tfadepeadsiiqfofTÍadM|alaiihci^tmfcKai«dlndttiBOMmaiM
10 the west, while Aduodin was to thie cut. Gedianl (1972:285) menriom
TKIKl I F.
that Acfaiodan was an impomni religious center.
7. Spores (1967:55) indicates thai TIaciiquiauhco's subject towns were k>-
The tribute demands of TIachquiauhco province paled somewhat
Ctiedai br as eight leagues frntii I'Uchquiauhco.
in comparison to its Mixteca Alta neighbor, Coayxdahuacan.'* 9. Gerfwrd (1972 289) mcnnons cighi
: siibicct ijh(trtn\ jm! ¡iD^sibly oin- luin-
TIachquiauhco gave only 400 loads of large cotton cloaks, undeco- drcd tstiiiKm under the iurisdiction of TIachquiauhco.
rated." It also was required to deliver only one warrior costume V he wcKjtl products included hirninirc, plows, and ox yokes that were un-
I
diiubtcdlv Spanish introductions, and hoes and containers that could have had
annually: this was a yellow costmne with green-feathered head-
prc-Hi>.|iJtiu iintvcedcntv While cloth wj?i iiimIc oI both wool and cunon in
dress, identic,)! to on».- p ud hv nt :;rb;. roa\-xtlahuacan. The shield
Colonial times, only the conon-cloth production would be a ffHWilWHHIWl flf
beside the liachquiauhco warrior costume is a green and yellow pre Spanish native patterns (Spores 1 984; l?4 1 15)
jwulcsliuifair style, iriiile that accompanying die Goayxdahoacan 10. This (olio U mis.sing in the MatruuJa tie Inhunn
11. In the Matricida, cloala with a triangular design (as iecn on chi$ doak im-
CtKtumc is a mexyo shield (see folio 43 r).
age a rc vanously glossed (see Coyolapan pmvincc, note 1 1 }. These cloaks were
i
The remaining annual l iachquiauhco tribute repeats that found

10 be delivered twice a year {evety á^üf days aceacdii^ to the Atanniik).
for CotQonlahuacan, although in lesser quantities. Tladiqitiaalico 12. Ahhough TUdiquianhm aod the Azteca waned wMi IVimiBpec^ tnde
gam tirea^ bowb of fine gold dust. This provioce is ainong a dus- oAca mmonded nch hoidlitiet (lee Beidtn I9S5).
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO year/ FOLIOS 44V- 45 r • 111
Cüpj y ¡ed matsriaf

FOLIOS 45v-46r: the province of tochtepec
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: THE TRIBUTE:

1. Tochtcpcc— "On the Hill of the Rabbit" The following items were given every six months:
2. Xayaco
— "On .Mask"
the
3.
— ".Xmong Much Bamboo"
Otiatitlan
1,600 richly decorated mantas
4.
—
Coâmaloapan "On Water of the Captive Weasels"
the
800 striped mantas
5. Mixtlan
— "Where There Are Many Clouds"
400 women's tunics and skins
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)' (folio lOv)
6. Michapan
— "On the Water of the Fish" The following items were given annually:
7. Ayottintcpcc
— "On the P)Tamitl Hill" quetzattototl warrior costume and shield
8. Michtlan
— "Where There Are Many Fish"
1
tlabanitectli shield
9. Teotlilan
— "Place of the Sacred Ink" 1
1 hack de\icc of yellow feathers

10. Xicaitepec
— "On the Hill of the Gourd Bowls" 1 gold diadem
11. Oxitlan
— "Where .\bounds"
0.r/f/ 1 gold headband
12. Tzinacanoztoc
— "In the Cave of the Bat" 1 necklace of gold beads
1 J.
— "On the of the Bird"
Tototcpcc Hill necklace of gold beads and bells
14. Chinantlan
— "Wliere There .Many Chinanteca"
.\re
1
3 large greenstone (chalchihiiití) beads

15.
—
Ayoîntepcc "On the of the Hill Turtle" Little 3 necklaces of all-round greenstones (chalchibuitt)
16. Cuezcomatitlan
— ".Among the Granaries" 4 necklaces of greenstones (chakhihuitl)
17. Puctlan
— "Where There .Much Smoke" Is 20 lip plugs of clear amber, decorated with gold
18.
—
Tetcnian "Where There Arc Many Gods" 20 lip plugs of cr\'stal, set in blue smalt and gold
19. Yxmatlatlan
— "Place of the Blue Face (Tlaloc)" 80 handfiils of rich green (quetzal) feathers
20. Yaoclan
— "Where There Are Many Enemies" or 16,000 balls of rubber
"Place of War" 4 bundles of rich green feathers trimmed with
21. Toztlan
— "Where There Arc Many Yellow-Headed Parrots' yellow feathers
22. Tlacotlalpan
— "On the Divided Lands" 8,000 little handfuls of rich blue feathers
material
8,000 little handhils of rich red featheis Tochtepec province was densely populated and rich in resources,
8,000 Ihde handfuls of ridi green fetdwis inchiding gold, cacao, cotton, fish, aquatic birds, and a wide variety
100 pots of fine liquidainlMr of foodsmfis (Motolima 197] ::2'i-:.K), PNT 4:46, PNE
200 loads of cacao 5 : 3, 8). Pottery, textiles, and mats were important manufactures in
the colder reaches around the town of Chinandan (FNE 4 : 68).
In addition to its wealth in natural resources. Tochtepec was a
CONQL F.S 1 HIS ORV 1
major Aztec trading entrepot. Long-distance professional mer-
chants firom several Valley of Mexico cities frequented Toditepec,
Tochtepec was the southernmost of the provinces claimed as a
u.;rii: II IS ,1 "resting -itul rturdiipliig si.aioii" as they prepared for
conquest for the Texcocan ruler NezahualcofOtl (Alva Izdibcochitl
ditticult journeys beyond the imperial boundaries (Sahagún 1950-
2; 1''" - 1<'H). Ik- rc|H)rtcilly i(in(|iK rc'd Tochtc|>ec after final-
1982 9: passim).* Pfcbteca fttwn diose cities apparendy maintamed
izing conquests further north in Tochpan and Tzicoac. According
factors in Tochtepec in rusideni of the lomtminitw .ind
to a Medca-oriented chronicler, however, it was the armies á grand feasts and banquets were hosted by tlie merchants there
.'';;rT-;i,\
Motccuhzomíi II!niÍL:imin;) th.n pi.ni.Tr;iri.i1 rhis region. ;is partof

(ibid.). Tochtepec was indeed situated at a convenient transporta-
Motccuhzoma's conquests ot Icpcacac and lluaxacac (¿Xlvarado
tion ncv'js linking routes to Huaxacac fOa.xaca), Teotirlan, and Tc-
Tezozomoc I97$a;)«0). The historical section of CóJex Mtmbta
huacan (and thence to the Valley of Mexico), and along the coast.
sheds little more lipht on the comiuest of this repion; of all the
towns listed on 'I'ochtepec's tribute page (t>('enty-two ot them),
only one (Mixtian) is also found in part 1 . Mixtlan is reported there TRIBUTE
as amqucrcii by .Vxavacatl. ntit the first Mntcaihôma.' Kelly and
The richness of Tochtepec province is vividly reflected in die trib-
Palerm (1952:219) attribute the conquests ut iochtcpcc, Chi-
ute dein.!nds placed on it. N'czahualctn-otl's rcc-ordcd annual trib-
nantlan, Otatitlan, and Cotamaloapan to the first Motecuhzoma.
ute from this province included tbrty loads of rich tnantas, twenty
According to Alv.i IxtliLxochitls account, Nczahiuilcoyot! pliccd
loads of rich shuts 'Swoven in fine ocioet," dUrty-three loads of ca-
a tribute collector named Toyectzin along with a garrison ot war-
cao (in addition !•> rht- tulti\'iri<iii ufa field of cacao). 2,000 rxibber
riors in conquered Tochtepec. Beyond thb small statement, the ac-
balls, 4(K) sacks uf cochineal, many feathers, and warrior costumes
tua! administration of this region remains rather obscure. Tochte-
made of quetzal feathers. To this was added an unspecified amount
pec itself had a large Mexica garrison (Cortes 1977; PNE 4:61);
of sen-ice in Tcxcoco's royal palace i \W:i Ktliixochit! 1965 2 :
198).'
towns in its province and regionsentthefa'tribatesas well as judi-
This IS one ot the most resplendent ot MfJidoza's tribute tolios;
cial problems direct!;, rn Tochtepec's tr-irnson or I'nscrnor (PNK
unfortunately, it is missing from the Matrícula. There are, there-
4:48, 61-62).-° Additionally, Tlacotlalpan and ib¿tlan had resi-
fore, no \;il-.iiat! glosses by which to idenril\' unique items (of
dent Modca tribute ooDectois (PNE 5:2, 5).
v^ hicii tiiti e are several in Tochtepec province).
The tally of tribute begins, as is customary, with the clothing
Tochtepec province paid especially large quantities of
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS tribute.
fanc)' cloaks.'' The tirst cloak (41)0 loads) is woven in a red and
Tochtepec and its tributary touns were largeh' oriented along white swirling conch-shell pattern, idcntitiablc as a tecucizio tibnatli
major inland-to-coast rivers, and only a few towns in this province raiixio, "the cape with the conch shell design, bordered with eves"
were situated at any distance from these major arteries.' .Aside (Sahagún 1950-1982 8:23; Clark 1938 1:80). Clark (ibid.) sug-
from casing transportation, the rivers were valued sources of fish gests that these cloaks were woven using rabbit fiir {tocbomití) and
and gold (PN'E 4:64). The dimate tended to be hot and humid* feathers. The ne.vt three THonta images (totaling 1 ,200 loads), woven
with heavy summer rains (PNE 4:45-46, 59, 6J). in gray, yellow, and red respectively, all display the symbol of the
On the basis of proximity, Barlow (1949a: 93) adds the town of fod ofpuifye, OtMeucbtti. Üdedie central |KJt figure is the curled
Ucila to Tochtepec tributary province. Ucila recognized Motecuh- yattmmtli {pu¡qut gods' nose onument) symbol, a prominent fea-
zoma Xocoyotzin as its overlord, but paid tributes direcdy to him ture of the pulqut gods (see ibid, and Codex MagfUhiMmo 1983:
rather than through l ochtepcc (but also sec note 2). 'Iliese annual folios 37r-4Sr, 73r).* These vumsas afl have the jncstigions ttntxyw
tributes consisted of a "present" of a golden shield, a quetzal border.
feather device, and two necklaces of rich gold beads for Motecuh- Tochtepec province also paid tribute in 800 loads of snqied
zoma and his wife (PXF 4 47-48).* Despite the feet that
: Udia is cloaks" and in 400 loads of women^ tunics and skirts widi their
not included on folio 46 of Codex Mendña, its "presents" dosely characteristic red bands."
resemble some of the items depicted on that page. The single warrior costume cm this folio is a tme-of-a-ldnd item
The southwestern portions of Tochtepec province bordered on in the Mendoza. The suit itself is plain yellow, but its back device is
the lands of the Chinantec, parts of which remained unoonqucrcd a gracehil green bird in flight. The bird has a red breast speckled
by Aztec forces. This border is vafnie, and peoples described as with white, a yellow bill, and flowing green tail feathers." The oos-
Chinantec inhabited parts of thrcL V/t^L rrihur;!r\ provinces as runic .v th its device Is accompanied a green and yellow xAwftv-
well as residing in towns outside the imperial net (Berdan 1987b: iiuhqui stiicld.
167).' It, along «rithTochtepec, was a region rich in gold, as Toch tepec was also the ofdy province to deliver a sliidd unac-
Motecuhzoma told Cortes í P?" 242 - 244; Diaz del I : Castill' > I ^('i companied bv a cosnime. vihich appears to have yellow and red
265, 268). While Chinantec and also Mazatec were languages feathers attached. This is the tkhauntctli, or "whitewashed shield"
spoken along this southwestern frontier, Nahuad appears to have (see appendix G). It is also rare to see a back device without its
been the ^t iiL-r il lanpiiape of the province. N'ahuarl communities attendant costume; Tochtepec paid one of yellow feadiers, fenned
were strong along the .\lv,irado River, although some of them, in- like a bird's wing, on a wooden standard.
cluding T()chtc|M:c itself, may have earlier been Popduca towns This province was reputedly rich in gold, and this is reflected in
(Gerhard 1972:85, 301). its tribute requirements. The people of Tochtepec were required

to ddner a golden diadem and a gold headband, both with cords Wíúx the exception of the clothing, which was paid semi-
MMched. The lactcr iu it] to be one hand wide and as thick as annually, all this tribute was due on an annual basis. iMotolinia
parchment." Gold was also paid in the fonn of strings of gold (1971 : 396) indicates that the tribute was divided among all three
beads. One of these strings was made of small itmnd beads, the Triple Alliance lulers.
otfaer of obltM^ hodi with Ihde beUs attadied.'* The hcier Is A little is iBMnm about the tribute obligaikMis of specific towns.
spedlied as a collar or necklace The riverine communities of TIacotlalpan and Toztlan paid their
While jadeite or other greenstones are not noted as resources tribute in cotton clothmg, some of it decorated with images of the
native to Tochtepec, they nonetheless were prominenr ittUtt of sun and OlOOn (PNE 5:2, 5). TIacotlalpan also delivered cacao,
tribate from Tochtepec gave three large greenstone
this province. parrots, jaguar skins, alligator teeth, and greenstones (PNE 5:2).
beads, three strings of rich round greenstone beads, and fisur In the westernmost part of the province, Chinanda gave gold and
Strings of g^rccnstonc beads, alternating round and oblong. Some cacao to Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (PNE 4: 60).
sources of jadeite lay u the south, and this may have been Tocb- The textual Itâmuem of 1554 (Scholes and Adams 1957 : 53)
tcpcc's source." presents a significandy different version of the tribute obligations
Aniong the many manufactures paid by Tochtepec were forty of this province. In particular, it adds one hundred jars of honey,
Hp piufgt, adornmenis for nobles. Noblemen, such as those shown 8,000 pieces of red ocher, 8,000 skins of blue birds with their feath-
on (060 6St of Cadex Mendoxg, would wear these from their lower ers attached, 400 human statues of rubber, one string of stones tied
lip as a sign of their exalted status. Twent)' of the lip plugs given by to "dolls," and one handful of large feathers set in a stone. It omits
Tochtepec were made of amber and decorated with goldi the other die 8,000 small blue feathers, mentions 2,000 radber than 1,600
twenty were made of crystal with a bhie feather insert and set in baHs of rubber, and reqaiies fewer strings of greenstone. The
gold, .\mong the ruler's dancing array, Sahagiin (1 950- 1982 8:27) clothing tribute, while lacking the Mendoza's detail, is comparable.
includes "a long, yellow lab ret of amber in a gold setting" and "a In the Spanish Colonial period Tochtepec oontinaed its impor-
long, white labret of dear crystal, shot through with blue cotinga tance as a cacao-produdng region; m 1 565 it paid more than five
feathers, in a gold setting, which he insencd in his (lower) lip." loads of cacao mnually in tribute ((jonziicz dc Cossfo 1952:552).
While the shapes of lip plugs given in tribute from Tochtepec, Most of the cokurally prescribed luxuries provided by Tochtepec
Xbconocbco, and Cnetlaxtlan were very atrajghtforward, such in pre-Spanish times largely fell into distite under Spanish Colo-
adornments could .ilso come in the imaginative forms of pelicans, malnile.
eagles, fire serpents, boating poles, and water plants (ibid. : 27-28).
Of the materiils, gold and (euhea oonld have been obtained lo-
RF.FERFNCES
cally, while rhe amber most likely arrived throagfa trade from the
Chiapas area. The conquest of Tochtepec province is recounted in .Alva I\tlil\o-
Ibchtepec province was ridi in tropical feathers. lis feadier chitl (1965 2:197-198), .\lvarado Tezozomoc (1975a; 360). and
pnred quetzal feathers (shown
tribute included eiglity bundles of
Torquemada (1969 1 ; 160). Aztec conquests and control of this re-
wrapped at the base and held by a hand); four bundles of green and gion are also discussed by Kelly and Palerm (1952:219), Holt
yellow feathen, arranged widi the yellow feathers at the basr, (1979), and Hassig (1988). The conquistadors Hernando Cortés
8,000 little bundles of turquoise -blue feathers; 8,000 little bundles (1977:242 -244) and Bernal Diaz del Castillo (1963 265, 268) also :
of red feathers; and 8,000 litde bundles of green feathers. These discuss this rôn, as docs Motolinia (1971 :229-230). Additional
hsi three varieties probably paralld those delh«red by Xoeo- information on the region and its inhabitants is found in Barbw
nochco and are identified as feathers of the lovely cvti/riii, scarlet (l949a:93 -97), Gerhard (1972:85-88, 300-305), Bevan (19J8),
macaw, and green or Pacific parakeet (see discussion under Xoco- Scholes and Warien (1965), and PNE (4:58-68; 5:1-9). The
nochco pnwiiH.'e). Chinanda region is discussed by Delgado (I960), Espinosa (1961),
T'(i( hrcpec was the only pvt)', -r ! to pay tribute in njblicr. and it
and Weitlaner and C.istro (1954). Ucila is Ji-m rilicil in PXF, (4:
liclu tji cii 1 ,600 hails of rubber amiualiy. This was, mdced, the land 45-52). Poebteca activities in Tochtepec are presented in detail in
of the Olmcca ("People of Rubber"), altlioiq;h rubber is not spe- Sahagun (1950-1982 9).
cifically observed as a local natural resource in the sixteenth-
century documents. Rubber was used frequendy in rituals, as in
adorning imaôfgods and goddesses with liquid rubber, spatter-

NOTES
ing rubber on paper faannen, painting dried maize with liquid rub-
ber, and molding rubber into the images of gods (Sahagún 1950- I Thf entire Tcpeacac-l Iu.ivjcjc-Tixhtcpct tamp.iii;n jTtnbutcd to .\lorc-
1982 1 7. 17. 19, 26, 37. 40, 47; 2 :43, 85, 124). It was i\lo essential
: i iih/iima Ilhuieaniin.! Iiy rlit chninu liT^ is qniu- Ipiori'il m \Í: c,.''i.tj'v k ir.qucst
for the popular and ritually IntpoRant bail game. The Mendoza history. Tcpcacac is listed as a conquest, but by Motecuhzoma « successor,
commentar}' (folio 45r) states that these balls could bounce very
Axajnacatl. Tbrquenuiili (IM9 1 i 160), Iiawever, does add IbdMqxc to Mow-
cuhzoma's laurels.
high when throwTi on the ground. They were probably very hard, 2. Even L ciIj, not listed as a iribulc town in the Mrmlsza, reportedly sent a
as the ballplayers competed wearing protective garb, and iiqvrics aibote 10 Mocecuhama Xoooyooin's governor tt Tochtepec This «MSÍMed
coald be serióos (see Darin 1971:312-319). offfM, mmmb^ mati^ andfiraiB^ and wis
cacao, oonan, maiae^ cMka^ bemii
Tochtepec .list) gave in tribute one hundred pots of fine liquid- (Mid in adifidan to that ddbered Greedy by Ucila to Tenochtitlan (PNE
4:48). Some of these commodities may Invc helped support the Tochtepee
ambar, although the region noted for this product, Totonacapan,
ftnison.
ky fast to the north of this province. Uqnidambar is discnssed in 3. The dimrnnoiK of this province, including only locatibk towns listed in
detail wider Tlallauhi)uiie|)ec proWncc. d.Mr \hnJn-,i, ,irf irrc.iflv riduLt;! fr. Hn BuiowV oonoqNkn (1949a; mq>).
4- 111- ilin iimh::i1 diK'. ni)l s¡Mcih «hi(M wi(t.
Tochtepec; with its hot and humid climate, was an important I
5. Tochtepec. C.oii'ohpan. .ind ( iij\:vtlahujcan.

eacao-produdng area. It b no snrprise, then, to find an aaaeasment
6. Especially to XicaUncu and Xoconochco.
of 200 loads of cacao. 'Die characteristics aodosesofcacao are dis- 7. TCs watd>etiiiwtecftwdvetowiM,aMMiighQdhrMiwAMlMiitiiwi^
cussed under Xoconochco province. TMTO.
114 ' THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 45V-46r
S. Tinhpan irni Cuctlaxtljri paul trilmtc in hi¡;hly ik'ttinud rloalc. Ii ir m 13. Mesoamericans were adept at Üashioning exquisite objects oi gold. These
smaller quaniKics. particular items «ere most fihely hammered into their proper ihapea and
9. S«c chapter 8 by .âwalt in vvJumc for i disoiuion of the peographiul
distribution of these types
10. The fint
of amiw.
I
im^ showi nimw red and blue stripe^ die leoood, only die
sizes,
14. A similar small gold hell

iaModooOty.
w w
uneea td in ifae Templo Mayor cMawmious
id Strips. 15. Gnamme was abo paid in tribnte bjr the ndghboring pioñiioes at
11. The gims and commentary IndlcMc diat ridio aaxmpiiilcd the cunks. OaqoRlBhiiMaui and Oucdasdan, wall *• iIm moM dialaat XmmiOcIim,
12. This is the fNcod/tMBi/ (sec chapter B and ifipcmiisFbvQhune 1). T^peqnacMÍh», and Tudipa. See Berdan 1987b.
oopy iiyhiea inaieiial

FOLIOS 46v-47r: the province of xoconochco
ImptrisI B»Hnd»ry
— Prtvintiil BtmnJary
l»itptndtnt Stitrhs
Trikuttry Ttvut
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 800 handfuls of rich quetzal feathers
1 . Xoconochco
— "On the Sour Cacms Fruit" 2 lip plug's of clear amber, decorated with gold
200 loads of cacao
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)- (folio 15v)
2. A)'otJan
— "WTierc There Arc Many Turtles" 40 jaguar skins
KOO howls for drinking cacao
3. Coyoacan — (Coj-uacan) "Place of the Lean Coyotes"
4. Mapachtcpcc
— "On the Hill of the Raccoon"
2 large pieces of clear amber
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest histor)' (folio 3v)

— "Place of Many Deer"
1
5. Maâtlan
CONQUEST HISTORY
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio I3v)
6. Huiztlan
— "Place of Many Thorns" or "South" Xoconochco was conquered toward the end of .-Vhuitzotl's reign
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folios 13v. 15v) (1486- 1 502). According to Sahagún's merchant-informants, it was
7. Acapetlatlan
— "Place of Many Reed Mats" Mexican potbteca and oztvmeca, besieged in (ûauhtenanco by people
8. Huehuetlan
— "Place of Many Old Men" or "Place from the Xoconochco region and other towns, who conquered this
of the Old God" Pacific coastal province. The merchants reported being embattled
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio 1 3v) for four years, during which time they took numerous captives,
keeping the fancy accoutrements ' of the vanquished warriors for
THE TRIBUTE: themselves and delivering the regalia to .•Khuitzotl
'
(Sahagiin
1950-1982 9:3-7). In this same report, Ahuitzotl sent military
The following items were given ever)' six months: aid to the beleaguered merchants; the forces were led by the then-
2 large strings of chakhibuitl stones TUico(h(akall Motecuhzoma Xocoj-otzin. I lowcver, the merchants
800 handfuls of rich blue feathers claimed to have already assumed control of the land for the Mexica
800 handfuls of rich red feathers god Huitzilopochtli and could only politely apologize for the fa-
800 handfuls of rich green feathers tigue Motecuhzoma had suffered in his travels and suggest he re-
160 bird skins, of rurquoise-blue feathers and purple breasts turn home. By other (less self-serving) accounts, however, Triple
800 handfuls of rich vellow feathers Alliance troops under the generalship of .Ahuitzotl moved on the
116 • THK TRIBUTK YKAR TO YF.^R / FOLIOS 46v-47r

troublesome towns, oonqaering Mafatlan, then Ayotlan and
first inland canal system provided suiuble and convenient transpom-
Xolotlan, and finally XocoDOchco (Daría 1967 2:386-389). lion at such times (Navarette 1978:80).
hc incentives for conquest were perhaps twofold. Shordy be-
I The Xoconochco reflects its signifi-
linguistic history of the
fore his move on die Xoconochco region, ûitaod had conquered cance as a commercial rîcHU a meeting ground for peoples from
Tdioantepec on the Pacific coast; people from Xoconochco, Ma- neighboring districts. The andent languages spoken there were
(atlan, and Xolotlan had begun to harass and mistreat the inhabi- probabK of the -\li.\e-Zo<iucan family (A'oorhies 1^89); in 1522
tants of the conquered town because they had "let" the Aztecs most of the Indians of the Xoconochco spoke Huchuctlatccan, a
overpower tbem (ibid.: 383). The Aztecs were obligated to defend Zoquean dialect (Gerhard 1979:166). Barknr <f949a:98) adds
their siib)cct towns airainst such trouhle>;oiiiL' nt miihors; their re- .\lame, a Mayan l.inguagc, to rhis linguistic potpourri. N'ahuatI,
action to such problems historically had been tu seek conquest the language of the Aztec conquerors, was also spoken, much as
against the **troubleaiaken." This was the strategy they used here. a lingua fruMa; it was common in Xoconochco itself (Gerhard
Altcrn.itivclv. the AztBCS mu' h.'.ve hcen stiini; uito .ution bv the 1979:166).
killing uf vUtec merchants in the Xoconochco region (ibid.), which The population in this region declined rapidly in the early six-
may have some relationship to the merchants' story rekieed by Sa- teenth century, after the arrival of the Spanianls. (jerhard (ibid.:
haciiii WliLthcr harassmtni flVhuantepec or the < killini; of mer- KiO) estimates .i popul.uion of SO.OOO in 151"^. with the highest
chants (or both) was the oven motivation for conquest, these prob- densities in the most intense cacao-producing areas to the south-
lems suggest severe unrest in the region, an area of great interest to east. This may have already declined to 60,()00 by 1524, Spanish
the Aztecs for cnmmerciai cntcqirise ind rril)ur.ir\ porenri.il. diseases and r)ther influences h ivtnt: preceded the ,irri\ al of the
Despite the detail provided in these conquest reports, they are Spaniards themselves (ibid.). MacLeod (1973:71) compares an es-
not all in agreement. The Cukx Aftndtz* conquest hisfory, for ex- timated 30,000 pre-oonquest tributaries^ with a mere 1,600 in the
ample. lUtributes the cniiqucsr of Xoconochco to Morccuhzoma 1 560s and 1 570s. This may have dipped as low as 1,200 femilies
Xocoyotzin (folio 15v), as does .Sahagtin's Book oj kings and Lords (Gerhard 1979:169).
(1950-1982 8:5). Hdztian, in Xooonodico province, is recorded
as a conquest in Codex Mrndoza for both /Vhuitzotl and the second
TRIBUTE
Motecuhzoma (folios 13v, 15v). Mapachiepec, Magadan, Huehue-
lian, and Xolotian' were reportedly all oonquered by Ahuitzod The tribute arriving in Tenochtidan fírom Xoconodtco province
(Codex Mtvik:ji folio l ?v) X'oorhies (1989) suggests that the re- was especially rich in tropical lu.vuries. L^nlike most other con-
gion probably tell to iVztcc torces in 1486. quered proMnces, .Xoconochco paid no textiles, no warrior cos-
At such a distance, and widl such commercial and tribute sig- tumes, and no staple foodstulB (maize, beans, chia, and amaranth).
nificance, Xocoiioihio «:irr;!tiieii specijl politicil attention. Two These g(M)ds anil |iro<lurts were available in the Xoconochco, but
governors were installed to assure tniiute pavnients and maintain the .-^ztec conquerors in this case took advantage ot the prolifera-
peace in the region: a Tezamtettt tiamcá Omcquauh and a I'lUan- tion of tropical preciosities in this and neighboring regkms.*
calijtti with only a gjyphic name, probably AcucyotI, "Wave."' The pictorial layout of .Xoconochco 's tribute assessment is mark-
Xoconochco apparently had a history of tense relations with its edly different from that of any other province in the Mendoza or
neighbors. Prior to its conquest by the Aztecs, some towns of the the Mamada. .Vt the top of the folio, in both documents, are painted
Xoconochco were included in the Quiche state,' which continued the gUphs for two .\ztcc months: Ochpaniztii ("Sweeping ot the
to exert pressures on this rich cacao-growing region in the latter Road") and Tlaca.YÍpehualiztli ("Flaying of .Men"). 1 hese twcnt)-
fiftce nih century. When the ruler .Ahuitzotl conquered this land, day months fell in the carU fall and late winter, respectively."
he was tempted to proceed further to clash with neighboring Ciasco and V'oorhies (1989:84) observe that the.se periods of trib-
Quiche and Aiame peoples, who had traditionally warred with ute payment would be roughly coincident with the two major ca-
those of the Xoconochco (Duran 1967 2:389). However, he de- cao hancsts, one in December and the other in late June. I'hey
cided CO return with his Xoconochco prize and not push his troops note that the intervening time berween harvest and delivery would
or his supplies further. And a prize it was: Quiche, Cakchiquel, be needed for drying and packing the cacao and transporting it to
Tzutuhil, and Pipil groups ;)11 competed for control of the region^ central JVlexico.
wealth of cacao (jVlilcs 1965:279). Despite the political and mili- The tribute goods dniwTi on the folio are set up rather neady in
tary oompedtioii, the towns in this region appear to have been un- pairs, with one group of rribuic goods beneath one of the mondi
fortified (ibid.), gljphs and the other set of goinls arranged below the other month
glyph.'" There two possible interpretations to this arrange-
are
THE PROVrNCE AND ITS INHABITAN I S ment: (I) all the goods were due twice a year, making the total an-
nual tribute of the prtnincc rwice what is shown, or i2) halt of the
Xoconochco lay along a strip of the Pacific coast m prcscnt-day tribute was due during the month of Ochpanizdi, the other half
Chiapas and barely into western Guatemala, in a region well suited during TIacaxipehnalizrii. This remains an unresohwd dilemma
foi both .ii'iiculiiirt .iiu! eonunerce.' Tlic lowiis of ilii> jirovinoe (Gaseo and Xoorhus Jos'' s;-H4).
arc situated along rivers that spill from the mountains to the coast. In Codex Mmdozii tlie tribute listing begins at the top with two
The icgi<xi ranged from «teep mountains to foothills to alluvium, strings of worked greenstones. Each string shows eight stones,
and fin.illy rn mine'ovi- swamps along the coast lAoorhies 19H9), four ohiong and four round. These are identified as :h¡>!chihutt¡ in
providing a variety of possibiUties for human use of the land, riv- the Matricula (folio 13r) and in the Mendoza commentary (folio
ers, and sea. There was a maiked difference between wet and dry 46v). While always precious, there were several types of greenstone
seasons (.MacLeod 197.^: 72 1 in the Inrtcr. travel from town to classed under chaM'thnirKSiha^n 1950 |9S2 1 1 ::22- 223). and
town, traversing the rivers, was possible; in the wet season, how- this might refer to any of them. If jadcite is meant, the sources for
ever, die swollen rivets made travel by foot impossible. A natural this precious stone lay beyond the bouiids of die Xoconochco, es-
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR /folios 46v-47r • 117
pedalty to die north and east." However, Gaseo and ^fotyAus Colonial period (Bcidan 1986:297; Anderson, Berdan, and Lodt-
(I98*?:i'i2i mntc that serpentine was present locally. hart 1976:208-213).
'Ilic row ot tribute consists of six bunches of feathers, in-
next XoocxiociioD was the only province recorded in (he Maubaa to
dicating in total 800 bhe feathers, 800 red feathers, and 800 green pay tribute in jaguar dins, ealhyHittl (Mafrwwfa de Trfhaet 1980:
feathcpi. The lilue plumes :ire i(!ent:h'jil is xitlhtoiotl in the Mti- folio 1 .*r). The jaguar was "the lord, the ruler of the animals" (Sa-
trtcuia. llie bird that bore these feathers was the lovely cotmga hagún 1950- 1982 11:1). The most obvious use of these sldns was
(Catítig^ fliNriáÜD), described by Saha|pin as *an inhabitint of Ana- as coverings Ibr the nobles' high-backed seats.'* Shamans also cov>
hu.ic, a ilwcllcr in .-Vnahuac. The hill is pointed, black. Us
. . . ctcd the jagu.ir skin for its magicnl properties fibid. 2).
breast is purple, its back a really light blue, a very Ught blue, its Two rather different images of gourd bowls, lecomati, constitute
wings pate, uid its tail mixed, part bhe-green, part blad^ (1950- the next row. While the tsemfi (4€0) glyph on one bond is radwr
1982 11:21),'' This hinl, wirh its pri/cd feathers, would have been feeble, it is clear that a total tribute of SOO gourd bowls is intended,
locally available fur tribute pa)tncnt purposes. either annually or semi-annually. These hourglass-shaped gourds
The red feadiers are gloaaed as tfanAfimM (roseate spoonbill) grow on the tropical vine LtfRMrfo jtonirii, stiU cdiivace^
in the Matríatla. However, Gaseo and \'oorhies (1989:63-65) Xoconochco today TGasco and V'oorhies 1989:70-71). The gourd
suspect that this may have been misglosscd and that the aio, or on the left has a cacao bean' in its opening, suggesting that these
scarlet macaw, was really meant here. They note that while both were the special gourds used by nobles for drinking cacao @a-
birds inhabited the Xoconochco, the tliiuhiiutchol \\2á pink feathers hagiin IO50-1982 11:40). The Mendoza commentarv (folio 46v)
while the alo had red; they make a strong case tor identifying these states that these were the type used for drinking cacao. Clark (19}S
feathers as those of the scarlet macaw. 1 : 81 ) suggests that die one type of bowl (on die left) was of Stone,
The final r\-pc of feather in this row is identified as trinitnan in the other of ¡Kittcr)'.
the MatriatLt gloss. VMiilc the tzhtitzean bird had glisteiúng, re- The final items of tribute trom the people of Xoconochco were
splendent green feathers (Sahagún 1950-1982 1 1 : 20). Gaseo and two pieces of amber, glossed apozonalli in the Matricula." .•\mber is
Vborhii s p'l'Wi 6>-66) find this identification troublesome, pre- discussed in detail by Sahagún (1950-198? 1 1:225), who de-
ferring the green parakeet or Pacitic parakeet {Aratinga ip.) as scribes yellow amber (coztic apoônaUi) "as if little sp,trks continu-
alternatives." ally fly from it, as if a flame stood within it. Its flame uppcirs hke a
Two more t\'pes of feathers are drawn on the next row. The corch, a candle, very marvelous." The tvn> sliown in the Mendoza
identification of the yellow feathers is somewhat problematical. were to be "the size of a brick" (commentary, folio 46r). Amber is
They are glossed as toztli in the Matr iaila. a bird described and il- fossilized tree resin, and the only known sources in Middle Amer-
lustrated in Sahagún (1950-1982 11:23; plate 56). Gaseo and ica are in neaitiy highland Chiapas (Berdan 1987b: 171; (jasco and
Voorhics ( 1 989 66) feel that the identification of this bird by Dibble
: Voorhics 1989:75). Raw amber was transformed into jewelry, and
and Anderson as Amazona tcbnc^Mt may be in error. They ten- amber lip plugs were delivered in tribute by Tochiepec and Cue-
tatively suggest the Montezuma oropéndola (Gymmitmípt smi»- daxtlan as well as Xoconocfaoo. All three of ilKse provinces were
teztma), a Xoconochco native, as an alternative.'* on trade routes to snd from highland Chiapas.
well situated
The remaining bunches of feathers shown on this folio arc the The tribute listed in the Itûmiadón of 1554 (Scholcs and
long, shinunering tail feathers of the quetzal bird. These feathers Adams 1957:54) agrees quite closely with that listed in the Men-
are disctnsed in detail under Coayxdahuacan province. doza and Aterteb. The greatest discrepancies come with quan-
In addition to feathers, whole bird skins were to be delivered to tities: for enoiple, only fortv' annual loads of cacao are mentioned
tile Aztec overlords. These were the skins and atuchcd feathers of (instead of at least 200), three strings of greenstones are listed (in-
the xiabtontt, which amst have been a fairly common bird given stead of two), and 800 bird skins are tallied (as opposed to Mnr-
the additional pameiUS of 800 xtuhtntotl feathers. The birds arc Jozji\ 160). The writer of the 1554 dtxiiment may .ilso have been
shown with red breasts, blue heads, and blue wing and tail feathers. '
somewhat confused about the bird skins and related feathers: he

The remaining tribute ifems in this row are two lip plugs of associated red father than Uue 'iNincfaes" of featben with the bird
clear amber, set in p<>l<l, plossed as tr-jiait! in the Miitrt'cula. .Similar skins.
lip plugs were also given by Cuedaxtlan and Tochtcpcc provinces;
ÚHBf are described in more depdi under Tbditepec province. It is REFERENCES
notable here that neither amber nor gold, materials used in these
was found naturally m the Xoconochco. However, both
lip plugs, The Xoconochco region and province arc discussed by Barlow
ooold have worind didr my
bno die region fron dii^M^ |Wt (1949a:97-99), Gerhaid (1979:165-172), MacLeod (1973:68-
over (he mountains, through tnde and market channels (Gaseo 79), Navarerte (1978). .Miles (I96S), Lowe and .Mason (1965),
and Voorhics 1989:68-69). Iklbig (l'>64), Ciarcia Soto (196.Í). and FNE (1:194). Sahagún
The people of Xoconochco province were abo leqidrcd to pay ( 950- 1 982 8 and 9) discusses the Aztec conquest of this region, as
1
in tribute 2(H) loads of cacao (Thcahrcrnti ívjúm). Cacao was a prize; do Duran (1967 2:ÍRU?S<)| .uid Mvamdo Te/nômrK (1975a:
it may have been a ma|or incentive lor the .\y.tec coniûest of this 550- 56Ü). The most recent, thorough, and insightful discussion of
province, and its harvest sdiedule may have conditioned the peri- the Xoconochco is edited by V'oorhies (1989); that volume includes
o<liciry of tribute pannents (see above). To be used for the choco- an exhaustive chapter b\ (;a.sco and Voofhies «1 XoconochcO^
late drink, the cacao bean was removed trom its ¡x)d, dried, roasted, tribute to its Aztec overlords.
and ground into a fine flour. It was then mixed with water and fla-
vored with chile, honey, achiotl (a >'ellow or red vegetable dye),
NOTES
huiyiuuaztii (blossoms of a native tree), or other additives (Mac-
Leod 1973:69; Sahagún 1950-1982 1 1 : 120). It was also accepted I . These precious goods taken as the merchants' special prerogative were MB-
widely as a medium of exchange, a use that continued long into the ber lip plugs, curved gieen ear peuJano widi bells attached, Uack staves.
118 • THE TRIBUTE TEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 46v-47r

msied guan feather fan<>, in¿ netted capsi and ioindodlt (Sahagiui 1950- 12. These leathers are indeed colored a very light blue in the SUtriiUk The
1982 9:4). xiuhtotott is also described by 1 Icrnindez (1959 2 345).
:
2. It was apparently at this time ihjt ih« quttud^tzactii, "compreued queml 13. The Mexican trogon lived at higher elevations, above the Xoconochco,
merehano abo de-
fcaihcr device," was introduced to central Mexico. But the while the pankcett resided loally. More inpomiK lo Gaseo and V'oorhies
ihdr niler iroapial feather bmners, ehml<3f\ilMMmgiiaAtio-
fiweied 10 (1989:d5), however, b die pictographic npreKBtitioii of the fcithen: die
gononw inriicn, npfMr^nn bandi tmidi t "tpray of predoua fctdien," tat- pmiiieti hid I hiililg pointed fcathcii (ai depicted in die docnmai^ lAflc
qnoiae manic shields, pUtm botictflir-sliaped noae onunncnis, nd golden die uogaa had iqaaicdM>ir feathen. Ndnedieieai; omImm fcathen were
ear pendan» (Sahagún 1950-1982 9:5-6)^ highly valued and «ddel>- used by lUMed feadierwoifceii (Hemfadea 19S9
3. Xoloda was not pan of Xooonochco tribuury province but i* repeatedly 2:351-352).
mentioned in t^qucst histories of this region. The exact location of this 14. The)' question the Dibble and Anderson identification on the basis of
town has not been CbtjblUhcJ. win;; and tail feather color. In addition, Sahagiir. 1''50 9S? It 2r states '
1 )
4. CeJrx Mrndozj lulio 18r, Sec the paee description for folio 65r furadiscus- tJiJt the "brccdinii place" of tile totume, the yourit' r L-i.';, mn;!-, t.irther
sion ot these titles nortli. in the Hua.xiccj
5. Ayodan, TapachuJa, and iMaâtlan (Clarmack 1981 142-143). : 15. Sahagun i

Uo'll- 1''Ü2 11:21) describes this bird's breast as purple. .M-
6. Hndmeilan, one of the towns induded in Xoconochco province, contin- diomh the SUtthuij\ N'ahuad and Spanish amotttioiis indicate "100" by
md M CKMHtudiiig entrepot in die CoksuaJ period QAKLeod 1973:75). each hiid figure, die glyphs ahow only four baooefi, a ntal of dghty for each
7. Heads <rf howchnldi biiddiowii.
8. Diitaace may abo hive been an impomnt factor in traM|XMrdii( bnOiy K. The*eicedwalsraedeli»cicdintribuiebyQnanhiklanpt«ivinoe(lbIio
gocdi inch as teniles and (botbnlb from thb pravinoe. 2«r).
9. There are many differences of opinion concerning the correlation of these 17. Alternatively, dtismayKpRieiitastaiie,pi«mdfaigdieiiiitiallir^«Miiidof
months widi the Christian calendar. Dates for Ochpaniitli range from as teamad (stone = Itti).
early as.'Vugust 1.' lo as late as October 6. Cs'î (1''^: : >4I i pl.ucs ir .Septem- 18. The Spanish jnnurat.ir in the Matricida described this .n ¿h¡ vasos para ta-
ber 1-20. The tMcnry- da\-s of 1 lacjxipehuali/tli may have fallen sottietinic Imdaragm. '"twD ijlassis lor heatine water." Parsed, apazunalh yields "water-
bcrwccn Fcbruin,' 14 and .\pnl Caso (ibid.) places it March 5-24. bubble" iatl + pcv?r;,;//j ). Sahapun's iilustraliom of this material (1950- 1982
10 This dual arrangement is even nK>rc obvious in the Mam'cuia (IWO: folio 11: plates 773-775) depict it with water spilling off its lop or side. The indu-
13r), sionof the water {»tt) glyph protidea a phonetic chtt lÍMt the aane ibr ifab
II. The Motagita Valley in Guatemala is the moit MKable of iheae (Beidan ohject begtna with an "a** sotuid.
1987b! 169).
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 46v-47r • 119
FOLIOS 47v-48r: the province of quauhtochco
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: tochco in a campaign chat first stretched south as far as Coayxtla-
huacan. east to dictlntlan. and then northwest to Qiijiihtorhco
1. Quauhtodioo—"On the Tree-Rabbit"
Despite iVJva Ixtlilxochitl's claims, other sources credit various
.Mso in f'oJex Manhzji conquest history (folio 8r)
Menea rulers with the conquest of C}uauhR>chco. The CaáexMt»'
2. I'euhôlrzapotlan - "W here There Are Many TtfontzapoiJ
daza historícîl section (folios 8r, lOv) attributes the conquest of
Trees"
this eastern center to Motccuhzoma Ilhuicainma (1440-1468) and
}. Tntotlnii— "WTicrc There Are Many Birds"
4. Tuchionco
— "On the Rabbit's Hair" the overpowering of its neighbor Ahuilizapan to .\xayacatl i
! k.S-
1481). Dominguei (1 94} : 22) places the conquest <tf Quauhtochco
5. Akuilizapan— "On the Irrigatkn Canals"
in 1456 (nnder the first AfatBciihziiina)aiu] that of Ahuilizapan in
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest histoiy (folio lOv)
1457.' Torqucmada (1969 1:160-161) provides some detail; the
6. Quauhteteico— "Tree on the Mound"
provocation for conquest came from the "traitorous killing" of
7. Ytzteyocan—"Place Penaiiiiiig to Ofasidiaa"
some Mexicans in Quauhtochco province. Motecuhzoma Ilhuiea-
mina and the nrhcr mo Triple Alliance nilers launched a military
THE TRIBUTE: campaign against Quauhtochco, conquered it, and took many cap-
tives to be sacrificed at a ceremony dedicating the temple called
The following items were given every six months: Yopitli. Ahuili/apan seems to ha\'e been conquered later by the
400 large white mamas, each four brazas long same Triple Alliance rulers, included in a campaign against Cuc-
tlanlan (ibid.: 162).
Atzacan, not in<-liiile(i on the Qtiaiihtothco tribute page in the
20 loads of cacao Me$uhta, was apparently conquered by Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin
1,600 bales of white ootton (1502-1520) and was located close to Ahuilisapm (Kdly and Pa-
lertii Í9'i2; }] Vi It h.ui :i i,Mrri>on or fbrtKaSi and r«o governors
a TUuattcuhili and a Ttaeodntaibtli (Codex Mendoza
CONQUEST HISTORY assigned to it,
folio 18r).
Quauhtochco was included in Nczahualcoyotl's eastern conquests This region appears to have been relatively well fortified. In ad-
(Alva IxtJiUochitl 1965 2:196). Nczahualcoyotl reached Quauh- dition to Atzacan, the tributary towns of Quauhtochco and Vtzte-
120 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / KOLIOS 47V-48r

yocan served as military outposts, I'hc site of Quauhtochco has Mexica to require conquered towns in oudying rtôns to provide
been iimsrigated arducolugically by Medellin Z«ml, who de- sustenance for a locally stationed garrison of Mexican warrion,
scribeskas a "fortified city" (1952:23). Vtztcyocan is included on this instead of the regularly assessed tributes (as reoofded in the
folio 17v of Codex Mtndoza, indicating its special importance (sec Mendoza and Mutncuky
The Imperial Tribute Roll of the Ojrfisr MrndKuT by Benlan Only 400 (loads oO large white cotton doales were required as
in \oliiinc.- I I. Fliilt ( I'i"'': '"''^1 iiulixlcs .\hiiili/;i|):iii in his list of the dotfaing component of (JuauhtiK.hco\ tribute. These i>i,iiit,is
"securit}' garrisons," designed to quiet unrest and suppress rebel- were, however, <^ extra length, each to be four brezos long. De-
iioiis in outlyinf areas. They may have served as well to boand the mands of extra-long doth correlate <|uite nicely with cotton-
strong Tlaxcalan state, immediately to the west. Cíiven 'riaxc.il.i"s ginu ing regions, and Quauhtochco appear*, to have been just that
tendenc}' to stir up rebellion in nearby Cuctlaxtlan province, the (licrdan 19)j7a: 243). The major item in its tribute tally is 1,60U
Merica may have established these (brtificarions and garrisons R> loads (bales) of white cotton.' An abundance of cotton mtisr have
inhibit such 'rij.\t.il.iii s[t:iii.L;ÍLs in ihc cast \\1i.nt.\ lt Quauh- lit cn t'rou n in tlu I'nvt r. hotter reaches of this environtnent-illv
tochco's strategic purpose, the garrison there remained lopi to diverse province.' Only three other provinces gave raw cotton in
Motecnhzoma Xocoyotzin daring the Spanish Conquest. tribute (according to Codtx Mendoza): Adan and Tziooac in the
Although Barlow m ipi shows (Ju.nihtochco as a prov- eastern part of the empire and Cihuatlan in the west.' CWrv ,\/rw-
ince that extended from the eastern sierra to the coast, the locat- doza spccitics that the cloth was to be paid semi-annually and (he
able towns listed in Ctdtx MenJkea are all concentrated aloi^ the cotton annually; the Matriada de Tr^ntm indicates payments at
moiinrnins. creating .in o\ .il sh.ipcd. inhind province. The for- eighty-day intervals.
tresses or garrisons were situated in a rough north-to-south line, in In addition to the cotton and clothing tribute, Quauhtochco
the heart of the imwince. paid twenty loads of cacao annually (every eighty days in the Aff-
trinilti). f "acno w as probablv grow-n in the pnm'ncc (rather than ac-
quired through trade); coniniued as an item of tribute into the
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS it
Colonial period.'
Tlic land cnconipassfd h\- nuauhtochco province \k;)s ruiiiri'd and The Iiif irwji wn of ss4
I s]>ec!lies the same categories of tribute
fiill ot I'diraiiitis; Torquemada makes special note ut (Juauhtoch- but dittcrs from the Mendoza in the demanded quantities: Quauh-
co^ iiuccessibility (1969 i : I61). Quauhtochco itself was further tochco province was to pay twenty loads of cacao and twenty loads
isol.itcd 'i>r m.ide detcnsihic) h\ its Im n'on on the north side of of oottim annually, .im) l.''>on w,'/>(rt;.c every eighty days, along with
the .Aioyjc Kivcr, lilt nioiiern town ol iluadisco is located to the "gallinas" (Scholes and .Atlanis 1957:86).
south ot the riser, along the major transportation routes.
The climate of this region ranged from hot and humid to fria
REFERENCES
(ViUascñor y Sanchez 1952 :25S-264), The vegetation was lush1
and the crops plentiful in the hotter lands, while the colder regions Quauhtochco ancl its region is discussed in Barlow (I949a:89-9i),
were rich in wood prixlucts (ibid.; Domíngue/ 1943:20). .Aguirre rrt:rh.ml (1972:83-85, 205-207, 228-231). Krickebcrg (1933).
Beltrán sees the climate of the region as generally temperate, nei- Domínguez (1943), .\guirre Beltrán (1940), Cline (1961). and
ther too hi>c nor too cold: people here produced quantities of .•\guilar (1977). .\Iedelhn Zefiil (1952) reports on excavations at
maize, beans, chiles, and tobacco ( 1940: 16-17). Quauhtochco. 1 lolt(1979). Hassig(l988). and van Zantwiik( 1967)
Quauhtochco and its associated towns were located in the re- all discuss military installations in the QuauhtcKhco area. The
gion generalK known is loconacapan, which stretched to the conquests of QuauhttKhco and Ahuilizapan are recorded b\ .Mva
north, south, and cast. However, its proximity to Totonacapan Ixtlibtochid (1965 2:196) and Torquemada (1969 1:160-161).
seems to have been its only tie to that region. The artifact rypes Concerning cotton, see Rodriguez Vallejo (1976) and Berdan
and styles found at Quauhtochco show dose atfinitics to the Valley (1987a).
of Mexico and die Mixteca (McdcUin Zcñil 1952:47, 55, 57, 63).
The large quantity ofValley of Mexico Imported obfects at Quauh-
tochco reinforces the daim of an Aztec military garrison there, or
the possibility of entire frmilies relocated from central Mexico NOIts
(ibid.:92).
1. This <}l)vn™sly diKs tmt tfirrcUtt with the Mcndeza rttoril. which would
place the tail ul .\huili/jpan cunsidcrably later. Tutotian, also in Quauhtochco
TRIBUTE province, may have been aubdued by Axa>«ad (Kcll)' and Palerm 19S2 297). :
2. Gtsiiffam kmaaim.
'I hc trihiitc rcquirctiicnt'. tor nii:nilnoi!iC(> |irn', jiHc .ippc.ir r.itluT i. A Coloniil tniiute obligation of the Inhabicants of Quauhiochoo and
Ytxttyocm was to coltivaie two fiddt of cotton (Domínguez 1943:31).
light compared with the demands on its neighboring provinces.
4. GhiutUn gave bniwn cDttoa (ti^Mclwt/V, the odim aU give wh^
This may have been due somewhat to the ^nerally fortified and 5. Large quantities were me
ueA (thiny-six and «ie-li*lf looibX as vqioned
military character of the proviiux. It was not unoomraoo for the in Doninguez <I943 ;31).
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 47V-4Kr * 121

FOLIOS 48v-49r: THE province of cuetlaxtlan
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 20 lip plugs of cr^'sial, with blue smalt and set in gold
1. Cuetlaxtlan
— "Where the Dressed Leather Knots Abound" 20 lip plugs of clear amber, decorated with gold
200 loads of cacao
Also in Codex Mendtaa conquest history (folios 8r, lOv)
2. Alictlan
— "Forest
quauhtia Place of the Dead"
(at the)
1 royal badge of quetzal feathers
3.
— "At the Foot the Broken Hill"
Tlapaniortlan of"
4. Oxichan— lumc"Iof Oxomoco"

CONQUEST HISTORY
5.
—
Acozpan "On the Yellow Water" Triple Alliance miliury campaigns by Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina
6.
—
Teoîocan "Place of the Sacred Young Maize Ears" (1440-1468) against Cuetlaxtlan and other centers in southern
Toionacapan arc recorded in considerable detail.' In the campaign
described by Duran (1 967 2 1 77 - 1 83), Cempoallan seems to have
THE tribute: :
been the ultimate conquest goal, since its coastal locatitm gave ac-
The following items were given every six months: cess to \'alucd marine products.' Nonetheless, Cuetlaxtlan is iden-
tified as head of the pro\incc, and .'\huilizapan was at that time as-
sociated with Cuetlaxtlan province (ibid.).'
400 half-quilted mantas
400 white mantas with a black and white border
When the Mexica emissaries arrived at .^huilizapan, they sent a
message on to Cuetlaxtlan, reiterating their requests for delicacies
400 black and white striped and checked manias
from the sea. The Cuetlaxtlan ruler was shamed and cajoled into
400 large white mantas, each four brazas long
160 elaborately decorated mantas
defying the request; Tlaxcalan rulers who were at that moment
in red and white
being entertained in Cuetlaxtlan found it to their advantage to in-
1,200 black and white striped mantas
cite rebellion against their archenemies, the Mexica. The ruler of
The following items were given annually: Cuedaxtlan ordered the people of .\huilizapan to kill not only the
I i/naxolotl warrior costume and shield Mexica messengers but also any merchants from V'allcy of Mexico
I warrior costume with quctzalpatzactU device, and shield cities then in the province.*
1 string of greenstones Angered, Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina sent a large army' against
400 handfiils of rich green feathers Ahuilizapan and Cuedaxtlan. The Tlaxcalans, who had promised
122 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 48v-49r

to nnh to the aid of Cueibidaa ihould Mocecuh2i(»ui move on it, not escape tite notice of che Aztecs." In fact, the region was ob-
ftiled 10 ddiver on tfadr oomaúOiKnc. First Ahuifizapan, then viously desirable enough to merit several mi]itar>- campaigns to as-
Cuedaxdian, Cempoallan, QuiahvñdtD, md m»ny other tovms of sure tribute payments and prevent alliances uith Tlaxc.ila.
ihe RgMMi weie overwhelmed by the military might of the Menea. PtoO|de in the towns of Cuedaxtlan province, as defined by the
A substantial tribate was set (see below), batê captives were taken Older Mauhza tribute list, spoke Nahuad (PNE 5:9). Cuedaxtlan
to 'Icnochtitlan for sacrifice, and a Mcxica govcrnor, named Pi- itself had seemingly amiable if frustrating relations \sith Nahuatl-
notl, was assigned to oversee the province and guarantee delivery speaking Tlaxcalans, and the other towns of the province, closer to
of the tribute every- cight>- da>3.* These events apparently took may have been composed largely of Aztec colonists.'*
the coast,
pl;m- in the H>f)s, shortly iK-forc Motenihioina s incursioos iniO Cempoallan and Ouiahui/tlan. close to the coast further north,
the Mixteca (Kelly and Palcrm 1952:270-271). were imporuiu Ibtonac centers. Diaz del Castillo (1963:110)
Not many years passed until the Tlaxcalans again convinced the speab of thirtx villages in that area, and Cortés boasts of pacifying
CuL tiaxtlaii lords to revolt Ji;aiiist their A/rct m erlords. They as- the province of Cempoallan. "which contained some fiftx' thou-
sured the Cuedaxteca dut they would "guard their backs" and per- sand warriors and fifty touns and forts" (Cortes 1977: 188). The
suaded them to kill the Menea governor and all other Aztecs who popnbtioa of Cuetlaxdan province 1519 was vqwcted as more m
tniirht cntiT their territory íDurán l''6~ 2 I''7-|')Si. 'l"hi!s the than 40,000 "casas" by Fiay Francisco de Agnilar (1977:68).
lords ot Cuedaxdan assassinated the governor, and when mes-
seiêrs arrived inquiring about the lapse in tribate payments, they TRIBUTE
were sealed in a room and suffocated with chile smoke, their hodies
later being maltreated and humiliated (Ibid.: 198).' Reports of this When conquered by the Triple Alliance, Cuedaxdan agreed to pay
violent inniqpmcy reached the ears of Moteeuhzoma, vrho dis- manut ten bnaa long, cacao, feathers, butymiaa-
in tribute rich
patched fetoes to quell the uprisinp Ac-iin the 'I'laxcalans failed to tli," and amber (Duran 196" 2 :1S1) Shnrtlv rhereafter, when its
support Cuedaxdan, leaving it vulnerable to Aztec attack. Accord- first Mexica governor was installed, Cucdaxdan's tribute require-
ing 10 Durfn (1967 2:200-20lX the Cuedaxdan lords fled; the ments totaled much gold dust, numtm (of unspedlied length),
population of Cuellaxtlan pleaded innocence tO the Mexlt a iren- feathers, rich stones, jewels, amber, cacao, animal skins, large
eral, rooted out their lords, and offered them np to the .Mexica for conch shells, scallops and other crustaceans, and all manner of
execndon. Following these new Cuedaxdan rulers were dried fish Obid.: 183). Ahhongh the Aztecs came ID diis eoast os-
chosen and a new Mexira gt)vcrnf)r installed." Apparently f aictlax- tensibly in search of conch shells. Ii\ e nirdeSi SCaDops, and other
dan revolted once again, in 1475 during Axayactl's rei^ (Kelly and marine products, they left with a tar greater variety of goods in
Palerm 1952 273). These successive revolts and conquests may ex-
: conquest tribute.
plain the inclusion of Cûctlavtlan as a conquest of Ixirh Morecuh The first rebellion by Cuetlaxtlan apparently cost the province
zoma llhuicamina and .^xayacad in part 1 of Codex Mendoza (folios dearly. Supposedly its tribute was doubled in the tollowing man-
8r, 10v)l Cnetlaztlan may have again been in revolt under Tizoc ner: cloaks twenty hnizasUmgnfitetd those of ten brazas, red and
(1481-1486; íMvarado Tezozomoc l'575a-24'?). and relations re- white stones replaced greenstones, white j.ienar skins were de-
mained tense during Moteeuhzoma Xocojotzin's rule ( lorque- manded in favor of spotted ones, and In e snakes were added to the
mada 1969 1:214). Cuethztlan itself was reportedly fortiiied This "doubling" of tribute demands w.is a state-
list (ibkl.: 199).
(Garcia Icazh.ilccta 1943 1: 158). Hdt (1979:397) cMegorizBS it as ment atiriluifei! lo the .Mexica CihuacoatriliciAcl prior to march-
a "security garrison." ing on Cuetla.vtlan and may not have been actually imposed. If it
Closer to the coast, Cempoallan and Quiahuizdan (neither re- was, it indicates a tribute involving not fust increased quantities
corded in MtnJoza'i tribute seaion) were important Totonac cen- but also increased difficulty in acquisition.
ters conquered by Moteeuhzoma llhuicamina and/or his successor Cuedaxtlan was one of the richest tribute-paying provinces re-
.\xayacatl (Kelly md Palerm 1952:294, 299). Cempoallan's cacique corded in CoJtx Mendoza. Its clothing tribute displays an interest-
in 1519, however, apparendy told Cortes that he had only rccendy ing varict)', Cuetlaxdan gave 400 women's tunics and skirts with
been subjugated hy the .\z.tccs (Diaz del Castillo 1963: 108). The their characteristic red bands, although in the Matriada (1980:
TViple Allian V n 1,1 ...jch aon ilu st ity-sUKS ihtt
tentative hold ( folio 1 4r) the garments are more intricately decorated. Claik(1938
they may in fact have required more than one military conquest. 1 : 82) and the Spanish commentaries continue to interpret this im-
Cortés (bund Cempoallan reticent but ready to rise up against age as tunics and ddrls. This is followed by 400 halt-quiltcd mmua
.Mexica rax collectors in defiance of their dominance (Cortés 1977: with a black and white border, glossed as cmtzontli tilmatK caca-
188; Diaz del Castillo 1963:110-113). The practice of slaying maüubfui (400 quilted ckjaks) in the Matriaiia, The following item
Mexica emissaries was obviously not a new idea to the people of is similar, but lacks the quilting effea; these 400 mantas are Identi-
this region. Quiahiii/tl in u ts apparendy strongly fortified (ibid.: fied as tdkMtUniJtli (cotton cloaks) in the Matrícula. The following
105, 109), but whether by the Mexica or by its own nileis » image is divided into black and white stripes and cross-hatching.
not dear. The four fingers indicate a length of eitiier two or fimr Amv."
The final figure on the first row of dociiiiig indicates 400 hrge
white cloaks, each four bnaas long.'*
The people of Cuedudan were also fcqaired to pay their trib-
Cuetlaxtlaii and it^ associated towns lay in the liot. coastal lo\i utes in very fanc\ clothlnu. 160 red and white richly worked cloaks
lands; some of the towns may have lined the lower reaches of the destined to be worn by nobles." Clark (ibid.) identifies the first de-
3bm«p« Rher, which spilb into the Golf of Mexico fust sooth of sign as xaodlfiMiiftj^ iMmmA' imírii» and the second
modem Veracruz (Gerhard 1972:362). Cuedaxrian itself was sited ffnir/'o."' Both -íÍ"
the cloaks drawn carry the prestigious UlriscjfO
on the Atoyac River (PNE 5: 10). The ri\xrinc and marine rc- border (see chapter 8 in volume 1 ). The former style of cloak was
sources of these oooununiries most have been considerable and did apparently presented to Juan de Grijdva in 1518 «dien he explorad
THE TKIBUTE YEAft TO YEAft / POUOS 4K v - 49r • 123

the Gulf coastal region (Qark 1938 1:82). The clothing mbute 91-92), Gerhard (1972:340-343, 360-367), Krickebeig (1933).
condnda with 1,200 black and white striped mmtas. glossed Kelly and Paferm (1952 270-277), PNE (5:9-11), Sandere (1953), :
î^pMtfiwr (wide black) in the Xlatrüuia. A\\ of this was to be deliv- Dahlgren (1953), and Williams Garcia (1963). Cempoallan and
ered twice a year according to the Mendoza oooimentarar, every Quiahuizdan are discussed by the Spanish conquistadors Diaz del
eight}' days according to the Mátrittdt. CastHfo (1963 105-125, 140), Cortes (1977
: 1 188X and Aguilar :
The people of Cuedaxdan were also required to deliver two (1977 68). The : archacologicd site of Ceiiq;H>al]an is described by
feathered warrior oottmnes annually, one a quaxohti style, the Gahndo y Villa (1912).
other a quetzaipaizaaS variety. The fermer it aooompanfed by a
auxyo shield, the latter by a xiadc^héqiá shield.
Perhaps the string of greenstones is a continuation of Cuetlax-
lian^ initial-conquest tribute. These are identified as "predous
greenstones" (tlaiochakhmtl) in the Matricula. Greater (pumiaes
NOTES
of such strings were paid by neighboring TochtiepeCi
The people of Cnetlaxdan must also have had access to signifi- 1. Alva btlilxochitl (1965 2 IW) claims this victory forNcMhualcov-otI, as he
cant quantiries ot\]L;(.r/.il tc.irhi.T'-. .ilrhinitih rhc-v coastal lowlnruls diK's with tiHist III till. (i>tii)ui. v1s Himi sir, llu dct jils prinidird
cd.ismI
did not provide the customary habitat tor these birds. The feathers In Duruti and Ac arado U'¿utí>iiiuc (albcK related suurcvs) and inloriiMlion
in I i>ri|iiemad;i (1969 I ; 162) WHgh iicavily iu ftvoT of s THple AlUuce or
may have arrived in the prorinoe through trade; conquest histories
.\k\iia cimquis-l.
indicate that long-distance nicRh inf- <'u\ trüffic in this province 2. I'hc Mcxica rultr Motccuhiumj Ilhuicaniina rcquotcd the rult i^ oi (Jen-
(see above). Quetzal-feather tribute included 400 bunches or hand- poallan to send him conch shdis, live tunics, scallops, and other pnxlucts of
Ails of queczal leathers'' and a fuazMdpikmi, two pompoms of the sea. This was not an unencumbered, fnendly request, but rather carried
blue, red, vcllow. and preen (quet/;ili Iciuhcrs inii togcihcr and
«noBg political o»eitont«; aequi Mct nee symboliied aMÜnry «ubtervience.
3. However, AhuÜisqMn is incioded in QomiÍuogIko provinee Ibr tribute*
worn on the back ot the head. 'Hiesc prestigious accoutrements
pafing puqioses (Codfx Mtndeai folio 48r). The Asica may have found it
were only for the highest-ranking tnen. such as the titled nobles strategically wise lo separate Ahuilizapan linom CuetlaMlan, thus breaking up
shown on C.odix \icndo7-u folios 64r. 6ir, .ind ('r. and the lex old liiyaltics
4. This intli)di;d mtichams (mm 'lemichtiilan, Icxcoco. Tlacopan (Tcpa-

cocan ruler Nezahualpilli in Codtx Ixtiilxocbitl (1976: folio 108r).
nccs), Xochimilco. Chalm. ami btapa!apa Duran 2
Of the forty Up ph^ required
i
in tribute, mventy were of dear

5. This arrTu' .jp[uri.rwl\ iiiiiip<istil iil wjirmn. truiii 'IV-iiiKÍitiil:iM, lex-
amber .itu! decorated with gold. The amber w as prnhahly brnught cimi- K.1L1 ( halco. and .\ochimi!i.ii (Duran '/'íi" '
I'.-^î
through trade and marketing channels from Chiapas, the closest 6. /Uthoujth Duran 1 1967 2 IS2 :
- I K?; j;ik:> inli> simiis detail jAhim this j;mcr-
source to Coedaxtlan (Berdan 1987b: 171). These, and die crystal norand his duticü. Cueilaatlan is not listed amung the towns with governors
on fbliirs I7v and IHrof Codex MmJiaa. Thi» campaign is also rcbted by Al-
lip pluL's with blue snult" and set in gold, paralld those paid by
varado Tezufutnoc (I975a: I2K - 131). although in lessdcoil.
Tochiepec province. 7. Smoke from burning chiles was very painhil; his shown as a punMinwnt
The taca\ item of tribute required of the people of Cuetlaxdan for ill-behaved children CO Cafar Mnánt folio flOr.
was 200 loads of cacan (lacio must have been an important crop 8. A detailed andyris of the Cueikmiancampaíg» is fowid in Kelly and Pa-
was also lerm (1952:270-277».
or trade item throughout this broad coastal region, for it
9. In addition to marine resourocs, notable local staples incfaided maize,
demanded of Cuedaxtkn^ two neighboring provinces, Quaub-
beam., squashes, fish, deer, turkey's, dogs, cherries, and other fruits. Pamis
tochci) and Tfx'htepec. and other birds were also cumnii in in the ana i
PNF 5 1 1
In the textual hifonnamn of 1554 (Scholes and .\dams 1V57 : 55), H*. The reifion may have hail <litticulty sustainini; .i st ihl; p. .pn ui.m .liie to
its hot. uct climatL- i<ii.Th.irJ l''"2 360).
the latge amoants of clothing tribute are conspicucnisly absent. In
11. Hanvacaztli was the name for both the and the lilnssmiis nl the Iruit
fact, no clothing tribute is mentioned at all for this pnnHncc. I low-
teoiucaztli tree < inhfaahm peniluitfiorum). They were added to t aeao In
I
ever, other items of tribute relate fairly closely to those shown in making the famed choi-olate drink, I'he fruits were yellow, (uTzy, and juicy;
the Mmltea and Matricula. These include rwo feathered warrior they were also pleasantly fragrant (Sahagiin 1950- 1982 1 1 120, 20J). ;
OOOumes with their shields, one string of rich greenstone* Ubal- 12. With this and the "half-ûilted" mmrM it is unclear whether each item
was to replicate the draw mg Or whether 200 wete 10 be of one style and 200 of
ibibuitl^ 400 large rich feathers (probably the quetzal feathers),
the odier.The latter alwrmnve secmi BMwe likdy.
200 loads of cacao^ fer^ lip plugs, and two handfuls of large rich
I). Oarfc <I9}8 1:82) isoats dm the xoppoihe &cii« úamé^ iadkate
fieatbeis set in bhw stones (surely the quetztilUüpUeni). two Jvwo; this is indieed §ÍasHd wwrf (two fcm^ in the MatrAtik. The
In the later sixteenth century Cuetlaxdan paid its Spanish over- Spanish commentator states "four bnut,"
14. This time the MatrnvU gloss says ntutmatt (four inaat).
lords clothing (skirts and biiipilU), maize, and pesos according to
I ^. .Aside from Torhpan, Cuctlaxtlan was the only province to po)' dothing
one account, and cacao and cotton mantas according to another inSiiii . units i)t less than ^'M. In both cases this involves the fanciest of
(ENE9:$;PNE 5:9). The doaks were to be both plain white and worlvrn.inihip However. nLiu'hiKjrinp Tochtirpcc was required to pay -KlO
dccurated. Sunic of the prc-I lispanic tribute patterns were, then, siliiilaiiv ikî iraicd doaks,
16. I his parses as xiimiUi -
painted, ifuiuhw - lull ot eagles, lilmjtli - cloak,
continued into the Colonial period.
and tenixto - eyes on the border. The second siyle divides into ¡lafultao - lull
of butterflies, tiimatti - cloak, and foitriji •- eyes on tile border. The tormer
REFERENCES type of cloak has an analogue on folio 7v of the Matricuü (ílossed ixncx-
¿taakUiy. the latter is found in Sahagun (1950-1982 8:23). the SiMrituU
Detaib on the conquest of Coedaxtlan and its ndghbois is frand glosses these collectively as "160 mantas of a shell design," a bit off die marie
and a butterfly.
since iba central designs are of an eagle
in Durin (1967 2:l-'-IH\ l'r-:()i), Alvirado Te/o/omoc
17. The iMMMb/b gloss n^gesis sii^y "400 tpictzal feadKn."
(1975a: 128- 131), Torqucmada (1969 1 161-162, 214), Alva Ix-
:
IB. Sfflah is a Une gliiSi and mqr have seemed reasonable to the iniM|Meici .
dibodiid (1965 2:196), Holt (1979), and Hasdg (1988). Addi- However, a "blue feather inseit;" as seen on an identical lip plug on folio 46r,
tional infonnatioa on the provinoe is found in Barlow (1949a: is moic likely.
124 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4Kv -49r

FOLIOS 49^-50'': THE PROVINCE OF TLAHACOYAN
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: rlendoza as a conquest of Motecuhzoma I (1440- 1468). although

none of the towns accompanjing Tlapacoyan on the tribute page
1 . riapacoyan
— "Place VVTiere They Wash" (folio 50r)is listed in part 1 of the Mendoza as a conquest. They
AlsiJ in CoJex Menihzti conquest histor)' (folio 8r) may simply have not been particularly important, from ihe capi-
2. Xiloxochitlan
— "Near rhe Xiloxwhitr tal's point of \iew, or they may have been subsumed under the gen-
3. Xochiquauhtitlan
— ".Among Many Liquidambar Trees" eral conquest of Tlapac-oyan. /\lva IxtlilxiK'httl (196S 2: 198) men-
4. Tuchtlan
— "Place of Many Rabbits" tions the conquest of the province of Tlapacoyan along with
5. Coapan — "On the Canal of the Snake" several other conquests of the Texcocan king Nezahualcoyotl.
6. Azta apan
— "On the Canal of the Wliite Heron" While Mva IxtlilxochitI tends to glorify the deeds of Tcxcoco and
7. Acacacatla
— "Land Full of Reed-Grass" its leaders, in this case he does concede that the kings of Mcxio)
and TIacopan accompanied Nciahualco)^*!! on this far-flung mili-
tary campaign. The Códice Cbimalpopoca likewise lists Tlapacoyan

THt TRIBUTE: as a conquest of Motecuhzoma I.
.\ca<;acatlan. listed with 'l"l3paco)'an on the Mendoza tribute page,

The follouing items were given every six months:
lay close to the Tiaxcalan iMirder and indeed warred with Tlaxcala.
4O0 black and white striped mantas .Acaâcadan may have been "semi-independent," as Davics (1968:
800 large white mantas 79) suggests, since the people of that town claimed they were free
and not subject to an\-one, because .Motecuhzoma II gave them aid

in their wars uith Tlaxcala (Garcia Payon 1965 38). and since they :
I yellow tzitzimit/ warrior costume and shield

claimed to have given gifts (but not tribute) to this same Mote-
I yellow aiextecatl warrior costume and shield
cuhzoma. On the other hand. 'Ibrqucmada (IV6V 1: 2S0) places
.\ca;acatlan as a subjetT of .Mexico. On the northern border of
CONQUEST HISTORY Tlaxcala, it may have fluctuated in its loyalties: Duran (1967 2:
265, 377, 345) includes Zacarian (.Xcavacatlan) with Tlaxcala and

Conquest information on Tlapacopn tribute province is slim and its confederates in wars against the .Mexica; this political/military
spotty, riapacoyan is included in part 1 (folio 8r) of the Codex association with Tlaxcala, Cholula, I luc.xotzinco, and a few other
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4VV-5or • 125

bolder stitts apuHwd It least ínmi the tíme of the M of Tlfltfliiko and Flalerm 1952:268; Ahn hdihocbd 1965 2:198). Some of
(1473) into the rcign of Ahuitzotl ri fHi^- >n2V I these conquests may have been motivated to provide .i sifc ind
Acaâcacian must have had a railicr powerful ruler, as he was supporuve avenue for access to the coast, and intermittent wars
repaakfy mvited to Ahaitzod's limpio Mtyor dedkatiott, along with die mon northeasterly Hiiaxieca are itcoided (see Kelly and
with other famous enemies of the Mexica (ibid 3 3^). Gerhard : Palerm 1952:26'' for a summary) The name Totonacapan sug-
(1972 : 390) suggests that the nilcr of Acaâcatlan may have been a gests Totonac peoples, and l lapacoyan is indeed described as part
oiiliony goveniar, subject to or dKed with the IHple AII^^ Totonac, pait Nahoa in dw SBteenth century (Garcia PÉyán 1965
may have been the case by the rime of the Spanish Conquest. 44, 52). Acafflcatlan, in the southernmost part of the pnn-incc, was
Barlow, on his 1949a map, includes two additional towns not said at the same time to have a majority of Nahuad-spcakcrs and a
BsKd in this Mendos* praviooe. These «« }üoocepec and CoMih- minority of Totonac-Bpeakefs (Garda Fhyón 1965:38; Pence
chinanco (today Xicotepec de Juárez and Huauhchinanpo, respec- IW7?: nO). Xicotepec and Cuauhchinanco are jfiven similar ethnic
tively). Both are handily siniated on a main thoroughfare irom and hnpustic compositions, with the addition of ütomi speakers
oentn] Mexico to the nofthem Gulf coast. While neither of these (PNF 5 223; TMUSaint 1948:294). The nearby but remotely re-
appears on the Mendoza conquest or tribute pages, they were ap- lated (in a governmental sense) Xo.xopanco, Chii.i, and Matlatlan
parently subject in some iashion to the Triple Alliance rulers. .Mva were also Totonac and "Mexicano,"- with the itU)oray of the Xo-
IxtliUochitl (1975-1977 2:106) mentions that Xicotepec and xupanco inhabitants TotDnaca (Garrá Pfegmn 1965:44, 52-53;
Cuauhchinanco were conquered by Nezahualcoyod, who left the ENE 14:78).
local rulcrships in place. These towns, along with TIapacoyan, arc Sahagún (1950-1982 10: 184) describes the Totonac as "beau-
also listed with number of other towns in die Réboón de Tributos
,i tiful, fair, tall, slender, firm." They lived "hum.uie" ami "civilized"
(MotoUnía 1971:394) as subject to the government of Texcooo lives. Being highly skilled in weaving and embroidery, they were
under Nezahuslooyiid and his sacceasor, Nezahualpilli. In this re- elegant dressers, much like their northern neighbors, the Huaz-
were tesponsiMe for lendering bbor tribnie (te-
lationship, thejr teca. Many Totonac were apparently bilingual or muldlingual, as
fuitti toTexcoca they lived in dose proximity to the Nahua, Otomi, and Huaxn^
Also geographically dose to TIapacoyan (just to the southeast and some Tnonac spoke those languages as well (ibid.).
of TIapacoyan center), but not listed in the Mendoza, were Chila,
Madadan, and Xoxopanoo.' These all apparendy shared an Aztec TRIBUTE
governor (Garda Pkyón 1965:46. S3).
The tribute levy on TIapacoyan province was comparatively small,
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS coosistiog only of MMMMf and warrior costumes. Of die numtm,
400 had vertical Mack stripes, and 800 were plain white mantat
Kelly and Palcrm (1952:268) wrestle with the problem of firmly (quachtli). According to the Mendoza, these were paid cvcr\ îx
locating the somewhat evasive TIapacoyan. Unfortunateljr, TIapa- months; according to the Matricula de Tributos, every eighty days
coyan was a popular place-name, and there are more dian one in (or four times a year). The h^ñrnuáÓH of 1 554 (Sdioles and Adams
the same general region. I concur with Kelly and Merm, and with l'^" 56, 87 8S and passim) indicates a lc\y of 3.200 plain white
Barlow, that die Mendoza TIapacoyan is the preaent-cby TIapacoya mantas to be paid every eighty days, considerably more than drawn
located in the Sierra Norte de POebIa (see Barlow% 1949a map). in ilie Mgtrfadt or Mendosa.
The towns in Tl:ip:iroy.iti province lay at highly diverse eleva- The Nahoad glosses of the M^trunLi describe the striped man-
tions in a geographically mounuinous countryside. Acaâcadan, tas as tentzontli (ttiijpapatiauac "4CIU wide black-stnpcd mantas."*
for eaampie, is in titmfiik, although a deep fwrnmor drops from This design appeals to be quite characteristic of dds region as a
the town's edge, creating a varien- of ecological and produaion uholi-, sunf ¡; liso was given in large numbers bv neighboring
zones within a short distance. This is not atypical of die region. Tladauhquitepec (and also by Cuedaxtlan to the southeast and
Low-aMtude cotton was grown in the Thpacoyiaa (Cárcti am COaynhhaaca to the south). The large white mmmmt were a fre-
Hyón «'^s 47, 54), while the hi^r-akitude maguey duived at
1 : quent item of tribute throughout the Aztec realm: see the discus-
Acaâcadan (ibid.: 38). sion of these mamas on the page description for TIatelolco.
The towns associated with TIapacoyan lay in a corridor ioining The two warrior costumes are both yellow, and the Ifiôrmadm
themcM rmm// with the Gulf coast, with the main transportiitlon of 15s4 iSchnles and .Adams 1957:56, 87-88 and passim) de-
aitery passing generally nonh of the cluster of TIapacoyan tribute scribes them as "de oro": gold. Similarly, it describes the shields as
towns. To cast and west lay conquered Aztec provinces: Tlatlauh- gilded and rich. The Nahuad glosses of the Matricula do not spe-
(jnttepecand Tochpan to tiie east and Atotoniico el Cjrande to the dfically idendfy these rwo items, but elsewhere the one is labeled
west. Direcdy to the north lay the Aztec province of Adan. Just to as tzitzmhl, the other as cuextetatl (1980: folios 3v, 4r). The toztzi-
the northwest sat Mctztidan, a peqietual enemy of the Aztec al- tzimitl is described by Sahagún (1950- 1982 8: 34) as "the yellow
liance. To the south, as already mentioned, spread the powerful demon of the air," made of gold and quetzal feathers. Tzitzimitl is
state of Tlaxcala, with which TIapacoyan may well have been allied simply "demon of the air." The cuexttattl style was characterisdc
in enmity to the Mexica, perhaps until the end of the fifteenth of the people of Cuexdan, or the Huaxteca. For additional, de-
centuiy. At the time of tiie Spanish Conquest, a subject town tailed infimnation on these coitnmea, see chapter 8 by Anawalt in
of Acaâcailan carried on warikre widi a aabject town of neaibf volume 1. Hiese warrior ooatnmes were to be rendered in tribute
Tétela, perhaps also only weakly attached to Aatec nde (see Tk- once a year (according to all three major tribute documents).
dauhquiiepec province description). While colonial sources provide Utde further infiormation on the
TIapacoyan tribute province was part of die vaguely defined tribute of Tlapacov'an itself, some tribute listings are available far
many parts of which fell to the A/.icc Triple
Totonacap.ui region, other provindal and ncighlioring tnuns, .An "old tax" is men-
Alliance under Motecuhzoma I and perhaps Nezahualcoyod (Kelly tioned fot Acaâcadan, consisting of much dothing and 800 ft-
126 < THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 49V- 5 OF
Copyr ght ed materia

i l
Htgas (buis) of maize (£N£ 8:8; Gonzalez de Cos&io 1952:607). (1933), Toussaint (1948), Garda Payón (1965), Gerhard (1972:
Another source on AcagKadan, however, states th*t the town only 1 16- 12 1, 390-393), Kelly and Fklerm (1952 :268-269), and PNE
gav e some gifts to Motecuhzoma, "when they wished" (Garcia Ica?.- (1 : 5-1 !(')). A pic(r)rial maii'.iscrt;it froin ihc region has been
1 1
balceta 1943 1 :469). Xoxopanco apparently gave cotton mantas to published by Breton (1920a) and further described by Breton
Motecuhzoou (Garcti Fiyón 1965:44S)- The 1537 tribute of Ma- (1920b) and Guzmin (1939). It is noteworthy that Juan de Tor-
datlan and Chila ooosistied of clorhing, honey, wax. cotrmi, süli (jiicinada worked for .i time -it Zac.itl.in (.\cai,af.irl.in I, Pn-scnr-dnv
and chiles, with the additioa of fruit and iish for Matlatlan alone liioxochidan, probably the Xiloxochidan of the tribute codices, is
(González de Cossíd 1952:226). Xkotqiec and Giauhchbianco discussed by Pidenn and Viqneira (1954) and Waif and Hansen
gave in tribute, in the tnid-sixteenth century, clothing, honey, wax, (1972). See also individual town listings in FJlihv de ¡astíaadmtsie
and Uquidambar. Hernández (1959 1:113) specifically meniioas puehioí Jt ia Nutva Eifma (Gonzilez de Cossio 1952).
Cuanhcfainaneo and Xicotepcc as areas where Uquidambar trees
thrived. Xiootepec had an additional tax in "sillas" (chairs) and the
responsibility of cultivating cotton and maize fields (PN£ 1:115-
1 16).' In general, these products are conaiatentindi duMe Sahagún
(I9S0-I982 10: 184) lists for die ToRMtc coontry " notabljr co^
ton and Uquidambar. While he does not mentkm chiles as a môr
local product, he does emphasize that they were the Totonacs*
"staflFofhfe" (ibid.).
Cotton and maize were grown successfully in the region, and
TIapacoyan reports three crops of maize per year (Garcia Payón
I . Bariow places these towns in Tliclauhquiccpec pnmooe md clearly mis-
19d5:47, 54). Cotton was used iocaUjrwd Ún
sold by merchants places JViadatlan. Xoxopanco is surely preseni-day XowpaofOk Puebla. Chila
in the area and beyond; the region was apparendy dotted with fi- and Matladin remain unidentified, akhough both wen repomdly kKaicd
nas dt aigpdm (ibid.:41, 54). This was e\'en true of the higher- lour leagutt foim Xoaopiaoo (ENE 14:78). This Utda eonndbim
which had cotton merchanis and apparently a nuy not haw htm awociaitd with eidierTlipaccyaB oc TIhIanlmuinpec in a
altitude Acaâcatian,
foTouA ijovsnuBCQttt Uicmdi^
lively cotton market, although its major local products consisted of 2 "Mexicm"cnRfvu minies erNallnldar^M]lltt^ Mil and Hill
irfiite lime, amok, and pita (maguey thread; ibid.:41). |9S6>.
3. Sahjpun ;;viO - l'>-<2 8:47) has a similar item. tlUpipitz^-M.. trjtislatL-d is

"thin l)ljtk Imcs" [tlilli; black; pitzjioac: thin. • pi-, reduplicative, repetitive).
REFERENCES By extension, tlilpapalUhuji cuuM be translated "wide black lines."
4. This \s in addition lu thr cu>ii>mary' penonal acivice* provided die Spait-
For additional information on TIapacoyan prosincc, sec cspcdaBy iards in G)lonial liiiirs; such scrv ices (household pRniáoiii and laboi) \
Barlow (1949a: 62 -64), Bemal and Hurtado (1953), Krickeberg abo provided Indian noble* in pie-Spaniih i
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 49V- 5or 127
oúpy tiyhieo inaiuiial

FOLIOS 5ov-5ir: the province of tlatlauhquitepec
"1
Âyuiucheo
^Yayarquitlolpa
^Ymtpcc ^Xonoctla — ¡mptritl Btuniáry
Prtvtntnl Btunitry
Initftndtnt Sti»ri»¡
• TrthutMry Towns
Yaonahuic
^Tlatlauhquitepec
Ateneo
• ^Tcsfiutlan
THF. TRIBUTARY TOWNS: CONQUEST HISTORY

1. Tlatlauhquitepec
— "On the Red Hill" Tlatlauhquitepec, in the eastern Sierra Madre, was reportedly con-
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history- (folio 8r) quered by the Acolhua under Nczahualco\x>tl (Alva Ixtlilxochitl
2. Ateneo
— "On the Shore" 1965 2: 198) hut is listed among the touns that di\'idcd their trib-
3. Tciiutlan
— "Place of Much Hail" ute pav-mcnts among Tcxcoco, Tcnochtitlan. and Tlacxjpan (Moto-
4. AjTiruchco
— "On the Armadillo" linia 1971:396). Tlatlauhquitepec is listed in part of the Codex
5. Yayavquitlalpa
— "On the Brown Land" Mendoza (folio 8r) as a conquest of Motecuhzoma I
1
(1440- 1468).
6. XontKtla
— "Place of .Much Jonoff" However, as with TIapacoyan, none of the other touns included
7. Tcotlalpan
— "On the God's Land" on the Tlatlauhquitepec tribute pages is listed in the .Mendoza
8. Ytztepec — 0—«cpcc) "On the Hill of Obsidian" conquest history. Xonoctla, one of the towns in this tributary prov-
9. Yxcovamec "On the Face of the Peccary" ince, apparently did not relish war with the Mexicans and submit-
10, Vaonahuac
— "Near the War" ted to their rule, retaining own local rulers (PNE 5: 128, 140).
1 1. Caltcpcc
— "On the House on the ILH" its
Hueyrlalpan (Teotlalpan) was apparently at one time the head of a
large Totonac confederation (Garcia Payón 1965:20); sometime

THE TRIBUTE: after its conquest by the Mexica, Motecuhzoma II installed a gov-
ernor there (ibid.: 32).
The following items were giwn cvcr>' six months: Tlatlauhquitepec, Teiputlan, .\tempan (Ateneo), Huevilalpan
1 ,600 black and white striped mantas, each two brazas long ffeotlalpan), and Xonotia (Xonoctla) were major centers. In early
8,000 lumps of liquidambar for incense colonial times, Ayotochco was a sitjeto of Xonoctla, Ytztepec a sujeio
of Hueytlalpan, and Yayavquitlalpa a mjeto of Tlatlauhquitepec.

This Mendoza tributary province was far more diminutive in
I octhtl warrior costume and shield area than that represented in Barlow's 1949a map. The towns
I yellow cuextecatl warrior cosrume and shield listed for this province cluster in the extreme northwestern portion
of Barlow's Tlatlauhquitepec province. This leaves a large geo-
graphical gap to the cast and south of Tlatlauhquitepec, extending
to the Gulf, .\nother spatial gap is at the junction of Tlatlauh-
128 * THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 50V-5 I r

I
I
qnitepec province, I'lapacoyan province, and the domain of Tlax- rHl£ PROVINCL .VM) I I S I.MIABU AM S
cala. There sat the important center of Tétela.
'
By the early ÔOs, Tcicl.i iroday Tfi!.l.i ilr Oi-.uiipo; u

I .is strate-
The towns listed in the Codex Mendoza for Tiatlauhquiiepec prov-
gically situated betNteen the tributary province ot Tldtiauhquite- ince all sat map, whidi in-
in the eastern sierra (despite Barlow's
of Acaâctlan (in Hapacoyan province), and the TIadauhqui tepee, Tefhidn, and Asem-
cfaides areas to the coast).
pec, the city-state
hristilc state on iiixca!;!. Tctelii warred w'nh I l.ixc.ila ,incl Xc.iijac-
pan are ail on the southern edge of the sierra, and with one
located
possible exception (Yxcoyamec), all the agttes and other major
tlan;' in these wars it was supported by the "king ot Mexico," who
towns are north and west, away from die Mesa Central and the
give the Teteh warrion shields and other arms (PNE oflfensive
5: 147). In return. Tétela sent I'laxcabn and Acacacdan war cap-

soudieastem oaesi. Neither die catocw nor their subject towns
penetrate the mountains direcdy to the east (a big empty area on
tives to the "king of Mexico" by way of friendship and kinship
Barlow's map).
(ibid.: 161). The Nahmd-spealdng Tétela dainied to have never
1 tiecii ;>h\vically Lonqiiered by the A/.tets (ibid. : 144), its peiiple The «>wns in this Mfndoza sierra province were located at vastly
different devations and in a variety of different resource areas:
worshiped 1 luitzilopochth, patron god of the Mcxica, whom they
towns ranged from the Jierni caliente to tiena fría. 'Teotlalpan
broagfht firom Mexico (ibid.: 147). However, while Tétela proper
I
seems tf) have worshiped ! luitzilopochtli, lUid one of its nijeto!:

and Xonocda were important cotton-growing areas (Ciarcia Payón
(Ûfumpa) followed suit, other subject towns had ditterent patron

1965:34; PNE 5:134); the region aionnd Tlatiauhquitcpcc was
I
gods: the people of Tzanaqnad* espeetalty worshiped the god

notable for its liqiiidambar trees and pines (PNE 1 : 202). The ter-
rain was one of steep mountains, deep bamnaa, and stretches of

Hjztato.itl ("Oane Serpent"). (i.ipuLipa revered MLitlilcuhctl
("Blue Skirt"X Hid Tuiula included N'ahua and Totonac gods in
inteniKMitane valleys. The major transportation corridor through
its pandieon (ibid.: 154. I«0, 16S. 170).

this area ran between the coast and the \lcs a Centnl, through
In the jiivc-and-r.ike <>( unr iii.iteriel and li,itTletield c.iprives.

.Xalapa, Teîutlan, and i'ladauhquitepcc; the other towns in this
Tétela proper played an indirect role, instead of ieteia warring di-
province, to the north, were not situated on major thoroughfares.
ITiis prci\ince uas part of the ancient region of Totonacapan,
reedy with Tiaxcala or Acaqacadan, one of Tétela^ subject towns
ffHiijht with subject rowns nt the enemy states. C'aptives won in
the land ol the Totonacs. Both Teodalpan and XontKtla had early
these battles were given to the m/tto\i "señor," uho in turn pre*
Totonac populations that were bter conquered by Nahua peoples
sented them to the "señor" of Tétela, who then sent them on to (PNE 5 : 125} Gaicfa Payón 1 965 20). Today in the region, the in-
:
Mexico fibid.: Ifil), Instead nf iTi.ijfir wars breaking (uit between digenous people speak mainly Nahuat, called "Mexicano."
the cabtceras of these city-states, it appears that wars were fought

and captives gained through smaller-scale battles between their TRIBUTE
subjecT f luns; the object may have been moit tO maintain a bal-
ance ol poM er than to etleci a conquest. The range of tribute given by i lail.iulujuiie(K;c province was rela-
Tétela seems to have had a special "diplomatic" relationship tively limited, consisting only of mantas, liquidambar, and two styles
with the -Mexica: the local leaders iiriijiiialK cimil Irotn the "|)ru\- ofwarriiir costumes, .\ccordinc to the Mcmhra comtnenraries, the
ince of the Chichimecs" (ibid.: 145), and they seem (o have sliared r/iaiitat and liquidainbar were rendered e\ery mx nioiubs and liic
some elements of language, kirediip, and rdigion with the Menea. warrior costumes annually. The Mutnaila di- VW/wror glosses (I960:
.Most important to the Mexica. Teicla held a |yoriion of the un- folio Isr) iiuiiiale thai the cloth ami lii|uulaiiil>ar were paid everv
stable Tiaxcaian border, in eftect insulating the nearby tributary eight)' days and the warrior costumes annually. The liijuniiaaun of
provinces of TIapaeoyan and Tlatlauhquitepee fram borderland 1 554 (Scholes and Adams 1957: 57, 88) deviates considerably from
'Wc this list. Two warrior costumes (stx'Ie unspecified) are included as
bo'.rilities. entire .irrangcment Strongly resembles Edward
Luttwak's "cUent states" (1976). annual tribute. The manta tribute, however, specities 3.2(H) mantas
To the east of Tladauhqoitepec province, toward the Gnlf coast, (apparently plain) given every eighty days, with no cloth length in-
sat additional A/tec idn<|«csts. While Harlow includes rhese in dicated. "The Text also includes 8.(1(K) loaves ot liquidamliar. called
lladauhquiiepec province in his lV4Va map, they appear tu have ocozMte* and twenty loads of "'a ditterent kind '
ot liquidambar,
been incorporated into the Aztec domain on a different conquest/ frx>m which some tobaccos fi»r smoking were matle. While Her-
tributarv basis, Misantl.i was one of these major centers: an early nández (1*>59) does not discxiss types of liquidambar trees, there
Totonac center, it was apparently conquered by the Nahuas of may have been different varieties; or, alternatively, the resin itself
Hoexoda (near Texcoco; Ramirez Lavoignet 1953:316). (Coastal may have been prepared differendy for its use as a tobacco from its
N'auhria, associated with .Misantla. was reportedly conquered by preparation for incense and medicinal applications.
iNezahualpiUi of le.\coco in 14«6 (krickeberg 1933: 109, 187).-" The striped maatas given by Tladauhquitepec and its compo-
The people of Misantla did pay tribute to Motecohzome Xio» nent towns were the same ililpapatiauac (wide black-striped) style
coyotzin: they annuallv carrieil to .Mexico forty loads of liquid- paid by I'lapacoyan province, lliey are glossed as naubtzoniU ttil-
ambar {Relación de Muamla 1962 16 - : 1 7). The people of Misantla papatlahmc tihunii (1,600 wide black-striped mamas) in the Ma-
appear to have been especially enterprising: they manufactured rriaila de Trihttos (1990-A2). In the Mendoza, each of these numas
stuflFed cotton armor and took it to battlefields to sell it there also bears two fingers, signifying a length of two hazas for each
(ibid.: 17). 'ITie region gener.-illy w.ts highly tortilitd, with several piece of cloth.' Demanding cloth of extraordinary lengths was
fortresses recorded for the area (ibid. : 1 5 1 ).
fairly coninion in cotton -growing areas (see Berdan l''S7a:-4-i
South ot Misantla lay .Xalapa, which rccc^nized Motecuhzoma 244). While three other provinces paid mantas with black and
and paid tribute to him (PNE 5:102-123). While Xalapa sup- white stripes, the stripes in all cases are vertical. The people of
posedly had no wan wMl its neighbors (ibid.: lü.^), there was a Tlallau!u|uilepec. however, gave 400 harilOfltally Striped MMHtCf
Mexican garrison and governor at nearby Acatlan (Ckrfaaid 1972 along with 1,200 vertically striped ones.
373; PNE 5: 113).' In both the iMnntef and AfJtrndEi, the Itddal manta figure has
an attadwd symbol, a ydUnr lip plug or ttMdL Qark (1938 1:83)
THK TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIUS 50V-5ir • 129
niQats that this nuy serve as an ideograph for ttntilauat, "wide TIatlauhquitepec itself provided considerable amounts of clothing,
border.** Whether "wide" or not, undoubtedly some feacure of the Uquidambar (forty loads, with five "loaves" per load), and honey,
cloth's border is meant to be conveyed here. Perhaps more likely is and cnitivBiKd fields of maize and cotton ^bkL: 520).
the use of the tented givph as suggestive of ti-ntia. "to attach a
ribbon, border, fringe, fringe trimming, or stripe to clothing" RF-FKkKNCES
(jolina 1970:99«).
Tbu iiMMpmw» noted for the availabilitjr of liquidambar, SO in Additional information on Tladanhquitepec provinoe is found in
on this tribute page is no surprise. Bodi dw MttukuvaA
prescfioc Baikw (1949a:87-89), Bemal and Hurtado (1953), Krickeberg
the MatrícuU provide the Nahuad name for this produa: the (1933), Toussaint (1948), Ciarcia Pavón (1965), Gerhard (1972:
Mendoza grosses it as xocbioae^ the Aíttríaik as xecboMsatl 228-231, 257-258, 388-390), KeUy and Palerm (1952:31. 268.
(1980: filb 15r). The glyph shows a bundle with a flower (MotóiO 272-273), and PNE (5 : 124- 1 3 1). TettU is especially weO docn-
on top, giving the phonetic prompter xocb- so the proper item can mentcd in PNf (5: 14.? - 1??); the Relañón contains a map. The
be identified. The sacrifidal bag or xiguipiUi stands as a homonym (jiilf coastal area to the east of llitlauhquitepec provinoe is also
for the number 8,000. A particularly fine (and large) representa- well documented. See especially Rodriguez (1931), Paaquel (1969),
tion of this numerical glyph is drawn on folio 15r of the Matrícula. Ramirez Lavoignet (195.?), Reladon de Misamla (1962), Gerhard
Hernández (1 959 1 : 112- 1 13; 2 176) describes die Uquidambar
: (1972:363-367, 373-378), Garcia Pa>'<>n (1947), and KeUy and
tree (^ctdmeotzoqmbmtl) and its resinous product (xoeUwvlsofif) in Pderm (1952:278-279). Information on garrisons and fortresses
considerable deuil. The tree was large and had a pleasant scent. throiighour these regions is found in Holt (1<*79). Fray .\ndrcs dc
The Uquidambar resin was extracted by nuking incisions in the bark Olmos worked in Hueydalpan (Teotlalpan) from 1539 to 1553.
of the tree (ibid. 1:112; Sahagdn 1950- 1982 1 1 1 12). The sweet- : Gregory Reck (1966) \m written an ethnography about present-
smelling liquid could be mixed with tobaccos to fortif) the hcid, dqr Jooioda (Xonoctb).
stomach, and heart; to induce sleep; and to reduce headaches caused
by cool air. Alone, it was eflectne in lelievmg additkmal head, tn-
ternal. and skin ailments (Hertunde/ 19?9 1:112; 2:176). Her- NOTES
nandez includes liquidambar {xocbtoMzotl) in his discussion of
1. These wjrs may have tontimicii (inly umil Aea<,.n .r.l.m was ainqiund bjT
varieos mbaccM, warning against in imraodenle uae, which may
the Triple Alliance. .Sec the discusston of .Acaf-aciiilan under Tlapacoyan
lead to an excessively heated liver or the devekpniait of a gomil pravinoc
bck of vigor (ibid. 2 : 176). 2. Ramírez Lavoignet (1 15.) :.M 7) mentions that AxajiacarieainqMredNatthlk
During the early Colonia] period, the tribute pdd to die Span- the same year thai he conquered .Valapa <I4B0). Nanlida(AinMria)wisan]aiar
idl overlords differed onlysomcuhar from that deltxered to the fbrtrcH/fmison site of the Triple AUianoe empiie.
3. Acttbn had "gente de guamidán y madm arm^ ("iniopa and matqr
earlier Aztec overlords. At an unstated time in che sixteenth cen-
wei po is"), acwiidi ng lo the StbdiKgnpiût,
i
tury, Xbnoctb gave mtttut, maize, and other feotfa; in 1533 die 4. Onizad! "ream de pfaw o tranemma" (pine resin or turpentine: .Molina
town was taxed in clothing and honey (PNF 5 MO. González dc 1970: fdio 75v).
Cossio 1952:217). Similarly, in 1533 Ayutuchco provided clothing 5. The term hraza has heen applied to several ilirtcrent dimen<.ion5 For a dis-
cussion of the possibilities, sec Bordan (IWCtb: .í3) Jnd Caslillo <l'í72). In the
(some wDiked with ivbbit for) and honey in tribute (Gonzilez de
Matricula dt Tributm, the third manta figure froni the left is oddly drawn and
Cossio 1952:218). Hueyilalpan (Teot!alp:!n piid in cotton tnan-
i
dues nnt indnde the linfm. Tins was ptobaUy an cmr on the pan of die
ttf, at an unspecified dace in che early to mid sixteenth century. scribe.
130 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5OV-5 ir

Copyiiyt tod material
FOLIOS 5lv-52r: THE PROVINCE OF TÜCHPA
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: 1 yellow warrior costume and quetzalpatzactli back device,
and shield
1 . Tuchpa — fl uchpan) "On the Rabbit"
20 bags of small white feathers (down)
.\lso in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio lOv) of greenstone beads
2 strings
2. 'Ilaltiâpan— "On the Land of Chalk"
3. Ciliuantecân
— "On the Woman's Temple" 1 string of turquoise stones
4. Papantla
—"Place of Papanes" or "Good Moon" 2 round mosaics of small turquoise stones
5. Oêloiepcc
— "On the Hill of the Jaguar"
6. Miahua apan —"On the Canal of the iMaize Flower" CONQUEST HISTORY
7. Mictlan
— "WTierc There Many Dead"
.\re
As with other provinces in this northeastern realm of the empire,
Tuchpa was reputedly conquered by N'ezahualcoyotI in the mid-
THE TRIBUTE:
fifteenth century in his sweep to the Gulf (Alva IxtlilxochitI 1965
The following items were given every six months: 2: 197). Duran, however, mentions Tuchpa as a Mcxica conquest
400 black cross-striped mamas and, inmore detail, as a military goal of armies from scwrai Valley
of Mexico cities marching jointly under Motccuhioma Ilhuica-
400 red mantas of a shell design
mina (1440-1468; 1967 2:205, 164). This massive military cam-
paign to the northeast was prompted by the assassination of mer-
800 large white mantas, each four hrazas long
800 orange-striped mantas, each eight brazas long
chants from the Valley of Mexico cities who were traveling and
trafíicking in the Huaxtec country (ibid. 163). Durán's account in-
400 multicolored striped mantas, each two hrazas long :

cludes the I Tamapachco and Tzicoac with
luaxtcc cir>'-statcs of
Tuchpa. The two former realms were situated just inland from
240 red-bordered mamas of various shell designs.
coastal Tuchpa; Tzicoac (Ctzicoac) is a Mendoza province. To con-
The following items were given annually: fuse the historical accounting further. Tuchpa and MiqueyetJan
800 loads of dried chiles (perhaps the Mictlan of Tuchpa province) arc listed as conquests of
1 yellow quaxolotl warrior costume and shield AxayacatI (1468- 1481) in the first section of the Codtx Mendoza
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5 I V-52r 131

(folio lOv), and Tuchpa is also claimed by Tízoc (1481 - 1486) on TRIBUTE
his notorfous stone (although there the gl>'ph lacks the pantii, or
flag clement).
Judging by its tribute. Tuchpa w.is an extremely rich province. Ac-
The only ocher town in Tuchpa province on which there is oca- cording to i\lvarado lezozomoc (1975a:315), Tuchpa, when con-
quest inlonnation is Papantla; this major Totonac center was ap- quered, oflbred die following tribute to its Mexican overiords on
parently not defeated until the reign of Motecuhzoma Xoco)'oi7.in an annual basis:'
(1502- 1S20). The warriors ol Papantla were not easily defeated by Rich cloaks of Tuckpanecayad (of the people of T^whpa) «¡/k
Motecdnoma's forces; the fighting was intense and contímied until Colored quecbqunnitl
they finally tired of defending their lands ((iarcia Payiin 1965:66). Cobred cloaks called tIalapalcvachtB*
While in most conquered areas the Mexica or Triple Alliance Fnrrots {mmy and macaws'
ruléis installed only tribute collectors (however feared they were), Birds calad XaíâaiJlMd' and TZiCnMKaaillBittlMf*
in this distant realm they reportBdly also settled "gcncc dc guarni- Yellow colorings (Mnmailiiii and tuatdlmid*) fair dying gourd
ción" at Tudipa and Pkpanila and a military governor at Papanda bowls
(Ahm bdihodiid 1965 2:197; García Paydn 1965:66; Gerhard Various "fhiii^ (^pCMlr, ouiüitydmA^ *
1972 21S).
: The conquest of this rLuioii was very important to the A variety of chiles {Mknpm, tHaaáiad, fitéik)"
Valley of Mexico powers, so important that the specific name of a As the Triple Alliance armies were renirnine hfwc from their
tribute collector starioned at Tuchpa by Nexahualcoyoil (Huedi) is
conquest of the Huaxteca, the vanquished otlered them clothing,
provided in .Mva Ixtiiixochitrs history (1965 2: 197).
paper, and white leathers far quilts or blankets (ibid.)."
At the time of its reported conquest by Nezahualcoyocl, the
Aha Ixtlilxochirl (1965 2:197). eiahtjrating on his claim that
great province of Tuchpa was divided into seven provinces, which
Nezahualcoyod conquered Tuchpa, enumerates the following an-
altogether coiuaiiicd sixrv -cichr towns as sulijci ts (ibid.). It is in-
nual tribute to that rulen
teresting that there an: also exactly M:ven towns included in the Co-
itx MtHáoBS tribute roll for Tuchpa province. 1,580 loads {fardos) of numtas, some fancy and striped with
Despite Barlow's broadly eiiamipassinL; map of .\/rec provinces many colors, and others plain
(1949a), the lovms, of Tuchpa province were almost completely 25 numtas^^ and women's tunics
contained between the Tuapan and Cazones rivers (about the 400 loads + I u mantíií called SaottziiAfm,'* nunm and
northern half of Barlow's mqiped province). Papantla is the finl\
each eight hvzM long
town included in this Codtx Mmdozti province which is located
Some more bads of narrow Uuaaiiibfai doab, each four
outside this it lies couth of (he Cazones River in the region

knma long
generally called Tntonacapaii Piip.uitij was reportediv not con- Diego Dur.in {\*>f~ 2 I6S) also discusses the early tribute de-
quered until the second Motecuhzoma and hence may have been mands on the people of the liuaxteca. His enumeration provides
tacked onto aa alieady^fonned T\Kfapa province nearby for pur- US %vitb a picture of the richness of this region: to cease the slaugfa-
poses of tribute collection and political admlnistntion. tcr of the llua\tci"N, the Huaxtec lonls proniiseii their conquerors
rich tributes in cloaks, cacao, gold, jewels, feathers, parrots and
THE PROVINCE AND ITS INHABITANTS other types of fine birds, macaws, large and small chiles, seeds, and
all manner of foods. WTien the killing stopped, the Huaxtec lords
The towns ot l uchpa province on the hdls and plams strctchmg
lie otfcred their conquerors gifts of ñsh and shrimp, white honey,
to the Gulf coast, with the town of Tuchpa on the northern river. chidwns, pineapples, and many typesof fruit, topped oflFwidi loads
Tuchpa' itself seetns to have been a site of geographical conve- of many varieties of numtai. These were all presents offered "on
nience: the Lienzos de Tuxpan show iliree roads and the river all the s|K>t" as an apjveasement and a sign of subjugation, and only
conveiging on Tbchpa; they serve on major connecting routes to barely resemble the regular tribute represented in the MatriaJa
points west and south. Reportedly the region was ncned for its and Mendoza tallies."
good woods and chicle (Krickcberg 1933: 113) and coastal prod- The regular, "established" tribute sent by the province of
ucts such as fish, shrimp, and tortoises (AlvaiadoTezozomoc 1975a: Tuchpa to its conquerors was rich iikIlcíI. The bulk of the tribute
Tuchpa nuy luve served aa a tnajm mercantile hub. Alvarado
315). listed in the CoJex Memkaa and ALitriatia dt Trihtm (or this pra^
Tezozomoc mentions that a mailcet (gentnü timgm o mtnaáo) was ince was in clothing, much of it ver>' fancy. was to be given semi-
It
held there every twenty daj"S; long-distance merchants (pochtaa) annually (quarterly according to the Matrícula). The Mendoza be-
from several Valley of Mexioo cities and other merchants and in- gins with 400 black cross-striped mantas (on a white background).'*
habitmts from Tulandnco traded there (ibid.: 310). Papanda, far- Unfortunately, rhis item goes unglossed in the Matrfcuia, so its
ther to tlie south, also was rich in trees and fish, but was noted as specific n.inie nut .i^ .iil.iMc, Its iK:t;hbor, howeser, is called vcv/-
well for an abundance of wild game, fruits, birds, cotton, cacao, azayo in the Matruuia, or "jewel of ebecatf design,'' and consists
honey, and chile (Gañía fty^ 1965:69; PNE 1 : 176; Kelly and of four seashdls arranged symmetrically over a red background;
Palcrm 1952:138). the border has a fringed a|êarancc. It is fr)11owed by400nttltí-
The majority of the towns listed for this province lay In Huaxtec culored loincloths and 800 plain white mantas, each four brans in
country, which stretched on to the north through Tricóte and length. These last are glossed nefifimniO in the Mstriad», meaning
Oxitipan prorinoes and bqnnd. Papanda was a major regional "four fingers" or four hr,iz,i::
center in the lands inhabited by the Ibtonac, Kelly and Palerm I he second row of clothing tribute paid by Tuchpa province
(1952: 10) fed that Papantht was the otdy real turban center in all b^ttt widi 800 orange-striped doales, identified in the MatrkaUi
the Tofonacapan region WliiK- Thiaxrec was the predominant
-
Náhuatl onlv bv their Icngrh (cighr h)íi~¡if : hi,h¡í¡i, tli). These arc
language in the north and Totonac in the soolli, some persons followed by 400 cloaks, again eight ¡rrazas long. While this item
(probably high-mddng) in both regkmi spoke Náhuatl (Alvarado canies no readable gkxs in the ¡i^MtriadM, drawn with the tri-
it is
Tesoamoc 1975a:3l5; Garcia Pky^n 1965:62). angle associated with the ammm (narrow) doaks seen in earlier
132 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5 I V-5 2r
piovinoes. The next brilliantly colored mantas may well baric back gests that tiiese tributes were destined for the cofiers of Tenoch-
to the M^kdciuuhdi doales mentioned by <\lvando Tezosomoe ridan, the Reittim Je Tréutrn (Mocolinfa 197 1 : 395) faidicates that
and ro those listed by Al\'a Ixtlilxochitl which were "fiinc)' and the tributes from Tuchpa were to be di\'idcd among Tcnochtitlan,
Striped with many colors." Indeed, the gloss for this item in the Texcoco, and TIacopan. Furthermore, MocoUnia's "list" of tribute-
Maricuta says eaaaioS «notf tíatUipatti (400 dyed mmtas, two hn- paying towns (ibid.) states that live of the towns of Tuchpa prov-
xcrin length). In both documents these eloaks arc shoun wich two ince recognized all duee THple Alliance capitala equally.'*
protruding fingers, indicating the specified length. The final item
of tribute in this row is 400 warnen*^ tunica and ddns," deomted RKKKRKNCES
with the familiar hori/<)iit.!l hü! batids.
The row of dodung tribute consists of three intricately
third Further inlbnnation on luchpa province is found in Barlow
decorated doolcs, all on red backgroonds. This is only one of two n949a:58-«l), Gerhard (1972:116-121, 218-220), Garda Pa-
cases in the Mendoza where quantities less than 400 arc spcciticti vón íPVó;, Krickebcrg (19.??), Rernal and Hurtado (1953), and
for clothing; in this case, the glyphs and glosses specif)' eight)' Ekholni (1*H4). In addition, the major historical chrooiden (Al-
(loads) of each. The Matrícula annotation is snggestne diat diese varado Tezozomoc, Darin, Alva Ixtlilzochid) record the conquest
dodcsmay ht- ihnsf referred to by Alv arado Tezozomoc as Tiuh- of this region in some depth. The Lienzos Je Tuxpan (Melgarejo
pmuetytti, characteristic of the people of Tuchpa. Qark (19}8 V'ivanco 197U) provides st)'lizcd maps of the Tuchpa rôn, with
1 :84) oflers specific Nahuad names for the designs on each of minwrous place glyphs as well as roads, rivers, and odier geo-
these. The first he identifies as onietochicioniiiin. a design also found graphic points of reference. Kelly and Palerm (19>2) discuss the
on tribute mantas from the province of Tochtepec.'" The second southern part of Tuchpa province (around Papanda) extensively.
he calls tentsjintihtatíi.^ and the third he labels as «wnagiwoij^" AU
these richl y <cc rated capes were cleariy desigiiatied fiir ralen and
high-ranking nobles.
While the dodiing tribute piedominans, the people of Tuchpa NOTES
were also required to pay other items to their overlords. TTiis in-
1 . Melgareio Vivanoo (1970: 17) suggens diat Tuchpa wis called 'Mmeo in
cluded two yellow warrior costumes with their devices to be given
the Huutec famgusge. This cemer (Tabaco) wat locaKd appcoaiaiattly four
antnally, one of a puutbd derign, the other of a i$utza^Msattli kihmelm aMeotpiant-tby Tuxpin (Ekholm 1953 :414).
style. Each is accompanied by its a[ipnipriate shield. Warrior re- 2. Garda Fayrin09í5}ai»itcs 15,000- 16,000 heads of hauxbokb In 1519
galia as tribute is not ai ail mentioned in the accounts for this prov- for Papinda and its "distrito" (probably its dependencies). He trmslitcs diis
into 60,000-64.000 persons Fstimatts made later in the sixteenth ccntur)'
ince by Duran, Alvarado Tezozomoc, and Ahia Ixtlilxochitl; tiiis
are dramatically luwtr (Kelly .intl Faltrm 1952 J54), representing the rapid
:
may have been added to the trilintc as it liecamc repilari/i-d. di-|K>;>ulj:i<in s>> iu>ncL'.i)ilL' on (he coast or the ways in wtdehpopalatian esti-
Chiles of many varieties are mentioned by both Alvarado c/< >- I mares ucrc niailc — or Imost likclyK both.
xanoc and Dniin as tribute and gifts by die people of the Huax- i. .\K arillo Tezozomoc is a litrle \apic as lu uhLthcr ihn rnlnirc applicil only
to Tiii hpa or to Tzicoac and other centers ot the lua.uccj as well (xrtainly
reca to their conqncrine overlords. The itTipiin inrf nf fiilrs is
1
t .1
the 7 rir/yj«tvjvor/' cloaks uoulH pcrtam quite directly to Tuchpa

major product oJ this region is rellecieJ 111 the lart;e i.)uai!ii:ie> rt-
4. Ttahpakuaibtli would derive from tiahil (mud), paUi (black mud for d^ cii^
corded in the Mendoza and Matricula tnbuic [allies: 800 loads an- clothing), and aucbdi(Utgc cotton cloak). Sahagiin (1950- 11:258) say*
nually (quarterly in the Matrícula). The Mcndnza specifies that the that fifiÚ was scarce and was used 10 Uadun the Cmx (n w«U IS odicr ofai^
loads (shown bound up in woven matting) be dried chdcs, whilc In Aai Afamado Tfeaoaomoc (or nnlKS Mverd critieil Nafauad hti primer)
•peüÍRgentxi,tlMseckMk»intyoorrñpoiid 10 the iMmuwr deten
the Matricula just mentions chUH." Some of these efailes may have paK in die Malr&tik it THktfw 0980: folio I5v). These dyed doils are
come from the Papanda area.'' striped red and yellow (and pt-rhajis orange). The corresponding cloak imagi:
Additional tribute from this rich province include«i rwenty sacks in Codex MrnJoz-a shows erccn. ycllou. blue, and red stripes. .Vlulina (1970:
of small white feathers, or down.

not dear from ^^ hat bird It is HHv) defines litiliapiitli a^ inous color»."
'\<imetliiiii; Mri|i<il in v
5. .'Vlvarado Tczozximoc has prohjbU m.idc another s|ielling cflW here, un-
these soft feathers came (or whether it even mattered), but the
doubtedly meaning rozni-n.: t.>r ,( I hi-. u.is the voung yellow-headed pif-
abundance and varict)' of fancy birds in the Huaxteca are well rot, a special feature oi lilt Huaîteca iSahagun i'/'K2 11:22)
documented (see above). In fact, it is surprising that neither the (>. .Mvarado rc/<i/oiiu>c is undoubicdly relerriiig here 10 the s*-jrlct macaw
Mendoza nor the Mamada records preciaus £eatlwr tribute from (Náhuatl: alu). an inhabitant of the Huaxtec region (Sahagun I9>()-19K2
Il:2t).
Tuchpa. The Matricula is relatively uninfbrmative on the details
7. This is dw enenld toocanet, * Tonnae and Hvastec iorest-dweUcr. la
of this feather-douTi tribute (beyond ¡)m. .iM indicating that the
MUM coma fnm the "flowcr-yclow" feathers around its throat and neck
,
fieatherswere white); the Mendoza indicates that they were to be (Sdiagún 1950-IW2 11 :22). Hernández (1959 2:35<-}S7, }59) describes
used to decorate doaks. This is reminiscent of Alvarado Tezo«>- thne «añetíes of má
kamad Unb; all are eobrfal maritiine avians.
8. This would be the red-crmnied parrot {tiaianuftti) dmcribcd by Sahagnn
inoc% mention of white feathers for bed coverings or blankets
(1950-1982 11:25).
(1975a: 315; see above). They certainly would have offered an de-
T,ai(ahuitl. or yellow ochcr. was used ID prodaoe opecially brilliant yd-
ment of warmdi in the often chilly highlands. lo«.^ (Sjb:igiin IPs'n I 1 24?),
Duran insisted that the I luaxtcca had an abundance of precious III. -\lol!:5:i Í <i\ ; ilLliiiLi .j/jr,' .cs "margajita,"' pt 1 Ii.k.^'. iu:i iKhnt; mjr-
stones, and the Mendoza supports this assertion, listing goodly îiruti. 01 daisv. l or luauhjuhtuiihth. .Mvarado Tezozomoc surelv intemied
qnantiries of greenstone and turquoise to be paid m tribute. Two cuauhiiyiihujihili.

I
Four
;55-5ii), the one type thai grew in the
varieties of this tree are described by Hcrnande; ( 't^'i
Huaxtcc area yielded p<xls that had
I
strinijs lit prt•cioü^ .Mirkul iircciisrone beads wen i;ivcii juiiualK,

mcdianal value.
along wich a string ot worked turquoise stones and two turquoise I I (J-i¡!<Kpm (iis name deriving fnjm "flea" or "tnosiiuilo") is a variety of
mosaic discs. There is little archaeological evidence for the native snui! I hiie; teUulitbtl (bird excrement) consists of three s ariclies of chiles, all
occurrence of these fine stones in this repion, and thcv may have iclatcd CO the lAihnjri^ and /Moii/r is a lai]p, red, rather sww
wiiidi cttied by anioldnf 10 diat it it pteséned fiw an cmiie year (Herniiidea
been imported.-* However, they must have been sufticicndy avail-
19591:148-149).
able to have been oonskiered regubw tribute items." 12. in the Gadbr Mmiata the people of Tudipa province give bags of white
While the inchision of Tudipa on the Mendoza tribute tally sug- down fa theia in tribute.
i
THE TRIBLTK VtAR TO YtAR / KOLIOS 5 1 V-5 2r • 133
Copyiigl ited material

1). Ahn fallíhodlid probabfy mewt entgmu or mipKa (ikirtt) hoe, ibr thqr Both aie conect, as Two Rabtit it die name of a jwdfiw J tity and
iir (dewgnl.'*
•K olira parad with die wanicn% nwiirii the esMndal symbol for the wine of diat time and place.
14. BnatzM^ - "tameááng twined," perhaps referring to the node of ZO. aafk09)BI:8^traBÁie*iidtas''auBiletafaihoaaaiiddIlCTcmco^
miro&cture or to a design. oes," although only red and white are showiL Tribute doilis of very sisiiiar
15. The tribute lifted for this province in the Ittfrrmanm of 1554 (Schotes designs were also given by the eastern provinces of Tochtepec and Cnctlaitlan.
.Jill' \H,r',s S'Ji .iImi .uíút: [M:;M;l-. i-(>ly from the MmJi.'.-j !.illv. Ii eiiu- 3 1 T ill, t: iiivbtcs .IS "
inake-masked." although the design is dearly a shell.
mcrjtcs an aiuu-ul :rih.itc uf w jrrnii t isnimc; with rich Um lii^, iiuv iimnr Cloaks 111 ihis luir.c ilin appear m Sahagiin (1950- 1982 8.23), though with-
shield of blue ironc ifH-rhjpi nicjnt ro bt o1 ihe turquoise nimju. divtsi, out illusir.itiii;i
one string ol greonsKint simies, ami i),4(K) maniî to be paid every fii;('.ty ila\>. 22. If the chiles wi-ri. ilritd, they may have been poabile (see note 11 above).
16. The order ot the three rows ot clothing tribute is slightly diftcrcnt in the 23. Garcia Payón (1965 66) states that the tribute from Papamla to MotC-
:
Matrícula and the Mrndaza. While the rich Tocbpan-style manuts constitute cuhzoma II consisted of mantas, maize, pepitas, and chiles.
the third row in each caw (although it is officially the fint row in the Ma- 24. Few precious stones have been found archaeologically (EUmim IM4:
irmiit, reading from btHtom to npX the next two tmm lie reversed. The ijuh 487). Raw (or perhaps wofked) turquoise may have been inqiarted from die
vidiHl items in each row, however, maijuain an identical order. north, where there were active rataei (Uîgnd IW).
17. anlc%Naliuatl«brthH»<«nriba)Wmafi(OT 25. TbeabundanoeofdieseandoifacrpiNcimifiKnikiiioMigBesBedbydie
1 :S4). The deaign on dds mmU áSm
mnewhat from anodier abo caUed n
pmcnoe of gain-seeking ptebttui dd> rîon. »d by the ftncy mgomkc*
jwmmirf lM Aeitoiifc (pMWinct afAlba, feto menls worn by Hoanec warrion (incUdiiv gold, iieitbers, and mirroc^ Al-
18. Ttieilliimtíondiows die l«îV and ddttbjr the tin horiianid bands. varaife TüBMOmDc WJHilWi.
19. Clsrl: fl<?"< 1 H4! translates this a* "two rabbit full of pots," while Ander- 26. Cihuanteopm^ Papniia, Otdoupcc, Mialnw apan, and AHqnedan
son and Dibble (Saha^n 1950-1982 8:23) translate thit term as "wine-god (Mictlan).
134 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5 IV-5Xr
Copyrighted matarial.
FOLIOS 5 2v-5 3r: the province of atlan
THE TRIBUTARY TOWNS: Neither Atlan nor Teiapotitlan seems to remain today (at least not
under those names). However, they were surely located west of
1. Atlan— "Place of Much Water" Tuchpa province and north of TIapacoyan. Atlan may have been
Also in Codrx Mendoza folio 1 8r situated on or near the Pantcpcc River, northeast of Xicotepec and
2. Teâpotitlan — {Tetzapotitlan) "Among the Zapote Trees on Pantepec' Tciiapotitlan may also have carried the name V'alpopo-
the Roclc" cotl,which could also be Uitxilpupucatlan (Gonzalez de Cossio '
.\lso in Codtx Mendoza conquest histor)' (folio lOv) and on 1952:230), which could be today's Huitzilac. Van Zantwijk (1967:
folio l»r 154) suggests that both towns were in the Rio Pante]>ec basin
(although today's Huitzilac is not). It is also possible that Teâpo-
THE TRIBUTE: titlan (as Tzapotitlan) may have been close to Castillo de leayo,
or perhaps was Castillo de Teayo itself (Breton 1920a: 19). Both

The following items were given every six months: towns seem to have been relatively near the town of Mctlalto)'uca.
800 red-bordered mantas with a shell design .\lthough the date of Atlans conquest isunknown, Tcâporitlan
800 multicolored loincloths is recorded as a conquest of .'Xíair-acatl (Codex Mendoza folio lOv).
400 large white mantas, each four brazas long However, Hassig (1988:232) suggests that both towns were con-
quered during the reign of Motccuhzoma Xocovotzin.
Both .\úin and Tcvapotitlan appear to have been important
1,200 bales of white cotton militar>' outposts to the Mexica. A Mexica Tlacochtectli {Tlatoch-
tecuhili), also glossed as ôvemador, presided at .Atlan {Codex Men-

doza folio I8r). and although no such official pictured for Tcva-
CONQUEST HISTORY is
potitlan. this town is included on that same Mendoza page, which
Atlan is one of the most obscure provinces recorded in Codex Men- designates high officials in outl)ing regions (folio 18r).
doza. Not only arc the two towns listed for this province difficult to The Mexica presence was probably considerable in these two
locate but its conquest also seems to have aroused relatively little towns. They may have served as garrisons (Gerhard 1972 1 16; van :
documentary interest. Some of this confusion may be due to the Zanrwijk 1967). Holt (1979:365-366) classifies Atlan as a "fron-
rapid Colonial depopulation in this area (Gerhard 1972 : 1 19- 12 1). tier garrison." .'\ztcc troops were stationed at such garrisons near
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5 2V- 5 3r 135

hosrile borders; they were supported at least in part by the local tribute dudes consisted of twenty-live loads of small clotlis, twenty
populace 357-358). However, statements on such a local
(ibid.: sidita, and twenty shirts (huipiW?), to be paid every eighty days, in
obligadcHi do not appear in die docmnentary leooid for Adan. addition to chickens, eetr-. fish, tortillas, maize, chiles. 'Deans, ocote,
and fniit (these sulwistence gixnis to be paid regularly to the cor-
THE PROVINCE AND fTS INHABITANTS ngidor and González de Coasft) 1952;474-475). Adan
aigiuril:
also gave clothing, hut in relatively small amounts (ibid.:475)-

The area encompassed by Aclan province was essentially in the The limited range of tribute from this province may reflect the
eastern foothills of die Sierra Ma(fae, and cotton was a notable re- Aztecs' intense interest in cotton from the Adan region, a rela-
source. The prn\-ince*s landscape wis dominated bv the Pantcpcc tively low level of local specialization in poods appealing to the
River, flowing here south to north, later to meet the 1 uxpan River Aztecs, and/or limited access to special resources beyond their
and empty into the Gulf at Tucfapa. This riverine artery may have boundaries.
been a major tiiiihland-t()-cn;mt commercial and tran<.portation
link; the placement of Aztec outposts along or near its basin may REFERENCES
have served Aztec military goals well in controlling die region.
This area was one of consiiicral'k- litik'îistic diversity. Nahua, Information on the .Atlan-Tc(,'apotitlan region can be found in
ütomi, Tcpchua, liuaxtcc, and two mutually unintelligible ver- Barh)w (!94'â;61 -62), (icrhard (1972: 1 16-121), and Bernal and
sions of Totonac arc all recorded as being spoken here (PNE Hurtado (1953). Garrisons in this area are discussed by Hcix
5:219—220). In the Lihrv de Lts tasaciones (González de Cossio (1979), van Zanrvnjk (1967), and Hassig (1988). A lienzo rei>ortedly
1952 :7d) the region is described generally as "i^luastcc" and, to a from Metialto\'uca is discussed by Breton (1920a, 1920b). Towns
lesser dqiiee, "Menean." in this area are also mentioned in the Lih-o de lasuatmm (Gon-
zalez de Cossio 1952} and PN£ (5 :219-220).
TRIBUTE
The tribute from Adan and Teâpotítian consisted only of cotton
dodling and raw cotton, consistent with the report that cotton was NOTES
grown in this region. The most elaborate clothing was the 800
1. Barlow, however, js4<K Íaii:s the aniicnt <»c ot Arlan with rotlav's .Vila near
(knds of) red and white "jewel of ch«(atP' cloaks.' The two images pjhujil.iii ! l"'i''a . dl I. 1 his Atli ijunritied as .i i it ncirt>', 1 l.;juhi.hi-
of these cloaks have borders of blue, yellow, dark green, light nancD ' as wis a C,-apDti:lanl, its lucatmn makes ir unlikelv ch^r -.i \ias the \t.an
green, and red; liic boniers tor these cloaks in the Matrícula (folm .vl iiiJ I'.fi; L()rr;:ljt::s it -.nth today's San lost Allan, HiJalpo.
16r) show only red and yellow. Addidonally, the people of this lepanttpcc (ptriiaps loday s Pantcpetl i> listed as a siitijii-l town uf Adan
(GowaletdeC.issi.) 1^52:76-77).
province gave in tribnte 800 (loads oO muldooloTed loincloths
2. Gerhard (1972:116) suggests quite tentatively thai this may be
(again only red and yellow in the Matricula). Additionally, 400 Metlaltojiica.
(loads of) lai]ge white mmats were required in payment; each oi 3. VVhile die (wo "jewd of (AcmcT* inann are esientialiy die same in the
these was to be lour hnm long. The Mmbea states that all this itfiadn^ ihqr do diÁtr the m MMak tIk firK image aim
dothing was to be paid twice a year; the Matricula indicates every
in die MMbsa (aid k in fius iôeted jmmqn—""jewd fl^
and doik lads the veiticii stripes and instead has four shdl images (it b
eighty days. Aside from the woven goods, 1,200 "bales" of raw
glossed camopalto — "purple"— in the Mairiada). Howevtr, the four-shell
white cotton were demanded in tribute annually (every eighty days cloak drawTi for Tuchpa province (folto ^2rl is glossed ytcattaeayv on (olio 1 5v
according to the Matricula).* Clothing is also the only tribute cate- of the M.nncHla. The "icHcl i
't .itr cloak as seen an falio 5}r of CUer
Mfiiinrj IS «r>rn liv a Tiamhcakatl on (olio 65r.
gory listed for this province in the It^mfucim of 1554 (Scfaoles
4. U:ú n 1 iiion wis. however, abo supposedly grown in dib general region
and Adams 1957: 89).'
1
(.-Vlcorn 1<í«4:.<h;'>-ÍW).
The emphasis on cotton and cotton cloth continued into the s. The ildciiinciii iisis ^s.i iiii.i m.inui annually (iloBg with the ubiqailnas
Spanish Colonial period in this area. Prior to 1546, Te9apotídan's "chickens"). Ilús seems quite cxccssn-e.
136 • THE TRIBUTE YE AR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5 2 V- 5 3 r
FOLIOS 5 3v-54r: the province of tzicoac

1. ^tzicoac (Tziccoac)
— "On the Turquoise-Blue Snake" The Aztec conquest histor)- of Tzicoac closely parallels that of
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest history (folio l}r) Tuchpa, as both seem to have been included in the same conquest
2. Molanco
— "In the Place of Many Rubber Bowls" eflforts. Alva Ixtlilxochid (1965 2 197) attributes
: its conquest to the
Also in Codex Mendoza conquest historj- (folio 1 }r); a Molanco Texcocan king Nezahualcoyotl. while Duran (1967 2:164) pre-
is also on folio I6r. sents it as a Triple .\Jliancc effort, spearheaded by the Mcxica ruler
3. Cozcatecutlan
—
"Where the Nobles' Beads Abound" Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (1440- 1468). Their militar)- move on
4. Ychcatlan
— "Where There Much Cotton"
Is the lluaxtci-a was reputedly spurred by the assassination of Valley
5. Xocoyocan
— "Place of Fruit Trees" of Mexico merchants traveling in that region, although they may
have had their eyes on this rich area in any event. Tlie Valley of
Mexico peoples had just survived a devastating four-year famine,
THE TRIBUTE:
during which time some people had to sell family members as
The following items were given every six months: slaves to Huaxtecs; corn had remained plentiful in this northeast
400 white mantas with multicolored borders ctiastal region. The conquest of Tzicoac (glossed as Chicoaquc) is
4(M) multicolored loincloths

recorded for the year I4S8 in the Codex Telleriam-Rtmensis (1964-
1967: folio 33r); this would place it during the reign of the first
S(X) large white mantas, each four bruzas long
.Motecuhzoma. However, this distant realm may have been only
weakly attached to the Triple .Vlliancc powers, since later con-
quests for both Tzicoac and Tuchpa arc also recorded. The town
1 yellow warrior costume with quetzalpanaclti device, and of 'Tzicoac is listed in Codex Mendoza part I as a conquest of
shield Ahuitzotl (I486- 1502); .Molanco, a town included in this prov-
1 red ocelotl warrior costume and shield ince, is listed in Codex Mendoza part I as a conquest of Ahuitzotl
800 bales of white cotton and/or Motcaihzoma Xoco\-otzin (1502-1520). Indeed, this area
400 loads of dried chiles may have had only marginal political ties with the imperial powers;
Duran records that the lord of Tzicoac was one of the "external
THt TRIBLTK YE.^R TO VK AH / FOLIOS 5 JV-54r 137

visitors" invited bv .-Vhuitzotl to view the dedication of theleniplo TRIBUTE
Mayor in 14H7- This implies that tlie Tzicoac "set'iur" wa-i noEyec
conquered by the Alcxica, but was ripe for intimidation. The tribute from Tzicoac provinoe (as recorded in Codex Menáazá)
was s;i!'-.t;nnial. hut not .is diversified or as rich as rhar p.iid hv
However weakly this region may have been OOOSOlidated iniO
the Triple 4\lliance empire, tribute collectors were supposedly as-
neighboring Tuchpa. However, the tribute imposed on this prov-
signed here. This is implied in the Codex Maidoza and overtly ince by Nezahiulcoyod upon its initial lecoitded oonqaeat was
stated bjr Alva bdilnichitl (1975- 1977 2 : 196). Iti addition, the bodi heavy and varied (AKa Lidiliochid 1965 2: 197):
imperial powers established five JoruUezts in the Uuaxtec ngiaiii 1,800 loads of nuintits isoriie rith an<l stripeii uirh many
overall (Alvarado Tczozomoc 1975a: 3 1 1). colors, to hang in the kings rooms, others simple,
The snbieot mwiis in this region appear to have been dispersed skins and huipiUi)
over a very large area, but the locations of most of them are in 1(X> loads of "twisted" mamas, called ikuatsHAqut; each
some dispute. Tzicoac itself was most likely ItK-ated on the Tuxpan manta to be of three lengths, each length eight brazM
River, upstream from Tuchpa. However, it m.iy have been situated long
üirther inland, perhaps closer to Chicontepcc (Gerhard 1972:133).' 100 loads of mmtas, delicate and of premium qualityi
The hypothesized locations of the other towns of this province each four foauti long
place them inland from die ooflst: this Is nota cxMital but rather an 40(1 m;its
iq>Und province. 4ÜÜ deerskins

Barlow (1949a 54-55) adds few additloaal towns to this prtnr-
:
100 live deer
100 loads of chiles
inoe which are not included on the Memkza or MatriaUa tribute
100 loads of ptpiuu
roU.' Detailed Infennation is available on only one of these, Hue-
100 large parrots
xotla. Huexoda did not pay tribute throagfi Tticoac. but rather
40 sacb of white feathers for making cloth
seems to have existed as a semi-independent enclave. Huexotla was
40 sacks of feathers from different-colored birds
situated conveniendy on major north-soutfa and east-west travel
200 loads of underclothing
routes, close to the borderlands of Metztitlan. Its conquest status is
Service in the royal palace as requiretl
unclear: Torquemada 1:!'^,^) states that .AhuitzotI /vcon-
quered it after a rebellion, the local inhabitants having assaulted listed among the towns serving Tex-
Tzicoac and Ychcatlan ate
die imposed mayordomos and officials and having (ailed to deliver ctKO under a labor draft (González de Coasío 1952:53, 56),' al-
their tribute to Tcnochtitlan and Texeoco. This im])lies that it was though Tzicoac's tribute was destined to be divided among the
conquered earlier, but Williams Garda (1963:52) mentions that three Triple Alliance capitals (iMotolim'a 1971:396).' Molanco is
Motecuhzotna Xocoyotzin, the last Mexica ruler, conquered Hue- also included in this listing, as are nearby Chioontepec and Tamaoc.
xotla. h warred w itli towns in the northern Metztitlan domain, but CmJcx MaiJuZii begins its tribute listing fur T/itoac province
this may have been an expression of their own independence rather with one row of clothing tribute. The tirst item is 4U0 (loads of)
than an effort on behalf of the Triple Alliance. Whatever its politi- plafai white cloaks with borders colored in red, bhie, yellow, and
cal status, HucxotLi was tcriainK i siijnificant mercantile center, ureeii. This iretn is almost entirely iililireriteil in the MatrkuL Je
serving especially as an entrepot for the marketing of salt (PN£ Inbum (1980: folio 16v). This is followed by 4Ü0 (toads of) color-
6:186^ 190-191). This trading center seems to have attracted ful kñndotha, 800 (loads of) large white nwiiter (each four trmts
meidiantl from frr and wide; names of some of Huexotla's sitic-tos long), and 400 (loads of l htiipiUt .ind >kirts. These items are rep-
suggest endavea of groups from commeraally active towns m cen- resented by two bands of red decoration and a red rectangle at
tral Mexica* In a general sense, the flourishing of Huemth as a the ha^K nedt slot. These items only tangentialiy relate to the
trading entrepot near hostile borders recalls the similar situation clothing in .Mva Ixtlilxochitl's listing; perhaps the large white m¡in-
of Cholula on the tense Tlaxcalan borderlands. tas compare with the delicate and premium mantas mentioned for
Netahnakoyod^ tribaie. The Mtmhza clothing tribute was due
twice a year (quarterly acnirding to the Mun-irtib).
The people of Tzicoac were also required to send two fancy
The towns of Tucoac province, aldiough only provisionaUy lo- warrior'te costumes with dieir shields in tribute once a year. One is
cated, tcl! in ticncral in the hot rotintrv ainnu the foothills of the a vellovv cosninie (with irs jHíniilpttt-ihth he.KÍdrc-,'- oí Ih'imii!,'
eastern .Sierra .Madre. I zicoac itsclt may well have been a riverine green leathers,! and a xuaLnisui.-iiui shielii; the other is a red jaguar-
town and as such had considerable quantities of ñsh, tortoises, and style (otelotl) costume with green feathered headgear and a cutxyo
shrimp, and enjoyed a substantial twenty-day market (Alvarado shield (appropriately from the land of the I luaxtccs).
Tczozomoc 1975a: 3 10, 315). Cotton was grown at Huexotla Finishing off the tribute from T/icoac arc prtxlucts of the land.
(PNE 6: 186) and probably also at Ychcatlan ('*Wbeie There Is As with nearby Tuchpa, chiles were an important cultigen here,
Much Cotton"). and their abundance is reflected in a demand of 400 loads of chiles
The region encompassed by Tzicoac province was mainly Huax- annually.' Cotton must also have been significant here (see above);
tec in language and culture, with some enclaves of Tepehua and 800 "bales" of white cotton made didr way amually to die Triple
Nahuad speakers. I'he Uuaxtcc language belongs to the Afiayan Alliance from this region."
family of languages. Httaxtec cuhnre was quite distinctive, si^-
dently so to have quite amazed the Aztecs of central Meaoo (see
REFERENCES
di scuwio n under Oñtípan provinoe).
Additkmal information on Tzicoac province can be found tn Bar-
low (1949a: 54- 57), Gerhard (1972:118, 1.?:-1H), Bernal and
Hurtado (1953), Meade (1942), Toussaint (1944Í), and WilUams
138 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 5 3V-54r
García <I96?). Hucxotla is (icstribcd in PNT. 6: 18J-192. Alva Ix- basb of proximity, and Hoexoda became h waned «íih Memhlan, a per-
tlikochiti, Alvarado Tezozoinoc, and Durán all record che consistent enemy of the Triple .\lliance.
4. l-iir i x;iiTi;ili ,
I'lKhrl ui (PociltCCi), Chololin íCholoItCCJl, TotOmCipail
qnest of this rîon in some depdu
i'lini.ii.ii I KjM i-<i .III 1 li pthua; PNK 6 IK?). Hutvoilii itwif was csacBiially
a TcpthLij !iuMi ;iIik:.: l^^).
5. Vchcuiiin is iniss|M;lleil ¡n Techadan in this documenc

6. On the basisoft\io-fifdBtoTeiiochdtitii,two4iidisioliaBOCisaiidcM^
fifch to the smaller Tlaoopin.
NOTES 7. In the Mamaik, diese hems were »p|Mi i«iJy ghwa evety eighty
(probably quarterly).
1. Although he ipdk this Ttzcohuacilaod, TdoMC n oettaiiily ittendcd. B. In the early Colama] period, the tijbnie of Ydicadan and its ntí^titum
This was following Nenhualcoyittl's dooiinenied oonquctt of Tnooic. ponriwed of cacao, rubber, and red ocfaer but, alas, no oMtna (Gonziles de
2. Early in the Coioaial period, the Tzicoic «fccoa was moved to Chiomi- Cossio 1952:29-30). The bîrnumn of 1554 (Scholes and Adams 1957:9(9
tt|iec(Gcihani 1972:134). records an annual tribute of tvío warrior costumes with their shields alooy
3. Tampatel waa eonqnered by .Vxayacad and Tamapadico by Tizoc (CMbr with anodicf nineteen shields; 2,300 mantas were due every eighty days; and
AfoMlmfeBo* lOvaad l2f).Chapiilhuacinaeani id haw been added on the "chichens^ were deliveied regulaily.
THK TRIBUTE VEAR TO YEAR / KOLIOS 5 3V- 54r • 139

Cl-,- J I
^,1 i.ijG inaierial
THE TRIBUTARY TOWN: been one of these, at the very northern reaches of Aztec military
expansion.
1 . Oxitipan— "WTiere Oxitl Is Used" Oxitipan was probably located just south of present-day Ciudad
Valles, at Ojitipa dc Mirador (Barlow m4''a:52). Strcsser-Péan
(197 places at present-day Aquism«m, also south of Ciudad
THE TRIBUTE: 1 : it
Valles. In either case, it would have been on (or close to) a major
land route south to Tamazunchale and Huexotla.
The following items were given ever)' sLx months:
2,000 large white mantas, each rwo brazas long
400 multicolored striped mantas, each four brazas long
400 multicolored striped manias, each rwo brazas long (Compared with most other Mendoza provinces, Oxitipan was
The following items were given annually: small in area. It lay predominantly in low flatlands with few hills
and high rainfall. Salt was particularly important to its economy
400 loads of dried chiles
(Chilton 1572).
1,2, or more live eagles
A major salt-trading center was located south of here at Hue-
xotla. The land of the Huaxteca in general, called Cuextlan, was
hot, producing foods and several different kinds of cotton in abun-
CONQUEST HISTORY
dance: "it is called the land of fixxl, the land of flowers" i.Sahagiin
Oxitipan lay in the heart of the Huaxteca. It is the only town listed 1950-1982 10: 1K5). Sahagun emphasizes that this land was also
for this tributary province, though it most certainly had a number called Pantia or Panotia, "Wlicre the Water Is Crossed" (ibid.).'
of subject towns.' It is not clear when the conquest of Oxitipan The Huaxtecs were considered quite outrageous by the i'\ztccs,
t(K)k place. '
Nonetheless, it clearly w:>$ an Aztec imperial conquest, who nonetheless borrowed certain elements of their adtiire (most
perhaps with an imposed caatfue (Meade 1942: 305- 306). .VIeade notably the cufxtetatl warrior costume and aiexyo shield, along
(ibid. : 49) mentions that the iluaxtcca in general seemed to have with their accompanx ing religious associations and s\7nbolism). It
been made up of a number of fragmented cir\ -siates, each making is interesting that the atexiecatt warrior costume is not shown as
wars and alliances as it wished. Oxitipan, then, appears to have tribute from the Huaxteca realm.
140 • THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS J4V-55r

I'he people were call (Chilton 1572). According to Chilton they The early Colonial tribute demands on Oxitipan only barely re-
dyed their bodies bbe; Sihtgún (19SO-I982 lOt 185) telb u that semble its reomied pre-Hispanic reqidrements: four and one-balf
they d>x'd their hair red, \clIow, or other colors, letting it h,ing loads of clothing, nine cloth hcd covcrint;»., flimy In.ids of chiles,
over their ears and Icn j tuft in the back They filed their teeth nine jars of honey, sixty deerskins, and labor on maize and cotton
(so tfaqr took, the shape ut gourd seeds) and oolofed diem blade fields (FNE 1:168).
(ihid.).*Thqr wove cloth into foniastic designs and could be quite
extravagant in their use of precious stone and feather omamenB. REFERENCES
According to Aztec moral standards the women clothed them-
selves very well, but the men did not, wearing large doaks but HO Information on Oxitipan and the Huaxteca is found in Barlow
loincloths (ibid.: 186). However, this may have been an exaggera- (1949a: 51-54), Ckrhard (1972:354-358), Toussaint (1948),
tion (Stresser-Péan 1971 : 590). The men always went about armed Stresser-Péan (1971), Chilton (1572), Mcadc (1942), Sahagún
widi bows tad arrows (ibid.: 185; Chfltoa 1572). (1 950- 1982 10: 185-186), Gaidt Pimentd (1904: 130-136), and
Alcorn (1984).
TRIBUTE
Oxitipan's is the 6nal tribute tally in CoJex Alendoza; this page is
NOTES
entirely absent in the Matricula. Like other areas of the Huaxteca,
it provided sidMtBntial quantities of woven cloth: 2,000' (bads 1 III 1 570 Oxjiipjn had thirteen fuja^v. all Huaxlci (.Mcadc \'H2 .'06)
of) large white mantas; 4O0 (loads of) colorfully striped cloaks," 2. Uxitipan mav have been
'
included in the old kingdom of .Xahocan (KNE
I0:I25-i:6).
each four brazas long; and 400 siinilarly striped mantas, each two
3. This is probably a reüerence to having cnnscd perhaps from farther
tiic lea,
brazas long.
soud) in Mexico. The Huaxtec langu^ bdoogi to the Mayan family, promi-
Also included in Oxitipan's tribute were 400 loads of dried Dcni in che Madacm icachcs of MeKMmerica. The Huaxteca htm been
chiles' and one or more live eagles, depending on their success in separated innm other Mayannpeddiy people for at leaR ),000 yean (fet
Swadesh 19$}).
ñnding and capturing them. .MotecidoOQU Xocuyutr.in kept eagles
4. This treatment of their teerh was listed a< one of the "defetts" of the
in his roval aviary, and these eagles were probably caught for th:i(
HuJXtcc people, in the e)xs of ihi i \!m, i •, i-imi|.. i( ,! :n,i]r.iri>|iri.iti ;m
purpose. Motolinia (1950:212) describes these birds as having their practice of perforating then uu^cs jini uiscrtmg j ¡¿"Id m ti .iilu - nnia-
"very strong claws, the foot and talons as big as a mtlAi as is also mcnt in the hole iSahagun I'JMI- lOr 1K6).
the leg. The bocly is very large and the beak very savage. For one 5. The scribe omitted the tzuittii l-MJU) glyph on these items. I he glosses uuli
cate "-400," and that was surely intended.
neal diey will eat a tnrlcey.** A live eagle, along with 6,000 mntir 6. Yellow, blue, red, and green. These resemble the striped cloaks shoun for
and unnumbered "chickens," is also listed 3s tribute for Olitqian the proviticc of Tuchpa.
in die btfonueim of 1554 (Scfaoles and Adams 1957 :90). 7. AlcDfn(l9B4:578-580)listssevcralqôfchilcsgrowninthcHuaxieca.
THE TRIBUTE YEAR TO YEAR / rULIUS 54V- 5 5r 141
Oúpy tiyhieo inaiotial

of die Codex Mendoza
PART 3
THE DAILY LIFE

YEAR TO YEAR
FOLIO 57
CONTENT
Folio 57r is a pictorial account of the earliest ceremonies per- The gkns 00 the upper register of folio 57r states that the (out
formed and decisions made in the life of a newborn Aztec child. rosettes represent four ihys, after which the midwife took the re-
The narrative begins on the left of the upper register, where the cently born infant to be bathed. There is a dotted line that leads
speech scroll in front oi the woman's mouth indicates that she is from the cradle to the rosettes and then on to the midwife u ti< >
addressing the new baby, who has already been placed in a cradle. holds the naked baby. .'\11 diese connected images have to do with
The Spanish glosa confirms diat the woman is a recendy delivered the naming of the child.
modier and the cradle holds her tnfint. Prior to that ceremony, however, both the name and "«"'"g
day had to be determined. This was a matter of primary import
Birtb because children were named tor their day signs. A great deal of
Thanhs 10 the work of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, the feremast eflbn went into invesdgaiing the nature of a baby% njtal sign; it
of the sivtcfiilh-ceiKurv chrciniiltTs nt \/ti-c nilnirc, wc have was thought to exert a powerful, lifelong influence as a result of the
some knowledge ot the care given women during childbirth. In Sa<- specific bundle of fate each particular day carried. In short, it was
hagún^ encydofiedic work, the tweKe-vohmw F/vrancmr Cukx, he believed that an individual's fate was subiea to predestination.
makes it clear th.it the A/tec rnidvn'vcs wt-rc a group of cstcctncd Therefore, as soon as an in£uit was born, men skilled in divina-
professionals.' Because girls topically married at fifteen (see foUo don —the tmaipoubqui— ^wiere caQed in to ascertain whedwr die
61 r), a lint birdi acually occurred at a young age. A midwife cf- child had arrived under a good or bad sign. This important act was
fcrcd experience, uisdom, and emotional support; no matter what accomplished by consulting a tUMkmatl, a divinatory manual,* to
the exigencies of the deliver)'.*'
determine the burden of good or iH borne by the natal day.' If die
Once the baby was delivered, the midwifie cut the umbilical sien was considered fortunate, the child could tie named the next
cord, washed the child, and immediately offered a prayer to the day. But if the sign of the birth day proved to be calamitous, a
goddess associated with water, C^halchiuhdicue ("Jade-

fertility
better sign in the four following days was sought, one that could
Her-Skirt"), diat the newborn might have a calm and pure heart correct the unfortunate influence of the principal signs. Thus the
"in order that he may live on earth peacefullx." ' W'hether the child appearance, on folio S7r, of four glyphs representing days appro-
was a buy ur girl, there were standard admonitions given during priately placed above die baby in his cradle.
.•\s the commentary on folio 56v states, the naniint' itself "js
the ctttti^ of die ombiUcal cord:
carried out not by a soothsayer, but by the midwife. She is depicted
Thus she told him [a baby boy] that it (life) was all affliction,
on folio 57r as an old «voman widi wriidded ddn and gray hair.
travail, that Mfould bcfiU him on cardi, and that he wouM The ceremuny, which took place at da>'break with the midw it'e fac-
die in war, or would die in sacrifice to the gods. And she
ing to the west, consisted of two parts, the ritual washing of the
entrusted his uiiihilical cord to the distiiiuuisiicd warriors,
child and the actual naming.*
those wise in war, to bury it there in the midst of the plains
On folio 5~r, the midwife holds the naked baby in one hand and
where warliire wm practised. . . . And the umbilical cord nf
gc!>curcj> with ihc other iowar<i tiic waiting water container atop a
the baby girl she only buried there by the hearth thus , sin-
mat of rushes. The Spaniah gloss identifies these as "the rushes
signified diat the woman was to go nowhere. Her very la&li
with their little earthen pan of water." Frav Dieeo Dunin, another
was the home life, life fay the fire, by die grindhig none.'*
of the prolific sixteenih-ecntur) inissiunary chrona icrs, states that
Both baby boys and girls were welcomed and treasured, as is indi- the children of nobles were u ashed in special basins for four days
cated by the reference to newborns as predous necUaces and in a row, whereas those of the lower classes wane simply badied in
beaucihil feathers.* streams.*
Tilt DAILY LlKt Yt.AR TO VF.AK / KJLIO ^-JT • 145
Renirning to the upper register of folio 57r. above the mat of IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS
rushes are five articles that the gloss calls "the symbols." They in- The Mother
dicate fntiire career possibilitio i< ir I ti iti . iMiy: J war shield backed
by four arrows, a carpenter's awl, a kathcrworker's obsidian knitc, mother: mntii'*
• scribe's brush, and a goldsmith's tool. Below the rush mat are de-
woman: dkutd"
picted symbols of the household casb that await a baby girl, all
mentioned in the Spanish gloss: a broom, a spindle full of cotton

' .OB \ hairstyle
thread spun from the attached fillet of raw cotton, and a rccd This married woman wean her hair in the typi-
cat. mamrc .Vtcc woman's sr\lc: nvo hornlike
workbaskct for the storage of spinnmg and weaving equipment:
To the right of the mat of rushes sit three small boys. The Span- Jap*""^] tufts were CTcatcd by dividing the long, loose
boys who call out the name

ish gloss states that these are the three y^S hdr in die adddk^ binding it with a cord, and
of the recentlybom infani. They face a bowl ñlled with paiched ^^l*""^ then foiditiET it tip in Mich a way as to leave the
bulk of the hair resung on the nape of the neck

maize kernels, a dish traditionally associated widi the naming cere-
mony. Footprints leading in a counterdocfarise direction surround while the two ends were seemed « ihe top of die bead. Sahagún
provides a ver)' clear illustratiollOÍthis hai(^tylf iti his depiction of
the mat, indicating the direction tiiemidwifc walks aaahe performs
the bathing and naming rituals. the Cihuapipiltin, the women who became goddesses after dying
Sahagiin reports úux nrhen the child im bathed, the water was Id difldUrdi.** The pre-Hispanic ritud picnria] CiNlnr £1^^
placed on his or tongue j

Iter ast and on the crown of the
: i : I > i
tains a number of illustrations of the fertility goddess Xoduqueizal
with her hair arranged in chis fashion.''

bead, to the acoampaniment of ritual pnjiai. The baby was then
aSmd up four times to the heavens—tio doubt to the cardhial di- Ednard Sder, the eminent fane-oneteenth-oentury German
rections — each time with special incantations. If the newborn was scholar, mentions that the prominent women arranged their hair
in hornlike plaits, crossing the ends ot the hair over the forehead.
a boy, the tii^ instruments of war were then presented to him; a
baby girl recebed the aforementioned symbols of womanly pur- He ghws the names of «rtfawflKr or iM«^^
suit. It was at this point that the child was presented with itSGue-
'''
earpluy: tijiuihlli
ñiUy chosen name, and the young bo>'s in attendance then ran
naming^xremony The earplug worn by the \x)ung mother is identical to the one Sa-
fotdl through the neighborhood carrying the
srcv of heans, and shouting out hagún shows worn by the goddesses essodated with childbirth, the
gift of food, parched corn and a
Cihuapipiltin mentioned above."'
the baby's name. The speech scrolls in from of the three Httle boys'
mouths refer to this portion of the ceremony.'*
yellow body color: tmn;ahuit¡-'
Dedkatkm In the ethnographic section of Codtx Mmdoza, women arc often
depiacd with a pale \tIIow hue to their skin. Sahagún makes refer-
The remaining section of folio 57r is concerned with the two
choices to be nuidc ajncernincr the l)ah\ 's fururc career. The Span- ence to this coloration in his account of the Wl of Tcnt>chticlan:
who ".\nd ¡che Spaniards] seized, they selected the women — the pretty
ish gloss identities both the )'oung tathcr and mother, arc
*'
ones, those whose bodies were yellow: the yellow ones." '["his
shown seated on the left side of the folio. In the center, the gloss
yellow tintis also mentioned when Sahagún describes the adorn-
rca<ls, "The infant in its cradle, whom the parents offer to the
temple." Both Sahagún and the Spanish commentary of folio 36v ment of the noble women: "Their Caces were painted with dry, col-
confirm that while a babyyetlay in its cradle, the parents decided ored [powders]; fines were colored with yellow odirei or with bi-
whether it would be dedicated to the priestv' hon'-e — the a¡¡mn-ac, tumen."" However, it apparently was not just the upper classes
where the boys and girls would train to b«come priests and priest- who used these yellow dyes. In Sahagnn'ii description of a harlot,
esses—or the tti^M'*')^ be states that she anoints herself u itli i yellow aalve caQed mem in
*>*VÍ>t
well as the oblig^torv rinul îiipiiit; ;ind dancing to lioth sexes in an order to have a pleasing and shiiung face."
adjacent area, the ancuuiiii. '
1 he ducted Unes leading from the The CoJar Mtndua an example of a

tribute section contahis
bowl of recv(ahuir!. itieiinfud hv the l'Ioss .is "a yellow vumish with
btby^ cradle to the two seated males on the right of the feJio indi»
cate these xwn eifuc.irii m.il riptions,
which they painted themselves." 1 his pajment was sent from the
The irf/wtirfi IS represented b)' the seated male whom the gloss province of Tlslcofaubtitlan."
identifies as "the head priest." He is rccogniMbIc by the priests'

tuiúc: huipiUi"'
traditional black body paint, long hair tied back by a white ribbon,
and smear of blood in front of the ear. The gloss identifies the
The Aztec biîX was a dosed-sewn, sleevdess tunic or shift that
fell a little below the hips or to the top of the rhitrhs. It was the
other seated male as i "master of youths and ho)'^." lie represents
the more secular education available in the telpocbcaUi.*' The net-

requisite female upper-body garment, and as such was worn by
ted cape, face paint, hairstyle, shell necklace, and two-heion-feather women of all classes. The isHj^' often bad a decorated rectangle
over the chest and upper hack th.it may have served to strengthen
hair ornament are the cbaractnisiic accoinreinentt of i master of
the neck slit; there was also sometimes a dilferentiatcd design area
youths' position. This an array of the capricious god Tec-
is also
cadipoca, one of whtne titles is Telpochdi, or "Male Youth,** and over each shoulder."
one of whose reahns was patron of the young warriors."

skirt: (ueitP*
The Aztec woman's skirt was a length of cloth that was wrapped
atOUnd the lower body ami Necurcd at the waist, falling to midcalf
in length. This garment was the basic lower-torso attire worn by
all Aztec females.'*
146 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / KOLIO 57r
bare feec: foot: iexili'^ The Day Sign
in Cedex Mauhaa, nndak ippeir qoljran m^n perferming offi- day sign: temUlmtiiûUtí**
cial funaions. However, in centnl Mexican rdigiow-ritnal pk»
The roand, multicolored day sign,
toriai codices, goddesses often wear sandals, as do their imper*
with a small center circle and four similarly sized multicolored
senators." Female slaves, who have been "bathed" (cleansed for
drdes equally spaced around the drde's periphery, appears in
sacrifice) as part of the cercmoiqr pieparing them to impersonate
other Aztec pictorial codtoes, both in a ritual context*' and as a de>
deitíes, are described by Sahagún as MPcaring sandab."
sign on ritual mantles.*''
Four identical (though larger) day signs also can be found in the
posture
Most of the females in Codex Aiaukza arc depicted in the kneeling
tribute section of CM» MmAm, folio 19r, with die list of nibatt
from Tenochddan^ neigbboring dty, Tlatelolca*'
position, as on feÜo 57r, wtdi bodi knees pulled up under únc body
and, when not gesturing; with both hands crossed on die legs.
êeth Strait midwife: temixihuititmi'*

depiction of age
In all bul eight cases in ilie cihn(tur;!|)hic
bi the ethnographic section of Cadtx Mm-
section of Codex Mendoza, only single speech
ihzj. n\i\ people .ippcar only on the first,
scrolls appear." The eneptions suggest that
fifth, and last folios (folios 57r, 61r, and 71r,
extra scrolls, or enlarged ones, indicate a lonj; or
respectively), where age is consistendy in-
intense discourse. Also, the "direction" or
dicated by wrinkled skin and pray hair. A
speech may be intended —who is talking to
number of the more stylized prc-Hispanic
whom. With till' ; \n piion of the three sons
pictoriab convey die concept of age widi
learning their trades on folio 70r, subservient
a single toodi in the mouth of an dderiy
persons are not depjcied with speech scrolls;
person.'"'
;i |)p .1 re II I K only impomnt or perhaps even only
ritualized speech s bcinu indicated. turquoise earplug: xiubnaatchtii"
The manner of wearing this blue earphig is described in the fbl-
Cradle
lou ing -XzTcc riddle: "WTiat is it that is a horizontal drum of green
cradle:amioUi" stone bound about the middle with flesh? One can see from our
bnmediately after a child was born, the midwife litde riddle diat it is die ear plug."»
cut the cord, washed the baby, wrapped it in a .\n illustration showing exactly how the earplug was worn can
cloth, recited the appropriate prayers, and carried the infant into be found on foUo 42 r of the Codex Mendoza, lilis depiction is the
the house m Older 10 pboe k in the waiting cradle.'* bi die Fbrim- place-name glyph fbr Naoochdan in dw pronaoe of Tiqieacac a
tine Codrx, this type of cTadle somerimos ser\'cs aS a symbol for center diat derived its name firom the Nahuad word for carping,
"baby," whether or not :in infant is visible inside." namhtti.
Bahy status of midwifo
^/=\Sjfi\ ' Sahagón makes it dear that the expertise of these experienced and
baby: oabichi ptitomU
skilled \uitnen was much sought after They constituted a
From birth, newborns were mvoilved m cer- foff-
maUzed, respected group. As a profession, they were dedicated to

tain aspects cJf .\7tcc ceremonial life. For ex-
the worship of goddesses aasodaied with fertility and childbitdi.''
ample, at the monthly feast of Huauhquiltanialcualiztii ("I'he Eat-
ing of Hvanhquilid Staffed Tamales*),'* babies who still lay in
cradles were giv en a taste of octli. the riru.il pulijut drink made from
Several sets of multiple footprints
the fermented syrup of the maguey plant. "
.-^t certain ceremonial
appear in Ctidex Mendoza to indicate
occasions, in worship of the Aztec gods, a few drops of blood were
* the direction of people's physical
taken fnnn even the vounec»;t of infants
movement. This is an iconographic device that is found in bodi
Ritual precautions repeatedly were taken to protect growing
pre- and pnst-Hispanic pictorials,"
children. Fbr enmple, adws were nibbed on the knees of babies in
.\nother instance in which footprints serve as indicators of physi-
cradles ro prevent lameness." If, despite all care, a TOung baby
cal presence or passage occurs in the context of an Aztec ritual. Ax
died, it was believed that he or she went to a special heaven re-
the twelfth month festival, Teotleco (".\rrival of the Gods"), the
served apedficalty far infenla.*'
sudden, miraculous appearance of a single footprint impressed on
Dotted Lhu a small cake of oonuneal was a sign that the first god had arrived at
the feast; the other deities would soon follow.**
In Codex Mendoza, a dotted line
running between images denotes a Rushes or Tide
conceptual connection, the inter-
mle: toUm"
pretation of which depends on the
Fresh rushes were used as temporary cover-
context. For example, on folio 57r,
ings for hard-packed dirt floors and court-
the baby and the paraphernalia of
sards when a ceremony or festival was in
the naming litnal are oonnected
progress. As such, they served as mats. Sa-
ceremonially.*'
hagún mentions se\'cral types of reeds used for mat-making. One ü
pedattUi, which is "cylindrical, pithy within." Another is i
THE DAILY Lift YKAR TO YtAR / FOLIO 57r • 147
Cl4- , I
..jd material
also called atoUn —which not strong; can be shredded." A (ieatherworker: tntutnttaid^
third type of nut-maldng reed
"is
is
it
the yellow, shiny toimuochtk,

described as being "slender, small and stubby, sobd, oompact,
4 The featherworker's glyph
feathers vsere cut before they
is the blade with which the
were glued into place. Sa-
tough.** hagún describes the use of such a tool: "and to cut them
[they used] obaiifian hiadea, which they appUed against a bald cy-
Clay Water Basin
press (board) on which they cot the fetthen""
clay basin: apaztii"
Sahagün, in a description of a bathing cere- painter of books: duaUa^
mony, mentions "the large earthen baching
I
The scribe's gl)ph consists of a paintbrush shown above
made of bark pupa or
WMffl," the type of container depicted on fo-
lio $7r." Li toother context, he describes ^ the page of a pictorial manuscript
deeidcm. Here, the prc-I lispanic-stv le book is pictured in
the type of earth and straw from which such vessels were made: red and black, the colors associated with the uis<lc)ni (ontaincd in
Tecoquid isstidgr, gummy; it is provided with rccd stem fibres." the pictorial doounents: "The Red of the Ancient Ones.
Black, the
Earthen basins not only are refbrred to by Sahagún but also are This saying was said of die coftoms of the indent ooes—d»t
illustrated in the flbmunwCadEr among the goods diqilayed in die which tliey left established, a wqrof Ufe. AU lived acoordingfy.""
marketplace.'"
goldsmith: attic ttocvitlapitzqui^
wMer The gKph is a tool above the syinbol for
'
titl' t'oldworkcr's
The depiaion of water as contiguous blue splashes ending in dif- gold; gold was known in Nahuad as "the excrement of the
ferendated yellow or white balls or points to indicate water drops gods."" This s)iiibol appevs on omamenti in other post-
isapre-Hispanic device that ilso rxjcurs in jvKt-Hispanic pictorial Hispanic pictorials.'*
oodkes." Sometimes, alternating water drops and shell forms are

Fienuk Dmestk Symbob
ahowiL**
Pmted Maág Keneb

parched maize kernels: a^md**
"
Sah;igiin in< huk's this dish in the list of food broom: ;.-,y.'/;.-f//
prepared for the bathing ceremony, along with Sahagún gives us some idea of the com-
;^
sauce and a bean scew, or, if the ftmily was brooms when he describes
position of the
poor, peihaps only nmales." the broom seller, who « as .liso responsible for the reapii^ and
gathering of the straw from which his wares were conatmcted. He
apparendy sold beaonis and brooma in a varicqr of lizea, tutiira,
and colon: sooie were long, others stubby; some were stiff, some
white.""
The act of sweeping had both piacrical and ritual purposes in
.\/tec culf.irc. Ritual sweepiiii: "as known as tLtihpiimiUztH, and
tmd FturAnvas
was performed as a service to the gods."' The eleventh of the an-
I shield and arrows = war nual monthly oereinonies was OchpaiuztU ("Road-Sweeping"). It
mirl (hmalU'* was a harvest festival that included a general period of cleanine and
The image of a shield and arrows is the central renovation,'' Duran, when describing Ochpanizdi, asserts that
Meidcan metaphor for warfare and prowess in battle; this symbol sweeping was the first act of the day and that evcn,'onc was obli-
occurs in various pictorials.*' Sahajfún speaks nf the sMiidolir L".tt eatcd TO sweep his or her possessions and house "[in] all its cor-
of a little shield, liow, and tour arrows that a babv bin rceeived ners, leasing nothing uiihout diligent sweeping and cleaning. Be-
at his naming ceremony, one for each of the cardinal directions: sides, all streets of the town (had to be) swept before dawn." " The
"And they made him a tortilla of amaranth seed dough, which be- fitast of Ochpanizdi is represented pictorially as a broom.**
came a shield on wliich arrows were extended, with a bow."** The
missiofiary chronicler Fray Motohnia states that at the bathing/ cotton: icbcati"
naming ceremony, the tiny shield was placed in the baby's left hand Conoo was the Aztec status fiber, aldiougb the
and in his right, an arrow.** elevation of the Valley of Mexico was too to
^1
grow die valuable plant. Consequendy, lUMpun
MaU Craft Symbols
cotton constituted an important part of the tribute from con-
quered peoples who lived at lower aldtndes. Preparing cotton fisr
spinning was a kmg and laborious task. First, all seeds, leaves, and
other debris had to be removed from the bolls. The cleaned cotton
carpenter: quaubxinqui''* then had to be beaten over a padded deersldn or a reed mat in
^ The carpenter's glyph is a woodworking tool. In this case, order to fluff it out into a üller, ready for spinning. .\ tloRcd-iip
the tool appears to be a chisel; Sahagún mentioiis "caipen- fillet of prepared cotton hangs from the right end of the spindle
len^ and sculptors' copper cUadi^ that woe sold in die shown in falio 57r.
148 - THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 57r

spindte: makeatl** posture
^^Mgn^MSN The cotton was spun uith a simple implemenc, The father sits in the posture typical for a seated Aztec male: arms
£1 the spindle. This was a snxwcfa, round stick crossed under his mande, ktiees drawn dose to his body, the cape
^ about eleven to seventeen inches long, weighted OQwering his legs.
near one end with a spindle whorl made of day or wood. Ttw
Tie Priest
whorl's weight depended on the fiber being spun; bast fibers re-
quired a heavier lAtoá dun cotton. The spindle whorl on foHo S7r priest: teopixgui'*'
is bright red.
To begin spinning, the top end of the spindle was lighdy moist- blackened body
ened and a bit of die fluffed-up cotton applied. The spindle shaft Duran gives a vivid description of the body
was then twirled in a half gourd or a similarly shaped potter)' bowl ptint used by the priests: "[theyj invariably
As it spun, the spinner steadily pulled out additional ñber from the went about painted from head to foot with
attached fillet of cnrton, which was then twisted into thread by the [soot of resinous wood] ... to the extent that
whirling of tht' spuullc.*' The apindle shown on ioUo57r is already they looked like the blackest of Negroes."'"
full of cotton thread. Preparation of the mixture was the responsibilit)' of the young
Filled spindles had a fertilit}' connotadon in Aztec culture. Two novice priests, who worked at night; the stain was applied at day-
such spindles, complete with attached cotton fillets, are often break."" Priests with compiecely MtI™**! bodies abo appear in
found in the headdress of the fcrtilit\' deity Tiazoltcod ("Filth- other Aztec pictoriak.'"*
Deity"),"' one of the mother goddesses often associated with pro-
cnatMMi.** Two .\ztcc riddles indicate that filled spindles carried smear of blood in front of the car
same fertility implicadon in everyday life. "What is that which
this Fray Diego Duran contends that the blood smear was the result of
becomes pregnant in only one day? The spindle.'"" "What are auiosacrifice performed as a ritual penance. "[The priests] seated
dxxe diings which, at their dancing place, diejr give stomadu, they themselves, each one taking a maguey thorn to pierce the calves
make pragnant? They are apimUes."** near the shinbone. They squeezed out the blood and wiped it on
thdr temples.'' Similar depictions of priests vnth blood smears
workfaeiket: dñquiíuid^ in firont of the ear can also be found in both pre-Conquest and
Aztec women kept their spiiuing equipment — raw post-Hspaaic pictorials.'*'
cotton, fibers prepared for spinning, different-sized

spituUe wfaorii, spinning bowl, skeins uf thread r<>r dyeing, and haintyle
odier weaving penphenialia—in baskets woven of tuie reeds or Aztec priests wore their hair long, tied back with a white ribbon.
palm fiber. Duran states that from the day the novice priests entered school,
The Father the young men allowed dieir hair to grow . . . they smeared
themselves from head to foot with a black scwt, hair and all.
fadier; tabtli"'
With the laigc amount of moist soot that covered them,
man: tkartT* presently vegetable growth appeared on dieir heads. Their
!iriids prcw to such an extent that they looked liku .1 tightly
hairstyle curled hursc S mane, and after a long time their hair reached
I'hc father wears his hair in the standard .\ziec die knee.*"
style for adult males of unspecified sutus or
Codex Tudela contains an excellent illustration of such hair.***
oooqMtion.
The priests' distinctive hairsr>'le w;is ;!n impon.int part of their
appearaiicc and was acknowledged as such by sucicly at large. Sa-
loindoth: mocttd/**
hagün, discussing judges' admonishments of the people, tells of
Around the father^ waist can be seen a portion of his loindoth, a
priests being criticized for not teachiiii; the novices properly. "If
long piece of material that is wrapped about the lower torso, passed
between the legs, and ded at the waist, 'litis was the basic, indis-
you do not discharge these [duties] the ruler will banish you or cut
off your forehead hair or kill you.""'
pensable item of dotUng worn by Aztec maks of all dasses.**
Master tfYoués
cape or mantle: abfutW"
The father^ doak is a rectangular piece of cotton or bast fiber. master of youdis: tdpoAdai^^ uttheuA***
This all-purpose garment w ;is worn b\ m;ilc^ of cvcr\' class, though
face and b4)dy paint
in a variet)' of materials, lengths, and decorations, and with dificr-
ent manners of knotting. The idtaMtb' served u the prindpal status I ht in.isters of jfouths in Codex Mendoza wear
marker in .Aztec aodety, indkadng the daat, occupation, or rank of hlack body paint, but their faces are lighter,
the wearer."*
particularly around the eyes, nose, and mouth.
This is similar to the fiice paint of the deity
reed mat: petlat!"' Tezcadipoca aa depicted in Dunm.'" Duran de-
Sahagün describes the good reed-mat seller as weaving serviceable scribes an Idol of lioiodipoca being "carved in die form of a
as
mats from both reeds and palm leaves, in various colors, shapes, man. completely black from his temples down. His forehead, 1
and sizes. The evil mat seller, however, is accused in the same teit and mooib were of the natural cok>r of an Indian."'"
of selling rotten, bruised, and frayed mats.""
InOder Afmdm, with the single exception of the bride in the
marri^ ceremony (see fioiio 61rX only males are seated on mats.
THE DAILY LIKE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO $TT * 149
hflintjpie ben l-U widi twenty signs: Crocodile, Wind, Uauie, Lizard, Snake, Deidi,
The disrinctnie hairstyle of the masters ofyouths Deer, Rabbic, Wmr, Dajt Monkqiv Gma, Rcod^ Jaguar, Eagle, Vdhin,
involved shaving their temples. Sahiîte refen
Mommem (or EafdiâlteX Ffim Xnili^ Ibin, atid Flower. Thfa yielded 2^
unique mme-mnnber oombinaiions.
to this while describing how the sewnwd mr- 7. Sahagún (1950- 1982 6: 197) makes it clear how carcfullv the day sign was
rioR were arrayed when cddxttiiig die fcadval determined: "these soothsayers first inquired carefull), exaLlly when the baby
of the eighth month, Huejr Tccnilhuid: "AJI born If it u.u ptrhjp^ nut yet exactly midnight, then thty asMirriiJ the
d.iy to the il.iy is.m "hich had passed- But it he had been horn when midnifilu
had shorn dieir hair in the maoner of mtsMfs of
had pa>st'iJ. 'hex .i^ml'ir'J the Jjv tn the i.:.i\ siiyn uhich tolloucd. \nd il he
the }'ouths; . . . each ihaved dieir temples well
had been burn cvactly at the dnision of the fught, (hey assigned the day co
. . . with a [ahaip] piece of turtle ihdL** "* both (day sigmj .And then . looked at their books; there dicy saw the SOR
the)'
of me ric uf the baby, perhaps good, or peiliapa not, «""«iJiwy «j (he man- ww
feather «nanieiit: azfimcfli"* date of (he day sign on uUch he was bavn."
8. Ibid. 6:201-204.
The masters of youths wore a forked, white heron feather orna-
9. Duran 1971:264.
tnent In their hair, an attribute repeatedly found in the Aztec pic- 10. Sshagún 1950-1982 6:201-204.
torials in assoctation with Tezcatlipoca."* Sahagdn mentions this 11. IWd.6!20»-21l.
deNice being made by the feaihcmorktrs af ibc Aiii.iniian calpuUt 12. Ob fali»61r, a similarly coiíüed master of youths is seated before a build-
ing labeled (UÚaúlAi.These "houses of song," which were jitaehcd tu major
of Tenochtitlan: "they made the forked heron feather device in
temples and schoul^, re the areas in whii h the itusters of youths taught the
which the whidin^ dance was performed.'"" ntual sinping and dancing to \oung men and unmen in the earlv evcninp
hours (Duran ITI JK'^-JWl
shell necklace: cbipuJcozcatl^" t). Sec Nicholson 197 !b: tabic 3 for a summation oí deities' names and their
Pan of the oostnine of die masten of youths was a shell neckhce. translations.
Sahagrxin iitii-itrarcs this ornament as bclonsrinc to rhe imx of a

14. Molina 1977: folio 63r "Nandi. madre" (roolher).
Fray ,\lunso dc .Molina is another of the sixteenth-cenairy mistionary
deity who was one aspect o) Tczcatlipnc;!, the god I lacochcalco
chroniclerswhose wwks are invaluable for rcooostnictiiig Aztec culture. Mo-
libotl."* Sahagún describes this deity's attire: "His water-jug hair Bbs^ 1571 Spaaril/Îlhllad-^Mniad/Spaailh diedonary is a fnndamcnial
arrangemeiu nfxhe crear warriors. I lis double heron-fc-ntht-r head- source on ibe Axtecs. The translation of Molina^ tixteendi-ceniuiy Spanidi
dress has a quetzal teather crest. His thin, net maguey ca(>c has a has been ftcilitatedby Capoinjohn Swtttit A Nat IXttíiimy. ^tinA mid
Ek^ÍA and Exjijiih and Spaniih (1736).
red bonder of ringi. UBs neddfloe of snail diells." "*
15. Molina
197'7: folio 22v "Ciuatl. in ugcr" (woman).
16. .Sahagún I'isil- I'JH: jilaie 10 (1979 I: felio Hr).

1 ;
net cape: oiedîttH*" 17. example f.Wrjr Hurpa 1976: 58.

.Sec for
Sah.igiin, describing the great festival honoring Texcatlipoca in the 18. Selcr I9M)-1961 1:52\.
fifth month, Toxcatl, gives detailed information on the array of the 19. Molina 1977: foÍK> 62v "Naouchtli. orejeras" (earrings (carplugsj).
20. Sabían 1950- I9s; i: pUte 10(1979 I: folio llr).

impersonator of l^zcatHpoca."' He menriois not onhr a shell
21. Simeon 1963: 398 'Teoo(auidouTecu$auid, Ocre iaunedont lei fiemmea
necklace hut .i!m) the god's cape; "Ami he ucni putiiiit; on only !iis
se seivaient pour le forder; on en poudnh le vinge des jeunes fflariécs, et lea
net cape like a fish net of wide mesh with a fringe." Duran, in his '
gnentien «"en fimiaiem k coepi pour avoir un aspea plus redounMe** iyelow
book concermng the rites, ceremonies, and festivals of the gods, oehcr that women used to color themselves; young brides powdered their
provides .1 detailed, colored drawing of Tc/; itli|.rii a's .irray.'"' Tin- fiices widi k, and die wartion cowered dieir bodies wMi it have a mow fi^ »
some aspeei).
body paint, necklace, and net cape are almost identical to those of
22. Sahagún 1950-1902 12:122.
the master ofyouths on 1blio57r of ddtxMembsü. 23. Ibid. 8:47.
The master of youths is not st-nted on a woven mat in rhis depic- 24. Sahagún IT WO.
tion. This may be an oversight on the part of the Indian scribe; :5. Coiiex Mfndf.-iii: IoIid •lOr,
26. jMolina (19"": tolio 1 s'^v i deitnlics the / íiivu'Í! as an Indi.in uoiiian's shirt,
througihoindieedmographicseciioaof CadbrMci^^ tmpoftuit
and still, to the present dav, the term hui¡î: ii nsi d to d'. sign.ne rh» v,irietv of
males are usually shown with a mtt or sett bcnesdi then. sleeveless tunies «orn by the Indian vsonan dI Muidle Aru ru.i
27. .'Vnawalt IMWI : 52. The .\7.tcc hmpitii appears to have hccn constructed of
NOTBS three webs of cloth joined together at the selvage seams; see Codex Magluht-
ibiano 1970: folio 85r, women's clothing in the ethnographic section of
,\ll the
1. Sahagiún 1910-1982 6 154, 160. :
Ctitx MenJma is drawn without surface design, but this does not reflect the
2. In irîc circumnanoes, the midwivcs cominucd to pliy an inqxirtant role. pte-Hispanicrealiq' (see Anstraltaaay, chapter 8 in volume 1). For soow idea
If awoman died during ddivery. her body was washed, dtcned, nid then car- of the mige of îfígü inip^îy due appeared on Aatec wotnei appinl, lee A
ried «n her hnsbandV bade to be buried before the inagcs of the Qhuapipd- Sohigibt 19S0-1982 8: piales 72-74 (1979 8: Iblias 30v. 31i); CUktAum-
tin.Hieae woe die imlfuriil '^rinceaea^" ddficd agnb of wamen who died lo Mml949:p&MfoXXVL
The recenii^ dactaicd weman^ iwdy wis aocoMipawicd by a group
diiiilhii'JL 28. Molina 1977: folio 26r "Coeid. faya, faiddliii, fáldülas. o nôa^ (ofer>
of die midwñes, «lio carried shields and cmitied war cries. They were pre- sidrts or petticoats).
paicd to fend off attacks by gronpaof warriois who wanted to steal ihc corjvu: 29 Anawalt 1981 33. The skirts were made of several wcl>s of cloth; sec
so as to remove a forearm, fitter, or lock of hair, all believed lo hold magical CWrv Maglmhtchumo 1970 folio 41 r tor an indication of construction. See Sa-
qualities (ibid. 6: 161 -165)^ hagún I950-I9R2 2:99; B:47 fur descripdoosof some of the rich and am-
3. Ibid. 6:175-177. ple* design niotils on .\/tee skirts.
4. Ibid. 6:171-173. !U. .Vloliri.i Ij,!,,, t4r "Icxitl. pie" (foot).
5. Ibid. 6:154- 155; /Vrnwrw Mrmormlf. ml. ehap. I, par, 14, Thelma D. 3 1 . For examples of goddesses wearing sandals, see Ctdtx Catfi 1960: 5 and 6
Sullivan translation. rcixrse: Codtx Frjentm-Ma^cr 1971: passim.
6. The pre-Hispanic Indians of Mcsoamcrica had developed a pictognphic 32. Sahagiin 1950-1982 9:59.
imlingqrslem diat enabled them to record maners of importance in decnkm J 3. More dun one speech scroll occurs on the following folios of the ethno-
or haik'paper boob. In onnient, these picioriab langri fnn admlnistnithpe griphic leciiaa of CMfarJIfeidBM: ibiio 57r— die three imaU bo^
dooumanCB id UiMnitie^ genealógica, and Rfigiona mil. Ifery fcw of tlwse dieMier, fbUo 63r—<he singer ami die maner of yomiis; folio 69r— the
manoscrtpts are stiH in existenee, doe to the dettrnctifc zeal of the praselytjz- TOr—the draomcr and die amijwidiaia folio 7ir~the old
lidganBi folio .
iag Spanidi fitiais. RimiiiaNly; a nuignilicem eaampfe of an Aaec iDMalMBatf woman. The old manV speech scroll on fbib 7lr b enlarged, perhaps indicat-
iicnani;itiBaktsupaiccnonofdie Cix^;rSirrft«tma», part of the collection of ing verbose or drunken speech. Drunkenness is aUo often portrayed with de-
die BiUiodiique de TAasemblée Nationale, Paris. The tmaUnuttt were baaed piction of nbfaits; diosc in Sahagún 1950-1982 2: plate 65 (1979 2: folio
on die w wâhm/ , ifae iíbmI calendar of 2<0 days, that combinid the nunt-
lllf 143v) apfak ui colond, licjewelcd apcedi acnills.
ISO • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 5 7r

J4. Molina 1977: folio 2Ar "Cornolli cuna de nmc». o cántaro y vzúf» vtq»" 6}. Examples of altcrnatmg water drops and shell forms can be found in €<-
(children's eradle. <>r alJ water pitcher md \c->ie\\. dex Mendozii folio 29r and passim; Codex Borhonitm 1974:5 and pas.sim.
35. SalH«m 1950-1982 6:206. pbtc il (1979 6: folio 17Sv). 64. Simeon 19^:209 "Izquid, Mais torréfié, grillé" (loaned, grilled com).
M. Sth^ 1«$0-1W2 6: plate 27 (1979 6: fbBo HJy). 65. Saingún 1950-1982 6:201,205.
57. MaNna 1977: folio 75r'*OecbicliíiifliiiiidLiiiiki^ o nim 66. Molina 1977: foiio57r«Middimia]ILguetia, o batalla. Metapho" (war,
feintle chiM of nuning age). or bmie. Metaphor); this is derived (ram müiA or '^nrow" ^d.: folio 57r)
See also Sahagún 1950-1982 10:1} for Ndunil xetm far babies (e^^ and tteMffii, or "shield" (ibid folio :iri :
cmetí, fonepil. pilpil. conttontli). 67. For examples of the shic!d-and-arro«T> sytnbol in central Menean pie»
}8. AU Intivali jinJ thcir nana- trjrisljiiun» are fnnti Nichi.>l<ion 1971b: I(ble4. ti'r:.iK sLt ' V.i.'Vr f.Vfr I'^'iH .ill the deities i)n the u'versc side carry shield*
39. SahaKxin I'J5IU 1082 2: 170. píate •» (1979 2: folio I06r). jiid three .irniws. although the shield pjuenis vary. OmUx Borhmiau |974;5;
40. Saha^nin l'^Ô 10,S2 7 : 28; DurÍJl 1971:423-424. l.bJix I jtiúinus .1 \'>''> tc.ilios 4.1 r, 44v. 4S\ , ; Cod(x Tdleniino-Rrrnerisis
41. Sahagún 1^50-1982 4:111. 1'«.4- 1V6". foho 2Hv. S.ihjiri)n 1950-1982 6: plate 29 (1979 6; foliu I70r);
42. Primeru Mttnarialeí n.d.: cha|>. 2, par. d "And ha uho ilicd when he was a Durin 1971: frontispiece, pl:ite 9.
raihcr x-ouni; child, and indeed still a bahe in the cradle, it was said, did not fO 68. Sahagiin 1950 - |9X2 6 2111.
to Mictün but only went was said that there stood a tree of
to Xochatlalpan. It 69. .Mot¿linÍ3 1971:121.
udders there |at which) the babies suckled. Undemeatli it the babies were 70. Molina 1977: folio 87v "Quauhxinqui. carpintero" (carpenter).
opoiing and dociiig their mouths; the milk dcîped into dieir mouifat.'' (En- 71. SaNfñn 1950-1982 8:68.
¿íát tranalatiaa by Thekui O. SnUivan.) 72. MaUna 1977: folio 4v "Anamecati. oficial de ene mecánica'' OihmIí-
43. Fuftlmexiinpleiof adonedliiKtmpiyiiigactmcepttttlconiwciioacan cialtsman of mechanial trade), itoandan wat Tcaochtitlaali fcadtc wiriang n
be found on folio 63r the priest aitd the star at which he gazes ík related a/ipuUi (neighborhood or barrio).
\isually, and the no\icc priest and the woman are related carnally, .\nother 7?. Sahapin 1950-1982 9:90.
c\.i:ii->li "t ihi iliiiiid line iisvil III connect iit>;iL'i '- i iii In- IimiuiI i". ' ..iVj' 74. .Violin.i r->'7' folio I20r''11aciiilo.e*ciwan0i0pinni''(scril»,orpaíntci).
'¡lilmúm.-Kemtiiiu \'>(A-]')i~ Inliu iOr: the \/t',x iiii|iirri)i \i.i[n.i|iHhtli 75. Sah.ij.'un Vm I9H2 6:258.
!>. luiiifd liy J liottfd line to hi» mete, vtiiiveiili; i i!tiiejliiL'iLjl mnnection ~6. .Molina 1977: tuliu 27v "Omác tbocuídapiiiqui. platero que labra oro"
I li s .jiiic sceiu .lUii ;ippi .us ¡ri ihf i iiuii.ile |iK'tiir>;il, I '.ikifX I diuaniii .1 l'V7V: (smith who worki goldl.
folin 7 if. 77. Sahagun 195o' l'«>2 1 1 :2 V?. Ak.. Molina 197" folio 27v "Cuztic tco-
44. Sahagun IV50- 1V«2 6:19". ,\lso, Molina 1977: folio 16r "Ccmilhuitl. un cuítlail oro" (goldí; 101 r
" leiitl. dios" (god); 27\ "Cuitlarl. mierda" (cxcrc-
dia" (a day): 132r "'Hapoalli. cosa cornada, o numerada, o historia dicha y re- niem). Henee /r<if/ * iintinl fr«ii«t/ii// or "ginf-cxcremcnt."
latada" (counted or numbered thing, or loU and related story). Thus omtf- 78. The gold cymbol can be found in C»4ec '¡iU^úM»üui» 1970: folios 36r,
imid (dqr) 4- ttqôaltf (numbered tfaJng) - temilhiirt^mdli, or "numfaeicd 55r. 68r. COk TíM» 1980: faKo 59t; and CMbr 1976: faUo 104*; bmaMd
day." and in a Coin Mimtktt pboe-name ^yph for Tcocultlatlan, faKo 44r.
45. The day sign appears in the cognates Ctda Vatíamm A 1979; folio 79. Mdinal977:falio49r''Iiqairrii.eioobtpanbanKi^(brcwinfor*weeping).
46r and Codtx TtUtriam-Rrmtnas 1964- 1967: folio Iv, in connection with 80. Sahagún 1950-1982 10:87.
the monthly ceremony Hue>Tcoiilhiiitl; it also appears in Ctdtx Tetlrriam- 81 . Primmt Mrmmakt 1926: e«m^ VI.
fii-i-'t l''M-l''ft7: folio '2\, .uluIili! r.,i .i uhirnaHl s.ii;ilu;.il iKiiui. A S: Nuholson 19' Ib: table 4.
dj\ stpi similar to those of (.'.'.!:-\ MihJ.ci i'llio ^"r occurs ' i.,.va liurpa SI. Dunin 1971 :448.
l'/-6: 10. ^•i. Fv.iniples of hnwims in c<inneet!on «ith the festival of Ochpanl/tli can he
46. The same day sign as tiiose ol < •.lu'tt Mi>!dMd\ folio f'r .ippe.ir> in (.miex louml m (.ujfx ¡k'mntiUj ¡'nm-nts Mcmortalfi 1926. estumpj 111; and
Magfuktcbiana 1970: folios 4v. 5\. >ir. js i design rnoiif on ritiial nuntles. Sahagun 1950-1982 l.platcSilTo (olio KM The monthly symbol is alíO |
47. According to the accompanying gloss, these glyphs have to do widi (he found on the CWcv MenJozj tribute page tor .KocotuichcD (folio 47r).
tribute-pqnng period: each of the four day signs lepnsenis a period of twenty 85. Molina 1977; folio 32r "lehcatl. algodón, o oueia"(oonon, Of ewe).
days, adding up to a total of eigh^ days. 86. Ibid.: folio 5 Iv "Malacatl. huso" (spindle).
4«. Molina 1977: folio 97v 'Oiemiduitiani. paneia" (midwife). 87. Coidry and Oirdry 1968:25-31.
49. For aamplca of pre-Hiqnnicdepicthau of aged people, see CMorFgw-- 88. Nicholson 97 lb: table 3.
1
viryM»ftr 1971 ;24, 30 and Oda Láad 1966: 14D, 22D. 89. Examples of spindles in TlaaolNOtl^ headdress appear in Coder Tetttri-
50. Sahagún I9S0-1982 :22 "xiuhnacoche." Frxjm Molina
1 1977: folio 159v ano-Remetisis 1964-1967: folios Jr. 8r. 24r; Codtx VatKonmA 1979: folio 19r;
"Xhiitl. año, cometa, turquesa e yerua" (year, comet, turquoise, and grass); Codtx Ftfénán-Míytr 1971:1. 17. 32; CeJhc Uud 196ó:6D, IS. 16D. 18D;
62v "Nacochtli- orejeras" Icirnr-ts |i uu-.j v ThuS, gSmki iOUqtOat) + Sahagtin 19s(i i')k: 1 plate 12 (1979 1: fol» Mr).
uwwifft (carplup) - .iíukn-iiiu,¡-t:¡ i:iiii,u<iisi i jqiliiijl. 90. Sahagun l';sU-1982 6:259.
51. Sahapin |9s0-l<*is2 Í).:í7. 91. Ibid. íi:24íl.
52. Sec Sahagun i'^sU- 19)(2 6: 14'' lor the supplication of midwives by the 92. Molina 1977: (olio 2lv "f "hiquiuitl cesto, ocarusia" (basket, or hamper).
family of tlic prepiant woman See 1 : 1 5 for midwivcs' worshipping of Tctco 95. Ibid.: folio 91r "Tatli. p.i'^-. t,it;>erl '
innan, the itHxher uf the gods: sec 6: 161 - 165 for worship of the Cihuapipil- '>4. Ibid.: lolio 115v " Tlacatl. hombre, persona, o señor" (man, person, or
tin, the women who died in childbirth. lord).
53. For examples of footprints in pre- Hispanic pictoriab see Codtx Fijñváry- 95. Ibid.: folio 54v "Maxilad. bragii, o cosa senejame" (breeches, or similar
Mtytr 1971 :35, 37, 43; Oder LfM/ 1966:9, 220: Ctdtx^r^ 1976:21. 39; thing).
Cidtr Cufi 1968: 1-5, 7 obvcne. Examplat in post-Hiipaiiic oodioc* can be 96. Anawak 1981:21.
found in CUkirAMMna» 1974:29, 34; Ctimhk^Sthákm 1970: Mió 89r; 97. Molina 1977: falio ll)r "Tihutli. mama" (cape).
Murar MimarUb 1 926; aiM^
II, V. XI; Caitt TilkrkM»4lememit 1964- 98. Anawak 1981 :27-3a
1967; folios 25r-2»r. 29v; and Sahagún 1950-1982 4: plaie 76 (19794: fo- 99. Molina 1977: folio 81r "Pledail. estcn Rcneralmcntc" (mar, in general).
lio 60v). 100. Sahagiin 1950- 1982 10 86
54. 1950- 1982 2:21; Ounin 1971:450-451.
Saha.Kxin 101. .Molina 1977- folio lOIr "Ttopixqiii e.cksusnco. clenpo. o telitfioso"
55. .Molin:) IT7: folio i4Sv lolim. jiMcia, O Mpa Jafla" Cniihct, OT itetQ.
' (clcii.", iii.i:i. :irHsi. or reliL'Hn.s mini \U... tullo 125r "Tlamacaîjue, minis-
56. .Sahaeiin |9sO-lVH2 11:195. tros y seruiilores dc ios templos de los ydoios" (ministeis and scrvatits of the
57. MnliMi <r- io|{o6v''Apanll.lcbiillai,obineiiiMgrandedcbam"(big
\ temples of the idols).
canhcn p;in of l:iy)- < 102. Duran 1971:114-115.

SH Sjlijjiun l''?!! l<^H2 4i). I (H par .12, Thelma D. Sullis'an translatiatl.
Primeros Memoriales n.d. chap. : 1 ,
59. Ibid. II 256-257. 1(H. Kxatnples of priests w-ith ciunplctely bladccncd bodies can be found aa
60. Ibid. 8:69. plate 96 1979 1 g: folio 50v). Codtx HorhomcM 1974: .30 and Cadec KttiuKuA 1979: folias 54v, 55r.
61. Molina 1977: folio SrÂtl. agua, orines, guerra, o la mollera dc la cabera" 105. Durin 1971:119-120.
(water, urine, war, or the crown of the head). smear of Mood at the temple are found in the
106. Eatampies of priests with a
62. For enii^ of pie-HinaBie water dapictkm, aee CMer Lmd 1966: Ah|m 1976:22-23, 55, 58-59 and die highly
pie-Hiipanic pictoriala Gidbr
23D; CMbr /^î^HWQKr 1971 :1 Sidto dî^^ Cider ¡mí 1966:8, 20 and GNfar Fginmy-Mgftr 1971 :27. Fost-
styliaed
iDtiakeaabc fiMnd in CMtr «Maniav 1974:20: QJbtMt^kbtdtítm 1970: Campwat depictiom indiide CHfariM^gfUwMsM 1970: falios 63r. 88r; Oifar
folio 77r, Sahagún 1950-1982 3: plate II (1979 3: folio 12i)! 12: plata 47 TUUa 1980: falioe 44r. 5)r. 64r. 76r.
(1979) 12: folio 26«). 107. Ducfn 1971:114.
THE OAILr LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 57r 151

106:. Coitx Tudtk 1980: fulio 5lr. 1 20. Pnmtns MtmaruUa n.d.: chap. 1, par. 5, Thelma D. Sullivan tranilatíon.
109.PrmtnsMrmmaUt n.d.: chap. 3, par. IS,TlKlinD.SiillmiiinnilaiMMi. Sec illustratioii Pi imtm Mrmnnda 1926: atampa X.
110.Sdngun I9S0-19S2 2:1«. 121. Sahagún 19S0-1982 2:69, 99; 3:56; 12:53. Frances Bardan auggaait
HI. Molina 1977; fblio 91 r'TeMhcatth.hcnuiw mayor, o ooMmq^ iluc ttfn nu^r come fron fnidMIt "ludL**
dodenie y auentaíada" (elder broiher, or lUag noM fweemiDni and emcd- Sahtfte ^Ml 3:5^ alM «e* dK term cMmíh^
ing in goodneM (exemplary teacher]). and Dibble u
"nened capes.*
112. Duran l%7 1: Ummm9-9. 122. SahagOn 1950 1982 2:69,
II). Durin 1971:98. 12.V Andmun and Dibble (Sahapun 19^0 1982 2:69) describe ihc tluak of
114. Sahagxin 1950 198: 2:100 the imfwrvinator nf Icrtatlifxxa .is > "m l ..ijif like a h>h net u( wide mesh
115. Nicholson 1983 181 ".\zl3xelli Forkrd white heron feather head orna- with a fringe ol hvú-n tollon ihrtaj" (emptiasi* added). In note 8. they question
ment; particubrly Kiruaacd wiih Tcziatllpoca and wDm by wantea." AlatH SahagUn's use of the word tochomitl (rabbit furl and substitute iDihiacatl (string
Molina 1977: iolio lOr ".^tatl. parâ" (heron). or thread). I believe Sahagun did indeed mean tKhvmili. .Vlotolinia (1971:
116. Examples of the «JíMrfZ/j can be found in Coifcirfior*cim<w 1974:8-9, 11. 258-259) describe» thread of fine-spun rabbit's fur from the soft underbelly
18, 26-27, 3}; C<tdtx Maxiútetbittt» 1970: folio* }7r, 39r. 6Sr, 66r, 68r, and of the animal: Mhomtti a yarn that was dyed to a rich hue with lasting color
Codex TrUtrunuf-Rrmtma 1964-1967: faKo Mr. and silldikc sheen.
117. Sibagán 1950-1982 9:89, 124. DuránVdepictianafTezculipoo(1967 l:iUMBM8)ahoHsdiegad%nn

lis. PrímtmMmmrMa lui.: chap. I, par. 5 (Tbénm D. Snllñan tnnib- doak decoiatad with die iiníijw "eyea on die od^** border {a black band on
don) "Ychipulooiqui. His neddace of mail ihelis." Abo, Sira¿on 1963:92 which are drawn evenly spaced white drdes attached by a red tab toa lUn ted
"Chipuli, Cocpiillage" (shell); 11$ "Cocead, Bijou, pierre prédcute, grain de border dm runs benñen the ner of the doak attd dte black gnmnd of die
chapelet, collier" (jewel, precious stone, collar). band). An analysis of the occurrences of the deities' wearing garments with
119. Seler 1960-1961 2:972 Mates tlui Tlaeochcalco V'aotI was another the ttnixyv border demonstrates that it is associated with the god Tezcatlipoca
(scediapierSligrAiHwaltiDwhinc 1).
152 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO $^t

FOLIO 581
CONTENT longer, unhetuined skirt, is receiving instruction on die use of the

spindle: she crouches down to groimd le\'el, where so much of an
Folio S8r pictuKS the training of Aztec children, ages three through Indian woman's work takes place. In so doing, the daughter ap-
ÚX. To the left of'rhf piuf. the Sp;>i;is!i iíIosñ identifies rhe t'arher.
priLximatcs the mother's posture.
who is instructing tiic sonj on the right, the mother trains the
Meanwhile, two boys, each dad only in a cape, are sent outside
daughter. In each of (he four registeis, the increasing age of the the family home to bring back light loads of needed materials:
chil(lri-n is rt-prwcntcd by a corresponding number of blue dots.
ui eeii firewood, grass for making brooms, and what appears to be a
Also depicted at one meal's ration of tortillas, the
each age level is
huge bone (see "Image Descriptions" below). The boys support
thin com cakes that were a staple of Aztec diet. Here the lonilla
their loads in the typical Mesoamerican fashion. InMiddle America,
serves as a general symbol of quantity: other {(mmU were eaten with
where there were no domesticated beasts of burden, all portage had
it at various meals, particularly beans, squash, and chile.
to be performed by humans, who utilized various carrying devices.
First Part: A^c Thid Heie the boys are using their capes to carry the burdens. In die
case of the firewtxxl. the cape is tied around the forehead for sup-
The up|>er register of tulio 5iir deals with children of three years, port in the manner of the traditional Mcsoamerican tumpline. The
who have not yet been assigned daily chores. Nonetheless, instruc- same type of cape is knotted on the shoulder when the l^cer load
tion in dcporrment is bcini; i,'i'.e:i. js the speech seri)i!s indicate,
is carried. Despite the diildren's added work, at five years of age a
and already the children's postures and clothing resemble their single tortilla represents each meal's ration.
parents': mother and daughter hold their arms in a sfanibr feshion,
as (III and siin. The little bov wears a cape, tied on the same
f;'.thci
Fourth Piirf: Ai>e Six
shoulder as his father, but he docs not wear a loincloth; the little
At six years the children perform additional chores, work that con-
girl has a buipilli identical to her mother's, but wears no skirt. Both tinues to reflect their fotnre way of life. The daughter, who has
the boy ami girl h ive rropped hair, l)elK-ved bv the A/tees to be now assumed the same pi I'.rurc .¡nd huipiHi as her mother, is begin-
necessary for^-ouiig cluldren's health.' Fhe Spanish gloss identities ning to practice the art of spinmng, a task she will pcrfurm repeat-
half a tortilla as the proper ratioo for duee-year-olds at eadi meal. edly for the rest of her life. The boys, however, are already being
sent nut into the busy market)il.u c (n L'te in w h.itcver the buyeiS
SeeendPartiAgsFmr
and sellers may ha\'c unwittingly dropped or left behind.
By age four, the disparate treatment given boys and gkb already The marketplaoe is denoted by die drcular glyph that appears
becomes apparent. .Mthoucb the son is still without a loincloth, the al)o\ e the tonilla-and-a-half, represeni:ii:\ e 1 if a six-ycar-oM^ ra-
daughter now modestly wears a short skirt m addition to her un- tion at each meal. To the left of the marketplace glyph, one boy
bordcrcd Both children are being trained to contribute to
huipiUi. holds a fruit from the prickly pear cactus, a red tuna, which he
the daik' work ot the household, but in markedly different ways. seems about to sample. Below, the second hoy collei iv kernels of
Tlie son is leariung early to leave die initiieiliaie confines of the corn in a bowl, exemplifying the veneration for this gram in .Aztec
house to fetch supplies; he carries a bow of w ater. The
l little girl is society.Sahagún spedfically mentions the respect accorded maize
heooming aware of an elemenfar\ tem.ile chore that usually takes in the nilrure: "if they siw- or rame upon drie<l grains of maÍ7e
place within the house itself; spinmng, The daughter is being ta- lying scattered on the ground, ibcn ihev ijuitkiy gaihered them up.
miliarlBed withsome of the contents of her mother's workbaskct: They said- 'Our sustenance suffereth: it lieth weeping. Hue sliould
unspon cotton fibers, a filled spindle, and the small bowl in which not gather it up, it would accuse us before our lord. It would say:
the spimtte is whiried. The taar-ytxtÂA chOdren now reoeivB a "O our lord, this vassal picked me not up when 1 lay scattered upon
foil tortilla widi each meal. the ground. Punish him!" Or perhaps we should starve.'"'
Third Part: Age Five Odter Sourees en OñUrearing
Age five finds the children well on their way along the dUiering The Aztecs were puticularly concerned about die physical devel-
paths assigned to the two seies: the daughter, now wearing a opment of their young children. Sahagún tells of a oeremony called
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 5Kr • 153

"The Stretdiing of People for Them to Grow," which fostered the commemonte the event" Another ritual of early childhood was a
rapid growth anull boys and gffk.' In anodier context, he de- cerenMmy called "Tiiking Out the Children," whidi invohed carry-
scribes how this was done: "they grasped them [by the neck] for ing the little children to a temple to join in (he dances and to par-
growth that they might quickly grow tall."* Duran tells of a em' talce of the Boys and girls also had their own
ritual drink, octU."
many where the parents "stretdied aD their (die diüdreiA) mem» ritual rapoiiflbilMes.Sabagdn tdb of parents awakening young
—
ben hands, fingers, .ums. legs, feet, necks, noses, ears. All their children at dawn It was
so they could offer incense to the gods.
membe» were stretched, omitting none. They bcUevcd that if this important that boys and girls rise early "that they might not be-
was not done the child would not grow naturally during the year." come slodiliil.**'*
Children als4j had to be stretched during an eaithquake: "It was But .'\ztcc ritual life also had a dark side for certain oi 1 I c . ^ ry
said that if them by the neck and lift them
they did not take young. Of ceremonies— the ycariy
the eighteen annual veintena
quickly, they would widi difliciihy wax larger."* It was also be> round of the twenty-day monthly feasts— four indited the sacri-
lievcd that an adult could stunt the growth of .1 small child by step- fice of children."' These rinials were associated wnth w ater ind
piiii; over him on a path; to remedy this one had to step back rain; the tears of the young victims were cnooomged for nugical
quickly over the little one.' efficacy, Sahagún makes reference to this belief in the power of
Precautionary measures were regularly taken to protect the \'ul- tears: ".And if the ehildren went eryiiifc, if their tc.¡r>- kept Hon-
nerability of growing children. When babies still lay in their era* ing .. . it was stated: 'It will surely rain.'"-° Durán also confirms
dies, a bit of anything to eat or drink was first placed on die child^ the slaying of diildren at die Feast of TIaloc, the ndn god, "on the
forehead to prevent hiii.u|iini.' or itiviit'estinr '
On uirh c\ll hill u here this eod dwelt . . . jiisr as a ürrle girl was sacrificed tO the
day signs, small children were neither allowed outside nor bathed." goddess of the waters in the middle of the lake."-'
As a cfaildls teeth dropped out, the mother cast diem into a moose The question arises as «0 exactly whose children were sacrificed.
hole, to prevent the child from rcmiiininj; toothless.'" Children ProbaUythey were not those of the nobles or the well-estalilished
were cautioned not to drink before their older brothers drank, for artisan or merchant classes. Davics, in a discussion of Aztec human
fear that die younger ones would cease to grow, a precaudon diat sacrifice, notes that "die chosen victims were those fevoored all the
also hfl|ie(l reinforce status distinctions on the b.isis of age." world over — war captives, children and slaves; the children were
If, despite all precautions, a child injured himself or grew ill, the mostly bought front their parents for the purpose.""
parents were qddc Co make an oath to do penance for his recov-
ery'' Ilcalers were they used such methods as holding
e.iiled in;
IMAGE DESCRIPTION
the child upside down and pressing his head." Duran speaks of a
sake alkd "die divine pitch,** a venomoas coacoctioo made lirom Q Dots as Counters
The ethnographic section of Codex Mcniinzjj uses

rotting meat and deadly insects, which was applied to siek chil-
dren.'* He also enumerates "numerous rites ... of a supetbutious a series of dots to denote the number of years up through fifteen.
and magieal nature" that were perftmed for ddUren: hair oop- This custom ofnsing dots (or dots and bars) for the numbers 1-19
ping. sacrifices, anointings, baths, tarring, feathering, and covering was in general pranice in the greater Mesoameriean area, where a
Mith soot, beads, and litde bones." Sahagün mentions that "they vigesimal number sj'stem was uniformlv present. Stilureas dittcred,
ned their (ácU)^ small children widi loose cotton duead about however, in tbeh* manners of representing 2(h and 4<H)s.
their wrists and their necks ind pl.iccd their ration of a small tor- The word for turquoise, xihuitl, is also the Náhuatl term for
" year.'" In addition, the blue color of die dots reflects the Meso-
tilla nude of green maiê there [over the breast]."
Just as the health of their children was a matter of constant con- ameriean veneration for all hues of bhie-green. For example, jade,
cern to Aztec parents, so too was deportment. Priment Memoriaies greenstone, and turquoise, whether raw or worked, were all very
contains a list of descriptive terms that gives an indication of the highly valued. The Aztecs' esteemed predecessors, the Toltecs,
behavior apacttd of each age group: apparemly only infants and placed particular emphasis on l>luc-j;reen. It is iherelore nor sur-
the very young were exempt firom stem criddsm: "Small child: It prising that the Aztecs used the same color for the counter dots
amuses itself, it makes mudbalb, it cries out ... It does not yet that measured die passing of dme, alwa}^. a predous commodity.
undeiStand, it knows nothing yet."'" However, once a child was
TortiBas
three or four, he or she was expected to live up to certain specific
standards of behavior. Motdinia states that children were taught R torrilla: (bxMfl!t'<
to eat .uid drink their meals in quiet; tn hear them ch.ittering away \J .Vlai/e tortillas, the .Mesoaniericaii "bread." were ma<le liy
was considered "muy tea" (very unattractive).'" Sahagun tells of first boiling the com kernels in liinewater, probably water contain-
parents warning children not to lean against a square pillar because ing lye leached from wood ashes. The maize was then ground
it w cinld eausc them to lie" Motoliin'.! spe.iks iti detail of the hon- while wet. The resulting paste, a dough now called mnui. was
esty and proper deportment of the daughters of nobles. At age five, kneaded, patted into the desired sha|}e, and then cooked quickly
lfa«^ were tni^ not only to spin and weave but abo to recehre on a hot day griddle. The sofkenii^ of die maize was an important
instruction from their mothers in a mannerly fashion. ' The five- prepararon,' step in making the tortillas tcndcrand succulent. Those
year-old sons of noblemen were sent to serve in the temple. Sa- not treated with hmcwater were considered tough and tasteless, a
hagún states that when a lord^ six-yearmld son went finth to ]day, reflecrioo of austerity. For example, die old merchants, when coun-
TViO or three pages accompanied him to make certain that the little seling their departing sons, admotiish the travelers to liave no illu-
boy greeted his elders in a proper fashion and "that [the boyj not sions regarding the rigors of their impending journey: "Perhaps
behave ill, that be iwt taint Minself widi vice, as he went along the thou shalt chew dry tortillas — parched tortillas, wretched, tough-
streets,""' cooked things.""- Fiiir.in, in referi-ru e to lasting mendonS One
The ritual traiiung of young children was also emphasized in meal a da\ consisting only ul dry tortillas."
the earliest yeans. When a child spoke its first word, the parents Sahagún's enumeration of the tortilla seller's wares makes it very
carried oflferings of flowers and copal incense 10 the tunple to clear what quaUties were valued." Tordllas oould be either thick or
154 • THE DAILY LIFE YCAK TO YEAR / FOLIO 58r
thin, bul should always be cast}', savory, and ot a pleasing cxlor. To Sahagún, when relating the fate of female sacrihciai victims,
have chile "baming within" was considered desirable. says that they burned their weaving equipment —inchxUng the
I'hc tortillas were snlti wirh ;? wiiic rimg^c of fillings, including; spindle bowl — because "it was said that they would l>e required
beans, meat, turkey eggs, tuna cactus (the prickly pear), honey, and there where they were to go.'"'' Commoners used spinning bowls
water-fly eggs." of day, but princesses are reputed to have required "golden bowb
Tortillas were made in many different sizes and shapes. For ex- for spindles.""
ample, there were butterfly and i-shaped tonillas,'* some formed Aichaeological êdmcns —of clay, not gold —have been found
like bracelets,'' others like the hip guards worn m the Aztec ha]l in die Vdieir of Teotihaacan and elsewhere.**
game.'" Duran tells of tortillas in the shapes oi° hands and t'eet
Weaver's Workhasket
made for the .Aztec gods," for coniUas also played a role in ritual
life. Unmarried girls were required to make offerings of small tor- Primtnt Memmala provides a detailed de-
tillas in bowls at the temples before the break of day.'^' Duran, dis- scriptionof the contents of hoth a noble-
cussing the monthly feast of Tlacaxipehualiztli, describes a twisted woman's weaving basket and that of a com-
honey tortilla.*' Chains were made of these particular com cakes, moner. Listed among the noblewoman's
and people "adorned ami girded themselves with them to dance all equipment are the loom parts used when
day."*-' Sahagún describes a mock human where the usual
sacrifice weaving cotton: thread, battens (no doubt of
flint knife was represented by a tortilla "of ground com which had var) ing sizes), and several different kinds of
not been softened in lime."*' In another context, he de^LTil)c'< spindle w horls. The latter were needed when spinning exotic addi-
dancing priests wiio wore various special adornments, including tions such as rabbit fur and feathers into the cotton thread.
j-shapcd tortillas.** The commoner's weaving paraphernalia clearly reflects the &ct
Tortillas were such a basic staple of Aztec diet that they were that cotton was indeed the status fiber; commoners usually had to
featured in metaphors and folk belief. For example, if a woman's work with the much heavier bast fibers of maguey, palm, or yucca.
tortilla doubled o\'er on the griddle it was believed to foretell the Their equipment reflects this. The common woman had in her
imminent ;irrival ut ;i visitor, whose appfOMhillg Stride lud DlCtft- work basket "stone used for scraping the maguey plant. I ler palm-
phorically kicked it into that shape." leaf basket. Batten for maguey threads. A stout cane is her (instru-
As in all .\ztec matters, there was a definite, proper manner for ment to work the maguey threads). Her skeins, her heddles are
eating tortillas. Sahagún reveals this while relating how a noble- thi k IJii.ird on which maguey leaves are prepared for combing
man counsels his son to behave while eatii^. The young man is and cleaning fibers. . . . Her jar of a ground com preparation for
aitnaed to be prudent in food and drmk, not to indulge excessK-ely. dressing textiles.""
and "[not to) break up thy tortillas. Thou art not to put a large
Firewood
araoont in thy mouth; thou art not to swallow it unchewed. Thou
ait not to gulp like a dog, when duw an n> eacfiMKL"** firewood: tUttlatilqmbmtt'*
Tlie firewood carried bv^ the five-year-old appears
Water Befwl
still to be green. The burning of green vrood in the
These day receptacles were used not only far trans- home oondnnes to diis day in the more conser-
porting water but also for storing it. Bowls of similar vative Nahuttl-speaking Indian villages. Fernando
shape can be found illustrated in other Aztec pic- HorcasitM, in his 1977 grammar. Náhuatl prtcttM,
lofial documents.''' indodes die foUowkig poem:
Little Mother, when I die

bur\- me in your home.
Winer Supply When you make your tortillas
weep for mc there.

i'hc ^Vztccs' capital city of I'cnochtidan was located on an island in
.\nd if someone asLs
Lake Texooeo, a bracldsh body of water. Although the island itself "Little .Mother, why do you weep?"
contained some natur.d s|irtnL;s. .is ;liu |)<i)Hil.!iion grew additional
Answer "This firewood is green
drinking water was needed. Sweet water was brought into the city and I weep because of the smoke."
by a stone-and-mortar aqueduct from a spring in Chapidlepec on
the mainland, three miles distant.** C3ortés describes boatmen poai- The burning of green firewood was also a well-esublished pre-
tioning their canoes beneath the water-bearing bridges where die

Hispanic ceremonial practice. "The Ritual Making of Bundles of
aqueduct crossed the canals; men on the bridges would supply die
Wood" was carried out by .^ztec priests, who "gathered green
canoes w ith w ater, for a fee. The boatmen then rowed off to sell wood in the forest which they cut in order to bum there in the
the water throughout the city.'"

devils home.""
Ritual offerings of neatly stacked firewood, arranged by regular
size and length, axe found repeatedly in several of the pte-Hispanic
sptamng t>owl: tzahuakiixitr" Borgia Group codkes.**
The small bowl in which the spindle was
twirled to create the motion for twisting the
fluffied-up cotton fibers into thread was an
indispensable part of a woman's work equip-
ment. It is illustrated in Sahagún — along
with the workbaskct. spindle, backstrjp loom,
and teînUr — as one of the symbols of womanhood."
THE DAILY LtF£ YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 5 Mr 155
Oüpy tiyhieo inaiotial

Large Boae market: tianquhtW^
Aztec markets were held out of doors in central pla/as. usually lo-
CP bone: «wW*
cated in front of or beside temples. Throughout the \/tee «orhl
Huge fossilized bones of Pleistocene animals
there was considerable variation in the schedule of market days. In
^ such js the maninioth. Bison aniiquus, and a
the larger centers, they were held daily, with a major maiket every
type of elephant were believed by the Aztecs
five days. In the smaller towni, however, a market might be held
to be the remains of ancient people, whom
ooljr every fifth day, and hence was considered a major event. Du-
tfaejr edied Giants."' Sahagún discusses the
nn repofls that there weie set Imita regarding how many leagues
various uses of such bones: "(they) arc very
amid be traveled to attend a market in honor of a oeitain god;
thi^ savor}', heavy. Ground, they are required by am who passes
people came from two, three, or fear leagues away.^
blood, or from \\ hose rectum comes a flux, who cannot find a rem-
bi eadi marketplace the goods were situated according to t)7)e;
edy. (in chocolate]. He mixes roasted grains of cacao
He drinks it all the vegetable sellers were grouped together, as were the cloth-
and of maize softened with lime; all is (fround together. In
taoiales
ing vendors, bird sellers, tamalc vendors, and so on. Certain mar-
the waydiat chocolate is prepared, so úso is [this] made."'''
kets were spedaUwd: Azcapotzalco and Itzocan fiearared slaves;
A variety of bones were fashioned into awls for tools and for
('holuhi jewels, precious stones, .ind tine fcLithtnK irk; Texcoco
aiitoMcri6oe.^ They were also sooietiines used as ornamematioii
doth, fine gourds, and exquisitely worked ceramics. Dogs were a
on deity-impenomior coatiinieB.**
specialty at Acohnan, where Durin daims to have seen more than
400 l.irge .ind small c.inines tied up awaiting their Sale and final
DrieiGnomfir Broom
destination, the cookmg pot.'"
The yellow stalks (he five-year-old boy holds
in his hand ure isn ex.imple of the dried er.i<Nts
Mnzf
Sahagún relers tu a<i strjw in his dei^Tipiiun maize: dntii"
^ of the broom seller (see felio 57r, "Ima^ kernels of cured com: tlaeBi^
Descriptians").** , .Mai/e, a native .\nierican plant, was grown all
^y(j f^ff9 ('^'C'' Middle America, from the northern desen

^* lands to the tropics. Maize became the basic feod
plant of the prc-Oilumbian cultures and eivili/ations of the New
PriMy ftw Cactus FntH World due to its remarkable abiUty to evolve rapidly in an environ-
prickly pear cactus: nopalli** ment mtnipulaied by humans. In Mexico, four primitive races
prickly pear c-actus tniit: nihlnH'' have been idenritled. designated **Ancient Indigenous" r\pes, as
The Hocbtii is a tuhclike fmit that grows on the nopaJ, well as four additional "Pre-Columbian Exotic Races," believed to
known as the \n\My pear cacms." It is found
also have been introdnced Irom South America.**
throughout .Mcxio)/" The prickly pear cactus fruii has been a no- The impnrrancc of maize in A/rer life can lie i'.ulped bv the
table food for desert dwellers since aboriginal times; no doubt detailed observation of it refiectcd in Sahagun's enumeration of
it was imflortam to the Aztecs' nomadic desert forebears, the Chi- varióos aspects ofdie plant.** He describes its shape, its ooh>r, and
chimccs. Sahai,i!n i:i\cs j JltjíIci.í JLMLription of this thi)rrn pLint the method of hanesring horh ears and stalks of maize. He dis-
and its fruit with "a top like a spindle whorl" and a hnc-tcxturcd, cusses the fungus and smut that atiect the plant, as well as the
succulent core. range of provinces where it was grown. When describii^ the
Of the thirteen varieties of no/)/// cacrus listed by Sah.iiriin. fnur "g'Kid" seller of maize, he liken'^ the firm kernels to cfippcr Ivells,
are described as having reddish-colored fruit. From the drawing of flint, and fruit pits. The "bad" maize seller, however, mixed the
the prickly pear cactus fniit on felio S8r, it is impassible to identify good, firm grains with the infisted, hoUow, and moldy, "the fetid,
which of the red varieties is depicted. A reddish prickly pear i nniv the bad, the stinking.""'
fniit of the same shape occurs in one of the drawings of uúfuJii in Despite the reprehensible practices of the bad maize seller,
Sahagún^ Bartbfy Tlmgi; die eleventh of the vohimes of Ms Fhrm- there is ceremonial evidence for the high regard in which maize
tmt Codex.'' was held in Artec culture. For example, every eight years a festival
The prickly pear cacrus truit was enjoyed by all classes of .\/.tet was given to honor the plant, the fiñst of Atamalcnalizlli ("Eating
society. Lords ate "tuna cactus fruit of many hues —white, yellow, of Water Tamales"). For seven da>'s, only tamales soaked in water
bright red. irreet). orange":" it was sold in the maritetplace^' and were eaten, with no flav<HÍng or softening ingredient added. The
served as a hliinu tor tortill.is,"* point was to give maize a rest,
for it was said that we brought much torment to it— that we

MinktrpLii:
ale (it), we put chili on il. ue salted it. ut added saltpeter to
marketplace stone: momoztli'* it, wc added lime. As we (ircd it to death, so we revived it.
Aztec marketplaces had a round, altarlike stone situ- Thus, it was said, dw maize was given (new) youth when this
ated in the center it the market t-TK losiire. The glyph
i
was done."*
on iulio iÜT is an illustration of such a ntarker. " Duran tells us that Maize was tnily the staffoflife, in both the practical and ritual sense.
the god of the market "had hb place upcm a momntS, vrhidi is like
a n iiils'ilt shrine nr a pillorv liloek. . . . .\1anv ot them stood along
NOTSS
roads, on street corners, and in the market In the shrines at the
marfcetplaoes were fixed iddiuI carved atnnea as beg* as diields,

1. Durin 1971 :«).
each one hearing round figure like
a ÚM of the Sun with flowers 2. .S.iha_irun 1'^5U-I''82 5; 184.
and circles carved around it."^ 3. Pnrnrns Memonala n.d.: chap. 1, par. 3, I hclma L). i>ullivan trinsliiiun.
156 ' THE DAILY LIKE YEAR TO YEAR / KULIO $%V

4. Sahjgún 1950-1982 2:166. See ako Mirhael Smith 1983 for an analysis of spinning bowls and other
5. Duran 1971:414. anifact<. found in Western Morelos, Mexico.
6. SalMgún 1950-1982 5:187. 55. /VfmmtMniMniteiLd.:^ffi.3,|nr.8,llkeimaD.Si^^
7. Ibid. S:184. 56. MoUna 1977: faKe 139r 'TMidqaaiiiiL leBa" (fimraod or Idodlii^.
8. ML 5;]9}. 57. HoHMitM 1977: JtoMi Xm 88.
9. AmL 4:107. 58. Priimrts Mtmtriákt n.d.; chq». I. par. 3, Tlitiflu D. Salivan tranlatioa
10. Ibid. 5:195. 59. Ritul offerings of icgolar-icngthlMdioffitMniod are illustrated throu^-
11. ibid. 5:185. out CMcr Fe^érváry-Maytr and Caier Lfai¿ Thejr can also be found in Codex
12. Primeros SíanoriaUs n d chipl,plr. l),TÍtdlluD.Sdlí*lltinnilKÍOn. Al>fMl976:ll. 58.
H. Ibid.: chap }, par 12 60. .Molina 1977: folio 76v "Omiil. hucMO, alcana, o punfon" (bone, awl,
14. Durin 1971 : 1 17- I IS Nuti ;iU<> ihal Diirji) kicnnfics ".ivinL- pitch" .is or punch).
the same mixture occasionally worn by the priesui see folio 63 r "Content" 61. Diir.in 1971 67, note 12.
section. 62. Sahjgiin 19S0- I9K2 1 1 : lit'J.
15. Duran 1971:443. 6.3.Examples of bone awU for autosacrifice can be found [hroughom CWer
16. Sahigún 1950- 19«2 2:2U.í. tejmáry-Maytr, Clitttlsmt, and Codtx Btrgm.
17. FriM*mMmm»lis nî.: chap. 4, par. 2, Thelma D. SuUivan cnnilatiofl. 64. BotMs used as ornamental details on deity costumes can be found in Codtx
18. MMaUn'al971:«M. Bvitmm 1974:7. 22; CMbr MagfMednam 1970: folioa 61r, <2n Codex
19. I9S0-1982 5: IBS. Tvdda 1980i iblioi 42r. 43r. Ctia btOmiUl 1976: folio 103r.
2a MowUiifa 1971:108-309. 65. Sahagún 1950-1982 10:87.
21. Sahagun 1950-1982 8:71. 66. Simeon 1963 3 12 "Nopalli. Nop«l. cactus dont on oompte deux espioes
:
22. Prímtros MmuriAt nA.: (diap. 1, par. 4, ThdnaD. SnBivaii traiwIarioB. principales, Vopuntia vulgaris, qui donnc Ic meilicur naebtH ou figue dc Baiba-
2J. Ihid.: chap. I, par. 3. ric, ct I'opuntiii LOthinil.'ifern. sur IcqucI \nt ia ^Mchf:ninL" iNopal, cactus that
24. Sahagun 1950-1982 2:194-195. consists of rwo principal species. which t'tvi-s the licst nc\bn'i or Barbary
. . .
25. NiLhulwn 1971b: table 4. fig, and , , on which lives the oxhinial Ixil'I
26. Sahaiiun l<>5f) l'J82 2:44. 67. .Molina 1977: folio 72v "Nochth luna. )nit:i mnncida" (tuna. |aj known
27. Dur-in ITl :4;s. fruit).
2H. Davics 1981 :212. 6K Sahagun 195U- 1982 1 1 : 180, note 8«: "Nopalli: qpiauu Jim-mdiai (L.)
2'^ Dibble 1971:322. .Vtillcr. O. aNgâBoute Sabn-Dyck, O. sumfUiamAa Lcmain, O. mKfdtim
JO. .Molina 1977: ibiio lS9v "Xiuitl. año, cometa, turquesa e yerua" (year, Tcnore."
comet, turquoise and heib). In actuality, "comet" is diMinguishcd I rom the 69. West 1964:367. 370.
other aniwM meaning in thtt it hat a kuf /i/: 70. Sahagiin 1950-1982 11:122-124. See Hernández 1959 1:311-313 far
Jl. Molina 1977; mio 145v "llaicilli. nniUai dc oqn, o pan fenoai- n iddiciodil iÍKttciidi"OCMttfy dcKi^Nioii of cbt tmH céccui md itt findL
meme" (itnillac of naiae, or bread ia fentni). 71. Sahagún 1950-1982 II: plates 438, 439 (1979 11: Ihlio I27v).
32. Salugún 1950-1982 4:62. 72. Sahagún 1950-1982 8:38.
33. Durin 1971:469. 73. Ibid. 8:68.
34. Sahagun 1950-1982 10:69-70. 74. Ibid. 10 69.
55. Ibid. 10:70. 75. Simeon 1961 :r»5 "Moinn/lli mi .VUmni/Hi, Anul, Ih ,
i>r.iloire
36. Ibid. 1:19. drevse aux i-nirv criiist-nHtiis lics i hinims" (.iliar, rh:ip<;l, or oi.unno Smilt at
37. Ibid. 2 lc.1-162. the crmMna(i>l-
38. Ibid. H:jH. Ki. .Another example of a marketplace stone can be found on folio 16v of Co-
39. Duran 1V71 83. dex Memioza. It is the placc-rumc glyph for Xaltianquizco, a name that Com*
40. Sahagún 1950-1982 2:194. bines the Náhuatl word xalii (sand) with lumquiztii (nurket).
41. Dunn 1971:415. 77. Duran IV71:2"3.
42. lfaid.!416. 28. Molina 1977: folio 1 13r TianquizdL mercado" (markeO-
43. SaingHO 1950-1982 2:45. 79. Dnrfa 1971 ;273-286. There «ere approaima wly three miles per league,
44. Aid. 2:55. though this measuicmem varied.
45. Ibid. 5:187-188. 80. Iliid.;27B. Bar more detailed infermarion on Aalec mailieat see Bsnlia
46. Ibid. 6:124. 1985.
47. Sahagún 1950-1982 3: platt 10(1979 J: folio \(hiy, Oidtx Mi^üiUthkm» 81. Molina 1977: folio 22v "Cintli. majorcas dc mays secas y coradas" (dry
1970: toliu 7'r; Codex TudeU 1980: (blM>62r. and hardeneii'i urt i) cars of corn)
48 Cortex 1971 107-108, 82. Ibid.: Iiilii) I3()r " riiKitli, may/ diSKrinado. cur.tdi' <. mcü" (dcitcmclcd
49 Ib.d mai/c, 1 \ncil li.jTiii lli'ii Jp, I
50. Sahagun |9>ü 19H: 6:201 "tz.a.Mlri.Mil " .Mso, .Molma 1977: folio ISlv 83. MangtMi.rf. MaiNtish, and VVilley 19W:43«-439.
"Traua. hilar" (in spun, folio 13r defines ioxttl as "escudilla" (bowl). 84. Sahagún V5U- 1982 1 279-284. See also Hernindez 1959 1 :288-292
1 1 :
51. Sah^n 1950-1982 6: piate 30 (1979 6: folio 170v). for an additional, extensive suteemh-century docripiioa of maiae.
52. Sahagún 1950-1982 2:138. 85. Sahagún 1950-1982 10:65-66.
53. Ibid. 9:18. 86. ibid. 2: 178.
54. Gamio 1922 1 :359-36a; Utmnt 136.
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 5 8r • 157
Copyrighted matsriaf
FOLIO 59r
CONTENT
seventh had to do with moderation in dress: "thou art not to array
Folio 59r continues the pictorialnuntion on Aztec childrearíng, thj-sclf fantastically." The final rule urged not only prudence in
ilhistnting the children from seven through ten yean of age. Al- food and drink but also the regular washing of the hands, bee. and
though the boy and girl have grown larger, tfadr toitiUi ntion has mowh befsie eating.*
not; on]/ one and a half oom-c«kes are lUowed at each meal.
Stmd Part: Age Eight
Fffxr Avt: Afp Seven
When children breached the Aztec ideal of modetttioa and diiscre-
In the upper register, the gloss states that the seven-year-old boy is tinn, a reprimand befitting their years followed. In (kdexMmdoza,
being aught by his father how to fish with dw net he holds in his the gloas states that the eight-year-old is betag warned by his fa-
hands. The father is addressing his son— ^wfao now weua a kñn- ther not to he deceitful or he will be punidied by being pierced in
doth licncnrh his cape — on the proper use of the fishing equip- the 1)1 niy uith maguey spikes. The «ir! receives the same warning
ment, i his fiiic-mcshed net was designed to trawl along the hot- from her mother. At age eight, the children are only threatened
tnm of dtallow waters, such as those of Lalce Ibtooeo^ dioieline.' with die sharply pointed spines that lie in front cS them. None-
The closs sa) s thai the girl is being taught to spin by her mother. theless, they respdp.il in fear. The son sits ndced and tearful before
However, the mother's now that of a supervisor; the daugh-
role is his gesturing, scolding father. The mother also leprimands; the
ter has progressed to spinning by herself The giri who wears an — daughter weeps and (bids her arms protectñely across her chest
iindccuratcd buipiUi ami skirt — is busily nnrling the spmdle in the The intimidating disajilinarv objects are spines from a specific
spinning bowl, pulling the thread out evenly trom the raised cot- type of maguey plant, about which Sahagún reports, "from the
ton fillet She appears to be on her way to becoming a gtxxl spin- IlillMMl/] magiMy coniea the iqni^ die cifw
ner, described by Snh^gi'm "one who forms a thread of even toponctuie."'
th ickn ess, who . . . stretches [the thread] about the spindle, winds
die duead into a bdl.*^ "[She
TbmíPéarti^NiM
isl soft, ddlled of hand. ... She
spins a loose, thick thread."' In register the gloss says the ninc-yCiir-old boy is pierced in his
The remaining three registers conccm the pumshment meted btxiy uith maguey spikes for being incorrigible. The son, now
out to children ages eight to ten, in accordance with thdr years. binnul hand and (bot, is stretched out before his &ther, who al-
Motolim'a, however, Miggests that the age of eight, as indicated in ready has stuck three spines into the bfjy's naked bcHl\ , The daugh-
the Codex Mendoza, is early tor discipline to begin; he maintains ter fares better; her mother only pricks the girl's wnst. I he gloss
that those under ten yeais weie pardoned their mistakes and cit^ says she is being pnnished for negligence and idienesa.
ings because of their innocence and youth.*
Fwrtb Part: Ap Ten
Aldiough the children's specific offenses are not indicated, no
doubt their conduct did not alwaîs conforni tr< ;hi' \ztec ideal of The children ippaientty contínne to misbehave, because in the
the ciKinplar)' life. The hallmarks of this model behavior were bottom register, at age ten, they are about to be struck with sticks,
obedience, honesty, discretion, respect, moderation, modesty, and as the gloss confirms. The naked boy's hand is firmly held by his
energy.'These abstract ideals were translated into inore concrete father; the girl's hands are boood across her chest. Tying up chil-
deportment through a number of guidelines. Sahagún relates how dren while chastising them was apparent^ not nnooaanon; Moto-
a nobleman advised his son to Uve according to eight rules. The Unía mentions tying girls' feet to make them sit still and keep their
first rule frowned on excess rest, "lest tfaon irilt be named a heavy mind on their work."
sleeper." The second urged moving quiedy and befaig "prudent in There is no clue to the son's particular misbehavior. For the
thy travds.* The omcem of the third rule was dat one speak girl, however, a spinnei^ worfcbasket with an unprocessed cotton
slowly and deliberately -not "squeak." The fourth admonished boll atop it indicates that the daughter's transgression may have
against staring. "Do not gossip" was the fifth injunction; the ad- had something to do with her spirming. Perhaps she lapsed into
vice of die sixth was to re^mnd hnmediately to a aninmom. The the slovenly ways of ''The Bad Spinner," described by Sahagtin as
158 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 59r
one who produces lumpy uneven thread, who pulls the yarn kwsely, Sahagiin's extensive discussion of the varieties of the plant. Some
m
,
twists it poorly, and is generally clumsy of huid and dull of body* described as tall, with diidt, wide, green leaves; otfaen are
Such a spinner leaves l'.imp>. moistens the yarn widi her lips, and IS smaller, with lca\ es of .i blue or .ishen hue. Some maguey are varie-
generally useless, negligent, slothful, and lazy." gated, with spatters of white on the leaves and a stemlike root. The
juice drawn from the center of oeitain varieties of die plant can be
IVeephig
fcrniented 1» pnxhice the faitoxicating fii/pr drink Mcli.'*
In each of the bottom three registers, the children are weeping;
RofefirBiii£iig
sudi suflering was an accepted part of Aztec Ufis. This is repeatedly
app.ircnt in S.ih,,tri n's I'laroitinf Codex, at a child's ItirtH. the mid- rope: Hit, at'"
w)te immediately tells the baby that the earth is a place of suiier- 1 he use of rope to bind parts of the hu-
ing." A ruler adnwdisbes his son that it is the weeper, the sor rower man body abo can be found in pre-His-
who secures the compassion of "the lord of the near, (if the nigh."" p;inic- ( odit fs, often these ex.itnplcs arc as-
A noble warns his daughter that the world is a diiticult place where sociated with some form of sachtioe.^"
one is caused pdn and known."" Rnkis and noUe-
"affliction is
Stick
men advise their sons to seek the humble life as their honored tore-
bean had, saving, " The more they were honored, the more they
'
pine stick: ptm: ocoûabuiti
wept. sufKered afflictioo, siêd; they became most humble, most The stick used to reprimand
tnet-k. must contrite."''' the children on folio 5<^ r IS
]
irob-
Weeping and crying arc ubiquitous themes throughout die ably what Sahagún, in two dc-
chronidcs of Sahagún-, children, adults, and even fods weep freely. scriptioos of ponldiments, reficts
Such tcirs, .IS cmMcms of suffering, seem to h.ive been ret;:irded as to as a "pine stick" or "pine
pious, calling attention to the weeper as a worthy and honorable save.
person. For example, a person bom under the day sq[n One Death
could lose the rood fortune of his birthright unless he showed de-
votion to i'czcatlipoca: "(the godj showed compassion and gave it
CottmBoü
(the birthright) as a gift to the one who sought him diligendy and
who went about weeping and sighing for his sake."'* In keeping cotton boll: icbciitl'
uith this view of tears as beneficial, a sobbing drunkard is de- Mexican-cultivated white cotton, Gossypium btrsu-
scribed in Sahtgún: "He loosed tears as if bringing good to him- tum, first appears In the archaeobgical record around
self""' And again, an old woman advises that whoever has wept, 1700 B (1 , ,md !iv A/tec times it was firmly established as the
sorrowed, sighed, and hung his head to be humbled has bcnctitcd Mesoanicncan status hber. ' Below the S,000-foot elevation, vary-
hknsdf." ini: sir.mis were grown throughout Middle Amcrici, as Sahagún

makes clear in his description of the cotton seller. The friar ranks
the quality of the fiber by its place of origin. The best is said to
IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS come from "the irrigated lands," followed by cotton from the hot
onmtries, from the west, and from the northern descns. .At the
bottom of the list is what Sahagún refers to as "the Totonac vari-
fishnet: nHtbmtAtti"
eq^-eneconon.**" Tribute parents of iLile-i of white cotton ap-
Fishnets similar to those depicted in Codex
pear on three different folios of Codtx Mendoza.'* Bolls of white
Mendoza appear in both pre- and post-His-
cotton also occur as parts of place gUphs in Codex Mendoza,**
panic pictorial codices.'"
A brown cotton, Gompium mexicmum, was grovm in Mesoame-
Sahagún, in his enumeration of the Aztec
rica as well." Sahagún lists it among the typ^ of cotton provided
gods, discusses Opochtli, who was said to have
by the cotton seller.'' It also is depicted in the tribute section of
invented the fishine net. This — who
deiti,'
Corfer Mendoza, among the regular payments from the west-coast
was worshiped by the "water folk" — was also province of Cihuadan.'" The brovm cotton was called nyoichcatl, or
credited with the invention of the ttktt," the tiident; boat ptdes,
coyote-colored cotton,** and is still used in some Indian conunu-
and bird snares.-'
niiies today, where it is known as ««yHtihr.*>
Tears
NOTES
tears: ixayotl-
In other Aztec pictorials, teats are depicted in the

1. Claik 1938 1:90, note 3.
same manner shown in Cedtx Madaa, with a little
2. Sahagdn 1950-19«2 10:35.
"drop "at the end." 3. Ibid. 10:52.
4. Mototinia 1971:368.
5. Bctdan l«2s73.
6. Sdugdn 1950- 1912 6: 121-124.
7. Ibid. 11:217.
8. Motoliiüí 1^71:309.
-'
^gjjj maguey spines: huiiztli y. SíhauOn 1950-1982 10:35.
Ibid 10:52.
>*v' The Náhuatl name for the maguey plant is meti, the H).
11. 168, 171.

m
generic term fiar agtve."The i portan t role played in pre-Hispanic
11
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ci:
6 88
Mesoatncrica by the maj,nje) —
a source of a sweet syrup, hast l.i Ibid (S 9\
thread, and sharply pointed spines for bloodlening — is reflected in 14. Ibid. 6: 107.
THE DAILY LIKE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO jyf • 159
15. llikl.4i}}. 2B. iBMUfkt út npt la^krhin^ am be fmiá in Code* Laud i966tá,
16. Ibid. 4: IS. 19, 24 end CMar ftnto 197«: 19, 23, 49.
17. Ibid. 6:216-217. 29. MoGnt 1977: fefe 75t *Ocoquauitl. pino, d aibol o la viga y madero lie
18. Molina 1''7" folio V.r "Michmatlatl. red p:ir.i pcicar" i.-ict for fi'.hing). pino" (pine, ihe tree or die beam and wood of pine); 87v "Quauhtomli. palo^
19. Illustncions oí fishnets cm be found in thu prc-Hispanic (,V..j'i-> Bivîa o árbol pequeño" (stick, or small tree), also Sahagun 1950-1982 2: 102. 148
(1976: IVl as well as rlu' lollnwni^' pi^^t Conquest wtirks Sjhiiiiîri 1982 "ocoquauhtica" (to b«at repeatedlv ^*')rh a pilieMkk)>
1: plate •«), 1 1: phirc Sf.fi 1
19-'^ 1; folio f9r; 11: folio 2iD\); Coda I'auamuiA 30. Saha.eun 1950- 19K2 2:102, Í48.
1979: folii) Sir: irul iKl iutecnth-ccnnirj' Santa Cruz map qf the VUlcy of 31. Molina 1977: folio Mr "Ichcatl. algodón, o oucu" (cottCM^ Of ihetp).
Mexico (sec (iliss and Kobenson 1975: census 280). 32. Mangelsdorf. MacNeish, and Wtllcy 1964:439-440.
20. Molina 1977: folio 8r "Atlad. amieMB" Opear thnnm) 33. Sahagún 1950- 19«2 10:75.
21. Sahaguo I9S0-1982 1:37. 34. Cadtx Mendoza: folios 48r, the province of Quauhtocbco, S3r, Adán, and
22. MoUna 1977: foHo 44v "Ingpod. Iîmai" (tean). 54r, Tucoac, all located in the Gulf coot Rgiail.
2}. Tkm átfkxtd in the one mmocr ai thoae of CodetMimbu can be }5. OwL Miot 37i, 39r, 4Qr, 54r.
AmhmIíb Codex Birtmim 1974:11 aiid Codec Má^fmkdUmn 1970: fblkM67r, 36. CofAyudCndir I9«8:25.
77r. 7«r. 37. Sah^ I9S0-1M2 10:75.
24. Molina 1977: folio l$7v "Vhzdi. espina grande, o puya" (large thorn or 38. CMBrMiiadbH. falw)Br.
paint) 39. Molina 1977: fblio 24r "Copd. adiue" (ooyoie); 32r "Ichcad. algodón, o
2Í. Ibid.: folio 55v".Mctl- tnaguci" Imjgucv). oucja" (cotton, or sheep). Thus + ÑáuHf ajmcbaut, or "coyoie-
26. Sahagunl9S0-198: ll:J16-:i7 cotton."
27. Molina 1977: fblio 5 St "Mecati. cordel, o soga, o aôtc de cordeles" 40. Cordr)' and Cordry 1968:25,
(cord, or rope, or whip mode of axái).
CopyrightedmatsFial
FOLIO 6or
CONTENT taken on a new, compliant demeanor. The gloss says ilie iwl-K e
year-old girl goes sweeping at night. Despite the mother's having

Folio 60r continues the pictorial saga of Aztec childrearinp, co\er-
awakened her so she can begin her duties in the house and on the
ing ages eleven through ibuneen. In the two upper registers, the street before dawn -the night sky appears just above the daugh-
children's age still restricts them to the metaphorical one and a half ter's tortilla ration — the girl does not weep.
tortillas with each meal OnW after the thirteenth year do they
Although the daughter^ dotiies oontinned to have the same un-
qualify for more ample rations, symbolized by the depiction of two
finished hcmlint-i, her hair is much longer; she is becoming 3
tortillas.
proper young i\ztcc maiden, described as one who dutifully sweeps,
spins, and Duiin, oommeming somewhat impatiently cm
learns.*
Upper Register: Age Eleven the Indian women's constant sweeping, spciks nt '"[their^ idola-
trous custom of rising at dawn to sucep one's propert}' and occa-
The boy and girl, who, the oonunentator states, have disregarded
parental advice, continue to receive reprimands, or the direat of sionally that of someone else." ' 1 lowcvcr, as in so much of Aztec
them. The gloss says the clcven-ycar-old boy is being punished
life, mundane chnre .irned ini¡K)rtant religious sig-
this ostensibly (
nificance. Sahagún speaks ot homes and courtyards first being

with dry chile smoke. The father holds his naked, weeping son
over a fire of burning chiles; the Inhaling of the acrid smoke was swept before dawn, followed by oflerings and incensing.' Rulers
admonished their daughters to sweep vigorously: ".^nd at night
considered a cruel torment. In fao, chile smoke could be lethal.
Duran tells of its use by lords of a restive Aztec province to elimi- hold vigil, arise promptlv'. exttnd liiy arms promptly, ijuickly leave
nate unwelcome imperial vtñtors from die capital in Tenochdtlan. (thy bed], . . . Seize the broom: be diligent with the sweqnn^ be
These lords of C"uet!jxil.i sealed olT the .\ztecs' bedchamber and not tepid, be not lukewarm."
then lit a huge pile of chiles. The resulting smoke was so over-
whelming thu ifae trapped messengen sulfecaled. Tlnri Repster Age Tbiruen
In the right Ofdie uppe r n. LnN;i. r, the gloM States that the e!c\ cn-
year-old giri is being threatened by her mother with dry chile

By age thirteen, the children are performing more mature domes-
smoke in her nostrils. The weeping child — still dad m an andeco- tic chores, their meal ration has increased, and misbehavior appar-
r.ued hiiipilli .md skirt — kneels, hands bound, confronted with the ently is no longer a major issue. The glosses state that the thirteen-
chile tire as a threat to reinforce conformity. The raising of daugh- year-old boy goes loaded with rushes and carries them in his
canoe. The son, now wearing a loindoih, is shown fifSt carrying
ters was not taken Ughtly. A daughter^ decorum was increasmgly
important in her liiorher .is the girl grew older; it was CNscntii!] tli.u
the rushes, which he has cut for domestic use. He supports his load
with the aid of a rumpline.
Aztec females learn early to conduct themselves with modest pro-
In the scene immediately adjacent, three loads of the reeds have
priety. Sahagún reports that matrons worried that they would be
called rn t;>sk h\ thf A/.tei' judt'es for not re.inng ami eu.irding
been placed in a hollowcd-out log canoe. 'I°hc boy wears a capdike
their daughters properly: "perhaps she (the daughter] was hvmg in

doth folded and tied around his hips as he stands upright in the
eaiUH;, usint; a paddle to ¡itopel the cratt aeross the lake, Motolinia
concubinage with a (man] and it was not known.**' Even small in-
fractions on the part of the girls were c arufuliv w.ut lied for pott-n-
speaks of the enormous volume of canoe tratiic surrounding the
tially damaging behavior: "Eat not while ihou art ^tanduig. Thou island dty of Tenochtidan. This induded both dealers activity
transporting provisions into and out ot the city and homeowners
wflt marry br from here Who will ásllow diee?" *
ñiling their household needs, as is the case with the boy on folio
60r. Motolinia was impressed by the fact that there was never a
Sfiomi Rt îitcr: Aiê lu che
cease tn the comings and goings of the canoes on the water."
In tlic second register, punishments meted out to twclvc-ycar-olds rhc conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo also comments on
who do not heed parental advice are depicted. The gloss states that the extensive traffic on Lake Teiecoco when he describes the view
the boy. tied hand and ftiot, is stretched out all day on damp ground, frr>m the top ot the Templo Mayor in lenoehtitlan: "and we be-
The son, naked and Inwnd, is crying. The daughter, however, has held on that great lake a great multitude ol canc»es, some coining
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6or • 161
with supplies of food and otheis reairoing loaded with CMfoes of IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS
merchandise."* Smoking ChUe Fire
On the third regiiter of folio 60r. the daughternow has taken
chile; ehiJIi''
on another of the hooaehold's daily domestic tasks. The gloat
fire: tktl**
statet that dw tfaineen-year-old girl is grinding (maize for] tortilia*
and preparing food. She kneels before the grinding stone, pui- On the folio 60r gloss the Span
vtrizii^ the limewater-soaked maize kernels with the stone roller.
ish commentator uses the West
To her right is a day container that the gloss identifies as a pot of Indian word for chile, on, a
si.xtcenth-eentury alterti.nive
prepared food. In front of the girl, supported by the traditional
s[)elling for the presciu-day
three hearthstones, is the round, flat clay griddle {amaUi) on which
the tortilhs will be ooolced. Immediately above the heardi is a tri-
Spanish word, d;/.' Die iiurn-
may ing of chiles must ha\e been

pod bowl, which holds a container for liquid. This vessel con-
itia limewater for soaking the maize grains, or perhaps it is ñllcd
a common practice, for Sa-
hagún's informants complain
with plain water for making tttk, a oommea) gniel. The girl,
whose skirt now has a decorated hemline, is becoming a "^roun about the bad chde seller, who "sells dulis from wet country, in-
capable of burning."'*
maiden of marriageable age," whom Sahagún defines as one who
The high value placed on chile as a dietary staple can be gauged
grinds com and makes M/t.^
by the fact that fasting was defined as eating without chile or salt."
Fourth Register- Age Fourteen The Aztecs had a wide variety of chiles. Sahagún details many of
the boy goes fishing in his canoe.
these, describing some as mild and red, others as hot and green,
At age finnteen, die gloss sa^^s,
The son Hlis Icirncd to take his lipht boat out on the ! ike ,md skill-
and still others are smoked.'" Red chiles identical to those depiaed
fully caich fish with a stick and the trawling net, lirst introduced on folio 60r occur as oflerings in several Aztec pictorial codices."
seven years before (see folio 59r>. Fishtng was a very important ac- They also appear as tribute on folio S2r of Codec Mtmhtt.
tivitv for the residents iit Teiioclilillan; tile I. .ike Texcnco area u.is
Damp Ground
rich in aquatic foodstuifs. These, together with seatood carried to
the highlands by tipki foot transport, are described in Sahagúni's
Sows of a^haped demeniB are a
account of the fish seller, who also caught many ot his «ares, 'jo do oDramonflevioeinAztecioooognpfay
for representing cuktvated fields.'*
this, he used nets, snares, fishhooks, weirs, and spears as well as
Similar markings depicting earth are found in part 2 of the Coáac
eatdihigsome fidi widi hu hands. The fish varied in size and type:
shellfish, gourd fish, spotted and white fish. Some were sold
Mtnáma (as place glyphs) and in other Aztec pictorials.'*
wrapped in maize husks and toasted, while others were roasted in Night Sky
leaves. The fish sdfer sbo dealt in shrimp, andes, eds, fidi roe,
and %v-ater-fly eggs, » well «s water Hies, water worms, and worm \ _y night; yoinmUi^*
excrement." 9^ 99^9 The depiction of the night sky by the tne of

small half-red circles attached to larger full
At the right ofthe bottom register, the feurteen-year-old daugh-
drclcs, half drdcs, or bands also can be found
ter is weaving. She kneels, the backstmp of the l(Kim about her
hips, tamping down the weft threads uith a wearing stick, the bat-
both on folio 63r of Codex Memhza and in place ghphs in the his-
tory and tribute sections.-' Such images also have a number of pro-
ten. Sahagún, in his enumeration of the various parts fif the badt-
mentions various-sized battens. \ wide one "swished totypes in pre-ilispanic central .Mexican codices.-'"
strap loom,
(as it was used)." Smaller, thinner battens made of bone were Tumpltm
needed when the weaver worked on intricate designs.'^
tumplinc: niccapaUt"
\Vea%nng was considered a proper occupation for noblewomen
as well as a>mm<inen>, as is made clear in Sahagún's account of a
The tumpline, together with the diggii^ stick,
''
was associated w ith pn\errv and slavery." It
ruler admonishing his daughter to apply herself to the "really
womanly task" exemplified by skill in the use of the spindle whorl,
was said that one who became a slave "became
and sotneone^ diggmg stick and tump line." The

weaving stick, heddles, leashes.'*
goddess who bestow ed these work implements
Skillful weaving was so highl> valued as a female attribute that a
on mankind, CihuacoatI (Snake Woman), was
woman's weaving ability was considered an index of her character.
regarded by Sahagún's informants as "an evil
Sahagún, when listing "The Diflierent Things Which God's Crea-
tures, The Idolaters, Wrongly Believed" says that when woman .1
omen to men; she hr<niL'!it nu-n mi>.ery. For, it was said, she gave
wove a doak, shift, or skirt that had uneven, crooked edges, it re-
men the digging stick, the tump-iine.'"*
flected the dianctier of the wetven 'tJnst like a crooked seam, per-
The various postures a man assumed when loading and carrying
a hcav\' load wnth a tumplinc are clearly illustrated in Sahagún's
vene(wDaMaheber»
eighth book of the FhrtMine Codex, Kings and Lards."
162 THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6or

Canoe canoe] on the shore, on the edge of the water, near the water line."
Abo feared was the wind from the south, or Hntztíampa flftmrf,
canoe: acaUi"
described as a particularly \iolenr wind. On the Other hand, Cihua-
The Indians of the Lake
thmpa ebecatl, the wind from the west, while ooM, was not consid-
Te.vcrKi> are.i were skilled
ered a danger to the boatmen on the lake, and the Tbloc wind,
boatmen who provisioned
named for the land where die sun rose, was ooosiderBd oompletely
much of the city of Teno-
benign."
chtitlnn with rhc;r cnnocs. A
Althoogfa die Aztecs had an abundance of fish, frogs, reptiles,
great deal oí this transpon
and birds, especially migratory ones, the edible bounty from the
took place at night, to avoid
lake was particularly dear to them. Water-fly ^ggs, for instance,
the heat of the day. Charles
would appear in profosion, covering the laloe with a congealing
Gibson, the eminent modem historian of Colonial Mexico, esti-
mass. .Motulini.i mentions the mesh nets used to collect this scum,
mates diere was a total of between 100,000 to 200,000 canoes on
which, when dried, served as a foodstuff." Sahagun includes this
the lake in the Conquest period.'' The largest of diese tnmsport
substance in his list of "edible water animals" under the name of
boats were of fifty or more feet in length, with a capacity of several
Uaütítttl (rock excrement)*' and relates how the boatmen would
tons, while the minimum length was about fourteen feet. They
roast and sell it.*' Dur.in describes .mother favored .Vzrec dish,
were caned t'rum j single tree trunk, with a ahaliow draft and
loaves made of ezcahuitl,^' a type ot "small red worm trom the la-
aqnare bow. A skilled Indian carpeoter oouM constnia a canoe in
abanta wedk.'*
goon."** He also records the Aztecs' humorous account of how
this delicacy, Together with duck, fish, and frogs, supposedly played
Motolim'a confirms that each Aztec canoe was hollowed out
a part in a war waged against the Aztecs. They vanquished their
from a single tree, chosen for its sÍ7^ and girth according to the
adversaries by causing the cooking cxlors of the succulent lake foods
aniidpated use of the craft. The demands placed on the canoes
to waft rhmugh the Streets of their besieging enemy, the oommu-
some journeyed down large rivers to the sea, iram one island to
another, and
sel
on across "small gulfs"— dictated
needed to be. According to Motolinia, the won) oomes fiom «tf
how iargt the w nit)' of Coy'oacan:
It made the women miscarry out of desire for the food of

(water) + calii (house), or "water- house," " and, indeed, he de- the Aztecs; it made the children sickly, their mouths water-
scribes the Indians sleeping in their traveling canoes on long ing with greed; the old men became lax in their bowels h-om
journeys.'* longing and the women's boes, hands and feet became
swolkn. Many became tB and died, drooiiag.'*
Canoe Pole
canoe pde: tbitktíi**
Just as the Aztecs' canoes were alwqs camd from wood, SO tOO grinding stone: metlad'*
were their poles and paddles." grinder: metJapilU"
Sahagun refers several times to those who made their living The grinding stone and grinder, known to-
from the lake as "the water folk" " and comments on their depen- d.n .IS ihe mtt^nr und murti). were the indis-
dence on skillful poling of the canoes for their mnsixirtation.'" He pensable Mesoamencan implements for re-
also reports that the Aztecs believed that the god UpochtE, an ducing Ifanewater-soaked maize kernels to the
aspect of TIaloc, die rain ddiy, tnvemed the pole for propelling paste used for making tortillas. The laborious
boats." task of grinding maize was a daily chore, probably performed only
by ctmunoner women. Although it is quitt clear that women of
Lake
aU dasses wove, noblewomen may have only overseen the actual
lake: buey atezcatl*' grindii^ of the corn, lliis conclusion is drawn from Primeros
Because Tenodidtlan was MnngrUier, which lists the implements used in the work of both
an isl.md cm. Lake Tcx- noblewomen and commoners; only for the latter is the metate
coco made possible both mentioned." However, the prc-Hispamc pictorial Cotkx Borgia de-
transport and the gather- picts an old goddess, whom Seler identi6es as Ilamtiecuhdi, the
ing of aqiiaric fomismffs. first knccÜng before her grinding stone."
wom.iii.
These waters, however, The ubiquitous gnnding stone appears in Aztec folklore. Sa-
were not without danger. hagun tells of mothers warning thdr children not to lick the atone
Diir.in tells of areas in the for fear that rheir teeth would fall out." \ gambler, given to big
lake where a great whirl- wagers on the game of patoUi, is said to have turned the grinding
pool would sometimes oc- stone, pesde, and griddle of his booseboM upside down for ludt.**
cur, a phenomenon very threatening to boarmen: "Manv times it
Put efPttfiond Food
[the lake] becomes angry and turbulent . . . even though there is
no wind."*' ]»<V fo"n vUience it blew, and was attributed with its own an «At, is \Try similar in shape to one of the containers
personality. The wind from the north, for example, was known as Uhistrated in Sahagun in connection vnth bioldag and dinnriog
Mictlampa ebecatl. or the wind from the land of the dead, and was away household goods at die end of the fiftyHwo-year cyde."
considered dangerous for canoes. When it arose, the fishermen
"greatly quickened their pace, pl)ing the pole —plying it rapidly.
They Strained their arms, that they idght come out and beach (the
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6or ' 163

Lif/ti-ú liter Biuhrnip Loom
'
limewacer: nexatl'" backstrap loom; igiiuibiiiiloni
To soften the maize before grinding it on the meuite, Aztec u unicii A backstrap loom is made up of
soaked the grains in what Sahagún refers to as "lime water." This an assemblage of simple, smcK)th
was no doubt water that contained lyc, a strong aikahne solution sticks of various lengths and
leached from wood ashes.*" Sahagún, when describing the tamalc widths which become a woric-
r, mentions that "he sells tamales of maize softened in wwd ing loom only after the warp
I ... of maize softened in lime.""' I Ic also speaks of readying threads, having been wrapped
n as part of the preliminaries for a wedding feast, prt- around strings that run along die top and bottom beams, are
paraioiy to a rwo or three day marathon of taiiuüe-inaldng.<" placed under tension. This is done by attaching the upper bar, the
warp beam, to a tree or post with a cord and securing the other
Clay Griddle
bar, the cloth beam, to the weaver by means of the badcatrap. Be-
clay griddle: amudli"' cause the backstrap fits tightly around the weaver, she can control
The griddles were made from a clay called tefoquiti the degree of tension placed on the threads by the cant of her body.
or comallaUi, reported In' Sahagun as being guaimy, The horizontal weft threads are then passed through the alternate
hard, and biiumenlike.'^ .After this clay was moist* vertical warps with a bobbin and are beaten down into place with a
ened, it had to be kneaded and tempered with bits of soft reed. batten, the long weaving stick. Depictions of women weaving on
Once was shaped and polished, ihc sli|) a mixture of
(he griddk — the badestnp loom appear throuîout the Fknntmt (Mex.^
clay and water —
was applied; the amal was then ñred in an oven.
Battttt
VVcll-madc griddles could be identified by their ring, indicating
(hat they were proiierly lciii|>ered. Inferior griddlcS that had been batten (weaving stick): tzotzopazth'"
damaged in firing, on the other hand, would emit a oacked sound.*' .\s has already been discussed in the
"Gmient" section
Today, when buying coimttí in the markets, women still test the for this folio, the nuiterial used to make a weaving stick
wares by m|]ping them with llieir kmiddes in order to )udge the wood or bone—and its size depend on the w eight of the
resultant ring. thread being woven and the conqileidty of the design.
The batten also has qrmbolic connotations in Aztec iccmogra-
Hearthstones
phy. Sahagún lists a tDrqnoiae-mOBaic weaving stick among the ac-
hearthstones: taumuatm'^ coutrements of the deitjr Ghnaooatl (Woman-Serpent), one of the
Seler contends that the ancient Mexicans conse- mother goddesses." She is defHcted carrying the sddc in the fash-
crated the number three, the number of the hearth- ion of a war club. " This is appropriate because Cihuacoad was
stones, to the fire god.'' Sahagún, when discussing considered an omen of war; she was the patron goddess of par-
bdie6 «rrongU- held by "the Tdcâters," indodes one regarding turient women, who were regarded as going into battle when they
hearthstones: "f loncerning the [rhree] hearth stones there was also underwent the pains of childbirth. " Cihuacu,it1 was invoked and
a delusion of the natives. When they saw someone kicking the prayed to during the stressful time of delivery.'"
hearth stones, they restrained htm from doing so. They said co
him: '. . . Ir will il(M<lcn th\- fctt when, perch-mce, thou gOCSt tO
war.'" The contention was that such a man "would not be able NOTES
to walk or mn in time of battle. His fieet wmild be nnmbed; qnidJjr
he wmdd Ml inn> the hands of dieir foes."'* }. DiiffalW4iU$sakDia Duran 1967 2: 197-198.
2. PrimtrmMemmMa «A: chap. ), par. 15, Thelina D. SnOivin transkdon.
Smce Bawl and Vtssd 3. Sahagún 1950-1982 5:168.
4. Pnmrrm StrmoriaUt n.d.: chap. 4, par. 2, Thelnia D. Sullivan 1
"sl^ tripod sauce bowl: mokaxitl'" 5. Durin I'^l IJ4. :
Sabagun, in his discussion of The Cook in The People, 6. Sahapun l<'5ü- 1%: 2: 199.
two 7. Ibid^ 6:'<5.
book 10 of die Fknntine Codex, includes illustrations of a
8. .Vlotolinia 1971 211.
woman grinding maize. In each case .1 three-legged bowl, the same
1%~
<i. Duz Jcl Castillo : 75
shape as that of folio 60r, stands beside the cook. '
This type of 1 0 Prmer-n Menuriikf a.d,: chap. 4, par. 2, Thelma D. SuUivan 1
container also appears twice again in Codex Mendoza, and in both 11. .Sihaîn 1950-198210:80.
cases it holds foods cooked in liquid, hence producing a sauce." 12. Ibid. 8:49.
1). Ibid. 6:96.
There are repeated references in the Ftorentmt Codex to sauce
14. Ibid. 5: 192.
bowisi'' the dish ilhuitated on falio tiOr probaMy is just such a
15. Mafaia 1977: ibfa> 21r "ChíUL ad. o pimieiiia de Im indii^ (txi, or
pepper of tiw |Wn4 bdtesX
16. ibid : folio 147v "Tied, fiiego" (fire).
vessel with n t li auce bowl 17. Stevens P-d "'

Vtj. the natural pepper of the li'est Indies, generally so
called by the Spanurd^, because this was the nam« of It in die islands tirsi
Within the sauce bowl can be seen the upper portion of a con- discovcr'il."
tainer. If one judges by the constricted shape of the ja/s mouth, ir 18. Sahapun 1'^)50-I1fi2 \0:M.
was intended to hold a liquid. This same type of container also ap- 19. Ibid. l Í1. : 1'". Í ><<
pears in Sahagún's depiction of a New Fire ceremony celebrated in 20. Ihul. 10:67-6K. .Sec Hem.inae? 1 116-159 tor an additional su-
iccnih-ccntury discussion of chile
a honaehold." Ther^ a duec-lcggcd sauce bowl sits before the
2 1 . Red on ioliu 60r arc !ihuwn as offerings
chiles identical to those depicted
Lyinf beside this bowl, hut tipped onto its side, is a vessel
fire.
in Co,üx Barbomtus 1974: 16; Codex Telhriam-Remenm 1964 1967; folio 29s-;
whose top half is identical to the one on folio 60r which sits within Codas VttíeaimA 1979: folio 72v( and Sahagún 1950- 1982 2: plaie 14 (1979
the tripod bowl. 2:feim29«^
164 • TBS DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6or
22. Nicholson 1983:151; Seler 1^60-1%! 3:224-227. 52. Ibid.: folio S5v "Mcdapilli. moledor con que niucicn el mayz'" (grinder
2 J. Rows of n-shaped nurkings to denote earth can be found in Cadtx Men- with which they grind niai.'t;
áué: folio* 7v, 16r, 24v, 25r, 27r, 30r, 32r. 36r. 39r, 40r. 41r. 42r. 43r, 44r, 53 . Pt ime m Mtmtrigks Thelma D. Sullivan trantlatioa.
n.d.: chap. 3, par. 8,
46r. Sin CidexM^sMUam 1970: Mide 83r. Mr. CbAsrrwUi 1980: fcUo 54. Sder 1963: AtáditedelMiimtiflimlim:9.
<8t; Cybr MWanwr^ 1979: folw2r. 55. Sdiwiin 1950-1982 5:188.
24. MoKn I9n: folio 41v "libmlll aodi^' Oiigh^. 56. ibid. 5: 190.
25. C«fer MmJaza: foÜM fr. J7r. 39r. 57. Molina 1977: foKo 24r "Comid. olli. o barrfl de barrt)" (a pot to boil
26. Night-sky dcpicdom rimOtr to dui on folio Mr can be faand In dáar neat in, or etidien vessel [with a great bellv and narrow neck] of clay).
fl^piit 1976: 3. passim; CodexCaspi l96»:S-7 tkntntiCodctf lJhMt^ ^M 58. Sahagún 1950- 19«2 7: plate 19 (1979 7: folio 21r).
1971 27; and C«/« ]<)M: 1 1, 24. 59. Molina 1977: folio 71 r "Nexad. lexia" (lye); also, 71v "'Ncntli, ceniza"
27. .\Iohna IT" fdlio 5Sr "Mecapalli, mccapil, cordel pira Ilcuw CM|a a (ashes); 8r ".'Vtl. agua" (water). TT>us nextJi + atl - nexail. or "ash-w^tcr."
cuestas" I mr< afml, cord for carrying cargo on the back/shoutdcrs). 60. IVthter'i .Vra LcUciiatc Dtclwnary WHO 661 "limcwatcr: 1: an alkaline
1
28. Siha^run 1950-1982 5:152. water siilution ni (.Mlriurti hydnmdf iistd as an antacid 2: natural water con-
29. Ibid. 4:5. taining calcium carbonate or calcium sulate in solution"; 680 "lye: 1 : a strong
)0. Ibid. 1:11. alkaline liquor rich in potassium carbotuie leached from wood ashes and used
31. Sahagiin 19S0-19S2 8: plan 90 (1979 8: folio 41r). csp. in msiklag soap ind washing; broadly: « strong alkaline aohttion (as of
32. MoNm 1977: foilfolv"AcdlLiud«,h*ica, canoa. te"(iiii|^boa^ andimii bjpdniJifak or pnf hIiihi liydiuúdt^ 2: a solid csasiic (fs sodnin
33. Gibmn I9«4;}«4. 61. Sahsgón 1950-1982 10:69.

34. Ibid.: 362-364 62. Ibid. 6: 129.
35. Molina IV"'^; fnlio 8r "Atl acua" (water;: I Iv "Calii. casa" ihousct. 63. .Molina 1977: folio 24r "Conulli. comal adonde cuezen loniUas dc maiz
3«. Motolirua 227. &c. c> t-l luô" i/nnu/ where they cook «"«iM"» of nudae^ etc. Or the TCSSCO-
37. Molina 1977: folio "A " Auictli. remo lie iiunnero" (sailor'-S oar). 64. Sahagun I'«(I-19H: 11 252, 257.
38. Gibson 1964:362-364. 65. Ibid.'lOiKi.
39. Sahagun 1950-1982 1:37; II 29 "ailaca" (water folk). Abo, Molina 66. Molina 1977: folio 98r "Tenamaztin. piedras sobre que ponen la olla al
1977: folio 8r "Adacatl. marinero, o ffldlMMilife'* (mariner, OTiidtnaa). foego, o tres criaturas nacidas jnaUS de vn vientre" (stones overwhich thejr
40. Sihagiin 1950- 1982 7 : 14; 1 1 :29. put the «tti GO the fire, or three creatures/children bom together from one
41. Ibid. 1:37. belly (tripleit]).
42. Molina 1977: folfo 155v aieiad 1^0 o kgnna, e ninel gmde pan 67. Sder 1960-1961 2:935.
niuclar ifua" Oabe, or a large levd for ievcUnf widi iMie^. 68. Sahag&i 1950-1982 5:187.
43. Durfnl971:167-1<9. 69. Molina 1977: folio 61v "Mnlcatitl. escndÜIa" ^Mcringcr or small bowl);
44. Sah^
1950-1982 7:14. thiscorresponds to the Spanish gloss on 60r, which labels the three-legged
45. Moiolinial971:373. bowl "escudilla,"
46. Siméon 1963:404 "Teoiillatl. Substance visqucusc; litt txcrtnit-nt di!, 70. Sahagtin 1950- 1982 10: plates 105. 106 (1979 10: folio 38r).
pierres, que Ton recucilie au m:liL'u dcs plantes du lat dc /.•TiTí, ,
i
n tait 71. Codtx Mcr.dizj tolius Mr. 68r.
séchcr cene substance au on la conserv e pnur
soleil ct la mam-cr comme du 72. For references to sauce bowls, see Sahagún 1950-1982 1:49; 2:152^
fronage. Les Indicns la consomment eiKorc j.i¡''.:rd hui ct lui donnent le 6: 132; 9:28. 33-34; 10:83.
nam dc okhMw del agim" excrement of the rods,
(v-iscous substance; literally, 73. Ibid. 7: plate 18 (1979 7: foUo 21r}.
which is collected in the middle of the plants of Lalcc Tcxcoco; this substance 74. MoGaa 1977: folio 42r "IquiiiMaleoi. telar" (weaving loom).
is nm and saved for eating ISk cheese. The Indiana atiU oonsmne
dried in die 75. lteeianipleio{w«ianiiwe*iaf<nliacÍMraplaaaas,seeSahag6ttl^
Fim III/(nid^ and iniiiMÍ («^
this lodaf and csH it (>Hdte ^4jiM). 1982 10: pkm
3. 21, 58, 18i 190; 1 It phtt 868 (1979 10: feUoa 2r, 7*, 24r,
47. Sahagón 1950-1982 11:65, note B. 37r. I29v;ll:folw230v).
48. Siméon 1963 209 "Izcauidi, Sorte de vermisseau qui \it dans les mares"
: 76. Molina 1977: folio I54r"Tzotzopaztli. palo ancho oomo cuchilla con que
(sort of worm that lives in the sea*;;. Dipt n V apnctan la tcl.i <\w loc" (liniad slick like a de
s<. wMh wfaicfa ifaey aw
49. Duran 1964: 38. .\iso in Duran V'hl 2 : 59. See also Sahagiin 1950-1982 W|iict-/<- (iown and ciiniprcss tiiL- cliitli that is woven).
1 1 : 65 "Izcauitl." 77. SahagMii Vi'ô I'^k: 111
50. Durin 1964:64-67. Also in Duran 1967 2:93. 78. Ihid. 1 plate 6 (1979 1; loJio 10»-).
51. Molina 1977: folio 55v "Mcdad. piedra donde muelen d mago, ftc" 79. Ihitl. 6:167.
(stone where they grind maize, etc.). 80. Ibid. 6: 160, 164.
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO Óur 165
FOLIO 6 ir
CONTENT in booio. And especially was there teaching of the count of days,
the book of dreams, and die book of years."*
Folio M r i', rhf (ift!i r>!'the five tolio-í that depict tlic rt-jnu;; (ifrlie
The temple schools were not attended by boj-s only; both Sa-
Anee childrtii. 1 hey havt now reached their tiíceenüi year, as ilic
hagún and Darán speak of girls' also receiving temple training, but
dots indicate, and hence are ready for the next stage in their lives.
in t separate facility.^ While diese adnmar were mainly attended
The upper half of the folio deak with the two types of edocatioD by the sons and d.iughlt rs o) the elite, S.ihagi'in docs mention com-
available to young men.' mon folic dedicating their ciuldren to the temple to be raised for
First Pari: i'ourig Men, . ige Fifteen the priesthood.* He also tells of high priests being chosen widKWt
any regard to their lineage, but r irher for their morak, practices,
The father is seated to the left, as in the previous folios. For the and knowledge of doctrine, as well as the purity of thdr lives."
first time, however, he has mure than one speech Mioll in front uf
In the upper ngister of felio 6lr, a osAiwnar^ hesd priest, the
him, perhaps iodiouing that he is spealdng of (he fÍMure to each of tltmoeazqni. sits wrapped in his bordered while cape. His body is
(he boys. bbiJEened, and his long, bound hair is pulled back from che diag-
The fifst educational option shown is the higher and more rig- nostic priestly blood smear in front of his ear. Facing him is the
orous mining in a akneaic, the temple school illustrated in the boy of fifteen, whose blackened body and white cloak resemble the
upper register of folio 61 r. The gloss describes the fiftccn-year-old head priest's. The youth, however, lacks the ttematazqtus long hair
youth as being delivered by his father to the head priest shown — and smear of blood.
seated before (he building identified as a aUmecat —to be received Directly liclow the , .//.vn-r.;/ s<x-nc is a parallel set ot stiident-
as a novice priest Then were a number of these moaaster3?like teacher-templc. This second group represents the Aztecs' alter-
ailmecai- schools in línachtitlan, each affiliated with a different nate form of education. The gloss reads, "A fifieen-yeer-old youth
temple.' The religious tratning probably varied from school to delivered by his father to the teacher to he t.iujrht and instnicted."
school, for each Aztec deity had its own special set of ceremonies The purpose of this school was training young men for
essential
and ritual paraphernalia, and each placed dtffiereiK denands on wsrfiue, and the sons of commoners were the predominant Stu-
those dedicated to its worship.' dents.'" These neighborhocHi sciiools —
which al.so ser\ed as dor-
Run by priests, the admeeae provided an extensive education mitories —were called "the young men s house." or lelpocbcaUt. But
that was preparation for the pricsihoiKi, In .iddiium. for some of that is nut the Náhuatl word written on the building; It leads
the youths, it served as training tor leadership in judicial aivd civil
"cuicacali," which means "house of song." This is not as stark a
ailáin.* But no matter what career lay ahead fer a pupil, the em- contradiction as it seems, because all \x)ung Aztecs, whether at-
ph.isis in his cahth'cac education was on sacrifice and abnegation; It tending a caimecac temple school or living in a neighborhood tel-
was a school that stressed self-control and discipline. The demand- pochcaUi, also regularly took the mandatory instruction in ritual
ing temple duties assumed by those tralnij^ fer the priesthood are The
singing and d.-incing. masters of youths, who ran die tdpotb'
portrayed on folio 6?r W'h.u is not depicted there, however, is the caUi, also taught in the ancacaUi.
extensive esoteric education that was also an integral part of M^nr-
Apparently, all males and females, both nobles and commonen,
<w tteifiing. Dufln qieaki of the pupils learning attended a emauglB between die ages of twelve and fourteen or fif-
teen." These "houses of song" were located adjacent to temples

all lands of arts: military, religious, inecluiiicai, and astro-
which knowledge of the and served both as residences for instructors and as schools. They
logical, L'avL- ih.cm stars. For this
they possessed large, beautiful books, painted in hieroglyphs,

wen large buildings, ehborately decorated, with rooms surround-
ing an open courtyard where the dances were performed, .\tten-
dealing with all these am, {and these bools] wen and fer
teaching There were also nathie books of hw and ffaeology danoe and activities were highly regulated. Instruction began an
for didactic purposes.' hour before sunset; boys and girls were assembled in then* m/-
pulli — —
neighborhood barril» by elilerly men and women, and all
Sahagún confirms this aspect of aUmttat training: "Especially was proceeded to the cuiauaih. There, the students danced and sang
(iiere teachiag of songs which they called the gods' songs insoibed loi^ into the nighty under the watchful eyes of the instiucioR."
Not only were the songs and dances taught in the aiiaKaüi es- before the hearth, and the old men and women were vreii on their
sentia} to the proper perfbimance of most retigknis ritnals and way to becoming dnmk on pulque, the fermented juice of the ma-
oereinonies, but a vast amount of information was also contained guey plant. This privilege of inebriation was restricted to the aged.
in the songs themselves. Predominandy reUgious in content, these Sahagún describes the drinking in some detail: "And the drinking
songs praised the deities and told of creation, life and death, and bowl with which they became besotted was very small: the litde
the relationships between mortals and the gods." Although Sa- black bowl. Sonic drank three bowls, some four bowls, some five
hagún speaks with respect of tht nuning in the cukacalli, " Duran bowls. . . . And that which they drank was yellow pulque, honeyed
shows less deference when he «atea, ''Nothing was taught there to pulque."**
youths and maidem but Singing, dandiig, aod the pbyingofim»i- On folio 6lr, tour aged wedding guests arc all shown talking,
cal instruments."" perhaps giving sage advice. In the foreground, a targe pitcher of
Retumif^ to folio 61r, seated before the omonuA' is the teacher pulque Stands beside a small bowl that also contains the intoncat-
{taicbciiub). a master of youths. He wears the traditional body paint ing lievtrage. Tlie content of these two vessels :s easily identifiable
and hairstyle of his profiession, but his red-bordered white cape is by the symbol of the puiqut deities' nose ornament, útt ytamutzdi,
nor the tisnal net (rAmn/t associated with diese instnictofs {see fislio on their side and the foam of the piá^ at top.
.=;7r). However, a net cape is worn by the bojrfedllghim, whoalso Id the baclcgrovmd of the wedding tcast scene :s a hearth, in
has the body paint and long hair of his mentor. front of which sits bowl of copal incense, intended to honor the
a
These masters of youths ovenaw the training: of the majority of fire god, Xiuhtecuhdi. An offering of incense was a common ritual
¿"Vítcc boys in each neighlinrhiHurs "\iiiinti men"-- huii-.e," Hy age at .Xzicc feasts. Directly below the incense bowl, a laige mat is
fifteen, a youth was working and sleeping in his local ttlpocbatUi, spread out, upon which the girl is seated with her groom.
and diere he remained until he reached his full mamrity. As in the A young man yean older than his
was, of necessity, several
eabnetac, the youths spent a preat deal of their time at physical la bride, because he his education and training be-
had to complete
bor.'* Either they worked in the schools themselves, carrying out fore taking on the responsibiUdes of marriage.*'' Deqrftt his added
such taslcs as sweeping and byit^ fires, or they served the commu- maturity, a groom was not exempt foom advice on how to conduct
nity at large. Their duties included preparing mud for the adobe himself in this new phase of life. Sahagún describes how fathers
making walls, digging canals, cultivating tields, and carrying
brick, repeatedly exhoned their sons in order to inspire them to pre-
wood from the forests." This latter chore is shown on folio 62r. marital chastity so tiwy nug^ cnicr dieir BMiriîes widi foil sex-
ual potency.
Second Piitt: Young iVomiiiu Age Fifteen Take heed. O my son: also such is the condition in the peo-
The bottom half of folio 6ir is devoted to the maior event in the pling, the replenishing of the world. For liie lord ot the near,
life of a young vraman: her wedding, which usually occurred when of the nigh, hath said, ifaou an ordained unc woman (fer)
she reached the age ot'fitucn, Thr ceiemoni. which takes place at one man. However, thou art not to ruin th)'sclf impetu-
night, begins at the bottom of the page, where a torch-lit pro-
ously; thou art not to devour, to gulp down the carnal life as
if thou wert a dog. Even as the maguey, thou art to form
cession escorts the bride to the groom^ house. The gloss reads,
. . .
a stalk, thou art to ripen. Then, diereby, thou wilt become

"These [women] g:o liehting the bride the first nicht when they
strong in the union, in the marriage. Thy children will be
deliver her to the house of the bridegroom." .According to Saha-
rugged, agile, and they will be polished, beautiful, clean.
gun, the bride is carried on die badt of a matdimaker,** the Cadbr
And well wilt thou enter into thy mundane life, thy carnal
Mendozii glosses this woman as amanteca.'"
bfe: in thy carnal life thou wik be ragged, strong, swift; dili-
In putting together a marriage, it was the matchmaker who, at
gent wilt thou be.**
the request of the prospective groom^ patents, mitiaUy contacted
the family of the chosen girl to discuss the possibility-. Sahagún e.\- Once the \-oung couple were seated toeerhcr on the mat, the
plains that after several visits, an amicable agreement would be youth's mother put a new huipUli on the bride, but laid the girl's
reached. He inchides a poignant passage diat reveals oonoem on wedding-gift skirt on the mat before her. An equivalent gift was
the part of the bride's parents for their daughter's future veith her given by the bride's mother, who tied a cape on the groom but
young husband; "Will she move the humble one, the uncnibii- placed his new loincloth before him. It was die iiuichiiukers who
lered one, die unseasoned oae? And if at daws di^ wjU be poor, tied the bride's new buipilli and the grtx)m's cape together, as is
[if] her heart will suffia-pdo and aflUcdon, bow will be rârd die illustrated on folio 61r. The matchmakers then led the young
maiden?"» couple to a bedchamber, where they remained for four day's; "then
Sahagún also provides a descriptian of the many events leading their straw mat was raised; they shook it out in the middle of the
up to the wedding feast, some of which arc reflected on folio fil r. courtyard. Later they placed tlie straw mat where ihey were to
'
First, the soothsayers had to be consulted in order to set the mar- sleep,"
riage under a favorable day sign; the good day's were Reed, Mon- Sahagún's account of the rtiarriagc ceremony is confiniied by
key, Crocodile, Ragle, and Hinise Follmviiig that indispensable Motolira'a, who adds the information that the couple were not to
determination, there were the myriad prepai anons tor the tcast it- consummate their marriage until the end of the four days they re-
self,including the grinding of ipiancities of maize: "Then tamales mained alone in the private room, guarded outside by the match-
were prepared. All night they wen oocapiedi perhaps three days or makers. On the fifth day, elaborate festivities again took pUoe,
two days the women made tamalea."" On folio 61r, the wedding with feasting, dsndng, and exchanges of gifts by in-laws. Both the
feast is represented by a basket foil of tamales and a tripod bowl bride and groom \cere again admonisbed and reminded of dielr
containing the head and drumstick of a turkey; the gloss refers to new duties and rcsponsibiUties.'*
these contamers «.imply as "food."

Tile day before the marriage, invitations to the bawjuetwere
issued. By midday all the guests were assembled, gifts were placed
THE ÜA1LV LlKt VtAK TO YtAR / FOLIO 6 I r ' 167
IMAGE DKSCRIPTIONS Ineense
QdmeoK ^
^SSi^ copal incense: cofkdB"
aUmtaic" Certain types of copal incense were considered more

This one-story building, seen from desirable than others,depending on their fragrance and residue.
the side, with its trieze ot contiguous —
Sahagún speaks of "white topal this was the torchwood copal, the
drdes topped hy daborated oonch legitimate; pungent, odoriferous, very clean, withno rubbish nor
shells, has counterparts in other Az- dirt."According to Qark, white copal is the resin from the tree
tec pictorials. In some cases, these Elaphuum joruffente.*

temple decoratioas are found in as- Copal w as burned cither in a hand-held incense burner (see fo-
•
(odation with the god connected lio 63r) or by being thrown direcdy into the fire. Sahagún reíierB to
r' I
widi war, Huitzilopochdi; in other this hner method in his description of the ofléríngs merchami
insnmces wMi the nin deity, Haloc.'* made when they set out on a journey:
The decorations on the facades of the Aztec buildings were "Already a very great fire had been laid, before which lay a
made ot stucco. Duran, when discussing the elaboration of the green gourd vessel [full] of copal. One by one they (the merchants]
temple of Tezcatlipoca, speab of such "piofiisioii of figures, sculp- continued taking the copal, casting into the fire." " The color and
it
ture, .ind work in stUCCO llttt it gtWC plñsute tO gaZC UpOll it frooi shape of the incense bowl on folio 61r suggest that this container
any point of \icw."

'* may have been fashioned from a gourd. It is very simibr to die
gourd bowls dcpiaed among ifae tribute fiom dw Aziec imperial
"House of Song'' province of Huaxtepec.''
"house of song": cuicacalli

'" Ekmgated cakes of copal iiuxnse almost idenlical to those de*
The trapezoidlikc roof ornatnctUS pictcd on folio 61 r also appear in the tribute from the Aztec prov-
atop the cuicacalli building have coun- inces of riachco^' and lepequacuiloo,^ together with unrefined
copal wrapped in pdm leaves. Another province, Tiatlauhquitepec,
J terparts in other Aziec pictorials."
sent lumps of liquidambar xo<'hio(o<;oil iVir use as inLense/" De
pictions of elongated cakes of incense incised with short lines also
m seveni of the post-Hispanic pktorial codices.^
t1 appear
tamale: ttmeflí*'
Outline of Home Foundation Although the Sp.inish gloss on folio fîlr nicnrificv the
The device of implying a space en- round white objects in the woven basket simply as com-
closed within a wall through the use of Ua (food), they are cleariy intended n> depict tamales. These staples
a double outline has a counterpart in
of the Mexican diet are rendered in precisely this same manner in
other Aztec pictorials.'*" Also, the construction of a tamale lends

the pose-Hispanic piaorial Codex Ix-
MndMtl/' There, the deity Tlaloc is
itsdf to such a depkxitm. This Middle American delicacy oonatati
of a seasoned filling Surrounded by cnrnmcnl dough wrapped in
seen standing witl m : niple com-
pound whose wall is indicated only by an elaborated rectangular cornhusb and steamed. Probably the tw isimg of the ends of the
bolder of panOd Hdb. TUs ii dio a GOnunan nwdiod for dqnct- conthutks to secure the contents within is what is indicated by the
curved line extending down into the white circles illustrated here.
log house sties sod is used in munerous Cdonial docunents.
Sahagun suggests the range ot tamales eaten by the ,\ztecs.
Hetrtb G<Hxl and casty tamales came in a variet\ of si/.cs: narrow, wide,
hiMrrh: .'/<•:,•/.'//(
" pointed, rolled, and adobe-shaped. They also varied in fillings;
To che .'Vzcecs, a hearth, whether located in temple

among some of those listed are cooked beans, white and red fruit,
or in home, was a sacred area.** LibatioM of a small turicey eggs, green maize, honey, beeswax, gourds, and maize
tnorsci of food .ind a were regularly made before the
hit of pulque
flowers.
household hearth prior to eatmg." But Sahagún does not describe all tamales as delicious:
DtftaáSnf on the wealth of the family, difiérent lands of ad-

The bad food seller [is] he who sells ñlihy tamales, dis-
ditiaiid hearth offerinti'; were m.idc \\'ci!fhy families honored
colored tamalee— broken, tasteless, quite tasteless, inedible,
the god Xiuhtccuhth by dccapitiiimg quail before the hearth:
fire
frightening, dccci\!ng: tjrnales made of chaff, swollen ta-
*4hey kept fluttering and beating their wii^ Their blood was
scattered bv their fluttering, so that the cirrh before the hearth
males, spoiled lámales, foul lámales — sticky, gummy; old
tamales, cold umales—dirty and sour, very sour, eweed-
was struck in various places." But nor everyone could afford such
ingly sour, stinking.**
an ofiéfíng.
The poor had to content thcnisclve'^ with throwing coarse in-
Ortain special tamales were associated with many ot the great
cense directly mto the lire; the tnjl\ indigent settled for offerings
monthly feasts. For example, during the feast of Izcalli, honoring
ofaromadc herbs.** However, affluent merchants, before scttingoff the fire deity Xrahtecuhtli, tunales stufléd with greens and served
on perilous journeys, made hearth offerings of quail, blotxl-spat- with a shrimp sauce were eaten.'" During -lii: ic: i'-f if AiiiDo/.tli,
tered papers, and copal incense to the four cardinal directions." the mountain gods were honored; figures of the mountains were
bshioned and food was set before diem, inchiding "exceedmgly
small" ramales." The festival of Atamalcualiztli, or "Fating of
Water Tamales," was held every eight years, and was intended to
168 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6ir

gm the overworked maize a rest. During this time, only tamales coutrements would indicate a Huaxtec origin. These deities
made of nnsoftened maize, and nnseaiooed widi chile fir aalt, were sometimes referred to as "Four Hundred Rabbits" —had as their
eaten/" common insignia a •úuanietztli. a Huaxtec crescent-shaped noae
Not sutprisingiy, the ubiquittRis tamale found its way into Aztec The association of the Huaxteca and pulque is confusing;
place.'"
lore. It was regñded as esttcmety unwise to eat a tamale that had because the maguey firom which the fermented beverage is made
stuck to the cooking pot, (or misfortune surely woulii i tisuc. For does not grow in their homeland, the lowland northern Gulf coast
example, a man might ahoot an arrow in war&re that would miss region. However, Sahagiin's account of the mythical beginnings of
its marie, or he himself might die, or his wife might have difficulty palijue sheds light on the puzzling relationship between the drink
bearint; children. Indeed, it was believed rh.iT ;i woman who ate and [he Huaxteca region.
such a tamale would never bear childrciL If she should become Sahagún records the Indians' story uf the discovery of maguey
pregnant, the child would ding to her womb just as the tamale ad- juice and its fermentation into pulque. This took place fiist in
hered to the pot, and would die there. As a result, women were Tamoanchan, kxated in the present-day highland state of More-
stricdy forbidden to cat these tamales." kM.** Once an aboadaooe of die drink was prepaied, many diitki-
guiahed leaders were iirriied to pMike. AD bat one of the as-
Turka Stew
sembled group drank in moderaritn, takmg onis f on r howls of the
turkey hen: totolm^ potent fulfue. The remainiiig guest, however—the ruler of a group
turkey cock: huexolotl** of Huaxteca —demanded a fifdi, to his disgrace: Thus he drank
turkey stew: tototmolti^'' five, with which he became well besotted, quite dnink; he no
severed turkey head in sauce bowl: totoltzontecomatl mokaxk" longer knew how he acted. And there before the people be threw
James Cooper Clark suggests that the dish represented on folio 6 1 r off his breech dout.""
is the atill famous Me.vican specialty molt de gitajolote." This may The irreverent act of the Huaxtec ruler Cuextecatl is said to
will be ao. However, the fiict that the turkey's head is so prooiinenc have resulted in his people's having to abandon Tamoanchan and
in die sauce bowl suggests a meaning beyond oiets idennficatini return to the northern Gulf coast to resetde in die region of
of the dish*^ contents. Sahagún refers to turicey heads in his listing Panda, whence they had come. This account of Cuextecad's shode-
of the offerings made by merchants when diey returned home ing behavior is no doubt a reflection of the practice, reported by
from a journey. In the oflering of gifts to the fire god Xhihteciduli, Sdiagún^ tnlbrmants, of the nordiem Gulf coast Huaxtecs' going
the first item presented before the fire was a sauce dish cnnraining about uithout loincloths, a custom the more circumspect AztCGSOf
aerered turkey heada.'* the highlands found both scandaknis and fasrinaring."
That the Aztecs vahad the meat of the turkey very highly is alao Cnexiiecatl% unfortunate experience with a fifth serving may
attested by Sahagiia: It [nulBe/] leads the meats; it is the master. also he reflected in the name for a sacred, potent ceremonial drink,
It is tastjr, fu, savory"*However, as with so many aspects of Aztec fivefold puifue, which was served at the feast of the fertility deity
lifie, there was a folk belief comiected widi the eating of a particular OmetochtU.'* At fMfaer festivals, diflferent varieties of poique were
part of (he turkey. served: blue,''* wfaiie,^ and the "ydlow . . . honejwd pulque** of
wedding fleasts.^
Its rounded prt)niberancc is plinnt, leathery, like Icuhcr,
Durjn speaks of the reverence with which pulque was regarded.
soft, very soft. One who hates another feeds [the protuber-
Slating that the .Aztecs believed it to he liivine .uui therefore used it
ance] to him in chocolate, in sauce; he causes him ta swd-
as an ofikring to the gods.'' Sahagún confirms this use of p$iique as
low it. It is said that he thereby makes one impotem."*'
a libation, particularly to the fire god Xjuhtecuhdi. Old men were
Similar drawings of tripod s.nui- 1m)wI-, c<>nt:>ining dmmsticks associated with this ofVerinp:, They are refiurtcd as sittirii; about in
and additional parts of the turkey can be found in other Aztec the fire god's temple drinking pulque and singing until dark. This
pictorials.*' oeiBnaiijr, which was preceded by the oonsnmptioa of steaming
hot tamalea, was referred to as "cooling off at the ovbl**"
Palfuejer
} \ />H/y»r: art//'*
Prior lo .Spanish coiu.Kt, no Jivtillcd spirits pulque jar: tccomail'"
V / were known in iVlesoamerica; the only intox- 'l°he contents of this clay jar are easily identified by the yaametztU
icating beverages were fermented substances. symbol, the pH^pir deities' nose ornament, on its side. Above the
Pulque was the fcnncntfii, rini.-l lirink ihal IV.iy DicL'o Hnran jar's rim are a eoncentr.irion of riny dots, indicating the foam that
reports was made "from the honey water of the maguey plant with appears on the top of pulque. Depictions of pulque jars similar to
the root innde. This was used not only for feasts and orgies but that of IbUo 61r can be found in other central Mexican pktorials.**
also as a medicine."''' Darán st:iies thai "the term piili/ne is not
a Náhuatl word but comes from the Islands, Uke matz, naguas
Ptdqut Bmd
(skirts], and other words brought from Hispaniola.***' fiiqtu bowl: Mnumaaad*^
Piilfirii - which the sixrccnth-cenh!r\- tVinrs fretpiently referred Just as the pulque jar has the niniwmtli sunhol on its sule nn I ilots
to as wine — and its attendant drunkenness were associated with at its top to indicate the foam, so too does the shallow pulque bowl
tabbits. The fertility god Ometochdi's name transbtes as Two in whidi the beverage was served.
Rahhir," w hirh is also a calendric name W hen a man was shout- Tliis same container is used t4) convex- the concept of overin-
ing, weeping, or wranghng under the influence oí pul<jue it was said dulgence in CWí.»- XUnderza. Un tolios 7ür and 71r, individuals arc
of him, "He is like his rabbit."*' shown m association with a similarly shaped pulque howl— includ-
.Mthouph the oriiiin nf pulque is associated with the Morelos re- ing three young dniiik irds who have been executed hy stonini;.
gion of highland central Mexico, and the puique gixis have names Pulque bowls like liiat on fulio 61 r are also shown in other cen-
that derive from the Morelos and Puebla aiea,* oeitain of dieir ac- tral Mexican pictorials."
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO óir * 169
Bride's Face Paint 11. Uurin 197 1 : 290. Duiángñea thereof miaMiyB attendance as twelve to
fourteen; Ceder .VÍcmAm that siaia
and Headdatb it i$ fifteen.
12. Ibid.: 290-292.
The bride, as she appears in the wed- 13. Ibid.:295-}0Q.
ding pnxcssion, wears a comhinaticin 14. Sihsgún 1950-1982 8:72.

15. Duián 1971:289.
of adornments that is puzzling be-
Í6. IUd.:112-ll3.
cause it incorpora tes attributes of sev- 17. Sih^ 1950-1982 3:55- 5«.
cral deities, none of whom seems to 18. Ibjd.6:1.1t.nr>tc'('
be related to this ceremony. For ex- 19. The use ol the ur ird amanttai in the )»li»s identih-ing the wuman carrying
the bride is atu iiij,'. . iiuint.^t f. the term for an inhabitant of Amantlan, the
ample, a headdoth is tnoatooaunanly
fcathcrwuriung cajpuili oi I'cnuchcitlan. Amanttca is also defined in Molina
worn by the goddess associated with (1977: foUo4i5at'V>fidalesdeaittniBcuiiis"0>aMÍiaafbnienafmedMiii-
fire, Chantico, but she is never shown cal arts).
widi a ouNith patdL** However, the The term used b)' Sahagun (1950-1982 6: 128- ]:<>) and DnÉi (1971:
292) for a marital go-between it ofciiiMlimfv^ defined by Molina (1977: folio
earth -fertilit)' mother goddess who
does have a dark area drawn around her mouth — Tlazolteotl-
:2v ) as "matchnialBer." See also folio ólr glon, note S, in vofaiiDe4, the "Par-
alld Image" volume.
Teteoiimaii—is adorned with bladt 6oe paint; not ted. A red area 20. Sihsgán 1950-1982 «: 128-129.
around the mouth, like that of the bride, seems to be largely con- 21. Ibid. «: 129.
22. Ibid. <: 130.
fined to male dciticsi fur example, QuctzaicoatI, Huitzilopochtli^
2? Sabapiin (ibid, 6: 127i mentions that a )'Oung man and his parents needed
ndXhihteciihdi.**
to request p<Tnii>.-.ii>n frum the in:ii.Icri of )T)uths for the youth to leave the
leljmhfiilli and iiurrv. Diinin iiy"l :2''2| .peaks ol .in "jppoiiiud tiiiie lor
youths to marry," giving ihe age or the \uiiih as twenty or r»enr\-onc. A
pine torch: tiepUli'* youth wishing to marry had to wait until he reached that age or until he "had
performed some notable feat." Sahagun (1950-1982 6:72) also refers to a
Duran, when discussing the great monthlv fes
"marriageable age" when he spcaloof oonrien.
uval uf Ochpanizdi, makes reterences to the
24. Ibid. 6: 116-117.
torches that the Aztecs used for iUuminatioo at 25. Ibid. 6:131-132. Duran (1971:123) reports that new straw nutms
a
night: "In those times immense quantities of used ID record the hridcliviiginiiy; If ibe mat showed no idhale signa after
pinc splinters were bought, and a great thick the coMummatioo of the marriqe, d» bride and her fiadly «ere shamed,
and the baihets. plaics, and bowb used for the wedding banquet were perfo-
torch was made of them.'"*
ra nd 10 inform die guests of the bride^ "immonlitv."
Sahagun graphically describes the frag- 26. Motolinia 1971
menting, explosive nature of these volatile 27. Primero! Mrmorijin n.d.: diap. 1. par. 7 "Caliiiecjtl Sehuol lor priests";
pitch-pme torches when discussing the least chap. 3, par. '> "Calinecie House for training young men in higher educa-
tion." ,\lso, .Molina \')'~: folio Iv "calli. casa" iboiist l; ssr "\Uh,i!1 eordel,
of Hueyiccuilhuitl. He sjieaLs of the seasoned warriors dancing,
I
o saga, o aôte de cordeles" (cord, or rope, or whip of cords). C lark l''ÍH .
guided by hea\y firebrands which sputtered and cracldcd while 2 :

78) suggests that caimecac is derived from "house" + "cord," or 'house in
dwy bnmed. The hot pitch from tliese torches rained duuni on the ilie genealogical line."
warriors as charred bits of the burning pine splintered all about 28. Ourin shows exactly ihe same frieu: and emu b shells on the roofs of the
twin shrines of TIaloc and Huitzilopochtli at iht top of the Templo .Vlayor
them and fell to the ground."
(1971: plate 4). However, he also depicts the temple of Temilipoca in the
Pine torches similar to iboseof felio 61r sie iUiMnced in other same manner (ibid.: phie 9). CMbr tolibiwtitf 1976, in a magm6ccm render-
Aztec pictorials.** ing of the Templo Magnr of Tacooo on febo 112t, shows ¿cslielfa only on
the roof of Huitzilopochtli^ shrine. Sahq^ (1950- 1982 8: phte 94; 9; plate
30 11979 8: folio 46v, 9: folio 29vP also depicts temples of Huitzilopochtli
NOTES with large shell decorations on the roofs. But in another context (ibid. I: plate
28 (1979 1: (olio 6r|) Sahagun pictures shell-like decorations on the roof of a
1. Alihouf^ Codex Mendtit indicam that children started school at fifteen, temple of TIaloc, where a human sacrifice has taken place. Codtx Magliahabi-
Sahagun (I'^'Ô l^vH^ H 71 pvts ten, r»clv«, or thirteen^ Zorira (l96Jb:
) ,in ' l'*"0: foliii "llr show^ a hutti.in >.KTi(He takins; place on the steps o! .i
I35)menti<ii!>. ilh- fuf and l'ort]ueinada(IMV2;222)age live or siJi. As Ber-

, leiiipie with the same Irieze and elaborated sliells as those ol Codex Mndaza\
dan(19B2:K'-i the spccHicKboolorooiineofsnidjrniayhawdcttr- (aimii,ic
tnincd the age ol entrance. 29- Duran 1971:111.

2. CalMk(IW8:l71-172)has4»inpdedihenaiMSofihiReatfhMoirliiKd .'0 .Molina 1977; (olio 26v "Cuicatl. canto, o canción" (chant, or «ing); folio
by Sahagun and AhrandoTeaogomoc. 1 1 V "Güb. casa" (bouse). Thus aaattl * atUi - oikatM m "wjng house."
3 Si l Kcrdifi 1982:88-90 Ibr a «fismsMM of die nanre cf the iniaing in 31. Pñmtm Mtmtmkt 1926: aumpa \ depicts rufj temples with trapezoid-
the (éUnttíK, lilee roof omamenis in connection widi the festival of TIacaxipchualizili, hon-
4w Sriuvrn I«f0-1982 }:61, note 2; 8:54. 71-72. oring the god Xipc Totee. Duran (1 967 1 : plate 22) illustrates a similar design
5. Dahbt 1971:293. CMMMtr duiie» are abo depkmi in Codat Mmhta on on the roof of (he temple of the goddesi Cihuacosd. Codtx Ttikri*n»-ktmtusit
ibUoi 6Sr, Mr. and tfr, and do leflect ciotcrw cdoeuioo: BMiic and aRrobgy 1964- 1967: fobo 31r eontahis an Ulustrition of a temple with this litieae and
on 6}r. military skills «• tfr. tripeaaidlike design in the center of a bottle faivoháng .^zcapotialoo. This
6. Sahagún 1950-1982 ):«7. same pictorial, in a mbsequent drawing of the Templo Mayx>r on ibUo 36v,
7. %ihipm 1950- 1982 6.216-218; Dutin 1971:83-84. also shows the nwf decoration used on the HnitzUopodilli shrine, poiitiaoed
8. Sahapiin 1950-1982 3 ftl. (SV on the left side of the temple pyramid
<). \\,\<i J2. Cudrx li-üiLxwhill 1976; folio I lOv.
III. I hduch the hi'i-n-rmm- Cijcx '.peak-. <if the rcl,'"jL/\„-H.' .n being i schcxjl for J.?. Molina IT": folio 14"r "Tlei uilli. hupai" ihearthi.
I Diiinnir.LTs, 'Ji. I jsiijiLi] nuntion m .lUu m.iJi.- i>t the suni jí hiphcr gentry at- J4. The Aztec ci>ncept nl i;:l he.iii.Hs' -,jmii:\ k j:>|ij;c:it in Sa-
tending. For instance. Sahagun speaks of the mure serious punishment meted hagún's accounts of ccnain ceremonies performed for the monthly festivities.
out to a nobleman's son — as opposed 10 "a oommoner, or someone of no im- For example, during the monthly feast of ThcaiipAualiitli, an Aztec warrior
portance" — for drinking farbidden pulfue in the ">tNing men's house" {ibid. would take the hair of his captive and place it as an offering on the hearth of
3 5<)). Duria conC rnia the attendance of noUenien's tons in the utpaebaiiU his neighborhood temple (Sahagwi 1950- I<>h: 2 47). During the Toxcad
and the diipmie treaonem received by diem (1971 : 112). See Ofaiek 1988 monthly feast, the coals from the incense used to honor the godt were rttually
fer a ditcuMlon of die wfcwnif and MâoMR in pre-CaoqnestTcaodKidan. east üMo the beanh in the couttyaid of die local temple Gbid. 2:74). It was
170 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / rOLlO 6 T
during thii ânic leMivjl, hunorinj; the great god HuilîlofxithlJi. ihat rwu "V.»c;itl. nari/, ii puma dt :ili;o" (nose, or ¡v:iint of viniii'urii;.; "\Ui/rli.
masters ol wuths. juincd by tlie offering priests, danced before the hearth: luna, o pierna de hombre o de aiuinal, o tiic^" iinooii, or ¡cg ot tiun i.<r inmial,
"they uert- leaping about. ... It was said, 'They made the Toxcad-leap.'" or month I Thus yixati (nose) + mttztli íitHxjn |crescenti) " jacametztlt, or
(ibid . : ; 75)^ "nosi. ticsccnl."
35. Ibid. 2:195-196. The pre-Hiânic Cisi^ Btrgfá 1976:55 shows die goddeis Hamlteod,
}6. Ibid. 4:87-88. iriw MOM bm
to odglBited QQ the Golf coait (Aniwite l962aX maring ^
17. Ibid. 9:9- II. jtt mm
tttS, in anodadoa widi a nUiit «bn is wiifain a baige jamaaiwrfi
}S. Molina 1977: folio 24v "CopollL indcnio" (uucin^ shaped cnmainer. Folioa 49r dwougih 59r of die poat-Hispnic CMbr
J9. Sahígún 19^(1- 1'«2 9: 1 1. Mbm 1970 depia the fiUfut deities; all wear tite yaeimeatii nose ornament,
40. Clark l'J3H 1:7:, ticte 4. and nfau also have this same insignia on their shields. The goddess Mayahuel,
41. Sahagún 1950-1<J82 9; 15-16. di>. I
Mitt of ihi itLicut v, wears the nose ornatiicnt on folio S8r. f.Wt-r
42. Codfx Mendoza: fobo 25r. MaÛiihcihtano also includes the lacamrtzili as the design ufa ritual mantle on
43. Ibid,: folio 36r. folio 4v, listed »s "manta lic conejo," or "Vlbbit Cipe."
44. Ibul.: fdio }7r. 70, Sahagún 1950-1982 10:193.
4?. Ibid. fblioSlr. 71, Ibid. 10:193.
46. Depictioiu of cloagmd cikcs of inoeiue cm be found in CcJixMtg^ 72, Ibid. 10:194.
kdimm 1970: lUios 74r. BCr. Wr, CoJex Thkk 1980: folia «r. 72r, 7)r. 7S.llml. 2:307.
47. MoGm 1977: lalÍD90v''Tamalli 74. Ibid.2:14».
ca olh" (bread of maiae wrapped up in leaves and baked in an caidien diih)L 75. lUd 3:18.
48. Tamales depicted in the manner of folio 6lr can be found in Sahagún 76. Ibid. 6:130.
I9$0- 19S2 2: plates 35. 36; 4: plates 86, 87, 89 (1979 2: folio 102v; 4: folios 77. Duran 1971:310.
'<'>r, f<<h :; CtiaMiîdtamm 1979: fbJÍM )2r. 67r¡ CMor bObctdUtl 1976c 78. Sahagim 1O50-1982 2:161.
fi.liij 79. Molina 1977 folio 'J5r "Tecomitl vaso dc barro, como taâ honda" (ves-
44 Sahaitun 1950-1982 10:69. sel oí clay, like a diep cupl
50. Ibid. 2:159-160. 80 I'oaming puJût containers and vessels, some displaying the yuametztii
51. Ibid. 2:152. s\Tnbol, arc shown in the following piaoriais: Codex Borbomcus 1974:5, 33;
52. Ibid.2:177-17a Codec MMfitkcbMm 1970: folios 72r, 85r; Ofer TmUt 1980: folio 70f; Sa-
51. lllid.5:ll». fa^ 19»-I9a2 It pbtt 41; 7: plate 140*79 h h^40r, 7: Ibfio l«i)t O-
54. Sahagnit 1950-1982 ll:53.Aba,Malma 1977: Mio ISOv'Ibttiin. gadbr RfMirMtyir 1971:26; GNfar Lmd 1966:9, 12. 14, 16; and CM»
llina" (mrbey heq). 1976:12. The niostciplicit of these is on otiai^ VI of IMiicrnrMM^
55. Molina 1977: fiilio lS7r "Vexolod. gallo" (turlcey code). riaia 1926, which lists the various services paid to the gods. "Libation" is il-
56. Simeon 1963:654 *ôtDlmulli,.Mctsdeviande,devolaillc«,eic."(didi of lusrrated by a seated male pouring liquid from a bowl below which sits a huge
meat, of fowl, ctr.). From latfJin (nirtc) + nniliCt (sauce). ¡ foaming container with a large >j.jm.'f. r/i dcs;i;ri mi us s;ili
57. Sahagún 1''5()- l<«2 9:2K. .Mm>. Molina 1977: folio IS 5v"T/.ñmio.matl. 81. .Molina 1977: folio 145v " rhm.iii .mil !.i<,:i .im. p.ir.i in net vsrm"
i i
U ilp
cabcva tortada \- ipan.id.i lici i m rpo" (head cut and scparjtci! hum the binly). or vessel for drii'.k.:np xviiic;
Thus loialiK (turkc) I ^ /;urtfr. w/ufy(ieveftd bead) + +t

mokaxiti {sioce bowl) 82. Pulque bowls similar to that on folio 61r arc illustrated in l.itdex Horhonum
(locative I = totaltzameiomiiil mtAcaxk, or "se»wtd tuilxjr bead in sauce bowL" 1974 53; Codex Míîaitthúna 1970: folios 4 Ir, 81 r, 85r, U6r; CodexTaddú
58. Clari 1958 1:92, note 4. 1980. folios 6Sr, 70r, 72r; Primerm Memortales 1926: tsumpa V\; and Codtx
59. Sahagiin 1950-1982 9:28. Borpa 1976:3-4,
60. Ibid. 11:53. 83. An inttresday samilati^ ciére between the bride^ beaddorii and red
61. Ud. 11:53-54. movdi pMdi and (he anihRipoaMNpUe igut dm fbtm • nKmic kmfe
62. Sanoediilus containing turkey dnimsticlB occur in Sahagún 1950 1982 handle, MiweoNwioiwIcPVtiiwrico-Eawfr^^
4: plain 46, 87. 89; 6: plates 10. 38 (1979 4: folio 3lr, 69r, 69v; 6: loliu 28r, NidM]iual9«:m.
192r). 84. See Codex MtigHsMmo 1970: folio 89r, Oder Boréouiem VKA ^ 22, 56.
63. Molina 1977t folio "'v "OitIí. vino" (wine) 8$. Molina 1977: folio I47v "Tiepilli. manojo grande de tea para alumbrar"
64. Dur.m Mil. [ ha- 'liM.t" icltrri-d to by Duran vv.is an hcrbthatW (large bundle^'handfid of rcsinoua pine for ilhiiiiinatin^
added jiidmonji potency licc "lni.iec Descriptions," folm 70ri
lor 86 Duran 1971 422. :
65. Duran IV71: 509 310, 87 S:ihagnn 1950-1982 2:101.

6/>, jMoiina 1977 folio 76r "Onic. do»" (two); 148r "Tochdi. conejo" (rabbit). 88. Depictions of pine torches can be found in Cadcx Htirhmicus 1974:25; Pri-
Thus iimf * riv/-f/i - '>mt7m¿ri'/, or "Two-Rabbit" meros Memoriales 1926 estampa FV': CDiiíf.r I'aticanm A 1979: folio 84v; Codex
67. Sahagún 1950- 1982 6:2J0. TtOrrimo-Kemeimí 1964-1967: folio 29r, Sahagún 1950-1982 2: plate 44
68. H. B. Nicholson: personal communication, October 1987. (1979Mblfol05i).
69. Seler 1900-1901 :87-88;alaocalledajiiMiímdW.Molina 1977: fefo
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FÜLiO 6ir * 171
FOLIO 62
CONTENT confirming that in addition to bringing branches to decorate the

temple, they carried firewood to keep the sacred hres burning.'
Folio 62r contrasts, in alternating repisters, the priestly caímtcac
training with that of the commoaers in the uJptcbaUiL These com- Register Í
ptrisons of the two types of education and of the dudes» punish- The third register returns to scenes oi calmaai traiiung, where the
ments, and achievements that befidi the )Wing men involved, con- novices now have advanced to wearing the priestly smear of blood
tinue on through folio 65r. in front of the car. ( dosses explain the two punishment scenes. In
the first, a head priest "is punishing the novice prieM because he is
Register 1
nei^gent in his duties." Thanks to Sahagiin, we have some idea of
The four nuJes in the first register are identified as novice priests, the rcspfmsibilities demanded of these novices during their train-
and didr aoHd bhck lace and body pnnt oonBrms dieir commit- ing in the uiimtiiic. referred to by the friar as a house of weeping,
ment. The glosses say that the first novice "has the duty of sweep- tears, and sorrows.^
ing"; the second "comes fnan the mountains carrying boughs to \ novice's life was hard. In addition to the hcan chores, austere
decorate the temple." The third novice "goes loaded widi maguey living conditions, and rising at midnight for prayers, chastisements
spikes for the temple; with these they offer sacrifices to the devil by were frequent and severe. If one failed to obey, he was punished by
drawing blood." The fourth young priest "goes loaded with green having blood drawn from his ears, breast, thighs, or the calves of
canes ibr the temple, to make fences and to decorate it." his legs. Sahagún cryptically notes, "Verily, because of this fear
Sahagún supplies .Kidiiitm.il information on the rigors of rii!m, -
tiesceniietl.
'
OK life. In his description of the temple school, he spcaiu uf every- A gloss also explains the second punishraeiK scene of register 3,
one rising well before dawn to perform dte ritual sweeping. Also, where the head priests are piercing a novice with maguey spikes
macucy spikes were continually sought out and collected. This ac- "all over his body, for being rebellious and incorrigible in what
tivity was a constant necessity, because every member of the cabne- they order him [to do)." Below this disobedient novice, and at-
OK practiced autosacrifice regularly, using the gaiheittd apinaSt tached to him l)y a dooed line, is a glyph composed of a house, a
When extreme atonement was demanded, a penitent might g6 * males prutllc, and three !iLuk dots, "I he ,Ki.nnip,in\ing gloss
distance of two leagues into the forest or desert to draw his own reads, " This Utde house means that, it the novice priest went to his
blood with the spikes of the maguey.' house to sleep three da^-s, they punished him as drawn and stated
Ivvcrv aspect of lifewisauSKre for these novices. In addition to abo\e."
pertbrming their demanding temple duties and regular autosacri- Given the rigors of culmuM traiiung, perhaps such truancy was
fioeand fasting, diey were expected to refrain from hcart>- eating, not unusual. Prom a passage in Sahagún, it is obvious that novices'
" Vor were rhev to he comfort-
to he "fond of empr\ -g\]rtcdn( s<. parents hail such cotieerns in iiiimi when ihtir suns entered a
ably cbd: "L.ct thy body chill, because verily thou goest to perform temple school. The family's parting admonition was that the youth
penance."' not took back longingly to h» home and the comforts therein, and
that he not remind himself that his parents, neighbors, protectors,
Register 2
and possessions all were represented by his house, "the place of
The four young men shown in the second register are engaged in abundance, a place of riches. It is ended; thou goest knowing it."*
the chores of their neighborhood telpochcallt school, ubich the Caltneati training w as not to be entered into lightly; in AztCC SO-
commentator refers to as a temple. Unlike the calniecac novices cierv' the career of a priest was held in the highest esteem.
above, these young men wear brown face paint. The gloss states
Register 4
that the first vouth "goes loaded with a lirec rnml: of firewood ro
have lire lighted in the temple." This same description li also ap- I he bottom register of folio 62 r returns to a later stage of teîocb-
plied to the second and thini youths, whereas the fourth is said to taOi training. The gloss identifies the figure on the left as "7r-
be "loaded wiih branches to decorate the temple." Duran details i/uihiiii \tei/iiiîii\, which is a brave man in war," This warrior,
the manual labor performed by the young men in these schools, whose toniiloti
— "pillar of stone" — hairst}ie denotes his high
172 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6lT
military status, hces a youth whose &ther is seated behind.' The
latter's gloss reads, "Youth's bther, who offers his son to the war-
buugh: quaubxihuid'*
rior so that he may be tisined in martial arts and taken to war."
Although the Spanish gloss on feHo 62r
Sahagún reports that a young man's earlier chore of carrying fire-
can be translated "boughs," it looks as
wood was sometimes regarded as a forerunner for this subsequent
though what are being tnmpofted to the
martial üt.ig^c of his (raining; By jrilíllg increasingly hca\-\ lops on a
oafiiKBar are reeds or rashes. Sahagún pro-
boy's back "they tested him» whedier perchance he would do well
vides a description that closely matches
in WW, when already indeed an untried yaaút diey took him to
this particularimage when he speaks of
war. YtX k was oidy diat he
went carrying a shield on his back.""
reeds being gathered for the iiestival of
The adjacenz aeene in the fouiüi register shows the youth, who
Etzaloualiztli by "the
priests and ser-
now has a blue-rimmed shield and a heavily laden carrying basket
vants of the idols." Four days prior to
on his back, following the tajuihuit warrior. The gloss reads,
the priest^ fieting, they went to gather
"Youth, pupil of the warrior, who goes with him to war carrying
reeds at Cjtlaltepec. It was here that very
his baggage and Ms arms on hñ back."
tall grasses with a white base were to be found. The reeds, which
Duran confirms that those telpochidlli youths who seemed to
were called mta^Hii or were always arranged and tied in
tolmimilB,
have an inclination for warfere were introduced to it early. If a boy
bundles so as to be carried upright im the back, held in place by a
seemed unnsnally courageous and eager for batde, "he was sent
tumpliiK. Sahagún's description ot the gathering of these reeds fits
to carry food and other supplies to the warri<irs so that he miu'ht
the Codler Meiuhza depiction perfectly."
sec action and hardship. Thus, it was considered, he would lose
hit fear"* j¿. Maguey Spina

The ulos". hcsidc- the yf)uth's leader reads, "Tajuihua [tufiogiw],
y¿^^ís(^^\y «n«guey spines: buhz^'*
warrior who went to war, with his arms." This panicular fi^lting
man carries a magnificent, multioolored flwarjw^tyie fcathered
OKv^wV\Jl Pnnnr;} Memoriakt, when relating the tasks
pcrtbrmed in the temples, tells of Huitztt-
shield and a pointed wooden club He tccsrurcs toward the dis-
fuSiztH, or "Cutting Thorns: ... the of-
tance, perhaps indicating the pair's destination.
fering priests who were not vet verv experi-
Sahagún describes a gcxid t^vtbut warrior as a valiant man,
enced cut them. It was they who gathered
'..hii acts as a sentinel, a seeker of roads to the foe, and a reckless,
diem.'"* Sahagún reports ât "those {nov-
tearless taker of captives. A bad tequihua, however, was tinud,
ices] already a little strong then went to seek
aEraid, cowardly in retreat, m\ likely to lead one into an ambush or
to M askep at his post^ thus causiiig death tfarmi^ neglect**
maguey thoms."'*
Duran rUs how die gathered spines were used. Following the
midnight incen>;ing ceremony, all the priests gathered in a large
IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS room filled with woven mats. After everyone was seated, they be-
gan to pierce their calves near the shinbone in order to draw blood,
which was rubbed in front of the priests' ears. The remaining
blood was smeared directly onto the maguey thorns ihetnselves.
Primeros Mernori:i!fs. when describ-
These spines were then stuck into large sacrificial balls of straw,
ing "tasks perturmed in the devil's
which were placed between the merlons of the courT^ ard w all as a
houses," mentions the act of sweep-
visible symbol of the priests' devotion. Duran says that bec-ause no
ing; "So that thee would -iw-cep the
thorn could be used twice, the spines had to be removed daily.
temple courtyard, ihe\ sliouicii at all
Wlu-n the Spaniards arrived, they were dumbfounded tO find SO
the young fire priests to sweep." " Sa-
many thorns "so carefully kept and revered."
hagún repeatedly speaks of the con-
The fertility connotatkxis aaaociaied with maguey spines are
stant ritual sweeping that went on
noUewoman, praising Iwr on the arrival
evident in a greeting to a
in the tenqilea." Hmvever, annually there was one period when
of her new child:
no one in or outside a temple swept with a broom. This was dur-
ing the five-day period at the end of the year. Ncmontcmi, which die spine, the thorn of the lords, of the rulers, hath budded,
was considered a time of bad luck when all t(X)k special precaution hath blossomed; for the spine, the maguey which our lords
that ill not befall them. Sahagún reports that at this time "there who have gone excelling in honor, who have gone being
was only staying indoors. No one swept with a broom; they only great, planted deep, have oome n appear—have come to
fumed [the dust] with a fan or the flight feather of a turkey hen . .
emerge.
or diey repeatedly beat, they swept with a cape." This exhortation concludes with euphemistic references to the
new baby: " Ibpiltzin Quetzaicoad hath torn a precious necklace,

rent a predoos feather from thee
lilt l)AII.V LUL YfcAK TO YKAR / FOLIO 62r • 173
TnaditfFinwoed
cane: acá ti'-' trunk of firewood: mimiliuût tjuahuitl^''
The Spanish gloss on folio 62 r mentions 'Ilie images on folio 62r recall Sahagún's description of an untried
the depicted green canes as being in- youth carrying on his back "what they called logs of wotul — pcr-
tended for use in die temple as dccon- ehaiue yet only one, or then, there, two" to tciit whether he might
tion and material to make fences. Al- later do well in war." Motolinia speaks of the size of these lo.ids of
though Duran has several references to firewood, which he says consisted of logs as long as an arm and as
youths setting up branches ami deoortt- thick as a wrist.'-
ing with flowers and rushes,-^ he pro- It is possible to obtain some idea of the type of materials burned
vides no specific information on green by the Aztecs through Sahagún^ account of the woodcutter. He is
auw fences. However, the friar doet described as selling oak, pine, alder, and madnma wood, as well as
mentkm the ne in temples of wicker material for making dart shafts, bark in various stages of dessica-
reeds, which may have been cut (rom snch canes. Wlwn describing don, old stalks of main and sunflowen, and dried maguey leaves."
autosacrificc at the time of one of the great festivals, he tells of Part 2 of Codtx Mendoza contains a defMakMl of loads of fire-
the noble youths filing into a temple carrying shaip blades in one wood sent regularly in tribute."
hand and a bunch of thin, smooth widwr reeds in the other. After
Branches
sitting down in rows, these young men proceeded to perform auto-
sacrilice by cutting into the fleshy pan of their left arm. One by branch: quaubxihutü^^
one, the reeds were passed through these wounds and then thrown, The Spanish gloss on folio 62r States that
covL-rLi! with bliiod, before an image of the sun. The brivest the tflpik-hitiHi voiith is carryHnt; br.inchcs to
and most penitent was he who oifered up the greatest number of decorate the temple; Duran confirms this
bloody reeds." use of decorative boughs.**
Sahau'ún's Piimcros Mtm .rtales. on the folio depicting services to There was, however, an adiütioii.íi use for
the gods, illustrates autosacrificc performed by the "Passing of such boughs, at least for comfcr branches,
Straw."'* These sdfF, thin "straws" appear to be approrimately two which those on ki&o 62r appear to be. Sa-
feetkmg; hence The\ ji mid have been cut from a piece of cjinc of the hagún, when discussing tasks performed in
proportions ot those l)cing carried in the top register of foUo 62r. the "devils' houses," speaks both of "haul-
ing fir branches: the offi»ing priests who
Ritual Firrd'ood
w ere already experienced gathered them,"*'
''
firewood: qmhuitl and of "The Laying of Fir Branches. . .
IMmem Mtmarkla describes "The Ritual They gathered green fir branches in the woods in order to place
Making of Bundles of Wood," tewiuivih the offering of maguey thorns upon rhcm. First rhc\ -et ln^.in the i
quetzaHztii, as the gathcrmg of green w(hh1 hr branch; on it they l.iid two thuriLs [covered] w itli blood." " 1 his
in the forest to be burned "in the devil's described offering is also illustrated in an accompanying pictorial
hr)mc." The preparation of this firewood fiilio, "Services to the C ¡<>ds"; in one hand a blackened priest holds
and the overseeing of its ritual burning was two bloodied maguey thorns, in the other, short ñr branches.'" Sa-
the I esponsibilir^' of those who lived in the hagún describes this same ritual in the FloraOhie CMsr under the
temples, '
The supplying of temple fires heading "The Offering of Thorns.'''**
was i constant chore, as the three depic-
House
tions of this activiiy oa folio 62r indicate.
So important were these ritual fires that in LlÂ house: ca/li"

certain temples there were even specialized * ** Sahagún provides a detailed discussion of the "vari-
firewood tenders. For example, in the shrine ous manners of houses, [and] their classifications."^ Became the
ofoneof the principal deities, Tezcatlipoca, errant novice priest in the third register of folio 62r went to a calm-
there was a group of priests whoae yÁi in- eau, die temple school that was attended mainly by noble youths, it
dnded not only the sweeping and decorat- can be assumed that the home to which he returned for three days
ing of the god's sanctuary but ako the con- was most probably that of an elite fiunily. Sahagún refers to such a
stant provisiijuuig of his Divine Hearth. dwelling as a "cheridwd good, proper, beantifiil bouse. Not high
This fire was never allowed to go our, and nor rcHiiny, it is ordinarily agfceaUc. It Is a place where there is
the w'twd for it could be brought only by deliberation, thinking."^'
this special group.'*^
Tequihm Warrior Hairstyle
tequibm warrior hairstyle: temiUoU**

This same hairstyle Is worn by one of the Aziec
gods. Yacatecuhtli,'" themetdiant deity. Thisgod^
name can be "Nose-Lord" or "Lord
translated as
of die Vanguard," referring to the vanguard mer-
chants' extensi\'e travels.** Primeros Memoriales,
when describing this deity's array, states, "His
Innial batr, diat is, his hair is arranged in die fonn
of a oohjmn."*'
174 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO TEAR / FOLIO 62

Dunn reports that hoooKd, valiant warriois "were given a Carrying Basket
new name, ttqnimqtu whidi is the equivalent of saying Wn who carrying basket: Aifuittb topilii*''
makes gcxjd use of the soldier's calling.' This term is made up of
Similar woven carrying hatkets appear five titnet in the Fhmiwt
which means 'work,' and the syllable iMfwc, which refers to
tequitl,
Codex, but never with ti i
.
- i I <>( .1 clothlike load inside." The
a person who has performed his work wdl. In our own language
gloss identifies the bundle only as "baggage."
we could give him the title captain."^"
Sahagún, in a discussion of a successful fighting man moving np Warrior's Shield

through the hienrchy of his profession, tells what occurred when
Huaxrec shidd: cuexyo cbimaUi
he reached the rank of seasoned warrior; "And when he uhiV four
I hc 7f^t»isnr warrior carries a mag-
(captives in batdej, Moctezuma then let his hair be cut like that of
nificent feathered Huaxtec shield,
a seasoned warrior." At that time he also assumed the tides of a
the most ftequendy depicted of aU
u-ijtiihiui warrioR "perchance Mexicail tci|uiua, or Tuln.iu.ic.itl te-
the Aztec shield desigtis.'* Note
quiua, or CiuatBcpancad tequiua."^ Codex Maidoza does not agree
that tiiis shield h.is as part of its
with Sahagún as to the stage in a warrior^ career when he is tsnx
design four yaiometztU nose orna-
allowed to wear the Uifwhua hairst\-le; folio Mr shous w.irrior ,i
menis, the fuiqut tieities* motif and

who has just ukcn his first captive already wearing his hair in this
a symbol cf the Huaxtec legioii.
presrigious style.
The rcytiihiitj hairsryle appears repeatedly in other Aztec pic-
torials, in both ritual and secular contexts.'"
Youth 's Hairsry le

Warmr'sCM
warrior^ dub: hvitzBetli*^
Sahagún explains the meaning conveyed by the cut
When ci'. iriir .in account of the .ucniitremcnrs ot Innls ;in(l cap-
of a young nun^ hair. A small boy was completely
tains, Sahagun describes this weapon as "the pointed war club. A
shorn until .i[;e Ten. when a ruft of hair u.is isllowcd
piece of oak is cut. The four sides have sharp edges. It has a
to grow at (he back ot his head. By age fit teen this
pointed tip."'' .\ similar pnintLiI club is carried by a warrior in Qk
iodc was quite k»g, hot the youth was not allowed
dex VaticattusA; there the gloss reads: "This is the livery of the com-
to cur it off until he had taken a capti%'C in hnttle."
mon soldwiS, and thdr usual mode of combat was with this war
Sahagun's discussion of hairstyles provides iasighi unu the social
club or stick and with hows and arrows and shield."''
tlu' oilu-rs
pressure placed on a youth lo go into bank. The friar relates how
The war stick is also shown being used in two scenes of combat in
the women would torment a young man who still had his loi^ lode
Gidnr TdMmn-Raneaat.**
of hair.
"He with the occipital tuft of hair can speak! Canst thou
NOTES
talk? Be thou already concerned over how th\' tuft of hair
will M off, thou with the little tuft an evil-
of hair. It is 1. Sak^ 1950-1982 }:6$-tf.
smelling tuft of hair, it Is a stínking tuft of hair. Ait tbou not 2. Ibid. 6:213-21$.
just a woman like me?" It is irucri.'StÍTii.' that three of the ttimtcat youths war net capo (wurn
foldcii .iniuiid (Ik hj|K when they carried heavy loaifs), because such cloaks
Shamed hy such grave insults, the boy would rciort with such are the usual Jinte <ir the tr!fi\h,.iili m.iMers of vouths anil (heir youilf
scathinp expressions as rhjfiics Three nl rhu hiiier, in register 2, also wear net garments.
Durin :
Si.
".\nomt tiiy stonuch with mudi scratch thy siomachi twist 4 Sjhagun ly.sO-1982 3:62.
one leg about the other; . . . fidi adnUng on the ground. s. Ihnl. 1 Wl.
6. Ihul. 6:214.
There is astDOe, a hard stone; strike thy face with the stone,
7. Sec "Image Description" scctkw fcrii iliifH iitwntw ftawWhrf hainilyle.
strike thy fete with it, make the blood spurt forth. Scratch
». Saha«ún 1950- 1982}: 55.
thy nose with the stone, or bore a hole with a fire drill Into 9. Dvfán 1971:112-113.
thy windpipe; thou wilt spit [through] there." 10. Sahagún 1950-1982 10:24.
1 1. Mdma 1977: ibl» I I7v "TlKhpaiulizdi. el acio de barrer" (die act of
Bbu-bonkred Shield swiccping).
1 1. Prtmem XiemoruJes n.d.: chap. I, par. 1 2, Thclma D. Sullivan translation.
shield: cbmmlli" 13. Sahagún 1950- 1982 2:21SiJ:55, 59; 6s2l4.
An unadorned, circular shield with a simple 14. Ibid. M7I.
15. .Moiiiu fiiiioHTv -'giiauhxiuid.rBinof dearbolc^fbougjisefttees).
Uue, white, or red border is die reappearing,
16. Sahaeiin 19i()-|ys: MI.
gCIKriC Shidd of the Codrx Mendoza, occiir- 1-. Ibid.': ; 78.
ing sixteen timet in the ethnographic section. 18. Molina I'V"": folio 15Tr "\'it7.tli- espina grande, o puya" (large ihom or
This same thiehl also appears in other Aztec point).
pictorials.**
1 9. Primem MmtntUs a.d. : chap. I, par. i 2 , llielma U. Sullivan tramUtiaa.
Primeras Memarúits provides deiaiit-tf m-
20. Sahafün 1950-1982 ):«5.
21. Duiin 1971:119-120.
formation on the arms and insignia of the 22. Sah^ 1950-1982 6:185.
Aztecs; the manner of making a shield is included: "It is made in 23. Molina 1977: folio Iv "Acad, caito" (caiw/iced).
this manner: split bamboo [pieces] are put together with maguey 24. E.g.,Diirla 1971:81.
25. lbiiL:19l.
fiber. Thejr are reiiilbrced with heavjr bamboa""
26. FrimemMmtrUa 1926! tiymfa VL
27. Molina 1977: folio 8Br "Quaidd. adid, madeio o p^" (cne, wood, or
piece of vfood).
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 62r * 175
2S. PrímmtMmtmltt imI.: chi|k 1, ftt. i, Thehna D. SalKnn tnmháon. (1975:472) idemiliet MfMtf at *^ work, culq ttÜMiK" and Mfafiat aa "a
29. Dwfol971:SI-S), 121. Bftott owner, 4M« wta> Iw (• Am of d») Uh a valk^
trilmtt,
Duriín Km is the captains or chieftaim of this group the utpacbünttîit. 49. Sahifiiii 1950-1982 8:77.
This is surprising, as (he telpodiúatoqut (singular: lelpechtUito) were, accoiding 50. In the MuUpokualU section of CoJa Rarhonicus (1974:4). the trûthtu
to Sahagún (1950-1982 1:51, 55), the "rulers of the youths" and diicctm of hairstyle is a priestly drummer m the founh week vtintetu period. In
worn by
rht lelpochû-li'y Thu is il>.ii the term usci! in the giossn On Üllio 6}r of dw Codex \U-^!:jhíihiji!ü l''7()) it is worn by a partiapani m the least of Hucy
(.cJi.i MenJúZj tor the "masters uho govern youths." miccailhuiti itolio ?Hr) and by the dein,' .Vlictlanrccuhtli Itolio 6ñ). his same 1
Ul iiahagxin I'.'Kj Í >i, 6v Alio, Mohna P'TT; t'olm <fjv •'jMiniiliuqui. style appears lepeaiedlv in the híureníint- Ci,íiex. vtoin tu .i leastin^ uarrior.
cosa rolUza, cotn(] pilar. Ike." (thick and round thing, like a pillar, etc); S8r men with torrunate day signs, a male calbng to an apparition, sit musicians,
"Quauitl. arbol. nudcroo palo" (tfM, wood, or piMe of wood). and a military governor of Tlatelolco (Sahagún 1950- 19H2 3: plate 6; 4:
31. Sahagún 1950-1982 3; 55. plates 26, 30, 94; 5: plate 2: 8: plate 69; 9: plate S [1979, 3: folio 7r; 4: foUos
32. Motolinia 1971:76. 24v, 25r. 7 v; 5: folio 6vi 8: folio 28r, 9: foUo 2t]).
1
33. Sih^ 19S0-I982 10:81. 51. Sahasúa 1950-1982 8:75.

34. GiiáaiMMrfM;lblb32r, diepmñiotofQuahuaeaii. 52. Ibid. 2 :63-«4. Sec abo Dnrin 1971 :292-293, note 2.
35. Malilla l977:laJ»87v"QuaiihniiiiLnimdeiifaclei"(^^ 53. Mdlm 1977;falio21r''QiinialB.«»dela, adarba pciict,ocoMicaae|aiMe^
of me*). (shield, round targcc, or somedUng súnlbr).
36. Dvran 1971:81-83. 54. See appendix C. column B, "SfaxMa; The CMbr Afnadnr and Odier
37. Piimtt m Metmriala n.d.: chap, l.par. 12, Thcinu D.SvIlñantnnalatkm. Aztec Pictorials," volume 1
38. Ibid.: chap l.par. 3, Thclm.i [> Sullivan mnhtian. 55. Prtmtrtss Memoriales n.d.: chap. 4, par. 8, Thelma D. Sullivan translation.
39.Pnmervs Memanales 1926. atjmpa \T. 56. Molina 1977: foUo 21v "Chiquiuh topilli. canasta grande texida dc cañas"
W. Sahapjn 1950- 1982 2 198. : (large basket or pannier woven of cane, reeds).
41. Mulma 1977 folio llv "CalJi. casa" (house). 57. Sahagún |9.':0- 1982 5: plate I. 10; plates 74-75, 1 15; 1 1: plate 750(1979
42. Sahagun 1950-1982 11:2C9. 5 folio Ir, 10 foli.« 1^. 43r; 11; folio 200v).
43. Ibid. 11:271. 58. See .'\nawalt essay, chapter 8 in volume I for a detailed analysis of the
44. Seler 1960 1961 2:454, 497. 521, 536. I-rorn .Vtolina 1977; folio 97v mtxyv chmaUt or Huaxtcc shield.
"TcmimiliL coluna redonda de piedra" (round column of stone). Seler abo 59. See appendix G, adumn 1, "SUeUs! The dador Mendna and Other
giwt Ac terms iAipuanM (ftneliead hafa) and ixfututpUli (fawtod prince) Amc Picinriabj" volume 1.
br diii haimyk. PrtmimMmirUitaÁ¿áuef. 1, par. 5 (Thdma D. Snl- 60. SiiBtoal9fi3:66B'lAtiocdi,Le*ier,bteancabobdurerpainu"(leiw,
Imn mndarion) utes the term «HwWitf and infiMttMMfiL hard and poimed wooden aiiffMcIc).
45. Sahagún 1950-1982 1: plaKS 19,41 (1979 1: foliw I2r. 39v). 61. IMnrnis Memoriaks n.d.: chap. 4, par. 8, Thdo» D. Solhaan oaniladon.
46. Nicholson 1971b: table 5. 62. CMtv VattoHus A 1979: folio 59v.
47. Pnmtras MtmtmaUs n.á.. chap 1. pa.- Thclnia I) Sullivan translation. 63. CUkr TOmtm Rtmmm 1964-1967 faBaa 34r, 37r.
48. Dunn 1971 : 137. The modern-day N áhuatl scholar J. Richard Andrews
176 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 62

FOLIO 6^r
CONTENT that accompanied these incensing ceremonies. He also describes
an officiating priest who, like the first priest of ó3r, was "dressed in
Folio f)}r continues the pattern begun im fi2r ut .iltcrnating scenes
a long robe similar 10 a tunic [that reached) down to his knees."'
comparing the aristocratic, priestly- caimecac nlucauon with Ihc This ritual gurmcnr was called a xkolli.
mining of oommoners is die telpocheata. In one haiiil the priest of folio 63r holds a clay incense burner
RtffOerl from which smoke emerges and in the other hand a distinctive bag
that contains the copal incense. Tied to the priest's back is a gourd
The first register oonccnis etlmiaK duties performed by head conuiiier ut a type described by Duran, w hu says they were called
priests. Duran speaks of the Stringent and demanding standards by yectetmnatl" He describes such gourds as being 'Milled with tobacco
which these dedicated men Jivel Their penitential duties included and other magic objects."'
regular lasting, which, prior to major ceremonial events, lasted five venomous muturc contairung,
This latter reference is to a
to ten day's. Their bodies «ere further punished through the con-
among other ingredients, tobacco. The Spaniards likened tobacco
stant bloodletting of autusacnticc. In addition, to assure chastity,
to the European herb henbane," the si)bsr,ince the gloss mistakenly
they were said lo have "cur their virile members in the middle to
refers to as the sole cuutcnt ol llie priest's gi>urd.'
become impotcnr so as nor to offend their cods." '
Tlie priests also
The novice helper of the head priest wears a net cape and cai^
slept very litde, because many of their rituals were pcrtormcd dur-
rics "other things for the sacrifice." Thi'- is, no doubt, a reference
ing the nocturnal hours.' Sahagün confirms the regularity of these to implements for the anticHpatcd autosacrihce. The novice's con-
demanding \-igils, which were aprl\' called "St:nHng Awake at
tainer holds what looks like the canes of folio 62r. From this mate-
Nigfat." ' Appropriately, the priestly duties shown on register 1 all
rial sharp reeds could be cut tor the nt'j.i! piercing of the flesh.
occur after dark; two of these take place under a Starry sigr. Immediately adiacem to tiie nieensing scene, a second head
The initial scene of folio 63r in»oKes an incensing ritoaL The priest sits beneath a starry sky; the glosses for this latter image and
gloss reads.
the identical one to the right read, "This drawing with eyes means
night." I he priest is beating a horizontal rwo-toned drum and
Head priest, who goes at night with his kindled iirc to a
singing, acti\ntics that were vital components of .Aztec ritual cere-
nunmtain to do penance; and he carries in his hand a bag of
monies. Sahagún, in a description of the feast held for one of the
copal incense to offer as a sacrifice to the devil, .ind he car-
ries on his back henbane in a vessel for the same sacrifice;
mother goddesses, says, "Her old men sang for her; they beat the
two-toned drum; . . they rattled the gourd rattle; diey ta sped
and he carries his boughs to deomate the place of sacrifice; .
.iiid he lirings behind him a novice priest who carries Other

the notched bone.""' In a discnis.sion of the various peoples who
things lor the sacrifice. inhabited ancient Mexico, Sahagún's informants speak of the Na-
huas' (the Aztec were Náhuatl speakers] marked devotion to ritual
These incensing rites were called tletiamaquiliztU, the ''Ofiering observances, including their drum-playing."
of Fire." They were performed by scooping up burning coals with The third priest is also seated beneath a night sky, which he is
a clay incense ladle, the long, hollow handle of which was tilled studying carefolly. The accompanying gloss reads, 'Head priest
with sionca, creati^ a caidii^ sound when used. Onto the hoc who is kioking at the stars in the night sky to awertain the time fiir
ooak was sprinkled copal mcense, made from ê odtficronanahi of services and duties.* IXrectly in front of the priest% gaie — at-
COniicrtn-es Wliilc the tVaiirant smoke liilliiueii forth, thí iUCensc tached to his profile by a tiny dotted line —
is an image intended to
ladle was raised in each of the four cardinal directions. The coals be either an eye or a This conclikc shape may be a symbol for
star.
were then thrown into a brazier, where die incense oonthnied to star, tndicadng that the priest was seeking out a consteihition. Cer-
smoke." tain of the planers also h.id particular importance for the .X/.tecs.'"
Ritual incensing was not confined solely to the night hours. Astronomical observations were a constant necessity for the
This homage to the gods was also carried out finir times during Aztecs because so much of ifaeir belief system was closely keyed to
the day: at dawn. niMin, dusk, and midnight. Duran speaks of the celestial phenomena The Mesoamerícan Indians were very sen-
"eerie, diabolical sound" of the large conch shells and small flutes sitive to the passage of time, «dlicfa they regarded as cyclical.
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6}r ' 177
Added to their oonoept of icpetirive rime was a stnn^ bdwf in Thereafter tbey heat him repeatedly with a pine stkic; they
fate; each day wis beUeved to cany its own unique burden of good verily caused him to swoon. They singed his head with fire;
or ill. Given their concept of a limited predestination, it was neces- his body smoked; it blistered. . . . And when they had in-
sary to keep accurate calendan so as to prognosticate the course of deed catised him to swoon, widi this they cast him fbnh. . .
future events.-' he jus: slowly erepi aw.iv, he left going from one side to the
The establishment of a correct calendar system required ligop* other; he just went confused; he left full; he withdrew fur-
ous, systematic observations. Sudi an nndertaldng involved hard- evei; nevennoK was he CO smg and dance with the others."
won skills. A measure of the Aztecs' respect for the Toltccs is n «Mina i
KSffSUT J
reflected in the astronomical expertise they accredited to diese
revered predecessors, who raied in central Mexioo some 500 years On register 3, eémtau activities are again depicted. The gkiaa
prior to the coming of the Aztecs. Sahagún's informants credited reads: "Head priest, who has the dun- of sw eeping the temples, or
the Toltecs with originally fiuhooiing all celestial phenomena, de- ordering them swept." The priest's broom appears to be of the
termining which were die good and evil day signs, and eaabiithing same plant material carried 1^ ifae incensing priest and his novice
the counts of the da>'s and years." .'\ctoaUy, diese "counts" pre- helper in the first register.'"' Wh-itever a broom was made of, the
dated tlie Toltecs by many centuries.

act of sweeping was an imporunt, indispensable, and regular as-
Both Duran and Sahagnn malte it dear diat the Aztecs diem- pect of temple life.
selves had a good understanding of the heavens. Duran illustrates

The .idi'acent episode of register Í is a aihiteac equivalent of the
ten of their constellations." Sahagún also refers to some of these

abovementioned telpwhcaUt punishment scene. The gloss states:
same star groups whim speaking of incensing and autosacrifidal The eiplanation of these drauHngs is that if the novice priest was
rites' being tied to the pass.i{:c uf cfriain consiclhuiDiis thiijunh negligent .in<i had excessive relations with a woman, or was whor-
the night sky." A number of attempts have been made, beginning ing, the head priests punished him by sticking pine needles all over
with Sder, to determine the correlation between the constellations his body." These "pine needles" look idcntidl tti the "maguey
we are Gunilar widi end diose of the AzKct." spikes" shown on tolio 5''r. As for the errant youth, he is a yrnmg
priest whose body paint and smear of blood at the temple bespeak
his rank. The woman with whom he has been involved is depkicd
T he M'lonil ri'L'istcT of folio i>?r ri-Mirns to events coiuiecteii with immediately above him, juxtaposed to this young man just as is her
uipoíbíotíi training. I he scene shows a }'oung man setting off

lirst
felpochiallt equivalent in the preceding register. Unlike the latter,
to battle; die gloss reads, *%uth «dio goes to war loaded with pro- h(>wc\ er, this voung woman is dressed in more daborate clothing;
visions and arms " The young warrior wears the body and face her buipHii and skirt have a red trim. The implication is that she is
paint of a master of youths and carries a diield, arrows, and provi- a female from a higher levd of Aztec society.
sions, which are leshed to a carrying frame. His obsidnui-studded As Sahagún makes clear, fraternizing with women definitely had
spe.ir is used as a staff. This yovith mny lie .in older version of the no part in the Ufc of priests. They took a stria vow of chastity,
boy seen in the bottom register of foUo 62 r, carrying the gear of supposedly not so much as daring to look at a woman.'' Duran
his ttfmbiu warrior mentor." coniinns this when speaking of the

Some \(uinL' :i:c:i ii">k to '.i.irfare vcr\' qiiicklv. Diir.in relates
rigouroiis punishments which were applied to those who
that if a youili .showed particular bravery on the tield ot battle he had committed immoral acts, llius all the youths went
might return a faU-fledged warrior, already having tamed the at- about with their eyes to the ground, and all those who
tcndatit rewards and trappingv. Sometimes overly /e.ilotis young scncd in the tt-mplcs did not \ennirc ro raise their he.lds to
men were captured or killed in such efforts, reportedly preferring gaze upon u umen, especially priests whose lot was not that
death to capture. Duran notes that those most inclined for the of marriage. He who was caicless in these things snflisred
martial life were often the soas of valiant warriors.'* the pain of death."
iVlotolim'a confirms this report of early battle training, asserting
Register 4
thatoftheti)^/l'<-(7/// youths who went to the w ir^. otdy the strong-
est took arms, while tlie others were 10 watch and to learn how war 'Ihe bottom register of folio 63 r returns to ttlpochcalli life. The
was pratticcd." gloss explains that "if the youthroamed about as a \'apbond, the
The second scene of register 2 is described in the gloss: "the two masters punished him by shearing him and singeing his head
two tt^Hcbtk», who ai« ouMeis who govern yondu, punished a with fire." This youth's chastisement is very similar to that of the
youdi who had been living with a woman hy beating Mm with womani'dng masters of >'outh$ discussed above. Sahagún describes
burning firebrands; and they deter them from whoring: according the punishment of having one% head Singed as "being old-ladied."'*
to the drawii^ contained in this row." As discussed earlier, youths Note that the youth's sin was iDaining about as a vagabond. In a
and maidens met regularly as a result of tiieir aáauM training for culture sudi as die Aztecs', whose ideal attributes were modera-
ritual singing and dancing. Although both sexes were well cha- tion, disdphnc, and hard work, each person had his or her place in
peroned at these sessions, certain passages in Sahagiin and Duran sodety; to wander at will, aimlessly, was folly. This value is re-
make it dear that occasionally some of these young people con- flected in the qnaliries attributed to a bad day sign. Dnrin states
tinued to meet cbndestineK,' Such rtnde/Mjus and their subse- that those under the influence of Fdieeatl, "W ind," u<.re "'hekle,
quent repercussions were not restricted only to foolhardy youths inconsistent, n^ligent, lazy, enemies of toil, addicted to merrymak-
like the young man being beaten. Sahagún lells of a very shnilar ing, gluttons, parasites, ravers who had ndther roots nor rest."*^
dire l.ite hetalling ;) master ot wjuths •..hn m is living in concu- 'ITic final scene of folio 63r is described in the gloss: "^'outh
binage with a young woman, hüs pumshmcnt took place in the who is occupied in bringing sod in his canoe for the repair of the
tiuua^ itsdf, *%efbre everyone." In addition to taking away his temple." TUs is an exanqple of the type of conuminity service car-
possessions, lulornincnts, and lip pendant, hia diaatiaeis cut off his ried out by the yooi^ nien bdiig trained in the lefMokdBlr.'*
prestigious hairstyle.
178 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 63
CoDvriQhted material
IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS bacco containers appear in other Aztec pictorials, often drawn with
Head Priest what look like the bumpy protiuaons of a gourd.**
head priest: tknuuazqui^

incensing ceremony: titnanuiqtuihtU
"
fnt^ged, sleeveless jacket:
The ritual act of incensing was not restricted to temples or sacred
shrines; it also occurred in domestic environments. Duran de-
The html prif^t ucjn. il»e
an incensing ceremony that cook place during the month of
scribes
xitMu a fringed, sleeveless
ToxcmI. In llie euty moming. minor priests went thitni^KNit the
jacket that rinl in front
comnnmÍQr with incense burners in hand. Their mission was to
(its sleeved appearance is
bless each house from "the threshold to the last corner," including
due to the wide garment's
all the implements therein: grinding stones, tortilla griddles, pots,
draping oüT (he shoulders vessels, jugs, plates, ImjwU. .ind vveaving instruments including the
and thus forniing a fold
little baskets used to hold the spixming and weaving apparatuses.
under the arm). Among Agricultural mstruments, storage bms, and tbe artisans' tools were
the .\ztccs, this was a
all included in thc-c incensingS. FOT this service, the house ouTiers
special-purpose costume
had to pay the priests as many ears of com as objects they had
restricted to males, yAio blessed."*
wore it soleh- in a ritual or oCiicial context: it appeals only on liKLiTiing was not confined to priests. Sahagiin reports that
gods, deit)- impenonaton, priests, and ipedal envojis of llw em«
children were awakened early so they could carry out this ritual
peror (see folio (i6r)." The xicnW is depicted in many odier Aztec
aa.^ He abo depicts a woman ofléríng incense to the hearthstones
pictorials."
at the time of the New Fm ceremoiqr.'*
incense ladle: tiemaiti" Herizontal Drum
Prc-Hispanic incense ladles similar to that of folio 63r can be horizotnal drum tt-poiurrli"
found in present-day collections of Aztec material.^ Often they
Nicholson, in a discussion of an
have the same four small jVlaltesc Cross-like sections cut out of the
eitanr (upmustA* in die coUectíon
bowl, as well as one at the bottom. The design thus created is
of the .Museum of .Mankind, Lon-
smaller than but very snnilar to that on the botñnn of die incense don, describes it as a hollow, of-
ladle on folio 6ir. This same quatrcfoil motif ap[)ear\ repeatedly
Undrical block of hard wood, the
on the incense ladles in the Aztec ritual pictorial Coiiex Borbmuus.'^ top of which was car\ed to form
Haiid<4ield incense burners, depicted in an assortment of shapes,
two tongues. These produced dif-
appear in a variety of central Mexican codices.'* fering tones when struck by the dramsticks."
Five principal musical instruments have been identified by Se-
ibag: xiquipitti*'
ler" as being used by the .\ztecs; the horizontal ttpomztU, an up-
Saliagún mentions incense bacs made rtf paper — right drum called a "ground drum" {hiidmeU), the flute (gif^tc^
used by nobles in rituals — and made ot cotton, col-
the gourd rattle {nyncachtti)'" and the rerrilaaitl, a copper iflStm-
ored dtfaer green or black with a design of bones, inent that apparently was beaten during the dancing.
carried by oflicia!<; in i cremonics.'" Incense bags
There are repeated references to the drum% being used by danc-
occur repeatedly in the pictorials, usually with a de-
ers. One of the more memorable is "The Danicr u-ith a Dead
sign that impHes four directkms, like the cross in the bag of folio Woman's Forearm": while a sorcerer robbed viciiias immobiUzed
63r or the .Maltese Cross-like desijrn of the íncfiiuirio."'
by magicall\ induced sleep, "be dances, beats the two-toned drum,
An incense bag was also the Aztec symbol ibr the number 8,UUU sings, leaps about.""
(eeiixipripi^.''' Its most fkmoas occurrence as a counter is in the
Sahagún gives an account of a human performed on
sacrifice
Coikx Telleriiinij Ranii::;: scene indicating the number of prisoners top of a horizontal dium. In a deadly serious "mock battle at the
prepared to be sacnhced tor the dedication of the Templo .Ma)^.
time of one of the monthly feasts, if an unfortunate warrior was
The improbable sum of 20,000 is conveyed thnnigh the depiction captured by ritually cleansed slaves
—"bathed ones," intended for
=
of two incense bags í2 S.(M)0 1(S.OOO) and ten "hairs of the
later sacrifice —
he was then sacrificed atop the drum by these
head" (i.c., pinc-trcclikc symbols: tzontii), the counters tor the
doomed captors." Duran also speaks of the tepmaztii in association
number 400 (10 x 400 « 4.000).'« with human sacrifice when he describes the hineral rites anending
the cremation of the emperor Axayacad. The ruler's ashes were
tobacco gourd: yettainmtl '
placed within tbe horizontal drum, "and the [emperor^] slaves
Althou|^ Duran nukes it clear that the "Food of were cast down on their becks next to that faistnunent and their
Ciod" in the pricsf;' gourds held more than just
hearts cut out""
tobacco." these ceremonial containers arc re-
Duran, in a discussion of the God of Dance, asserts that the
ferred to as "tobacco fourds" several times in hoHxontal dnim itself was considered a deity. He adds that such
Sahagiin.^ u.is ;]iL' ".iiicicfir hliinlncvs" that larizc and small animals, fish, and
Dnran describes a priest's tobacco gourd as medium-sized and
tadpoles were venerated, and even the resinous bark of trees was
perforated with holes in which were placed flowers. The gourd, revered so as to create a good fire. As a result, adfiration of a dram
wfaidi was also adorned with little balls of tobacco and soot, was did not surprise him.**
called lytucm ("Hb littie Gtmrd" V Depictions of priests' to-
Depictions of t^matít being played appear in other Aztec pic-
torial codices.**
Copyriyliiod inaierial
DrumOidkr Prior to the actual making (if the spears, the men of Tenochri-
dan assembled on one side ol the leinple courts urd. llie men ot
dinmstída: dmaitl'*
Tlatelolcoon the other. The reeds were then cut and their ends
Seler defines the ¡•¡¡ntanl as the tlRimsrick hirnished
bound with magiie>' fiber so they would not Split when the spear
with a coadiig ot rubber at the ends, with which the
points were glued in. Pitch pine vsas quickly applied to Ixnh the
upsma^ was beaten.*'
heads and butts of the spears. The finished products were then
Star bfiund together in sets of twenty and arranged m a file at the ftiot
of the gcxi Huitzi!<ppochrli, The work of spcar-maldng satisfac-
setr: titUin'*
torily completed, each man returned to his home.'^
Thcr: ;iri- ilcpii rions of s:ni,'lf ^t.)^^ similar tu
the uncun tolio 63r in the pre-Hispajuc Codex Burning

Laui^ and Ctrfnr Fefénmy-M^fer.** However, Finhmub
in rhe latter pictorial, there is also a tiepiction
burning firriirandst
of the Death God, ALcdantccuhtli, holding
'!'', uji'uir!"'
whet tppeers to be a dismcnibered eye, which
locating a person wixh
resembles the single "Rat" of folio 6?r None- .' '
Sticks or with stones was

theless, uidess a visual pun involving the priest's eye is intended,
such a common method
the Caáex Afendat laagt prabably indicates a star. The post-
of chastisement in Aztec
Hispanic Primeros Afnnntaifar also depicts stats in a manner sitnilar
Bodety that the phrase
to that of foho birJ*
terl quiihuitL or "stone
Carrying Riick stick," was used meta-
phorically to refer to pan>
carrying rack: ciKoxÜi"
ishment.'" N'ote also that
The weight of the load associated
the master of youths
with the carr)'ing rack is reflected
grabs the errant youth of register 2 by a topknot of hair. This b
metaphorically in Sahagun. Relat-
also the s\-mbolic Alcsoamcrican posture denoting conquest (sec
ing a prayer to the god Tezcatii-
folios 64r and 65r, where all captives are shown held in this
poca, the friar refers to the burden
maimer).
assumed by ¡i new mlcr ;is "the
Sclcr speaks of pulque deifies Iv-inL' depicted with a sronc in one
large carrying frame, intolerable,
hand and an oiiiect easily ideauluble as a cudgel or stick in the
insupportable, heavy"" Sahagun
Other. This is apparently meant to represent the punishment meted
also likens civic burdens to tarry-
out for drinkinc ptilriut iii other iluti saneiioned circumstances.""
ing frames; a nobleman, cxh'írnnt:
(ludgels almost identical to these ot iolio 6ir appear m three
anew child on future duties and re-
illustrations of the Flormtine Codex. They are used to punish an
sponsibilities, speaks of becoming
adulterer, a careless musician, and a merchant who had misused a
tiicd and feeling the weight of die carrying rack.""
woman."
The canning frame also appears in an Aztec riddle: "Wliat is
that with large ribs on the outside which stands along the road.=' Woman Conneitcd tu tkt 'It'lpuchuiili Youth
The carrying ftame.""
As opposed more ornately clad woman of regis-
to the
The carrying rack shown on folio 63 r is supported by a mm-
ter the female on register 2 involved with the tei-
pline, discussed under "Image Descriptions" for folio 60r. An ex-
pocbaUi youth is simply dad. The implication of her
cellent depiction of a carrying framt; and tumpline appears among
the images of tribute sent from the prcn ince of Tepeacac'
dothmg—and die gloss^ reference to 'Svhoring" is —
that she is a woman of the people.
Obsidian-pointed Spear Sahagun gives a vivid description of such women, of
their making themselves beautiful, uaiiig perfume, and casting in-
spear: ttputzoptUi'-
cense about them. He aisfi speaks of their chewing chicle with a
Motollnia mentkxiB that the Aztecs
dacking sound as they paraded braxenly down the streets, along
used obsidian-pointed spears. '
Sa-
the canals, and through die marketplace.
hagun provides additional details,
.According to Sahagun, these women were constantly on the go:
rebtii^ how, daring the monthly
promenading, pushing, and pretending to be merry. He describes
ceremony of QucchoQi, the spear
the care with whidi such a woman dressed herself, carrying a mir-
shafts were made. The initial step
ror in her hand to view her ijaudv appearance. However, the Iriar
was the assembling of hrge quan-
says that for all their waving, beckoning, and winking, these women
tities of reeds, which were then
were firauds. In the end, a hariot was destroyed by her way of Ufe,
straightened over a tire. This stage
an<! became ''a lascivious old woman, of itchinij buttocks ... an
of the ceretnotiy was aooompanied
aged woman, a flabby old woman, a filtiiy one; a hlthy old dog who
hv autosacrifiee on the part of the
brings heisdf to ruin like a dog.*"*
assembled warriors, youths, and
No such fincrv' is shown in the depiction fif the female on folio
young men of marriageable age. The more mature men lasted and
63r, due to ilie simplif)'ing of all clothing other than warrior ap-
observed abstineaoe^ and the old own reftained from drinking
pard in dús section of CadkyMnidna."
180 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO ÓJf
Wimm Qmnected to Novice Priest the sod that was used for roofing houses," and Misttl, a white,
spongy, chdUÜDe aod «aed ID make adobe btjdB.**
The woman of register 3, coanected by a dotted line
to the novice priest, wean turquoise Uoe ear spools
rather than plain white and is dressed in clothing
more dcuiicd than that of the woman involved with
1. Duran 1971:121.
the «ejMHkdK yomfa. The geoeni inprearioo la 2. Ibid.
diat of a female from a diflcRo^ hiîer itntiini of }. PnmfnaMtmirítkínjLidup, 1, par. 3, Ththni p. Sulliwn I
Auec sodet]^. 4. Ibid.
Cedex Metuhzd offers no due as to bow a novice priest might 5. Durin 1971:119.
6. Dméa 1964: 101. Also ia Omáa 1967 2 : 159.
have become involved with sudi a young woman. According to
7. Doifa 1971:232.
Durin, all youths training in the temples went about with their 8. Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger, is a poisonous Old World herb of the ni^^
eyes to the ground, never ventnriiv n> raise their heads to ga« at thade (amity that >ields » medicinal extract rewmblini! belladonna (H^fcfirV
women. "He whu w as careless in these things suffered the pain of Sen< CotUgiátf Diaioruty 529). I :
The fnlio 6lr aiulopi !) hcnhanc can lit irult tstiKnl v»iih itit help of a
death." " Nonetheless, these two young people obviously had found
pjss3i;i.' in which Dunn : II' 1 dL-siriLic- j coritottion that people
eadi other. Ferhaps this girl was one of die females who minis- smeared on themselves when thcj- went to pcrtorm sacnhccs in "dark and
tered to deiqr inpcrsonators in rhe course of some of the ritual fearsome caves where the idols were kept." In order to "lose all fear," they
ceremonies, women whom Sahagún calls "pleasure girls." When paiiKcd dieimdvcs with a pitch they called the "Food of die Gods," m«l«-
referring to a deity impersonator who was a slave destined for sac- mmK TMi ''difiae feed" varied aoconiing to the gad being honored, but ki
base was alvnqv "poíMnoas beaitt, «wh SI ifiiden, seoqiiam, cami^
rifice (a "bathed one"), Sahagün tells of the female CMnpeniOMhip
aids, vipen, aod Otfacn." Drain china tfane crettnns were ctpcured by
provided him. 'llie pleasure girl's role was to amuse, caress, joke youths, who spent tiidr^Mn tine in this punnk.
with, and gratif>' the men she served. She "took pleasure on his "poisonoos animals" were then placed in a brazier and
All the collected
neck," embraced him, and cared for his grooming, including dc- bumcil The ishcs, tusrcthcr with toliacai, ucrc placed in a mortar and ground,
"produiint: .i dutnilical, stinkme, iiujillv mntmenr." After all ».is properly
lousing and combing his hair. In short, she was a charming and
diverting companion, but only for a limited period. When the time worms, whose tiny hairs were tilled with venom. l o this mwnirc was hirthcr
for the sacrifice of the "bathed one"* arrived, the pleasure gifl "lOOk added aoot; die resulting brew was poured in gourds and bowls. Duran claims
all": she bundled up the prestigious possessions the impersonator that after anointing the body with diii "pitch," the priests "dew men in aacri-
would no longer need and exited, ready for her neit encounter.*' fioe with the greatest of daring"; they also set off alone into the woodi and
cmered die dirk areas of awesome ceves, totally una£taid.
Razor la SahigdamO-19«21:l7.
11. Ibid. 10:176
razor: ffenmeAmf*' 12. An example of a planet with great impomnre for the Anees was Vemn,
the Morning Star. Sahaciin 1<''0 - ['''Kr " - ^; sp^'^ks if its .ippLMrinp and
Mototinta describes the manufacturing 1 . 1 1 I i
reappearing four times IxjlDrt; bnllunily shmmg torth, like the mihin's rays."
of obsidian razors. The jet-black stone
The prc-Hispanic peoples were fearful of the time of the .Morning .Star's
was placed firmly between the feet, rising, concerned that it might usher m c\il. In ccnam circumstances, how -
then struck with a stout stick along the ever, the Morning Star was regarded as benoxilent, at least for some. For ex-
edges. With every strike, a thin, shaip ample, captives were slain exactly when Venus appeared, "|that| it might be
blade wodd break off. Motolinia con-

nourished." The supplicanis splattered tbdr oDcring toward the planet
by
flipping the blood of the captive with the middle finger feom the diumb.
tends that from a single piccx of obsid-
encMiveiy on the iaapottuioe of Venut tD the Amea; see
Seler has written
ian could be produced more than 200 Seierl967:541-H}.
razors.** 1}. See Bcnhn 1982: 144 for a fuller disconion of the AaeeccooeqK of time.
14. Sahagún 1950- 1982 10:168-169.
Smgeh^ Stkk 15. Durin 1971: plates .18. 40. 43, 45. 46, 49. 52-55; also. Dufán 1967 I
?6. 38. 40, 4:, 4.Í, 46, 49-52.
singeing stick Üaad^ 16. Saha^nS intonnants. in a discussion ot a mghtly round of iitccnsc offer-
The fi re and smoke of the singeing stick ings. nuntiiMi three o>ii>iellatii>iit the Many, the Market, and the Fife Stkks
resemble those of the torches of folio (Prhnmit Mrmorialet n.d. i hap 2. pat 1
I". For information on the lorrelalmn bcrwcen the conMellaliDns êe

6 Ir, both may have been made of pitdi
Lchmann-Niische 1969a, 1969bi Beyer 1965a-h Scier 1960-1961 1:618-
pine, a hi^üy volatife anbatance.
667, 5:229-2)0; Hagar 1912: Mman and Keley 1970; Aveni 1975. 1977,
1980.
Sti
18. Sahagún (1950-1982 5:55) and Dnrfn (1971:112-11)) bodi ipedc of
at^MiiedW jmndN* facfay sen into war.
earth: tLiHi"
19. Durfn 1971 til).
It is diliiicult to know 20 Motolinia 1971:312-31).
whether any of the sev- 21. Sahagún 1950-1982 2:102-10); 3:57, 59-60; Darin 1971:84, 292-
eral typcr> of c.mh de- 293-
scribed by Sahagún is
22. Sahagún 1950-1982 2:102-103.
25. The ailor of this broom is puzzling; the three other broom- at ' Jfjc
represented in the canoe
MrnJozji («e follín í7r, Wlr. and 62r) are straw-colbrEd. The 63r broom is
c;irr\Tng sod for temple
also of different construction.
repairs on folio 63 r. Be- 24. .Sahagún 19S0-iyH2 5:67.
cause of their wdght and 25. Duran 1971 293.
mallcabiliri-, the most
26. Primeros .Xtemonales n.d.: chap. },par. D.Thelma U. SttUivan tnuillaiion.
27. Duran 1971 400.
likely candidates are ttfih
28. Sahagún 1950-1982 3:56.
púd, a gimmiyi Uaddsh, 29.Molina 1977: IoIíd 125r "Tlanacaiqinfc miniitnis y seiuidoRS de k»
bitumenlilee soil that hardens to a firm conaiatency,*' HâaMi, lenphM de ks ydoles^' (minisien and semnls of d» temples of the idols).
THE DAILY LIFE YEAK TO TEAR / FOLIO 181
}0. Sinóm 1963:694 "Xioolli. YélanaN, oonagt, jaquette «rétofle peintt 52. NidioliOBl9»:148.
que pomícni dai» les offices les ministres des idotes" (clothing, v<est. jacket 53. Seler 1960-1961 2:676-677.
of ptinted eiodi worn by the ministers of the idols in the oflkes). See also 54. In addition to gourd rattles, Sahagün (1950-1982 1:17) mentions bone
Anawalt 1981; 41. rasps and turtle-shell dnnnB.
M. Anawalt 1976. 55. Ibid. 10:39.
i: Aiuwalt 19H1 -K., dun (. 56. Ihid. 2: H^-Wi.
33. Molina 1977. folio 147r " Tlemaid. badir de barro, o cosa témeme pan 57. Duran 1964: 1"8. .Mso in Duran 1967 2:300.
Ucuar lumbre" (shovel of clay, or something simitar for carrjing fire). From 58. Durán 1971 290.
I47v "TleiL fuego" (lire) and SIv "MayiL mano" (hand). Thus tttmnticm be 59. Depictions of the horizontal drum beuig played can be found ia Gidisr
mote liNnU)rinntkiedM "lire hand." Tbewoid iAMwitflsiniiiliieda»*iii- AU^Mtdnmt 1970: folio 82r, CoJtx Tiukk 1980: folio 66r. and 5ahag«n
ccoK ladle" in the oomeic of ¡Dceminc cewmoiiiea by SnUivaii in Primav 1950-1982 I: plan 27 (1979 1: folio 6r).
hbmmida: diap. 1, par. } and Andenon and Dibble in Sahagdn I9S0-' 60. Seler 1960-1961 2:676-677 'Ofanitl." From MoUna 1977: feKo 76r
1982 Bi<2-6}. See also DurJn 1971 119. "CHli. dcrta goma dc afbobf meddml, dc que haien pdotas para jugar con
Abo, Molina 1977: folio 32v "Tlapopochuiloni. incensario" (censer, thu-
1 las nalgas" (certain mcdídnal gam fnun trees from whkh they make balb for
rible) \1nlin rii i lii .i ti. between an incense ladle and an incensarie.
. 1 1 ii playing with the buttocks). The "goma" referred to by Molina is rubber. .\l50,
r»i> tcrcii-. whiLÍi .irc it jt sviiurunujus. .'\n mcemario is constructed differently, 51 V "Maytl. mano" (hand). Thus ol/i + mayll = olnuiti or "rubber hand."
lacbnp the long handle. f<\. Sclcr 1960-1961 2:676-677.
34. Sec Paiztory 1983: colorplaie 69 tur an example oía pre-Hispanic in- 62 Molina 1977: folio 22v "Citlalin. estrella" (star).
cense ladle. 63. Codex Uuil 1966: 11. 15.
35. Codfx Borhmiaa 1974:7, 12 13,21,26. 64. Codex he/eJ-i

'
iiry-Mayer 197 1 : 36.
36. For examples of inceiBC burners, see Codex MagUtbccbiatto 1970: folio 65. Ibid.:3.
87r; CM» TtUUa 1960: folio 7}r. Mnrar 1926: tomnfu UI. VI, MwnUb 66. Pnmtns Memoriales 1926: estampa XII.
X. Xli GUkc KakmmA 1979: fofio 5Sr, SahagiaB 19S0^1982 7t plate 18; ft 67. Molina 1977: folio lOv "Câcajctli. escalerillas de cablas para licuar algo
platts 9). 94(1979, 7: foUo 21nft Íblioa46r,4«0! CiJaCafi 1968:12-13 atuett as el tameme" (small ladders of bosids for carryíiig aomcihing on the
obrcrer, and Cadbr Bergia 1976: 18. aboaldent of a ponei).
37. .Molina 1977: folio 1 59r "JOquipiliL ooatal, talega, allbfja. O bolaa" (tack, 68. Sah^ 1950-1982 6:17.
'
bag, wallet, purse, or pouch). 69. Ibid. 6:184.
38. Sahagün 1950- 1982 2 ; 164; 8:62-63. 70. Ihid. 6:23'^
39. For cxatiipk^ <j(" iiKen<.f bags, see Gtder Borhnnuu-, 1974:4. 7, 12, 16, 18, 7 1 . 0>Jex Mmd'KJ- folio 42r.
20 22; CoJrx \lj-î:u-h,h:jno 1970: folio 63 r, 7''r: CoJtA TuJeh I'^HO folio 72 .Molina I9~~ f .Uu UHv "TeputaopilU. ian(a o venablo de momero^'
51r; Prnntra. Mfnt'inîit! 19j6: estampas I. X, XI, Caiirx I'arimnusA 1979: folio (lancc/spcar or huntsman'^ javelin).
34r; Cadtx Ttih ' u ,:, -R,-!fiensu 1964- 1967: folios 37v, 39r, Codix Land 1966: 1, 73. Motolinia 19^ :348.
15D; Codex Caspi 196K:9-13 obverse: and C.adtx Borgú 1976:51. 74. Sahagiin 1950-19h2 2; 134-135.
40. Molina 1977: folio 18r "Ccnxiquipilli ckHo mil" (e%ilt thousand). This passage uses two Náhuatl terms, mitl and iLcochih. which are trans-
41. Cukx mtnm^tmmk 1964-1967: (¡olio j9r. lated by Anderson and Dibble as "âr." Molina 1977, however, defines both
42. Molma l977:iblw36**^fliBi»MiLcriÉbKjlkbciTi«aM of dicie aa "arrow." Tide piange may dietcCoR rebtt to the maktag of both
gonni). SahagúnV (1950-1982 2:119-, 8:62-63) iclcieiicet M> tfrtRmi are apean and arrawi.
by Andenon and Dibble as Ida tobáceo gounl." It appcaia diat
translated 75. MoBfla 1977; folio 147v Tlcqmuid. anifido de palo para sacar foego^ o
"bumpy litde gaimlii"«eniheiypeiiaed by theAnecaatcomaiiieniobold tinM^ (artifice of wood for taking/drawing otn lire, or firebrand).
tobacco. 76. Ibid.: faUo llOr quauld odennedad o castigo. Metaphora" (sicic<
nr IIJi^cusvi<ln >>f K>baccosM"baafeDcscri|KÍoiH,"fclio66r.
.1
iiess or chastisenient, potiishment, or correction; metaphor), from I07v "Ted.
43 üuran 1971:115-116. piedra, gencralmente" (stone, in general) and 88r "QuauitL arfaol, madero or
44 References lo 'tobaooo gonds^ can be bond in Sahag6n 1950-1982 palo" (tree. wixkI, or piece of wood).
2: 1"!; 8:62-63.
1
77. Seler |9f«-196I 2:934,
<5 Duran 1971 lO.S-106. :
78 .Sahagún 1950-1982 8: pilles 66. 87: 9: piale 22 (1979 8: fofioa 26r. 39n
46. Depictions of tobacco gourds can be found in CimUx Btrtwiiaa 1974:21} 9: folio 21 V).
Codtx MagUabechiano 1970: folio 63r, 7lr. >4r. KSr; Codtx DMl 1980: CbUo 79. Sahagün 1950- I'ík: I():ís-i6.
69r, 76r,Aniem Mtmuiúki 1926: aumfas I, II, 111. V. of Codtx MtnJmt see dupter 8
80. For a discussion of the simplified clothit^
47. JMÜvvMiiiBnefarndd.: dmp. 1, par } (Thdna D. SuMiwa uanilaiioii) in volume 1.

TlCTamaqpiHMl" or 'XMktias oT Fire": Sah^ 19S0- 1982 2: 194 'Tle- 81 Durin 1971:293.
namavdliaaP* or "TIm Ofilariiy of Inceiiie." Dufrfn 1971 183 wea the nrm H2. Sahagün 1950-1982 2:169.
ammtclS §» iMi ccnmoair. (hi* word •* 83. Mol¿a 1977: folio 7lv "Nextmakmi. nauaja pan aieiiar" (razor for trini-
>V Sinfcm (1963:639)
limply as "enoesis i|ue Pan bi^t en llianneiir des dieui^ Onceóse one mingamai^.
burned in honor of the godiX 84wMo(oliaia 1971; 76-77.
4«. Durán 1971:427, 85. Molma I977:fol» ll9r'Tlacod.an,WRÍnGa"(|ddi,iod,sañidi>.
49. Sahapiin 19S0-I982 2:194-195. 86. Ibid.; folio 1 24r "TIalli. tierra, o heredad" (kmi, or asme).
50 Ibid. 7: plate 18 (1979 7: folio 2lr:i. 87. Sahagün 1950-1982 11:252.
I .\lii!in.i 1''"" lülii, " cinmaztli. cierto palo hueco que tañen
y hazen
I
88. Ibid. 11:255,
son cocí ijuando bailan o cjmen" (certain hollow piece of v,\«>i\ that they play 89. Ibid.
and they make sound uith when they dance m sing).

See Culañeda and Mendoza 1933 for foitticr information on the horizon-
nldraa.
182 ' THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6lt
FOLIO 641
CONTENT the red band across his chest.' He also wears duddy qoilted cotton
armor for protection in battle, has the tequihua hairstyle, and is
Polio 64r is die third in die fbnr-lbtío series—62r dirough 65r
shod in sandals, a practice restricted to only the most important of
which presents alternating scenes contrasting the priestly calmeeac
males when they traveled. The pu//ling question is wlwtiier lliif
educatioa with die coaunoners' teôcbuiii training. Nowhere is
warrior and his assistant can really be priests if they lack the diag-
this comparison mon obvious than in the initial episodes of regis-
nostic blood smear and hairstyle shared by all other priests in Cr-
ter 1, folio 64r, and the final scene on folio 63r. In both cases,
dex MenJexM.
youths propel canoes toward tcnqiles in order to make needed
repairs. RtgitUt 2
Register 2 returns the pictorial narrative to aapecia of the com-
Register 1
moners' telpochcalli training. The initial scene ÍS concerned with
The gloss for [he iniual scene reads: "young novice priest in his oommunity service devoted to public works.
canoe, occupied in transporting stone for the repair of the temple." The project is cwersee n by a lord whose high rank is attested
There is also an accompanying gloss for the building toward which both by his noble turquoise blue diadem and the statement of the
the novice moves: "temple called ayaubcali [house of mist)." This gloss: "tectttii or consublc and judge of the lords of Mexico." 'i°he
shrine was dedicated to TIaloc. the fentlit)' deity associated with lord^ assistant, who is identified as "tntendant who serves the
water and uin. teatth as his lil'ûjzil." appe.irs liehind liim.' Rotli .ire sealed on
These mist houses played a particularly important role in the woven reed mats, symbols of authority. The lord and his assistant
celebrations of EtzaleuaHzdl, a festival in honor ofTbioc. The imi- are connected by a dotted line to a wo«)den digging stick, an hnple-
tative magic of some of the rites perfornied in tliese temples is sug- ment synon^nioiis uith h.ird uorL'
gested by Sahagún. As pait of the priests' fasting and penitence The dotted Ime continues to a temple pyramid with what may
during this period, they immersed diemsehws in frigid water. be a decorated banner extendhig from its Afade. The Spaniah
Wl.ilrj Lhuniing about and bejriiii; ilu- uater wirh iheir hands and gloss identifies this building as a Cihtiateocalli (temple ofwOtMn).
teei, the priests, sliivering and quaking with cold, shouted and Sahagún explains that such temples were places of worship for the
made twittering sounds as they mimicked die local birds.' Cihoapipiitin. These goddesses, often referred toas *the celestial
The second scene of registfr is separated from the first by
1 a princesses," were the deified souls of women who had died in child-
vertical line, the only such divider to ajipear in the ethnographic birth. The Cihuapipiltin were angry men and were known to
with
section of Ci^br Menfa» Tlw iinplicition is ifae tetiniiiation <^ do enl to those—even diildren—fbond wandering about near
calmeeac scene, yet the gloss c losc-st to the vertical line reads, "novice crossroads, partinilarly at night. The Aztecs thought it prudent 10
priest goes with the senior priest to war, carrying his gear." The placate these vengeful deities with gifts on their feast day.'
adjacent gloss states, *^rior priest goes to war to encowage and Direcdy below the temple of die Qhuapipiltin is a "road or
"
inspire the warriors, ;ind in jierform ceremonies at rhe hutticfield street withits wooden bridge." This ihoroughf.ire is indic.ited by
While it is true (hat both (he novice —who supports the familiar flootprints, which cross the bridge that spans une of Icnochtitlan's
falne-boiderad shield in his heavily hden carrying doth end hk — many canals. The Spanidi gloaa to thie left reads: "The above
warrior mentor ,ire eonrcd from top to toe with the stMit)' black- drawing indicates that the tectli [sic] is occupied in repairing the
body paint of the priests, something is imiss. Where are their streets and bridges leading to the temple." The maintenance of
priesdy smears of blood in front of the car and their long, tied- pnblic areas was an accepted part of oommunity aetviee in Aztec
back liair? This senior "priest" wears instead the tequibm warrior societ)'. Such tasks were among those regularly perfianned by
liairstyle. In contrast, all the priest-warriors on the subsequent fo- youths as part of their training."
lio 65r wear their hair in the traditional priesdy manner. Immediately adjacent to the ¡uxtaporition of the Cih-.utp:p:kin
That the male on the far right of register is an important war- I goddesses' temple and the bridge that crosses the canal is the hrst
rior is not in doubt; he carries a shield, a bpcar, aiui perlups hid- — of seven warrior scenes.' The vignettes depict both the captives
den Iqr die shield—a spear du«>wer attached to t letdter ooid; note aiid the martial paiq)hernaUa associated wilii a warrior at progres-
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 64T ' 183
úvc stages of a successful career. These seven scenes reflect die colors." The newly proven warrior now had earned the right to
primary and ultimate goal of tclpoihcalli training: the VCneorion of wear clothing with designs."
WBliare, a major theme of Aztec culture. On folio 64r, an orange cape with a striped border is attached
If one is falty to undentand the complex social and religions not to the first but to die second warrior grade; the hiidal rank
rale played by the Imii.ins' flamhoyanr hatrle attire má the «ibsc- receives instead i flowered cape. N'otc, too. that this one-prisoner
qoent tate of the depicted captives, the ideology underlying their vahant appears in the same style of simple quilted cotton armor
wbiAk and its atiendam faoflñi sacrifice innat be eoncidefcd. This wom by his captive. Both also carry undecorated shields and iden-
philosophy was, in p:irt. die result of the heavy spiritual burden tical obsidian-lMjnIcrtd war cliilis.'^ The warrior holds the pris-
cankd by the Aztecs. oner by a clump of hair from the top of his head. The captive is
Aldmu^ die Indians of Mesoamerica certainly ntifized military thus feroed down mto a subservient poaitioa, the posture em-
aggression as a means of territorial expansion," they also viewed ployed m the Aztec pictorials to denote the canquered."
war as a sacred duty that was in accord with the will of their gods."
The Aztecs felt paiticulariy responsible fer the contímiatíon of the
universe because they considered themselves the suns chosen chil-
TWO-CAPnVC WARRIOR
dren. They believed, as did many ancient peoples, that the birth of
the son was the most important act of the divine beings that cre- The gloss reads. This warrior, for having captured two enemies,
ated their world. In order to have the strength necessary to hrin^ was given the style of warrior costume he is wearing, alont^ with
light and warmth to each new day, the sun, as well as the other the square oi^nge manta with a red border, as a sign of his brav-
gods in (he Azncsi' crowded pmdieon, had to be nourished con- ety." Apparently an additional reward was die right to wear sandals
rinually widi the nwsc sacred of all foods, the beam and blood of onto the baidefield; the following four warriors also have them.
humans. The two-prisoner warrior wears the tuexttcal costume, which
Althoug^h autosacrifice was the most oommon form of blood was probably adopted by the Aztecs after die emperor Aaayacatl^
oRerinj;, the ritual sacrificing of humans was the most holy. Over- victories in die Huaxtec region during his reign (I46S-14S!) "
whelmmgly, the greatest number of sacrificial victims were cap- One of the di^nostic costume traits of that northern Gulf coast
tured warriors. Indeed, one of the pmpoaes of the Aztecs' con- area was the a^,*'* a pointed, cone-shaped cap often seen on an-
tinual warfare was the taking of captives in Older subseqoendy to cient Hua.vtec stone sculpture.'" This headgear is a regular feature
offer them up to the gods/" of the rwixmv/// warrior attire. .Another traditional trait of this cos-
The twelve warrior-prisoner scenes of folios 64r and 65r reflect tume is the short, parallel black lines that adorn the body of the
both the sacred and profane nature of Aztec warfare. \pnipf)s of leathered warrior suit, as well as its shield. Sahagiin refers to these
the former, note that eacli ot liie captors is drawn with an identical bars as "hawk scratches." I he iuexiecail costume's ear ornaments
'
'
speech scroll, an indication that a formalized statement imme- are fillets of unspun cotton, an attribute of one of the most power-
accompanied the taking of ful deities among the Huaxtecs, their mother goddess.
'
diately a prisoner. Sahagiin confirms

this. When a warrior was seized, the captor uttered the words, "He The captive of the two-prisoner rank is carrying an unadorned
is as my beloved son"; the captive responded, "He is my beloved shield and a pointed battle stick, like that of the ttfuikw warrior of
father."" Sahagiin gives the impression that once this exchange folio 62r.
took place the prisoner stoically aocq>ted his pending fate: death
TFJREE-CAPTIVE \V.\RR|OR
on the sacrificial stone. However* die Straggling of dw iwdve cap-
tives of CeJex Mendoza indicates a more pragmaric response to The gloss reads, "This warrior (receives] the .style (of warrior cos-
Aztec expansion. Each prisoner writhes under the dominance of tume] he is wearing and worked manta as a sign that he
this rich
his captor; oonqueat is seldom popular with the oompiered. has captured three enemies in batde.**The costume consists of a
longer version of the quilted armor io>gether with a paâM—
ONE-CAPTIVE WAMUOR —
butteffly back device. The warrioi^ accompanv-mg Tnanttr h dec-
The initial level of the seven ranks through w hich a warrior could oraied with the wind ornament design, yixticoTiayn. a motif i<lcnti-
pass in die course of a successful career is pictured on the right side fied with Ehecad, the wind god. This cape has the prestigious ttn-
of register 2. The gloss reads, "A youth, who captured one fwar- ¿9»—"eyes on the edge"—border assodaied with die capridous
rior" :n b itile, was given a manta of flower style, as in this square, .\ztcc god Tezcatlipoca.-' Tlie captive carries a bfaw-bordercd
as a sign of bravery." Note that each of the first (our warrior grades shield and an obsidian-studded war club.
has next to it a square indicaling a cape. These amtn were recoge Sahagún reports that the three-prisoner rank established a war-
nition of the wearer's achieved rank, anemblem of honor that the rior as a master of youths."
warrior could don for ritual occasions, when not attired in his
FOUR-CAPTIVE WARRIOR
battle array." The cloaks obviously played a very i mpomat social
role; when Sahagún discusses the ranks of the fiehtine men, his The gloss reads, "This warrior [receives) the suit- ofwarrior íds-
reference is only to these capes, not to the feathered bacde costume he is wearing and this square manta of two stripes ot black
iMmes themselves. and orange with its border in honor of havii^ captured four ene-
Sahagún dcscrihcs a warrior hierarchy quite similar to that of mies in battle." The warrior wears a ¡aguar cosntmc, complete
folio 64r. He states that it was only after a young man had taken a with animal-head helmet. He carries the cuexyo shield, which is
captive unaided by others that he tnily could begin a ibrmal career deooiated with four Huaxtec nose ornaments. The attendant cape
as a warrior. At that time the ruler irranted him specific insignia as is the mnraM^RfiH^-diagonslly-divided —mande with a imixfo
acknowiedgmeni of his prowess. For liie capture of one prisoner, he border.
received an orange cape with a striped border, a .scorpion-knotted The jaguar warrior's captive carries an unadorned shield and an
deaign cape, a caroiine-colond loiiicloth, aiid a loindinh *'of inaiiy ofaaidtan-aoidded war club. He and the two remaining captives all
184 * THE DAILY LIFE TEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6^T

GopyrighteKl material
wear tusklikc cuncd labrets, associated with some of the most the Otomi Indians from the nigged and less inhabited desert and
sought-sfter of the Aztecs* captives,dme from Huexotzinco." mountain areas north of the Valley of Mexico. The men of this
Sahagún se» [he high value of such prisoners in perspective ethnic group, although sometimes maligned," were considered to
when he says the capture of six, seven, or even len Huaxtecs con* be fierce warriois. This may have been the inspiration for the
ferred no particular renown, whereas captives from Huexotzinco, name of the Aztecs' Otomi rank, which was like a knightly order,
Ailixco, or Tliliuhquitepec brought great honor." These three available only through achievement.
groups were all independent polities located in the Tlaxcala-Puebla These Otomi had a distinctive hairstyle. The arrangement of an
Basin, adjacent to the Valley of Mexico, lb the expanskm-minded Aztec wanriodi hair was as important to his identity as his bstde
Aztecs, the defiant autonomy of these frustrating nearby neighbors attire." The Otomi of register 4 wears his hair in a special manner;
may account in part tor the desirability of theiT fighting men as his topknot is tied with a white rather than red tcytuîu-type band,
captives. and the hair is worn longer in hade tiian the teqwtnu style. He cai^
Rcrunung to ilu- |:!eu.ir wiirriors. Duran speaks of the respect in rics a pointed liattic st'< k ukI ,• shield that is a variant of the nif.no
which tliey — and their close as&ooaces, eagle warriors — were held, style. The warrior's yellow earplugs and yellow bonelike labret are
equating dieircoorage, valor, and feradty with that of ifaefa' name- the only ones of this kind found in Coiix Mauhza. Ahfaongh both
sakes in the animal world." Durán also relates the honois these ornaments arc the colr)r of gold, it is doubtfol diat they were actu^
vrarnors received and the influence they had m the oooncOaof war. ally made of th u pn t ious metal."
He states that the fagnan and eagles were the fighting men die
'"
QUACHIC WAKKIOK
sovereigns most loved and esteemed .
no eagle warriors appear in Qmüx Membu.

It is piHgling that accounts for the name
It is this warrior's distinctive hairstyle that
Cenainiy there is no question but that such coatumes were worn." QutAk, 'Hhe diom one." Duiio says die Quachic rank was at-
A pair of magnificent litc-sizc ceramic figtircv of eagli- wirrrors more than nvenn,' deeds and
tained only after a warrior petfbfined
have been recovered from the Icmpio Mayor excavation in Mex- brave acts. The warrior's head was then "shorn" with a blade, leav-
ico Qty." mg only a single lock of hair above the left ear.** Sahagún, while
discussing the reckless behavior of these fighting men, implies that
Repst€r4
the need to live up to the legendary bravery of the Quachic rank
The two warriors in batde apparel on register 4 each represent a caused the warriors to become afallOSt Crazed In battle.''
rank particularly noted for Outstanding bravery and recklessness in The Quachic of folio 64r wears an undeooratcd yellow feather
battle. The first gloss reads. bod>'5uit, a white shell necklace, white earplugs, and a distinctive
back device; he carries a xicalcolhibqui shield, the second most

This warrior, wearing this style uf warrior costume, is sur-
common Aztec shield style in Codex Mendoza. •* The Spanish gloss
nuned etonti because of his bravery in capturing in battle
mentions that this warrior fought in wars with Huexotzinco, and
five or six enemies. This warrior is the s-imc as the one
indeed his captive wears the labret associated with that area, as do
above who began by capturing one enemy in battle, and by
the prisoners of the preoediiig two warrior ranks.
riling rank by rank he lias dimbed lo diis nnk.
TI.AC.\TF.CATL WARRIOR
•Mrhduuh the ploss refers to the warrior as "surnamed otonti,"
based on the information presented bdow, "Otomi" seems in- The ñnal gloss on folio 64r reads, "This wwrior, called tlaatttaiti,
tended and henceforth will be used. with the style of clothing he is wearing and his device of rich feath-
The second gkn leadi, 'This warrior, called ptachk, wears dus ers, shows that in war he has performed all the bcBve deeds of the
sty le of warrior costume. It shows that in the war with Huexo- above (warriors] and has a higher rank as a warrfor and famous
tzinco and in other wars he has captured a great many enemies." person than the above." Sahagún trandates the Thctttaid title as
The term "Quachic" is translated in the sources as "the shorn "Commanding General" and says the duties of this military leader
ones." a tide reflected in die hairstyle of the warrior. involved all the responsibilities of warfare. It was the TUuattatti
The high regard in which these two Aztec warrior ranks were who devised the initial planning strategy of a campaign, followed
held is made clear in an analogy used by Sahagun's Indian inftir- by the provisioning, routing, supcn ision, and, finally, the orches-
mants when recounting the marching order of the conquistadors tration of the ensuing batdcs.'' This Commanding General will
as they first entered Tenoditidan. The Spanish cominander had appear again on folio 67r, in foil, magnificent military attire.
closest to him his bravest men. "who were like [our] shorn «mes Duran translates TltaUeaiH as "Man-Cutter" or ".\lan-
(QuachicJ, like (our] Otomi [warriors]; the strong ones, the in- Slashcr." I Ic also lists this tide as one of the members of the Su-
trepid ones, the mainstay, the support of the state; its soul, its preme CouncH of four advisen to the Aztec niler.**
foundation." Here, on folio 64r. the highly esteemed Thiiat,\:it! is .irrayeii in
Pressure was placed on these two warrior groups to be particu- a red cape decorated with the important tenixyo border. 1 lis tequi-
larly valiant in batde. Sahagún speaks of the Otomi and Quachic bm hairstyle is bound with a pumUiÛm, the prestigious head-
warriors fighting in pairs. Should one Ik kilkii in hartU- niid band adorned w ith two quct7:.il feather tassels. The Tlticiiteattl also
companion turn tail and flee, the emperor would have the coward wears a very long yellow labret, which was probably made of
tracked down and puaiili«d.'* Such wurior lost his place in tlie yellow amber bound in gold.'*' Note that although he is a very im-
prc'stikHous Ea^ House and was henceforth confined, in di^race, portant diirnitary. the Tlacatecatt does not wear sandals. In Codex
to his home. Mendoza, it is only high-status males on a journey who are shod:
estaUisbed warriofs in batde gear and the emperor^ ennssaries on
OIOMI VV AKKIOK
a special missfon.*'
The impression gained from Sahuguii and lJuran is tiiac the le-
nochtidan warrior rank of Otomf was filled fay local men, not by
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FULIU • 185

IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS cotton armor: ubcahmptUi-'
Quilled coccon armor was the pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican In-
dians' basic martial apparel. Tlianks to detailed descriptions of six
rocfcifrf« Aztec officers' complete batrie array, we can deduce that the pro-
Sahagún describes various kinds tective idiaUmipiUi was probably always worn under the flamboy-
of n>ck used by die Aztecs, some
ant —but vulnerable — feathered warrior suits/*
into various shapes. Of Primeros MemonaUs cunuins a description of how one st)'le of
the twenty-four varieties men- cotton armor was made: "The padded cotton shirt: It is made in
tioned, five, by virtue of their
this manner: Unspnn rnr'on is cnvclnpcd in cloth, to which it is
porrabiliry. cotdd malee up the stitched. It is edged with leather. It also has leather thongs.""
load of a canoe destined for the
A Spanish gloss that accompanies an illustration of an ichcalnu-
repair of a temple. Two types pilti in Codex V'atkanusA testifies to the effectiveness of the indige-
of Tenaynca white stone are nous armor. The text states that the Spaniards adopted this ty'pc of
menrioned, as well as slate, cob-
from the Aztecs because artows that could penetrate
battle attire
bles, and a rough, porous type of stone called ttpttlatt*^ Another the strongest coat of mail, and even some cuiiasses, could not
possibility as the canoed caijo wmld be tamák a jaapolike, red- penetrate the "escauiples."
'*
dish v< >k anicatone fnqventlyaied in both pre- and post-Qinqiwat Examples of cocion atmor can be found in the majority <rf Aztec
buildings."
pictorials."
"House of Mist"
sandals: catiJi^^
DO QDia "house of mist": ayauhaiUi*^ As with most other items of Aztec wearing a[ârel, sandals re-
J Cadex Btrbtmaa contains four defnctions flected the sharply stratified nature of Indian society. Commoners
of mountainiop Tlaloc temples— each with onh
could wear of woven reeds, and those only on the
sandals
the rain god, Tlaloc, seated within — almost highways." Elegant skin sandals were the prerogative of those to
identical to the "home of mist" on feUo whom Darin rîs as diieft and knights, but even diey had to ap-
61 r " N'ii hdls'iri points our rhat these Tlaloc
pear barefoot in temples and before their emperor.'" Taking away
shrines were built cither atop hills or beside lakes, 3S is the foliu
the right to wear the sandals of the nobility was one of the punish-
64reianq>le. In diber location, die typical deooratioa of their roof ments for errant officers."
£itades was a series—tisnally four—of wide vertical bhw stripes.*' In the Aztec piaorials, women are not shown in sandals, al-
"Priest" Warrior though some goddesses are described as wearing them. For ex-
Itzcuintli, had a
ample, the goddess of the lapidaries, Chiconahui
pointed spear; tepuztopiUi" pair of red sandals with a design of obsidian serpents on them. Ap-
The spear carried by the "priest" war- propriately, they were known as her obsidian sandals.*^ The god-
rior lacks inlaid obsidian blulcs. [mt
dess of the feadterwotlcers, Xiuhtfani, had sandals "everywhere
aside from that It is identical to the
sprinkled with diverse precious feathers.""
spear described under the "Image De- Just as goddesses had distinctive footwear, so too did gods.
scriptions" of folio 6 Jr. Some of the deities are repoited to have worn "foam sandak,"
According to Sahagún's account of which evidently received their frothy appearance from fluffs of raw
the ntual nuking of spears, the shafts cotton worked into the side pieces and forming the tassels and
were composed of tightly bound reeds thongs.** One such pah* is described as being tied with "down
or canes; the points were nude of oak.^ feather" laces, another is reported to ha\o haH preen Tr>c<;
The imperld tribute finom the prawinee Sandals were made in a wide varier\ ot materials and colors,
of Tepeacac, on folio 42 r of CaitxMm- some reflecting ethnic divenity. For example, the Chichimec no-
daot contains two sets of such canes. mads of the northern deserts wore sandals of yucra or palm leaves.*'
The accompanying gloss states tiiat one set is to be made into ar- Indeed, the appearance ot such sandals on the roadways of Te-
rows; peifaaps the other was lo be 6shioaed into spears. nochtidan implied that a Chichimec had just arrived in the city
from the uncivilized desens to the north.'^ In contrast, the sandals

spear throwcR atíad^ of the .Aztecs' much-revered predecessors, the Toltecs, are re-
The "priest" w arrior's shield obscures whatever is
ported to have been painted slqr blue, an esteemed color.*' Among
attached to the lower end of the red band across the historical Olmeca —a remnant of the Toltecs, according to Sa-
his chest The implication is a leather thong wfaidi hagún — women did wear sandals, and the men went about in "pre-
supports a spear throw er, the inlatl.
cious" rubber sandals.'''
Durin, describing an idol of the god I'ezcadi-
As in all aspects of Aztec society, there was a proper and im-
poca. says, "In his right hand he held a spear, at- proper way of wearing one's sandals. Sahagún, when commenting
tached by a leather thong, in a threatening attinnk- H:s arm waa on slovenly dressing, gives as an example the flamboyant, reckless
atended in such a way that he seemed ready to throw his atlad."" Quachic warrion. Their sandals are described as too wide and very
A sectian of the Pt imm Mamrkitt contains a definition of an graceless, with ocoeasively long thongs and straps that dragged
at¡at¡: "The Spear-Thrower: It is fashioned from a thick, long
[piece of woodj. It has ñight feathers; copper is at the tip. They
hnrled it with liie piece of wood.""
186 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6^T
Turquoise Diadem were linked together by a system of smaller connector canals. The
crossfa^ of diese waterways formed long, rectangular hod areas
turquoise diadem: xiubuitzeüi'^
throughout the dty. To this grid was adapted .i regular pattern of
The turquoise diadem was the Aztec symbol of no-
aeoondaiy streets and canals, ananged at right angles to the east-
and pmicr. Each of tfae sequential Aztec em-
bility
west izia flif lenochtitlan.*'
peion k diown wearing the xhtbttiizoW in the sec-
tion of the Fhnnthu CoJrx depicting the Icings.^'
Sahagún also equates the xiuhuitzoBi with supreme

bridge: quappantii'*
authority in a prayer for a new rulen "And imy he
Tlie island city of Tenochtitlan was
not blemish, not besmirch . . . thy rule. For thou hast placed
linked to the mainland surround-
(i jiiiientl ... on his head; for he hath taken the peaked cap, the
ing Lake Texcoco by four major
turquoise diadem."'* A xtubuitzolii, listed among the loot stolen
causeways.** These thoroughfares were necessarily interspersed
from Motecuhzoma*$ storehouse by the Spaniards, is described
with bridge-covered openings to allow water to pass from one port
as "the niri)ii()isc vh.uk in, the attriburi' ot thi- nilrr."" The hliic
of the lake to another.
diadem is also used throuîout Codex Mendoza as an ideograph
There were also bridges within the cit)- itself. Cortés speaks of
(or tettibdi (noble). The repeated appearance of this image In
Tenochtidan's system of interlocking streets, canals, and bridges.
gkphs in iii u(-s how doeely it was tied to the concepts of power
'
He describes the main thoroughfares as being very straight and
and hipli r.mk.
wide, where ,is the '•rii.illcr roiidu.u'- were h,iU street .md h.dt c.in.il.
It was through the latter that the canoes were paddled. All these
'
canal/streets had openings to iDow the water to ñcm from one wa-
digging stick: btuctii
terway to the next. Tlie spanning bridges were wide and cDr.srnicteii
The digging stick was one of the Aztecs' essential agricol*
of long, sturdy, and ñrmly joined beams. Cortés maintains that
tural tn<i!v Ir therefore not surprising; that depictions of it
ti over some of these stout spans ten hoisemen conld ride abreast.**
appear repeatedly in the Aztec pictorials.
Road
road: «Mr**
E Of die seven dilferent t^^K-s
listed hf Sahagún, the most appro-
of roads
priate to folio (Mr is die dewiption

"temple ot women": cibuaieoaM'"
of the main road. Such thoroughfares were said to be like paved
In adtUtkm n> diis templet glost on folio Mr, a
highroads: wide, broad, and clean, but nonetheless pitted and full
pictorial feature fiirther identifitN the j)\T.irnid
of holes."
shrine as belonging to the Cihuapipiltin, the god-
The roads and streets of Tenochtitlan were generally liustling,
desses believed to lurk at crossroads waiting to do
busy thoroughfares. I his is apparent in the Indians' account of the
harm to \va\-farcrs. espccialh- men. .\n idcocram suggesting a large
mood of the city after Emperor .Motecuhzoma had commanded
banner or screamer is attached to the shrine's ta<;adc. Sahagün rc-
that one of the main access roads be closed so the Spaniards c<Juld
ports that streamers made of paper and decorated with liquid rub-
not use It to enter l enochutlan. Suddenly the city lay quiet, with
ber were part of the offcrinL"^ in these temples.'" On the folio Mr
none of the populace^ usual conungs and goings. The crowds and
temple ideogram the rwo columns of i-shaped markings mdicate
their tlirtcr ceased, children no longer scurried abotit. and the
pa|H:r. Paper streamers decorated in this same manner are shown
eitipiied roadwa)'$ now appeared »i midday as they usually did only
in Codex Borb'jiiictiy in a scene wbt-rc the fertility gfnldess, Teteoin-
nan, wears both cotton fillets— decorated with w-shaped mark-
ings and paper streamers, identified with r-shaped designs." Co- One-Qiptive IVarrivr
dex Mendoza makes this same ioonogtaphic distinction between
club: maifuahuitl'"
cotton and paper items.
The Primeros Memoriaia provides a de-
CamU scription of how these war dubs were
made. "The war club; A piece of oak is
canal: íM¡piazt&'**
cut into a board. It is well-finished.
The diy of Tcnnchmlm is cstitna-
Along both sides grooves are cut in
g'^pllr'^ tediohavecoveredsome2,500acres,
which are set obsidian or flintstone
an area tmufoniwd over a period
(blades] glued with tunle dung.""
of 200 years into a geooietrical networic of canala and raised
earthworks."
shield: Jmuttr*
Although no map of prc-Cionquest TencKhtidan has yet come
This undecorated shield of woven
t(j liirhi, some details are known about the physicil rh.ir u tcnsries
reeds has no spedfic name. However,
ot the Aztecs' capital city. Thanks to the work of the ethnohis-
a similar shield is depicted in the
torian Edward Cabwk, the layout of die principal urban waterways
Lienzo de Tlaxcala" and also in the tribute section of Codex
has been determined. Of the si.v major canids th.u sn f.ir iiiu e been
identified, one extended south to Lake Xochinuico. 1 he other five
flowed thnHigh die dty from west to east, some (or possibly all)
originating at mainland rivers m the west. These prindpal canals
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO i>4r • 187
Copyriytiico inaierial
One-Captive Manta sume the flesh of his captive: "He said, 'Shall 1 perchance eat my
very selP"* A warrior could, however, eat the flesh of a relative^
manta: tilmatii^
sacrificial war prisoner."*
The flowered manta tmided the one-captive war-
The question of exacdy which pons of the body were consumed
rior cannot be ídentíJied by name. In rhe Flurentinc
remains a mystery. Bemal Diaz del Castillo states that only the
Cadtx, it also occurs on three rulers of Texcoco,*'
feet,arms, and legs were eaten. "~ However, since neither he nor
tno mien of Huexotla,'" judges,'" and warriors.* In addition, two
any of the odier conquistadors ever attended a human sacrifice
noblewomen arc shown wearing this motif.'* Howc\'cr, a very
utdess it was dieir own— his reports are based upon hearsay. Diaz,
similar design also appears on the buipiUi of a harlot '"" and the
a questionable source at best, further insists that the torsos were
cape of a procurer.'** This association of a prestigious desi^ni motif
not eaten but rather thrown to the beasts in Motecuhzoma's zoo.""
with unsavory social types challenges the Aztecs* mvnh v.uintcd
As the modem historian Nigel D.i\ies points out, this explanation
sumptuary laws. These regulations, reported by the early chron-
seems itnplausihie. All the si.xteenth-century reports make it clear
iclers K> have tighdy controlled the apparel of eadi class,**" appear
that at the time of sacrifice, the viaim symbolically became the
to have been greatly exaggerated. .V dct.iilcd study in the primary
god or goddess to whom he or she was oflered. Therefore, the
aottfcea of who was wearing wliai nukes it clear chat the lower
feeding of a deity impersonator's body to animal» could well have
cbases were hr more colorfnlly dressed than the sumptuary laws
been considered a blasphemy.'"
would indicate. The descriptions of these edicts, which come tlowTi
to us from the post-Conquest sixteenth-century Indian informants, T'ii'o- Captive 1 1 ¡irnvr
obviously represent an idealized image of the military and political
Huaxtec warrior costume:
order in prc-Conqucst Tcnochtitlan. .\s such, the recorded sump-
tntxttiotl'"
tuary laws appear to reflect i creed far more than the reality."*'
The battle .itiiru iiuisi fre-
CítptiíCí quently pictured in the .Aztec

imperial tribute rolls is the
captive: maUt^'^
cuextecati (Huaxtec) warrior
Captives taken in battle were used
costume. Perhaps this particu-
.IS sacrificial offerings to propitiate
lar apparel was so much in de-
the numerous deities of the crowded
mand because it was the "en-
Anee pantheon. Many of these pris-
try-level" elaborated warrior
oners were sacrificed durinu' the dra-
costume; according to folio 64r
matic ceremonies coimected with
of Cndex Mcndnza. the tuexte-
each of the eighteen monthly feasts.
.Most captives dit'd on the sacrifici.il
ml is the initial feather attire
awarded a warrior after he has
Stone, chests cut open and pulsating
taken his sccnnd captive in
hearts immediately extracted to ofler
batde. Nineteen culturally and
to the insatiable gods.
geognqdiically diverse provinces—aMMngh, straiêly, not that of
iMention has already been made
the Huaxtec rcginn sent this style of wairior costume as tribute
OÍ the formalized verbal exchange
to the ¿\ztcc imperial capital.'
between victor and vanquished; their
The costumed diagnostic features, already discussed under the
bond is likened by Sahagun to that
"Cof icnt" vi'ction of folio (Ax, include the pointeii hat, unspun-
of a fi»her and soa*"' This emo-
coituii car urnaiiients, and a widely spaced, overall decoration of
tional link extended even beyond the
short, black parallel lines. The atextetati costume appears in the
death of the captive, as is c-viilcnt
tribute rolls in red. white, blue, and yellow.
in the captor's behavior during the
subsequent ritual cannibalistic feast.
Huaxtec shield: cuexyo variant 1>
Following the prisoner^ sacrifice,

The shield worn with the folio 64r cuextecati costume is one of four
his body was rou|^ rolled down
appears in
variants of the auxye; this particular shield design also
the smp (tepa of the pyramid Mm- four other Aztec pictoriak.'"
pie and carried away by the old men
of the captor's ralptü/i. Subscquendy, Two-Q^tive Wariar Manta
at the captor'shome, the body was
two-captive warrior tnanta
cutnpand the pieces portioned out"**
Folio 64r's image of the two-captive warrior's un-
After a thigh was sent to the em-
decorated manta accords «rith Sahagún's descrip-
peror, the ritual stew tlacatkmUi""
tion of a one-captive warriiir'> orange cape with a ^mpeii imrJer."'
was prepared of dried mañee and
The only other Codex Mendoza capes resembUng the orange two-
strips of the dead captiv e's flesh. The
captive warrior manta are found cm register 3 of the following fo-
blood relatives of the captor were in-
lio, 65r. Thc-c litter cipc with rnntriKtingbordefs, however, are
vited to partake of this sacred dislu
red and yellow rather than red and orange.
an act Sahagún reports caused the
partidpanis to be considered gods.
The capHW', however, did not con-
188 THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO

Thm-Q^th/e Wtrrkr of a ritual gladiatorial battle heM during tlie Aztec monthly feast of
TIacaxipchualiztIi, .\ prized warrior captive was covered with white
bunerfljr back device: piftM*"
body on which was pasted feather down balls. He was given
paint,
The three-captive warrior wears
a sMeM and a war dub adorned only with the down. The captive
a longer, flared venkm of the
was then tied by the waist to the "gladiatorial stone," Here he
qnilted cotton uiuor, rinühr to
had tu defend himself against sume of the iurcmust Aztec jaguar
rhar nf a warrior cicpicrcc! in Codex
warriots» whoae war dubs bore cazor^haip obisidan iidaj^. No
Vatuanus /I.'" His back device is
matter how valiant the capdve, the contest^ outcome was sddom
AepapéhtL The tribute section of
indoubt'»
CoJex Mendoza depicts three of
The jaguar warrior of folio 64r carries die tuay shidd, the
these fieather devices,"'' whereas
most prevalent of an the Aztec designs; it appears in six odier Aziec
PrmimirM«M»rMlerlllastrates five
piccorials."*
different versions of this insig-
nia."" A description of the manner Four-Captive IVarrior Manta

of oonstracting several dilfemit
dia^nally divided cloak design: naetsmmfui***
styles of the butterfly device
found in Pnmem MemomiesS-'

can be
H Diagonally divided doaks also appear in the Cnibr
Mendoza tribute section incor{)orating a Tlaioc
I bree-Captivc Warrior Manta monster head or a blue-and-white diaper motif in

one diagonal fidd.'"
"jewel of Ehecatl" design cape: yecaaaayo
An abnoit idenrical cloak to the three-prisoner rank
—
tSmt^ onty the borders differ is identified by — daw back device: xtpiBi"*
the name jwamflQW in the MatriaUa de Trihutof.'"
The OtOOli warrior's costtime
This latter cape, like that of folio 64r, has a inorif of cross sections
consists of an undecorated
of a shell, the unnd-urnainent design assnciated w irh Ouct/ ilm ul
green bodysuit worn with the
in his guise as a wind god>"* The border of che Matrüuia mantle,
cl.iw back device, .in liisit'iiia
however, difierr, it has a fringe of alternating red and white sec-
Style that played a critical role
tions. The Codex Mendoza folio fAr c.ipe has the u-riixyn "eyes on
at one of die most dedsive
the edge" border associated with the capricious god Iczcatlipoca.
events in I lemán Cortcs's con-
The motif of a cross section of a ahdl also appears on a ritual
quest of Mexico, the crucial
minru in CoJex Mu^Hühecbiam, where a gloas attributes the design
battle of Otumba."' The Tlax-
to the deity Tezcaüipoca.'-'
calan pictorial, Lienzo Je Tlax
Four-Capthc lianior cala, prominently features a
daw bade device in both a
jaguar costume: oitioti""
scene of the Onimha battle and
The Aztec term for this warrior
a subsequent illustration in
atrirc, on:- ut tl;c most futnoiis of
which both a TIaxcalan noble,
their battle array, was ocehtJ, the
who holds ;lu' insipnia in his
Nahuad name for tlie iagnar, Rib
hand, and Cortes appear."*
nncir'-' The jaguar— unknown in
the Old World —has a brownish-

Huaxtec shield: cuexyo variant 2
"'
yeUow or buff pelt with bhck spots.
This shield is a variant of the rKcxyo design carried by the jaguar
It is a very impre<^siv<. animal,
warrior on register 3 of folio 64r. The Otomi warrior^ shield has
particularly strong and powerhil,
four crcsLLnr rir \iiuimtrztli designs drawn with tbc uliiirion of
somewhat sioddcr than a leop-
curling waves and circles chat symbolize water. 'I'hroughout the
ard.'-" Fray .Molina, the compiler
Aztec pictorials, this riñeM design occurs only in Cidix Mtndtza,
of a sixteenth-century Spanish-
once here on folio 6-)r.ini! atrain, on foUo 19r,as pan of the tribute
NahtMd dictioiuny, defines aeebtl as "tigre," a term oittn used by
coming from the city of Tlateloioo.
the Spanish chroniclers,'"' In this commentary the established En-
glish convention is followed, hence the term "jaguar" is used. Was
lip plug: tentetl or te(aaitl""
this paiticalar costume created out of the skin of a jaguar, or was it
Sahagún, when discussing the array ot warriors dancing at one of
made of feathers, as were the other colorful warrior SuitS? The evi-
the monthly feasts, states that the Otonu and Quachic wore "lip
dence overwhelmingly indicates the latter.
plugs formed like the broad leaf of a water plant." The lip plug
Jaguar costumes are listed in the tribute section of Cbder Men-
worn on folio 64r, however, looks much more like a bone. Duran
doza in red, blue, ami \ c!lo\s . Since there is no reference to animal
lends support to this conjecture when he reports that warriors who
skins being dyed, tcathcrs must have been used. /Msu, there is evi-
were commoners were only permitted to wear lip plugs, earplugs,
dence that other animal cosmmes were constructed of fieathers:
and nose plugs of bone, wood, and other inferior materials.'^
Primtm Mtnunhalts depicts eight different styles of coy-otc warrior
costumes, each expUcidy described as being made of feather^.""
! )i :iictions of the flamboyant jaguar warrior suit OOCUr in six of
the Aztec pictorials.'" One of the most dramatic contexts is that
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO Ó^V * 189
Quadúc Wánwr Ihnpid.*' The lower ranks, however, had to settle for lesser yellow
nedc bands.'"
Quachic nhorn One") hair-
style: quatbkhicdi TTacatecati
Sohagun's depicaons of the qm-
luir band: ifuetzalLtlpikni'^^
tikbiM hairstyle dífler somewhat
from that of ilu- warrior of folio
A particularly beautiful and detailed ren-
dering of the quetzaHalpUoni hair band is
64r. In ibe Ftormtinc Codex, Qua-
found in Codex Ixtliixocbiti, worn by King
due warriofs are shown with the
Nczahualpilli of Texcoco.'" This pres-
same stiff ridge crest, but the
tigious style of headgear is also shown
âved sides of the head outline a
elsewhere in that pictorial.'"' as well as in
small patch of hair jnst above the
right car This nifr cl(>cs not ap-
the Pi imm Memariala"' and Fkmitíiu
pear on the Quachic warrior of

A quetzallalpihni hair ornament is
folio Mr.
among the imperial tribute from the prov-
mces of Coayxdahuacan (Iblto 43 r) and
Cuedaxdan (folio 49r). The accompany-
ing glosses and commentaries identify this
as a royal insignia.
labret: tenteü or tifaattJ '
Sahagún, when describing how the ralen

banner-type back device: pamiti"*
were arrayed when they danced, speaks of
The Qiiadiic warrior wean an nndecorand bodjnuit together with
device of the pamitl — "banner" —
a long yellow labret of amber in a guld
a ImcIc family. There is ; nnv'.der-
setting.'** This same dongated lip plug is
aUe variation within the "flag*' portion of diis insignia category,
also worn bv the tour liitrnit t-í s •.t regis-
but all îMiitf share a Gonstnictiaiiiimibii^ one to three taM,ver-
tirnl poles to which .ire ;nt.ichcd colorful, stiff feather banners.
ter 4, folio 6Sr. Amber labrets of a different shape appear in CotUx
MeMbt0 as hnperial tribute."*
Four variations of the pamiti style occur in the ethnographic sec-
don of Codex Memhtt on folios 64r, 65r, and 67r—bat none in
cape: tibnatii"''
the tribute section Pamiti back devices slso can be found in five
This is the only example in the Cidar Mmdazv of a red cape with
other Aztec pictorial codices.'**
no deñgn modfodier than a liRi»i)w border.
Although the pmiití bade devices l efeii ed to above were ap-
parenri\' all rrimmeil only with fenthcrs, some of these polc-and-
banner insii^nui were also made uTth ornaments of t:ol(l. .Sueh NOTES
devices are listed by Sahagún as part of the array of gifts sent by
1 Sahagun IQsO-l'JS: 2:81-82.
Motccuhzomn to (Jortés as the conquistadors first approached Tc- Duran 1''^ when discussing liovs' rr.iinmg in iIk' h! ",ir,
2. 1 i . 1 12). .iiI'- speaks
nochtidan. .Among these valuable items were both feathered and lit their b'îng instructed how to cast a spear or dan from it\ ii-athcr thoni».
golden banners. The latter devices particulariy delighted the Span- Leather is often depicted in red m .\itcc pictorials.
iards, who were described by the Indians 8S thirsting mightily for i. A description ot an jlgudzil / acbcauitli (the .Spanish.' Nahii.iti terms for the
same position) appears in Sahagún 1950-1982 i 'î. .
gold: "they stuffed thcmseK-es with it; ifaey starved for it; they
4. Sahagún makes che metaphorical equation of "hard work" with both the
InnedferttlilwpigB.'*'*' dig^ng stick and the lumplinc. The goddess Cihuacuatl was considered '*im
evil omen to men" becauM (he brought ihem the two wofk implemems (jiM.
stepped-(ret shield: xktkoBub^ Mma^** I II ). These same umIs occur ^ún in a metaphor conceraing a bad day sign.
:
warrior carries the second most common One Jaguar, for it tms believed that a nuB bom OD dlis day 'liecame Mme-
The Quachic of the
oiie's digging sddtand nimp line" (ibid. 4:5).
shidds in Codex Mendoza, the xicalaiiabfui, or "stcppcd-fret" de- 5. Ibid.l:l9;2:)7.
sign. This shield is (bund m
seven of the Aztec pictorial codices, ft. Ibtd.3:5«.
almost always ilepicted in vellou .uui green." .Vii actual speci- 7. Tlic ( jhu;ipi]iilriii, ihi- ilcila d mj.iU oI women who had dii i! in i ;-.tldIiir ih,
were particularly assocuTcd u:rh li>cations where roads came lueuthci i.ihid.
men of a xkaicoliubqui shield is still extant in Stuttgart, West
4:107). The iu.vtapositKin ot the goddesses' temple :ii the "LTiissro.id" of a
Germany.'*" path ind can:!! .ind rhf w.irrmr ^;tni^^ is vítv infni^nnü: Women who died in
chililliirrh, thi- í'íiiii.''-iiji;¡.vr-.,'.'jí. were biirird .it the (ahuapipiltin temples.
leather earplugs: tuetiaxnacocbiJi'^' Both their funeral proccs.sioat and their graves had to he very carcíúll y guarded
The Quachic warrior wean the nme tubular, white earplugs as the far fcar the corpse would be mutilated. Aztec warriors believed that there was
magical power oonained in a severed finger or lock of hair cut ftom the body
Commanding General to his right, Tlacattav! Sahagun, when list-
of one ihe Manfaufiwttfiw. These ulisraam eould be mad to panlyse dw
ing items awarded to warriors who had aiuined these higher ranks,
of die wnriors' cncmiet (iUd. ft: 161-161).
fieet
refon to "leather car pfaga." It thus can he aanunod that the ear- 8. See liaae lW3b for a diseÍMiiM of Aane warfue is a tool of enwni inn .
phgs of thcae ranis usually were made of leather. 9. Rw a disoMÍon of the rale of ideology indie rise of die Aateccmpiie, ice
Ctamad and Dcmuctt 1984.
10. Anawak l9B2b;44.
didl neddace: tbipulazeati"' 11. Sahapin 1950-1982 2:54.
Sahaeún, when describing rhc battle array of brave warriors, sa\-s i:. \/.r.>.ilr
they acquired "genuine gastropod shell neck bands, very clear and 13. .Sahagun 1^50-1982 76. Anderson and Dibble translate "camopaltcn-
190 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 64r

oaiijlujui iiiiii niutil coloiblpilli" is ",in <jiíiij;c í-hk «iili i striped border 4.(. Sahagún 1950- |9«2 ll:26.(-265.
and 3 scorpion design to bind on": in actujlit)'. the term coiotUlfitS ttftUtm 44. .Nicholson 1955.
a completely separate cloak design (sec Aiuwali IWO, n.d.). 45. The term i^juAíiry/í appears in Sahapun 195(1- 1982 2:81-82. FromMo-
14. Dcspiu the beginning warrior's hsving }im taken hi.s first prisoner, hi> lina 1977: folio 3r "Apuitl. niebla, neblina, » nuue del ojo" (fog, nÜSt, OT
hair is airead^ arnq(cd in the Mfwift w aiMUMr, dK doud/fiim in the eye)i folio llv "CaUi. casa" (house); thus, «)wiM/(nii>i) +
reservtd for those «Áo had «Ireadf idtra four cfprivM (i^ oA' (house) > ajMaáiBaJSIt, or "ndtt house."
I Í Vote rhit alt the pri«mcrs of folioii Mr mi d'^r ,irc shown in the subser- 46. Codn Bofhmim 1974:24-25, J2, 35.
vient |>i>siiii>n. but with individual vanaduns as each ot these twelve captives 47. Nicholson 1988:82.
struggles to tree himself ot' his captor. 4s. Molin.i |97~: folio I04v "Tepuuopilli. lonfa O vcnaMo de 010010»''
16. Sclcr 19ft<)-l%l 2:606. (lancei spcar or hunter's lavclinl.
17. Sahapin IVSO-I^h: H:\\ 49. Sahapin 1950- |9H: 2 : 1 U- 135.

Seler (1960- 2 4 '6) identifies «¡pi/Zí as being derived from iwn- 50. Molina 1977: ioiio 6r "Atlad. amiento" (««NcnM, "leather strop wound
-f piUi, or "small pot ' 1 k j.so mcntioins that Qavigero and Torqucmada about a dan; which serves to sBng it with greater force" aoeording to Stevens
canfine this headgear with the jcarfwftwlH, or turqnoue diadem (mentioiicd in 1726).
ihta falio^ "Image DeaciiptkinB"), end diet maiqr Menean acholan folkiw 51. Dnrinl97l:109-lia
their eaamfik. Shnion (IMSslllh dimigh citfaf Oaipiiera. deicribea tMi 52. WawarMaawnWIff ltd.: dap. 4, pg. 8^ TíhJimP. Sullivan oanslation.
lieatêar cleaHy in his definition: "CdpilB. Counmne qni ressemhiait i une 53. Molfaia 1977: faUo 32r «Micanipili arnim enkfaadas pan la guem"
mitre ct scrk-ait au couronncment des rois. Flic ctjit h.ii;t<.' ct p iinnic mr Ic (quilted arms for war). Fram kbmd (ootton) and bwifW (tonic).
de>'3nt: Ic dcrricrc pcndait sur le cou "
(crown that rcscmhicd a itutcr and 54. .Vnawalt 1977.
sencil fur chc c<ironjt!()n of kings. It was tail and pointed on the front; die 55. I'rmieros Memorulci n.d.: chap. 4, par. 8, Thelma D. Sullivan translation.
back Icll on the neck). TTicrc vkcrc at least two sty les of cotton armor; the other version wai a
IH. For cvamplcs of the afSB on ancient Huaatec stone sculpniie, see Seler jacket (sec .\na\»alt 1981 jJS-^lt.
1960-1961 2:175-180. 56. Codex l athanus A 1979: folio 57v.
19. Saha^n 1950-1982 8:35. 57. See .\nawalt 1 *'H charts 3 and 4 for depictions of two types of Allec ieft-
1 :
20. This mother goddess is associated with spinning and weaving. Appropri- mimpilhi pages 38-41. 46-49 for discussions of these garment types.
ately, she is regularly depicted with tillen of onspun cotton omamcntiiig her 58. Alalina 1977: folio 1 Ir "Cacrli. cades, o (apatas, sandalias. &c." (sfaocs,
head and can. The dcitjr may have become pan of tiie Aztecs' crowded pan- mndab, etc:). Also, in the Spanisfa-to-Nalniad section, folio }3r "Cutaras de
tiieao iiiDowiiig ihdr Hihxnc vkraries (Aaawilt 1982b). Nicholson, how- ooUcs cauaUeiw, nuy bmlUdas y negias. ytzcscili. tUMc thcueyonilli cacdi"
ever, suggests that she appealed on the oniral plateau even earlier, perfaopa hi (sandals of noble gendemen, veiy burnished and black); 107r 'Sandalias de
TaJtec times. roero crudo, euacactii" (sandals of raw leather), "Sandalias de madera, quaub-
.Vlthough in N'.ihuatl this fcrtilin ¡roildess vi,3s cillcd Tlazoltcotl ("Filth- cacili. vapalcacili" (sandals of urxid), "Sandaltas dc erbofes, oofflo palnus.
Deit>" 1. shi: « is also kmiwn as Ucuina(n), which may have derived from her iotoUaei!!" (sjnd.ils o( trees, like palms).
Hujxtei. n.iiri'. lit W \:.:h<iisun, personal commuiiicatian, June 1988). i'VDuian ITl 200-201.
21. Sec .\n,i«.ill csv.iy. viijumc I. Wl Duran !>ri 20U-2U1; Duran l'^f>4:iil (Duran 1967 2:21 1); Sahagun
22. .S-iMamin P'h: S;76, I'/fO- \W: 8:S'.
2 V "Hut the ciincd labret is associated with the city-state of Huc)iot¿inco is 61. Duran 1964:245 (Duran 1967 2:4él).
evident both in (MÍtx Mmdoza (folio 42r) and in Cedex Teittrmno-Rfmrmii 62. Sahagun 1950-1982 9:79.
(1964-1967: folio 43r), where warriors of that oomimuiity arc depicted 63. Ibid. 9:85.
wearing it, 64. Ibid. 2 :92; 8:62; 9:80; 12 : 12. The Nahuad for font sandals, ^siafavti^
24. Sahagún 1950-1982 8:77. sttms Irom Mtili (sandals) and ^siMf (to foam; Molina 1977:B}i).
25. Dnrán 1971:187-188. 65. Sahagdn 1950-1982 10:173.
2«L Ibid.:l97. 66. Ibid. 9:85.
27. For depictions of eagle costumes in other Aztec picioriab see appendix F. 67. Ibid. 10:169.
column I "Warrior CostumeK The Cadtx Mtadua and Other Aztec Pic- 68. Ibid. 10:188.
torials." volume 1 69. Ihid. 6:123.
2B. Niihidsoii I'iK' :K4 St e also Anawalteanji^vohiine 1, figure 65. ~i' Miilinj ¡Spanish' Náhuatl] folio .>0v "corona ml coo piedras pre-
I
29. Sahagiin i: 40-41. cmsas viuhuit7olli" iroyal cmvm with predous stomcs).
JO. Ibid. H SH 71. Sahai^n 1950 1982 H: plates 1-9, 12 (1979 8: falios lr-2T, 4r).
.U- The ethnic group known is Otunii, dcspiie its repiiicil bravery, was not 72. SahaitOn 1950-1982 6:19.
universally esteemed. Sahagún's informants devote an entire section in book 73. Ibid. 12:49,
10 of the AlmMmr Car^ to disparaging remarks (ibid. 10:178-179). 74. See Becdan's aitidc on glyphs, chapter 7 in volume 1, for a fiillcr discus-
II. The impottance attached 1^' a warrior to his hairst)ic is reflcaed in Sa- sion of the repeated uic of ¿e xMtiittM to denote power.
hagonV account (1950-1982 12 : 92) of a valiant fightcrVbehavioc doting the 75. Molina 1977: folio I57v pan hbnr, o cauar
"Vicrii. coa. h tierra" (««r
final siege of Tenochtitbn by the Spanianb. This pardouhr warrior had (digging stidcl lor wotldng or digging the land).
leadied the esteemed raiik of Otomi and, aocording^, wore his hair in that 76. In the Fbrenthie Cedex. book II, Earthly Thhtgt, the dqîngsiicic occurs
disdnctive manner. AMmugh he attempted to disguise Mmself during his in connection with difTcrent types of soil (Sahagún 1950- 1W2 II: plates
battle with the FuKipean imndcfls, he ttuhbornly left bJs head moovend: 852-855, 861 (1979, II: foli.js 227v, :>,, i In Codtx Mdi^chmm
pride in die Otomi hairsr\le ptwailcd to the end. 1970: folios 67 r, 69r, the dipginp sm fc app; irs aiimnt; the offerings set out at
>!. Diiijii, vvlHti ilisciissin^' tile siiin|i!iurv Ijws ordaiiud by the lirsi I'm morniary rites. It is shovsn three times in C.iJii ¡ tUri u:it¡i Krmrnui (1964
peror Miilci uh/imia, %avs i;iddoinamenis weie lestrirteil r" (oli<is Mv, 4sv, 46rl on the top of a mound, 'vrnliolizing the construc-
lords- '"
I he other valiant warriors may we.ir toninmn f.'aih.uk and eaple and tion i>l a new ai]ui<lui t. jnd earned t>y i man ieavini; the cit> of Tenochtitlan.
macaw leathers on their heads. Fhey may put on bone necklaces and those of It also appears in the pre- Hispanic ritual pictorial Codix Ffjrr-can -Mayer
small snails, small scallop shells, bones ot snakes and tmafl chcap SHMies" (Du- 1971:29.33-34.
ran 1964: 152: also in Duriin 1967 2:212-213). 77. Molina 1977: folio 22v "Ciuad. muger" (wTHnan); lOOr "TcocalU. casa de
34. Duran 197| :19H (bos, o yglesia" (house of god, or church). Thus, tiutd (woman) * ImgbA'
35. Sahagun 1950-1982 10:23-24. (lemple) • or '"temple of women."
cifaiaMieBAi;
)6. See appendix G. column 6, "Shields: The Cader ACoatea and Other 78. Sahagún 1950-1982 4:41, 107.
Aztec Pictwials," vdumc I. 79. CMorMMifcar 1974:30.
}7. Sahagiin 19S(I-19«2 10:24. 80. Molina 1977: folio 9lr 'O'eapiaatlL canal de piedra" (cual of none).
38. I>utánl9M:72.AlsoMiDDrán 19672:10). 81. Sousidie 1970:6.
39. Ibid. 82. Calnek 1972:109,
40. Sahagún I9S0-I982 8 2" 8v Molina !9"7: folio 85r "Ch-iapp intli puente dc madera, o quadril"
41. CaÂfm^bsif.' folios 64r, 65 r, 66r, 67r. (wooden bridge, or the hip) or "(juappanauaztU. puente de iiiadera" (wtxiden
42. Molina 1977: folio lOTv 'Ted. piedra, generafanente" Mh, in general). bridge)
THE DAILY LIKE YEAR TU YEAR / FOLIO 191
Copyriyt ilOü i l ialiJI lal

84. Cones 1971 : 102 states (hat there were tour major caiucwayv huwevcr, 117, Primtm Mamritlei 1926 ruampuí .\XII, XXV I. Also, Molina 1977: fo-
the modem cdinuhisturian Edward Cal nek (1972: ligt. 2, 3) ihom five. lio 79v "Papjliiil iMaripi>va"' {hnlierlly),
85. Cortes i<i'i in: lOV 118. Oi/i-v \\iti(.intis A I97g; |oliu57v,
86. Moliiu l<<>'7 tulio ~Sr "Otli, camiiM, gcnenimcatt" (RMd, ia gmenl). 1 19 (.W.M Sh-mhzj. folios 20s-, 22r, 23v,
87. Sahagun IW)-1<>8: II :m.-267, 120. Prmiens Mcmonalti 1926: tnampas .XXII, .XXIII, .\.\\ I.
88. Ibid, 12 :38, 121. Prmems StemonaUs n,d,; chap. 4, par. 8 (Thclma D, Sullivan transla-
89. Siméon 1963:227 "Maquahuicl ou Alaquauitl, Sorte de é|iéMcie garnie tion). Oik type of butterfly device, the obsidian butterfl)- insignia (itâfaM,
des deiu cdcé* de nmtceatu d'olxidieiiiie" (qrpe ct gernidied on two mmd dcpicied on taampa XXVl), made of ¿eeis of beaten
is descrilwd as being
sides with pieces of obsidian). copper. Odicr of iif^wtrtf are made of feathers: dark ycUow parrot foath-
M
Pi imam tmtñda nAi diap. 4, par 8 (Thelin D. SidBwn Oamlatinn) en (^ctibfp^K dcpicied on otm^ XXIII), blade and yellow tioupial feadi-
afao IMS iIms earn aMfsaateonfi. Fnnn Siméon 196)!dd8 "Uiuxtii, Levier, ert (fgf^¿iy*Airf, depicted on eumft KXÉBi, and craw fcadiets {tlilpafahid,
UUM en Ms
ditr etpisimu" Oever. hard and sharp wooden stídt/stafF). depicted on atampa XXVI). All have quetzal fcadicr tufts, as does the papahd
90. Fr^Km Mmitñalei n.J.: chap. 4, p,ir. H. Thclma Y). Sullivin rr.insl,irion.
91. Molina 1977; folio 2 r "( .lumalli, riwli ad.irpj paik's. , .Mnhna
(shield, round jarget. or sutular thiiii;) \9"!. in 111 .''^r 'I'tLnl viento, n jyrc" (wind, <ir air); 2"v "(!ij/(.ail. |<iya,
V2. Sec appendix Ci, column 12, 'Shii-lds I hc CoJix A/iwjV,.w jmi Other piedra premisa lal)r.ida dc fornu redonda, o cuenta para rc7.ar" (jewel, pre-
.•\7tcc Pictorials," volume 1. cious sume polished into round form, or beads for praxangi. Thus eheciitl
93. K similar undccorarcd rccd shicKi b,ictcd by a war club appears in Codex (wind) i- aactd (ornament) = yecaaizcay», at "wind-oiiiamcnt design," or
Mendeza on ibiio 42r, the tribute page for Tcpeacac. However, apparendy "jewel of EheatL"
what is being indicated there is the capture of war prisoncn bom TIaxcala, 123. iltarKnfa dr Tnfadv 1980: folio 16r.
Chohda, and Hucnotzinco; note the accooipnqiing rime head and name 124^ Nicholson 1983 ¡95.
(typlu. TcfieMac evident^ sent these desiiable captives sa tribute to the Triple 125. GpdbriM^ttifc(éá(ml970:blio3v.
AHIanoe cities, tkhough this Cut is not mcmioacd in the aooompan>ing com> I2di. Siméon IW3 314 "Ocelod, Hgre; au
; fig. guerrier, hoenme bnve" (ti-
numaiy oa Coilio 41 v. ger, warrior, bras-e man).

94. Molina 1977: folio I I3r "nilmadi. manta" (cape/mandc). 127. The American ocelot [Felis parialis), naii>cd from the Náhuatl term e€t-
95. Sah^ 1950-1982 8: plates 29. 35. 39 (1979 8 folios 7r, 8r,8vX loil. is a mediun-!-si:'c wildiar with a tawnv v.-Il'.i'.v iir grayish coat dotted and
96. Sahagun 1950-1982 8 platen 50. 52 (1979 8: folio lOr), striped with hiack iiit-hteri Seu' LolUûtt ihcii-'ihm l''H(l "8M However,
97. Sahafun 1950-1982 8: plates Mk «2. K-4 IT'/ s fulms 26r, ( }lSv, J7r). the ,\ztec warrior costume docs not dcpiti an ociloi; instead, it h.r rlu dis-
9H, Sahai,nm 1950-1982 8 plates W, l(l(K l^'O k í..|m. .^ftvf, tinerive pattern of spuis common (o the jaguar, another, larger .\cw World
99, Sah.iir.tn 950 19K2 «• plate 74(1979 8; t»lili<)24v|, 129. Molina 1977: folio 75r "Ocelod. dgn»" (tiger) .Apparendy die Nahuad
102. Uurin 1964: 1 } 1 - 1 J2. Also in Durin 1V67 2:211 -214. wotd like the Spanish tifft, was a general term used to refer to any of
m. Anawatt 1980. the local wildcaa.
104. Molina 1977: folio Slv "Malli. capduo en goem. o captiuado" (captive 130. Mswm Mmtrida \9l€c mmmpm XXU, XXIV, XXVn. For descrip-
in war, or captured) tions of thdr construction, see ftwasiiist Momnafa nJ.; chap. 4, par. S,
105. Sabagún 19S0-1982 2:54. Thefana D. Sullivan tiansbtion.
106. Ibid. 2:49. 131. Sec appendix F. column 6, "Warrior Costumes: Hk CtadKiMimAcs and
iOJ. Frum .Molina 1977: folio IlSv "Tlacatl, hombre, persona, o señor" Other A/- It I PuTi irjaK." volume 1.
(man. person, or lord), folio 1 30r "'Tlaolli. ma)7. desgranado, curado y seco" 132. Oidtx uno 1970: folio JOr.
(dckcrncled niai/c. lurcii ami Jricil). I hus iImjiI (m3n) + lisiiílf (dried uníie 13 .Set apiHii.liv ,,<>lumn 1, "Shields: The Ctdbr Mmdns and Odier
kernels) = tU^jtUoHi. nr "
(Iricii maizc kernels with man." A7tec Pictorials, '
volume 1,
108. Sahagiin 1950 |9S2 2 ; 54, 134. Mjtrvuh Jr InhuUn I'JKC; folio K.
109. Día/ del Castillo 1967 J : I86u 1)5. Lodix .\lrnJ.vzj: folio s7r (Tlaloc head), folios 20r, 21v, 23r, 24v, 26t,
110. Ibid. 2;66-fi7, 27r, 28r, 3ür, Ur, .Í2r (blue and white diaper motif). Sec ,\n3walt estay, Vol-
111. Davics 1981 235. ume and .Anawalt 1990 for an inietpreation of diis diaper motif.
I ,
112. MatricuJailt Tnhtfía 1980: folio 3 v. Sahagún( 1950- 1982 10:185) iden- 1 36. Matriaih dt Tfiutm folio 3v, 4r, passim. Abo, Mofina l«lr "XopiDL
tifies tHíKUttttt as the siogulsf form of CSwMMs |Hua«eca), meaning the dedo de píe" (toe).
people ftom die Huawec region. Baldan (Afa!r<«b4rTWhMiir 1980:30. note 137. SeeAnawahcsssi]r,volwne 1, for an aooonnt of diis battle.
12) give* the meaning of die s«lilx<flR/ as "nadve of.
." and therefore de- . 138. íiease ét TUtaát 1892:25, 28. Aocwdiiv to Tbnpicmadt (IW9 I:
fines m
tmutd as raicrring to a oammw characteristici of the people of SOS-SIO), tlw Spaniards gave ihe aMtIsiqpiHr ("net daw^ insignia), captured
Gnesdan. frarn the Altees on the Otumba battlefield, dw Haicalanfc m
113. For a forther discussion of war costumes sent in tribute, sec Broda 1978. 139. See appendix G, column 2, "Shields: The Coder Mndcea and Odier
114. Primef \Uti:.,ria!es 1926; frtdmpn .\.\1I; Sullivan IT: ¡MI- lf,|, qiu- A/tcc Piaorials," vofome I.
tMlaiCXyo tliiliialli." Molina 1977; folio 89r "(juet/alh pluma ma, larfia > I4(), Molina 1977: foüo 99v "l enictl. bevotc dc indio" (labrct of an Indian);
verde" (rah, luni;, and green feather); 21r "Chimalli, rodela, adarga paues, o also folio 9iv-n'e(acad.fac9atelatgo" (bilge lahte^Sahagúflfltinfornianis ose
cosa semejante" (shield, round target, or simdar tiling). Thus, ipittzaUi (i|ue- both terms
tul featherl * run-vo <Hiiavit'< design) • cMMK (shield) ~ fUndlaUXJt 141, Sahapun ivil) I9H2 2 HKI,
(tipiaUi, or "quetzal t'eaih«r Huaxtec shield." 142 Uuran 1964; ! 32. ,\lso m Duran 1967 2:213-213.
The range ofooforing of these timilariy designed shieKU makes it doubtful 143. .Molina 1977; folio 84i "(Juachichictli. corona dc clérigo" (crown of the
that all were constructed of green quetzal feathers. Therefore, the simpler head of a priest). Stevens (1726) defines "corona de religioso'* as "th* crown
term cuexyo chimalli is used, that is shaved on a religious mans head." The Nahuad term no doubt tefcis to
1 15. See appendix G, coluflui 3, "Shields: The Caiex MtaJata and Other die dotety shaved haintyks of the Quadiic warrion.
Aztec Pictorials,'* volmne 1. 144k RMMBni|ilesofdwQnachiewairioi1ihainqdelnínrpotatiBgaqrcubf
116. While Anderson and Dibble (Sihagtfn 1950- 1982 8:76) tnmilaie "ca- paach see Súuffa 1950-1902 3: pbees 15, 1^ 4: 3fi, 94(1979 3: §BXk» phm
mopaltenoaoanqni" as an orange cape, die corresponding Spanish ten de- 27v, 31v, 4: folioa 31r, 71v). Dnrin (1971 : 198), however, specifies dist ihb
scribe» it as purple (ibkl,. note 2), Molina (1977: folio I2r) also defines nms»> patch of hsir tMs on the left tide of the head,
patti as dark purple, hue a Matrieuk dt Trémts (1980: folio 16r) tribute textile 145, Simeon 1963:330 "PamitI, Drapeau, étendard, banniere" (flag, stan-
glossid 'i ):t:(){i.;lti> ii::t;ail|" and "manas nuwadtt" (daifc puiple ctpca) ap- dard. liaiiiKT). ,\lso, 332 "Panili, Drapeau, banniire,inir, ligne,raiigée" (flag;
pear^ ni \k i,l,irk rul in cülor. hanner, wall, line, rank |ol soldiers]).
(
'.jTn,\'p,¡i¡í liiuiallv ::;l.iiis \j wiif -colored" or "sweet piitat(j-ci>lured," and Sec apjicmlixcolumn 13, "Warriois CaammeS!
F. The CMoriMinsdits
therein lies the confusion V\'hilc the orajige-purple color of this root may and (3ther .Vztcc Pictorials," volume 1
have been a common one in the Aziec palette, appaientljrihe Spanish chron- 14" SahagTin 1950-1982 12 31
iclers were at a loss to describe it. 148. Molina 1977: folio I58v "Xicalli, vaso dc calabaza" (gourd vessel); 24f
192 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6^t
"ColKihqui. coa i> jtusuda" (twisted ur leaning thing). Thus xmU
torcnl.). I5.V Sahapin 1950-1982 2:100.
(gourd) -t- irJiuhifui uuhicd; fiBiMnlft" (ihirM) fMnfrrfriifrfirf rfliwilff f»i 154. Ibid. 8:74 "quctullalpilonj." Fri>iii Siiiioni 196.1:545 "TIalpiloni. Or-
"rwistcd gourd vinm I >hicld." nrmcnt dc la tete, qui sen ait a lier les cbevcux" (omaniciU of the head whidl
Sec jppcndu culumn 6, "Shields: The CoJtx Mtndazt ami Other
Cj. served to tic up the hair).
Aztec Pictorials," volume 1 fbr eximplcs of the xmUdStkipii in other Aittc 155. CWbrMi&w¿il/1976:ÍQliol08r.
pícuriab. ThB design WIS olmoasly my popubr (m kidi Aztec tenflc* 154Ibid^MiailOSr,107r.
ttulpnirei it still appears on jewelry today. 157. Primtrim i^muidu 1926; r5t«ii^VIL
I$0. Sec Paszror\- 1983: colorplarc 66 and Ana wait essay, fig. 66, volume 1. 158. Sahagún I9$0-!9S2 I: plates 19.41 (1979 hffaüot I2r, 39«r).
151. Sah^ún I'/'O-IVh: !< --f. 77. iTom Muliiij IV". fi.liu 2<,t ••Cutdixtl. L>9. Sec note 140.
cuero adobado" icurcd Icachcrî 62v "Nac«x:hili. orejeras" (earrings |car- 160. SahaRun 1950- 1082 8:27.
plug^|l rh.> iUi-r/iLrdr Ocadicr) + MaBatM' (C8r|iiug) " audiamadMS, or UjI. .\niiicr l.ili.'c:s ippcir in (''>Jcx McnJiizii as tribi;tc in.im rht pri'viiKcsof
"leather carpluft." Tdchtcpec I folio 46r:i. Xrnonncho (folio 47r), and Cuctlaxtlan (iblio 49r), and
1 52. Primen/! Memonalis n.d: chap. par. 8, Thclma I). Sullivan translation in the cognate pictorial. Matricula ét Thfanw 1980: folios IJr, Mr.
From Simeon 1963:92 "Chipuli. CoquiJlage" (shcU); 115
{"chipolcvzcail"). 162. Mdina 1977: folio I Ur "Tibnadi muta" (cape).
"Coocati.Bvau, pdSTfe ptécumCi gnin de fhapelct^ coUief^ (fcwdt praciods
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO ' 193
FOLIO 6$T
CONTENT iHKi k-(;akiivi FKl^;^>T-\v.^RKl()R
Folio 65r is the last of the four folios that contrast the ooounoners' The third gloss of register 1 reads, "The same priest as before, for
ttlftodKalli training with that of the nobles in the talmtcac. The six having captured three enemies in battle, was given for his bravery
ranks in the military career of a pricst-«arrM)i— note his loof, the vyk of warrior cosnune that he wears." Anaioing the three-
loosely lied hair and the smear of blood at his temple — are here jni- captive priest-warrior atatns earned die right to wear sandals io»
taposed to the equívalent lix-nnk hierarchy of telpochctM-tnineA battle— as remains true for the ascending ranks — as well as an on-
warriors depicted on tbepnceding folio, 64r. decorated, green feathered suit and a pamiil-<it)'\e hack device. The
The by ww captives has already been discussed in
role played name of this priest-warrior's shield is unknown, although it ap-
the "Content^ lectú» of fctio 64r; only the waniofs* martial ooi- pears in four other Aztec pictoriab.^ Bo^ the priest-warrior and
tumes will be eumined here. his captive carry sharply poiniied war sticks father than obsidian-
studded clubs.
Register 2
KOUR-CAPTIVE PRIKST-WARRIOR
ONE-CAimVE HUEST-WARKIOR
The gloss reads, "The same priest as those drawn above, for having
The initial gloss reads: "Priest who captured an enemy in Inttle." captured four enemies in batde, was given as a sign of his bravery the
This pricsr-warrior goes into the fray barefoot, wearing only iinst\'le >) u irrior costume that he wx.w'^." This priest-warrior is clad
decoraicd quilted cotton armor, ile carries an obsidian-stndiled in a version of the lluaxtec costume that Seler calls the "ticitkllo
war chib and ancmbdiished shield; his captive is shown with simi- (starry sky] auxtttttí," believing that its white areolar spots on a
lar plain and unadorned equipment. Fxccpt for thu liiood smcnr Mack background represent a night sky," Note that this vuit incur
and hainit)'lc, this priest-warrior is almost indistinguishable from poratcs the familiar pointed hat and unspun-cotton ear oriuments
his entry^level coimtmpart dapictcd in the miîcíknW hierarchy on of die aterttottt costume of folio 64r. It is tempting to speculate
folio 64r. that this was the priest-w arriors' versiim of rhar popular Hua.xtec
style, t lowevcr, the t'tortntint (JotJex shows this particular battle at-
TWO-CAPTIVE PRIEST-WARRIOR
rire also bdng worn by a merchant.*
The next gloss rciids, "I hi,' same priest .is heforc, Un capnirine The shield carried !)V the four-prisoner warrior has a volute de-
two enemies in battle, was given the sr>'le of warrior cosnime that sign rhat occurs on similar shields in live other A/iec pictorials.
he wears." /Vlthough this priest-warrior has now t.ik n r\u) pris- The captive carries an obsidiaD-stixkled dub and the priaoners*
oners, he still goes into batdc barefoot. However, he now has ac- undcooratcd shield.
quired an undecorared white feather suit and a back device that is
FIVE-CAPTIVE PRIEST-WARRIOR
unique among the martial attire illustrated in the Aztec pictorial
codices. Eduard Seler speculates that this insignia may have con- This gloss reads, "The same priest as drawn previously, for having
nections with Chantico, the goddess of Xochimiico who was asso- captured five enemies in batde, was given as a sign of his bravery
ciated with file.' The attendant shield is the ihtiitetryo, whose deco- tfif style of warrior costume that he v^c.irs The bright color of
ration consists of eight down
Although this shield appesn
b«lis.- the undecorated red feather suit matdies the magnificent
nowhere in the tribute section of Codex Mendtui, á seven-down- ytedi bade device, which appears only here and in die tribute pages
ball variant occurs repeatedly on the historical pages, both as a of Codtx Mendoza and its c-ognate, the Mamada de THhtfor. The
^mbol of Tenochtitlan and in assodation with the Aaec em- folio 65r depiction of the insignia is particularly instructive be-
perors;' it is abo carried by the TUaelmUeett on folio 67r. The cause it dearly shows the lightweight frame that supprntcd these
two-captive priest-warrior is also armed with an obsidian-studded magnificent feather coiistniciluiis-
dub; his captive, however, carries only a sharply pointed war sddc. This five-captive warrior carries an obsidian-edged club; his
194 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6$t

<Üstincave shield is the qiumbtetfftyot eagle-fioot design." The to-brown face paint, undecorated cloaks with contrasting-colored
captive wean the cumd labret ofHucmtsóico» (fiscmied in folio borden, and tubular earplup. Their long hair is tighdy bound by
64r, and carries a red-bordered shield, but holds neither war dob narrow white or red ribbons whose ends are knotted at the nape of
nor batrle stick. the neck. This unique way of arranging the hair may be an indica-
tor of the duties of these officers, aO of whom are connected m an
SIX-CAPTIVI PRIFST-WARRIOR
official capacity with death sentences and executions.'"
The gloss for the hnai priesr-warrior rank reads, "The same priest Sahagún mentions all but one of the register 3 titles in a list of
as drawn previously, for haMn^'^ c jptured sut encnucs in Ixkitle, as a oootiables, all of whom he defines as commoners. The dut>' of
sign of his courage and valor « as given l>y the lord of Mexico the these officers was to sene as the niler's excnitioncrs, the Achca-
Style of warrior costume that he u-cars." Attaining this rank con- aaéti." The contexts in which these men are mentioned in the
ferred the right to wear the coyote attire, complete with matching sixteenth -century sources are replete with references to execn-
anitii.il-hc.jd helmcr. "Phis v^.uiini i.urics .i M..)r sntk; liis shiclii is tions. One such passage describes .\ztec constables' placing con-
the familiar auxyo pattern, most common ot the shield designs de- demned criminals in che middle of the marketplace and striking
picted in the Maubmi, The captive, in addition to his nndecorated, each one^ head.** On the mlei^ orden, these execntionen abo
rcd-bordcrcd shield, ohsidian-snulik-d w.ircluli, ,ind nineil labret, strangled a criminal with cords, the\ stoned him publicly, "or the\-
wears a red headband. This is the only hair ornament to appear on cut him to pieces."'" Sahagún states that the Acbcacaubti "brought
a captive in the ethnographic portion of the Codtx Menáña.* to an end [the life of] any upon whom sentence had fellen
The combination of the airvcd bhrct and red headband is a Fach of the tmir titles ot n-L'ister }. tolio 6sr. will he consiilered
hallmark of the city-state of Huexotzinco.'" h was located in che in cum. It should be noted, however, that Sahagún also mentions
Tlaxcala-Piiebla Valley--ad)aceat to the Basin of Mexico — as many other constable titles; only those that appear in register 3 are
were the ncarbv independent kinudom'- nt ('.hulul.i ind I'laxcala. discussed here In .iddition. an analpis of the fuurname glypbs can
As was mentioned in the discussion of fuiiu ó4r, captives from be found in the 'Image Description" section.
these neighboring aatonomoos polities were particularly valued by
Quauhimhtlt. "Kagle Câcrus Fruit"'"'
|]ie Aztecs. This is evidenced by the fact rh.it one of the \/ter im-
perial provinces, l epeacac, was required as part of iu tribute to This first title appears among those oonsubies listed as being from
relimiuish prisoners from its wan with Hueiotzinco, Chohila, and tlie coamionen' daas,'' executing crimínala in die marbelplaoe,
TIaxcala." vtrangimi; or stoning evildoers.-' .unl being part of the i<tfclHWh»/tf,
Besides the obvious political advantage to the Aztecs of taking the constables' official meetinghouse,'''
captives fiom ne^^riioring enemies, tiieae priaonen were valued
Tlilawalqm, "Keeper uf the House of Darkness
for an additional reason. Huexotzinco, Cholula, am) T!a\i ;il;> u ere
[i.e., die temple ofCUiuacoadr"
ail Nahuad speaking, and hence captives from these langdonis
were conaideied more pleasing as oflkrings to the Aztec gods than The second of the figures appearing on register 3, glossed TliUm-
"foreigners."'- This reasonins held tnic tor all the fiercely inde- culqui. is, according to the sources, out of place among these offi-
pendent politics of the 1 laxcala-Pucbia Valley with whom the cers. While Sahagiin clearly states that the constables were "not
-
Aztecs were mvolved in the famoas "Flowery Wars," or xochnvo- lords," he and Duran ' refer to the JlUmndfui as a noble. In ha,
yort. These recnrrine encoiinters :ire reporteii to h.ne consisted ot both friars include this title among the group of four officials who
a series of limited engagements tiiai al\va\ s HM)k |)lace at a speciheii have come to be kjiown in modern scholarly liieraiure as the
time and location. Their stated purpose apparently was neither Aztecs' "Council of Four." This was a group of utmost impor-
OOmpiest nor killnii: Injt r.ithcr to .itTord practice for the .\7tec war- tance, for it was fmtn these four noble .uKisers to the ruler — who
rion as well as capture Natiuatl-speaking prisoners tor human were also usually close relatives — that a new emperor was chosen.
sacfifioe." The only connection in the sources between the grim taak of
the three executioners of register 3, all from the commoners' dass,
(J0cm
and a stern duty of the noble nHoModftU is Sahagún's statement
The remaining registers of folio 65r present two sets of .Xztcc im- that some of the "vtn
four royal coundllon ,u y> I > i t he feet (of
perial officen, each of whom bears a tide.''* A pattern has been es- the judges! who pronounced judgments and meted out death sen-
tablished in the three preceding folios in Codex Mendoza of alter- tences."'" Despite this, the TlUancalqui is arrayed identically to the
nately contrasting the lelpoibaillt training and matriculation with other officials depicted in the ttfffKBBt.
that of the uimrau. In keeping with this |uxtaposition, registers 3 The TlHanmlqut tide also appears on folio I8r of the Codex
and 4 should reflect the further career stages of both groups; the Mendoza tribute scaion (see fig. 1 below). Here the Venus symbol
four dignitaries of the diird register would be commonen, those in name sign identical to that of folio 65r is attached to a head glyph
the bottom row, nobility. Unfortunately, as will be seen below, the with tbe same haintyle, althoi^ a white rather than red rüibon
sources truly oonfoae tús iiioe. bindi die hair. The Spanish gloss states that this THkmtiriqm offi-
cial was one of two "governors" of the distant province of Xocono-
choo. However, in contrast to Dursn's and Sahagún''s conten cioa
that éiít was a locd% titles on folio ISrneitiiertfaebhietfiademiior
CONS MILKS
l
the nobk HtaMi (loid) affix is atiadied.

The gloss for register 3 reads, "These four in this row served as
commanders and offioen for w4iatever the lords of Meiico ofdered

Awfmet^ '^Keeper on die Edge of the Water^"
and decided." Each of the four dignitaries is identified by both an This third constable is mentioned in several contexts by Sahagún:
Aztec name glyph and an accompanying Spanish gloss. They are as a commoner,"' as a member of the AcbcauiKatU, the constables'
all arrayed in die same manner, blade body paint, Uade-sbadbif- chamber," publidy cxecadng crimmals in the tnaitaphoe," and
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 65 f * 195
ol-i-j I
..JÜ inaierlal
strai^îng, stoning, and cutting people to pieces in the coane of themsehes well through hmg and 6tdiful service." Four of these
justirt-." The riric iilso occurs in Sahagún^ dupier on how war- do not appear in Codex A/ocduf^ ethnognphic sectkm; the fáát
riors rose through the ranks.'* takes a dilTerent fortn.
'
'
Sahagún defines the TJtatbaUattl and the TUkmoM as com-
r.zhii.ihujiiiti i.i'.Zjiûa\iîuinitl), "Raining Bloiui"
manders from the nobilir\' .jnd milir.irv, rcspectivch. .Additionallv,
Duran includes this final title among the royal Council ot Four, the friar speaks ot two similar titles as dignitaries assisting the
the filler's advising group from whom a new emperor was chosen. ruler: the Tlatochtecuhrli, a noble, and the ThaOtaiMi, an official
*
In contrast, Sahagun lists the office of F.zhuahnaaitl among the chosen from the military.
constables, all of whom were commoners, who serv ed at the public As was discu.ssed on folio 64r, the tecuhth or teeth (lord; elenieiu
smashing-in of heads.'' However, the friar also mentions this title is rendered pictorially by die turquoise blue diadem. In Codex
when listing the office as that of an appeals judge, a pn>,!tir>n he Mtndoíit. these indicators of nobiIir\- appear on folios 17\ .int! !Hr,
implies was filled by nobles." The Ezhmhuacatl appears in this attached to head gUphs glossed "governor"' of seven eonimuni-
btter capacity on folio 68r of Caiex Mendoza; his iced seat with ties." For five of these towns, the blue diadem sits atop the head
badoest and turquoise diadem attest to high ataoii. glyphs of the officials; in each case, the TkuattcubtU or Tiacocbte-
ctthtli is represented.
SUMMARY
A sixth case, however, presents a puzzle. The head gKphs lack
There are several contradictions in the sources as to whether or the blue diadem diagnostic of tecubtU status, yet one is glossed as
not the four officers of register 3 were all commoners. Clearly, on ThuochtectJi (fig. I . upper left). Bcrdan suggests that the Spanish
folio 6Sr they are dressed as consLihlus. ilu ir common huirst\ Ic commentator intended TbtadUtlattl instead.** This would be in
and general simiiarity to the gloss-identified constable of the suti- keeping with the lower-rankii^ form of his cogovernoi^s title,
sequent folio 66r confirms ddi. Ahfaough in one context Sahagún TUuttttad, and with the tefttihua warrior hairstyle worn by each of
states th.it .ill c-onsr.ihlcs were commoners,''' in other references he the two men.*^ Perhaps the noble connotations of this title were
lists both the Tiilanaiiqui*' and Ednubuaatti** tides as those of uppermost in the scribe's thoughts.
nobles. Duran confirms these latter two noUe attrSmiions.^ Noce dut on folios 64r and 65r, it & the lesser "Commander"
form (i.e., without the tectii suffix) of the two titles that is used, and
Register 4 these two dignitaries are closely associated not only by title but
also by dress, adornments, and posidon on their lespectiw folios.
TaeaeuiMt, "Keqier of die Mirrored Snake" "

The gloss for register 4 reads,"These four in this row are valiant
warrion and captains in the Mexican army, and persons who serve Ttzauamrtt is twice listed in Sahagún as being among the em-
as generals in rlu' .Ntuvicin irmy." t'ach ot the tour vkcir-, tiic \>rcs- peror's constahlc-e.vetutioners, all of whom are staled to becom
tigious ^tutzaUalpikni, the quetzal-feather pompom hair ornament, moncrs.'" Codex Mendoza further confirms the commoner status of
and a toag yellow labret, probably made of amber.** the bearer of this tide. The Tezeaewmat and the Tlilmeal^ —who
These h.iir ornanu nts :in<l l.ibrcts, important s\Tnbols of ele- appears iminediiitclv itiovc on rceistcr } —arc depicted togLthcr
vated position, are identical to those of the hnal figure on (he pre- on folio lUr as cogovernors of the distant provmce of Xoconochco
ceding folio 64r. Although that officer, Tbmttaal, was the most (see fig. I . tower right). In this rendition, neither dignitary has the
elevated of the ranks depicted for the telpDchatHi commoner war- rur(|uoise blue diadem ol nol)ilÍT\ îr,r,^ n I'n iw his head. .\]so, note
riors, Duran lists one of the "Council of Four"
the same title as that the only undecoraied cloak of register 4, foUo 65 — distin-
advisers to the ruler.** Apropos the high status of the lUeatetttl, guished only by its temjyo border—is that of TextaeaatatL'^
note th.1t the c loaks of the first rwn dignitaries of folio 65r's reg-
TmtyMbtutad, "Keeper of the Bowl of Fatigue"*'
ister 4 have the same prestigious tenixyo burder as Tlacatccatfs
doak on folio 64r. However, the latter^ earplugs are white, whereas This general wean the «HwnnftfmiMwyw (Two-Rabbit pulê ves-
each of the four geneiab of folio 65r wean identical red tubukr sel"' c;ipc, which is most appropriate considcrine that his name
car ornaments. givph IS foaming bowl of pulqtu. C'loaks with the pni//iic
.1 motif
To pennii a better understanding of the four dignitaries of ICg- were sent in tribute from the Gulf coast proMncc of Ibchtepec."
ister 4, each will be discussed in detail. Tim-yahudíutl is another of those mentioned by Sahagiin as
being one of the emperor's constable executioners, all of whom, he

Tkcocbcakatl, "Keeper of the Mouse of Darts"*'
contends, were commoners.' '
Nonetheless, the friar also lists this
The first dignitary, TkacbaUattl, is listed as one of the "Council of tide as one of four princes who aided a new ruler and from whom a
Four" by both Duran** and Sahagún.*' The Tlaeochcaleatí of regis- new emperor would be chosen.*' The Ticocyabtiacatl is also men-
ter tour wears the yttacoxa^ — "jewel of Fhn id cape sent in
"
tioned by Sahagún in three different references as being among the
tribute from the province of Atlao, located on the Gulf coast.*" judges.** Toigeiher with Tüauttttí and Tüuothtakaü, this general
This general appears again, in foil battle array, on folio 67r, where appears on folio 67r In fiill foatfaered battle array.
he is dressed in one of the moat magmfioent of Aztec warrior
7iaria«M4 "Keeper of the Vkma on Bbde of Maize"**^
costumes.
Bodi Durin** and Sahagdn" say that the Tlaeoebadutl was one The doak worn by this general features two decorated concentric
of the royal "Council of Four," all of whom were noblemen. In circles similar to the background motifs of some of the more elabo-
addition, Sahagnn connects the office of Tiacocbcaicatl with the du- rate of the tribute textiles.'^ 'Fhc '/«iM/trwt/ appears in Sahagún only
ties of an appeal fudge." Duran presents information that indicates as one of the many fearless warriors to whom wealthy merchants
how the jHisition of TLiLr.ckailcJt! m.iv h.ive been filled. I Ic lists the give giitS of capes .u special t'cast celehi ations, "
This inclusion
tide as one of six that were granted to priests who had acquitted does little to identity the sutus of the tide, because all the other
196 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO Ó^t

Fig. 1 . A portion of one of the Codfx Mendvia folios illustrating
communities and their governors (Clark 1938 3: folio I8r).
dignitaries on registers ? and 4 of folio 65r, whether noble or among the generals of register 4 of folio 65r. TlacocbcaUatl and 7i-
commoner, as well as Tlacatecad of folio 64r, also appear in that (ocyahuacatl. The fourth prince of this prestigious and noble group
long list. is Huiznabuatl,'- the gloss-designated constable — and therefore
SUMMARY'
probably a commoner — who appears on the subsequent folio 66r."'
These conflicting lists of the titles that made up the "CCouncil of

It is interesting that, just as there are five of these similarly arrayed —
Four" two sets from Sahagún,''' one from Duran,'' and a fourth,
generals — counting Tlacaietatl of folio 64r — so, too, are there five completely different grouping of some of these dignitaries on folio
constables, counting the one on the subsequent folio, 66r. It could 65r of Codex Mendoza —
raises the question: which of these titles
be argued that the praaice — established from folio 62 r through formed the "Council of Four" that advised the ruler and from
the top half of 65r — of juxtaposing contrasting sets of telpochcalli/ whose noble ranks the future emperors came? Perhaps member-
commoner and calmecac/noble scenes continues with registers 3 ship in that vaunted group varied from reign to reign.
and 4 of folio 6Sr. However, if that were the case, then the con- There is still the further enigma concerning social status of the
stables would all represent commoners, teipochcaili-inined war- eight officials of folio 6Sr: which of these titles represented no-
riors now risen to high rank as the ruler's executioners. (Corre- bility, which commoners? .As indicated above, there is conflicting
spondingly, the generals should then all be nobles, originally trained CNidence in the sixteenth-century sources. From a distance of al-
in the cahnetac. Unfortunately, such a neat pattern is not consis- most 500 years, it is difficult to know whether this inconsistcnc)'
tently borne out by the sixteenth-century chronicles or by Codex reflects the socHal mobility of Aztec socict)- or the dimmed and trau-
Mendoza. There is no use of the tecuhlli affix on folio 65r, nor docs matized memory of the missionary' chroniclers' Indian informants.
the blue diadem appear above the heads of the depicted generals of
register 4.
IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS
Although Duran and Sahagiin both list the Tkeochcahnri and the
One-Captive Priest- Warrior
Tlilancaliiut among the noble "CCouncil of Four" from whom the
future ruler was chosen, they part a)mpany on the remaining two As stated in the content section,
titles that composed that important group. Durin includes the this warrior is virtually indistin-
Ezhuahuacatl. depicted with the constables on folio 65r, and the guishable from his counterpart on
Tkcatecatl, the senior and most illustrious telpochcalli warrior of folio Mr. Both are clad in the basic
folio 64r, among the "Council of Four."'" Sahagiin, however, lists battle attire, quilted cotton armor,
two completely different titles to complete that distiiifrtiishcd carry undecorated shields and ob-
group: Ticocyahuacatt, who appears as a general in register 4 of fo- sidian-studded war clubs, and lack
lio 65r, and a title not depicted in Codex Mendoza, Cioacoatl tecutli.'' sandals. Tliis priest-warrior, how-
To cloud further murky issue, in a chapter on how
this already ever, has the diagnostic smear of
the Aztecs chose those who would govern, Sahagún lists the titles bliKKl in front of his car and the
of the four princes who were to assist a new ruler. One of these priests' loosely bound hairstyle.
does not appear in Codex Mendoza; two of the remaining three are
THE DAILY LIFE YE.^R TO YtAR / FOLIO ^>5r • 197
^
ate rial
Two-Cttptivt Priest-Wurier Fmr-Captr'je Ihiest-Warrior
wurrior «uit "starry sky" Huaxtec warrior suit:

Thii prieat-warrior wean a plain aatlaUe ctuxttcail"
white feather suit. As is the case As mentioned in the "Content^ sec-
widi such andeconted qipaid, itis tion, Seler describes this costume
the warrior^ bade device that con- as the "starry sky" warrior suit."'
veys the symbolic message of hia Unfortuiutely, he provides no cita-
costume. tion for his attribution. This body-
encasing, feathcretl warrior suit
also appears in the Florentine Co-
dex.'- In Codex TtUtritmo-Rmensii,
a pointed Huaxtec hat like this one
is worn by a warrior.*'
Huaxtec shield: eutxyo variant 4

back device The single voIntB design that appears on this shield occurs in
As stated in the "Content" section, this iiisiirnis is utiiijiic in the

five other Aztec pictorials,'" However, only in the Uaao dt Tiax-
Aztec pictorial corpus. As a result, it cannot be contrasted with taktítáit "starry sky" white dots on a black backgnnmd also
simihrcattmples for a comparative analysis and hence does not ap- inoofporated.**
pear on appendix F of vohime I.

Fivc-Qiptive Priea'
IVarnor
down ball shield: ibutteteyo tbima^**
Although this shield does nor appt- ir in the tribute tallies of" CWi.r warrior suit
Mendoza, it does occur in the lustoncd sc(.-t)<>n. It is also in tour The feathered battle suit of diis
Other Aztec pictorials, where the number of down priest-warrior is red and undec-
balls portrayed
varies between five and nine." This inconsisrencv is .d>n apparent orated.
in the ctlinographic section ot Cmíx Mendoza, where the s.irne

shield is carried by the llhochMlcatl (folio 67r) but with seven
down balls — as in the historical section of Mendoza —instead of
the eight depicted here.
Three-Captive Priest-Warrior
warrior suit
This priest-warrior wears an lUl-
decorated green body suit.
banner-style back device: pamiti^

This insignia is a variant of the
pitmitiback device worn by the
<lispersc<l feather li.itk <ieviif: "íii.wn.ír.'.'j"
Quiuhic warrior rank depicted on
I'oliu 64r and discussed in the "Im- This back device uecurs üeveii tunes in tlie irii>ute section of Codex
age Description" section of that ío- Memkzii, and is always associated with the color red."
li<i. rhrci- .uiilirioii.il stales of this Because the momoyactli costume appears seven times in Codex
Hag-type device appear on folio 67r. Mendoza, it could be anticipated thai it would also occur in other
Aztec picnnials. However, aside from the Matricula de Tributos —

the cognate lo MmnfaM's tribute section — this is not the case.**
eagle's foot shield; <jm>thtetepiryo chimaUi'"

shield This shield appears only three times in the tribute section of Codtx
Although the name of this shield b unknown, the design is not un- Mmdoza,* and always with the papahá (butterfly) back device.
common; it appears in four other Aztec pictorials.'' However, in However, the shield docs occur in three other Aztec pictorials."
only two of those cases does the shield have the feathered "beard" The quauhtettpoyo cbimaUi is one of two very similar shield de-
of die folio Ó5r example. signs; die other features a jaguar paw and, appropriately, is glossed
198 • THE DAILY LIFt YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO Ójf

Síx-Capríve Priest-Warrior Atenpanecatl:
"Keeper on the Edge of the Water"'"'
co)'Ote warrior suir: coyotP'
TTiis name gl>ph depicts a mouth shown
The \x'llow coTOtc costume ap-
in profile, indicating the tenth (lips or edge)
pears in the tribute section of Co-
element, outlineii in water.
dex Mendoza six times; in five ex-
amples it is accompanied by the
curxyo shield, and in the remain-
ing case by the xicakoliuhqut."
Primeros Memoriales contains
an excellent depiction of the yel-
low coyote warrior suit."' This
costume is described in the Pri-
meras Memoriales as "the yellow parrot |fcathcr] coj'otc [insignia]:
It is made in this manner: A frame is fashioned like a coyote's head.
It is covered with yellow parrot [feathers). It has its crest of quetzal

[feathers).'""
Ezhuahuacatl (Ezgitaguacatl):
^
Title Glyphs "Raining Blood"""

This name glyph shows four drops of
Fifteen examples of the Aztecs' indigenous method of depicting
red-striped liquid, a vivid depiaion of a
names and titles appear in the ethnographic section of Codex Men-
rain of blood.
doza. On folio 68r. four titles for judges appear; on folio 70r the
gossiper is identiñed by a gKph, and on folio 71r the gl>ph for a

thief appears."' One constable's gUph is on folio 66r; the remaining
eight gl>phs are (he titles of the constables and generals of folio 65r.
Each of these is discussed below.
Qiiaubnochtli:
"Eagle-Cactus Fruit"""
The first pre-Hispanic name glyph on folio
65 r consists of an eagle feather and a human
heart. The connection between such an im-

age and the title of "eagle-cactus fruit" is
TlacochcaUatl:
explained by Sahagún, who states that the
"Keeper of the House of Darts"
.\ztecs referred to the hearts of sacrificial
The name glyph of the first of the four
victims as guaiibnochtli. I'hcsc "precious
generals of register 4 is a house with
eagle-cactus fruits" were offered up to the
three dart fletchings shown emerging
sun as nourishment.'"
from its roof.
Tlilamaiqui:
"Keeper of the House of Darkness"
This name glyph is a stylized house whose
door jambs and lintel are painted black; a
white Maltese Cross-like device appears on
each. These features identify' this building
as a Tlillan or "House of Dark-
TliilancaUt,
ness." This is a commonly used reference to

a temple of Cihuacoatl, an earth-mother fer-
tility goddess.'"'
THE DAILY LIFE YE.AR TO YE.\R / FOLIO (^$r • 199

I
YtiüVítidijf/. "Kci-pcr ot the Mirrored FoUo I7v of Codex Mtttdazs contains a place g(>ph (or Qitlaltepec ("On the
Starry lltH" uhich consists uf a hilltop [>i Mack gniund with whllcdoiSiV-
Snake"
i
semblitiL' the :i,ii:irii iil the "starry >ky" warnur iiiMiitiie.

This name glyph is the upper portion of \'>^' '
6. SahiuT-i:-. ]ii,ik' 7 i;l'J"'J 9: Idliii ivi. l-or other e»ample> of
a snalce. Wír A/«i-
this cuslutiic- ict jpptnilix K cdliiinn 2, "VVariior Cosninits I'hc (
d»t» and Other Aztec I'Ictorials." vx)lunie I
7. See appendix G, column 5, "Shields: The Codex .MrriJir:^ í»¿ Other AzttC
Pictorials," volume I.
8. See Primtm MtmtmUtt 1926; aump* XXIV. See abo appeiidi» G. cohiaw
7, "Shiddi: The CMarMoatee and Other ^tcc Kctoriili»" whnne I.
9. a detailed disciinionaftheiegaogeiphfcdgiiilicaiioe of hcedbandi, see
Nidrabon IW?.
to. Nicholson 1967:74-75. For other depictions of warriors from Htieao*
tunco weariiip the red headhand, sec Caiex Mendoza: fdio 42r and Codtx
TfUrriam-krmrnui 1964- 1V67: foil., 4(|, 4U
11. Codex MenJi.za: lolio 42r. This ici-Mii ot tribute from the province of
Itpcai jt ini.i.ulcs :hrcc heads, svmholizini; payment of capcncs from the in-
dependent kingdoms of Tlaxcala, Hucxotzinco, and Choluia. The latter tvio
head gh'phs wear red headhand*} the cue inpieteiiiiiigltieioiiiiicoiiidiidest
labrct as well.
12 H. B. Nicholson: peROnaloaimniinkalian, 1987.
TaOKjMlMMMt/; "Keeper of die
U. Duran 1971:93.
Bowl of Fadgue"'** ItyraiftomaniiingiheiiiiwowieratiHiiigaiidhaiiihoiiieefauchpreatigiw
Tlie name glyph of this rhird general war captives that a deity impenmuior was amaaaUy chmen for one tt the
most poignant of die aacrifidal ceiinwHki, a ieatival that honored dw god
is a foaming bowl ot ¡nJque; the yata-
Tczcatlipaca during the month of ToxcatL Sahagún (1950-1982 2:9-10.
metztfí fHlfue symbol is dnwn on its
66-71) relates how a particularly attracth-e prisoi»er was selected, then »ur-
side. rounilfd with exerv" hivnrv !or a w ax iirLit<hf.fc; ihu icrcmoiis. 1 he clloscn
<ine's lite was truly that o( a l'ikI fo- hi^ n iii,!:niiii; hnef time on earth. Hc
sirollt'd alKiiil tht' tily, lichly Llorhcii. jii'Tru-il k>iih lluvteis. aoconpanled by
attendants, and greeted by ali with rcspt-ct and adsniration.
I wenty d3>^ bvtore the time ol the de>t> itiijH TMinaior's sjerdiet, he was
given lout beautiful wuiig woiiivii (o minister to his every need. On the fifth
day before tlie festival, many hdd far hhn "in cool
feasts and banquets were
and pleasant places." On the day he was lo die, the yonv man was taken to
the leopfe whcte he woold be siciificed, and there "die women añthdrcw' and
left hhn. Anmd at die place where thejr were to IdU hhn, he ascended the
neps hinacK on each of them he ihstimd one of die flutes which he had
plajied as he walked, all during the year." Following his ucrilice, his head was
severed and placed on the skull rack that stood lacii^ the great Templo Jtfiqror
For a detailed analjnsof diepiacdcaladvantSBesof ihc*Flow«y Whr,"aee
Ttauktaai: "Keeper of the Worai
Isaac lV8-ia.
onBhdeofMaize"i<"
14. Rudolph van Zantwijk 1 1985 : 1 1 - 124), drawing freuti the work of the
The fourth general's name gl>ph is a sixtecnth-tcntun Indian historian AJvarado IVíiiíoinoc 1 1944 S"-M)l, con-
giccn wofjn> Icnd» that all eight ol these titles, js well a^ eitlhu iii :iddilionil ones, came
into cxisiciu e during the rcign of the Aztec ruler .\cainapichdi following the
Tcpanec War (1426-14)}). Van Zantwijk ocmnccts many of the twenty-six
titles hc discusses with specific territorial units the bsrrm or caipuUi—ci —
Tcnochtitlan. In the case of the eight officers depicted on folio 65r, only
Tlanchtakatl and Ommbimbili are not Usted as aaaociated widi caJpaUi.
13. Whereas all the priests in Codtx Memhta have their long hair tied back
hiasely with two while buds, tfaeae &Mir digaimies—and diar couunparts
—
on the subseqoent folio 66r have their hair firmly encaded by ribbons. Sa-
hagún (1950-1982 8:8J> nay be refctihy to this wore tighdy hoaod style M>
his description of bow Altec mesaengc» anncranced die ouieome of a battle
by the arrangement of their hair. The lo«s of Aztec warriors caused the
reporting messcngen to arrive with their hair hanging loose; if, however, en-
iiu\ p is<iners had been when, "all [the mewt n geial came tying and hindfan
I
ihcif hair."
Note that thii same tightly bound hairstyle appears on the imperial mes-
sengers of folio 66r of Codtx Mendeza, who are on an errand pcttatning to
warfare I'his. in tnrck, impKes the tiUng of prisooeis and these captives* suh-
sequenl death.
1. Sckr I960 1%1 2:614. 16. Sahagxm 1950-1982 2:106.
2. Primemi Mtmoriala 1926: aUK^ XXVIL 17. Ibid. 8:55.
3. CtJtx Mendezi: folios 2r, 2v, iv, Av, Sv, 7v, lOr, 1 2r, I }r, 1 5v. Sec also ap- In anodier passage, Sahagún equates the acbcaubtíi (singular farm) with the
pendix G, cohunn 10, "SUcUr The Gadbr MibAm and Other A«ec Ficto- jij^pMoil^ the Spanish teim fer comable (jhid. 3 : 55).
1. la Aid. 2: 106.
4. See gpp»m£x G, ( II, -ShIeidK The Odbr tad Other 19. Md. 8:55.
A«ecnemridi.»valiiinel. 20. Ibid. 8:45.
5. Sclcr I960- 1961 2:609-610. Unfertunateiy, Seler docs not pvc his 21. QuHdmndiai: From Molina 1977: folio 87v "Quauhdi. águila" (ea^;
source for the name ciátlaJh nuxtecatl He speculates that the astronomical 72v "Nochtli. tuna, fniia conocida" (tuna [cactus fruit], known ftuit).
symbolism of this C(»tumt; iiulii .ir< s rh.u the Mt viij:is Mji:n;hitw connected 22 Sahagiin 1950-1982 2:106.
the Toltecs — from whom they iupposcdty received their luiowicdgc of the 23. Ibid. 8:55.
aon w h h the Hiia wrc regmii* 24. Ibid. 8:4).
200 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / rOLIO 6$t
25- lliíantiilfui: From Simeon I<^6J:Ci42 "Tlilli, Coulcur noire: . Avcc U 55. rbc seven tonmiunities and (heir governors are Tetenanco or Ouechol-
povtp. dan: ttiUan, dans Ic noir" (color black . . . with tUm, in the darkness); 5) ietenanco<A/¿n'M(/7X>¿drrrui'</r); Huaicacac (7ZM«(nni£//> and TlMwhttaAtU);
"Calli, Mabon" Thus tlilkn (in the darkness) + mlh (house) =
(house). Cn^lan (TkmttaibtU and TIsmAMwMii); Oumna (TlsonMMf and Tkatktal-
TUkmuJfldOt "Keeper of the House of Darkness," Ml), Aaacan (TlaeatKiiMiand 7lMBiili(Bnrf(li)iXo«XMachoo(7aMmMa(f and
Dnriii uta the similar mulation of "Land of the Houae of BUckneis" TÜImei^').
(19M:72: see aim Durfn 1967 2: 103). Seealsodicdisonasianaffolias ITvand I8rinthisvafaiine.
2«. Sahagda 1950-1982 2:106. 56. See note 8 of the folios 17v and 18r deaoiptiaa, this vahune.
27. Ibid. 8:74; Diirin 1964:72 (abo in Durin 1967 2 : 10)). 57. See "Image Descriptions," folio 62 r, for a discussicm of the itnnObr/ or
"'4,
2H. Saha.eOn 1950 \nv,: S "pillar (if stnne" hairsrv lc characteristics of ttijuihua warriors.
2V. .'Umpaneiail IVoni \li)lin;i |97"r lVilii> Hr "Atl. agua, orirvet, guerra, o la 58. 7t-ci.j. iw jf/ I roMi -Molina l'^^7: lolio 1 12v "Tczi"atl, espejo para mirarse
mollera Je h tMlx'v,i" Iwjti-r. uniii. t iIh iniwn uí tlic head); 9*>v en c[" (mirror for seeins! onevelf in iti. 2.H "(."oad. culebra, mellizo, o lombriz
'Tcntli. li>s labriov, o el borde, o orilla .ilíruiii cj" ílhe lip^. or the edge, del estomago" (snake, twin, or worm of the stomach). Thus /czoit/ (minor) +
or the brink ol sumtlhinp), 79r "Pani, eiieitru" iupom Thus at! (water) + caatl (snake) + cat¡ (s^^^ñg sflilistion) - TisoaiáaMd; or "Keqwr of the
Until (edge) ^ patii (upon) + rattl (signifîng aHíliation) Attmpantcatl, or Mirrored Snake."
"Keeper on the Edge of the Water." 59. Sahagun 1950-1982 2:1116; 8:43.
For infonnatkm on the nem Hpiiiying national, oibai, or dvk affil- 60. A variani of this name, Mtxkad Ttzttmaaul, a also amoog the cwelve
iatkm, lie Andieim l97S:))2-3}3. titks Sahagún mentioas when tfiseusting the judgea who assisted the ruler
}0. Sahagiin 1950-1982 2; 106. widi difficult cases (ihid. 8:55).
Jl. Ibid. 8:45. 61. TicoKjahuaratl: From Molina 1977: folio 9?r "Tecwnatl vaso dc barro,
12. Ihid. 2 : 106. como taâ hoinl:i" '.h-^m I pl 1 1 n, like ,i viccp cupi. .;2r "C'ijiii. cansarse" (to Vx
Jt. Ibid. «:55. fatigued) Hhiv fiv'im,/.'.'' I, liiiuins \c'.^<-l; ^ ujui (to be l:in,i;iiedi * ra// (sig-
"
!-(. Ibid. 8:77. nif^'ini; adilutidiil I icK-\jhuiiiJl!, ot "Keeper ol ibe Howl ol iMlitriie
?5. EzbuabttMatl: Clark (1938 i. folio 65r ovcrlcat ) contends that ezhujhtni- Clark I
l'H,S Í: loiio dSt oitileaf, note I 5) suggests that luotyahuaiail is de-
eatt \eiguagiutcitl\ dcrii'cs from tzjiaxiiuaniUzili. or rammg hloini. Mdlmj rived (roin t(fo, "blood letter," and ojim. "he is imbrued,"
1977: folio 29v translates txaxauanitiztíi as "sangre Uuuta," or "blood rau." 62. .Molina 1977: folio 76r "Oltve, do*" (twij); I48r "Tochtli. conejo" (rabbit);
Simeon l963:135tnRsbtcs txtucaumdtinli or (snciuiMinilfetf as "Fhni, peite 93r "Tecomad. vaso de barra, como taâ honda" (vessel of da)', like deep
de ttng." or "flux, lots of hkxxL" drinidng bowl). Thus saar (two) + uiMi (rabbit) « Omenichtii, or "Two-
Sinnéaa (1963 : 135, 675) abo auggetta that BttmtMtattl, defined as "gm» Rabbi^" one of the palpK deities, + anHsif (pulfat vessel) = tmtuibie-
¿ra! en duC oommandani aupérieuf" (general in chief, superior commanding mm^ at "7^Rabliilâ(|WvB9ÍeL"
officer), h derived from tstfí (blood) and nafiu (to dry). This might equally be Two-Rabbit is abo a cslendrical name.
l)ie derit aiion of fzhuahu,iaiil: njiwiu: h the reiiuplicjiive foflR cf WtftL 63. for .1 lull'jr discussion of the ome!''\híLO!>ríuy} cloak design, •..l' ihjptirr H
"'
VUus, rzhuiihuétíiill would l>c tninÛted .ts "dried blood by ,\n,iu alt .iiul appendices I andj, row 1, column 9, "Codtx AlcntiiiZii I ributc
Duran (l%4 "2; r^(i7 2 103; c.intenjv th.n £:-i',v.;Ar/./iw.'j' i.kriM> I'rofii Textile ; ).jMt;n .\lonfs." volume 1.
e^tii. "bliMi.!," :iiui hu.iruji.1. uhifh vt.ites ^ne.l^^ ti> vit.iii li <»r lo te.ir. He M Sahatiin l'i5Ü- 1982 2 : 106.
thcreiort ti .i:^sl.iu l-j hujhujijil "Sbi\1iliT ol BKhkI-"' Ibiil, « 61. 74,
While It seems that nu source agrees exactly as to the dciinition of this tide, 66. Ibid.«:?5, "4, 77.
the ekanent of falooddied or "Raining Bioiid'' is evident in all the ahove 67. "Rtmittiâtl: Kr.mi Molina 1977: folio 148v "Tbctli. porreta O mata de
derivitioas. maya, antes q|ue| espigue" (young leek or bush/shnib of maize, befim grow-
36. Dunn 1 964 : 72. Ako in Durin 1967 2 : 103. ing cats); 76r "Ocuilin. gusano, geocfabncnee, o oeuo pan pcacai" (woni, in
37. Sdiagiin 1950-1982 2:106. genenl. or bait for fiihing). Thus nttlli (blade of maiie) + taHhi (wwm) +
38. Ibid. 8:55. MBRf (signifying a(liliedan)= TwwCiMid^ or "Laid of the Worm on Blade of
39. Ibid. 2: 106. Maiae."
40. Ibid. 8:74. 6B.For a discussion of Toatihttati't cloak design, sec chapter 8 by Anawalt,
41. Ibid. 8:55. volume 1 For examples of the more elaborate tribute textiles see appendis I,
.
42. Duran 1W.4:72. Also in Our:ui 1067 2; 103. row 1. "CnJex Mendoza Tribute Textile Design Motife."
4 V Sec "Image Dcscriplmnv," luliu Wr. 69 I(>i,l U 4"
44. Duran l'M4:72. m l;ur.ui 1<'67 3: 10?. 70. Duran \'>fA:12, alv. in Dunn l^ft" 2 103,
45. Tlatiwh:.ik.i!l: Duran W aiso m Durin 1967 2:103. From Molina 71. Sahagun I^SO-l'-s: ^ ^4
1977! folio llKr •

I'lac.Lhtli. flecha" (arrow); 1 Iv "Calli. casi" (bouse). Thus 72. Sahagun (ibid. 8 61 : 1 lists the title as VuznaiiatUulatlac.
MmiiM' (dart;- ..;//; iIvjum) > rtfi/ (dgnt^Áig alBliatian)
• > TbatiailaultOt 73. For an in depth discussion of the social oiganiiatian nfTenorhtitlan, see
"Keeper of the House of Darts." Carrasco 1971b; van iântwijk 1985.
Sahagün (1950- 1982 10:24) naes the leas literal and £ir more tuocina 74 Sahagün 1950- 1982 8:61 (TUadalattl, UaztmaMbtkc, PtuéaotOaib-
nanslatian "General." the,and TiadtnitMifi B JîTltcodiiakatluaiiS, Tkaimmualutmli, Ooatmai
46. Duefn 1964:72, aiao in Dohin 1967 2: 103. tmuH, and TIUimaifiütttmBi,
47. Sahaffin 1950-1982 8:74. 75. Durin 1964:72 WndKdaO, 7lKM«/(aic], EOatkmaat, and TUmh
48. See "Image Descriptions," fiilio 64r, and chapter a by Anawalt, aohnne 1,
for information on dx "fewd of Ehccatl" design. 76. fVmsrrar iWesMrwfcr 1926: aiamfm XXVII, ">-huitcteyo," From Molina
49. Durán 1964:72. Also in Durdn |9A7 2 103 1977: foHo 44r "luid, pluma menuda" (tiny feather [down|^ 107v "TetL
50. Sahagún 1950-1982 s
"4 piedn, gcncnimemc" (rock, m general). In d^soaic, (elf mean a imnd thing
51. The title Tlnoxhcalía!,' \^ itu im, nu d m .i iist appointed to
ot tocIil- ludiiL'. like a rock. impl)'ing balls of do»Ti.
assis; t.hc ruler m leijil ilc\ ;m;uís i iSul. S : i ^ i. In jnothcr tcmicxt, the TitUaA- 77 See appendu G. column 10, "Shields: The Cafa Mtmbu and Other
inliiHi appejrs m an account ot how warriors rose throufth the rardcs to be- Aztec Pictorials," txilumc 1.
come ludires: (m the warriors' house] where were gathered the great,
'
there 78. Simeon 1963 : 330 "Pamhl, Onpeau, ¿teodard, bannftre" (flag, standard,
brave w^rrior-i. where were the Tlacochcalcatl, the TIacatcccatI" (ibid. 8:77). banner).
52. Duran ¡TI 137-138. "The second wvf [after soldiery] in which men 79. See appendix G, roluirm II, "Shields: The Cafa Mnefaa and Odier
rase was through religion, entering the priesthood. After haiing served in die Aztec Pictorials," volume 1.
lennil es in a virtuou», penitential, and cliMSicMd way of life, in their old age 80. iMdina 1977: folio 22r "Qcidala coaa cnrellada, o llena de esndlas"
ihcy weie sem ooi ID high and hoootabk poilb ... Thqr were giveii high- (siany thing, or fiiU of stais).
aoundmg names and tides. . . Thqr picsent when the fneramentmm 81. Sder 1960-1961 2:609-610.
cxNBidb irere held, their opinions and advice weie listened tn, and thejr vreie 82. Sahagún 1950- 1962 8: plate 78» 9: plaie 7 (1979 8: fafio 34n 9: foUo Siî.
part of the rating boards and juntas. ...When they were ^vendiaieeaimi See abo appendix F, cohunn 2, "Warrior Gianunaa: The Gifa JMImfatf and
pons and distinctions, nun)' rites wen performed. Their long hair was cut; OdKT Ai»cPicinriah(,"vahm 1.
the soot which had at all rimes covered their faces was washed oflF." 83. OfaTMMtone-JlIrainHfr 1964-1967: folio 37r.
53. The fifth title listed by Durin is TlaaiHSltltf. See Piho 1972. 84. Scc appendix G, column 5, "Shields: The CMbr Mmfa» and Other
54. Sahagún 1950-1982 6:110. Anee Pictorials," volume 1.
THK U.MLV LIFE VtAR TO VK.AR / I OLIO Ci5r • 201
C(jpy I lyi nco I i icuurial

8 J. iJenzB dfTluaiU \W2 :Í9. 90. CoJex MenJazj: folios 20v, 22r, 2}v.
SY), Ainintinii ici Hkr;i'.;iii Htu'i mmi.yji !¡i is derived from the verb <Ji. Sec apprn.-liv ( ,
L-in 7. 'lihields: The CMor Mtmhu and Other
m.-mi'tjhwj. wliii h muiis to (We, or disperse. Bejer translates momayattii as .'V/tcc Pittunals," volume 1.
'-|i> i\w >li~|H'rvi" alut which isteMiim^XMadagftliitdieatfflefefenio ')2. Prtmmi Mmarialei \')1(¡ rsCMnf» XXIVI A {agMM-paw dlicld abo ap-
the tmmni; cut at -he fcithcr^. pears in Liatzo di TIaxciIh IH'jT :45.
H7. The m(.rn.Tiü:!!i bjck device occurs seven times in the tribute section of 93- .Vloluu |9'^7 U<':i>l~t "Cuvdtl. adiiic' I
|;ii Lil |c<pvo!c|).
the CWcr Mfndaza: three times with m all-red bodysuii (foUoi 20v, 2}v, 27rX 94. Codex Mendoza: for examples of the coywc costume with the tuexjt shield,
twice with a white suit with red cuffs (folios 28r, lit), and twice with a ni wit fee folio» 2lv, 23r, 25r, 26r, 27r( the wnaliiiltoiyiioccBn ia caojwKtioa with
with while cuEEi The tribute section example that moR le-
(folioi 24v, 26r). úm commie ooly on folio 29r.
acnbles that of folio 65r i* fron ifae pmnaee of QuauJuiahuac, todayV Cucr- 9$. PrimtmMmurkkt 1926: crMni^XXII.
navaca (folio 23v). 'I\m> feaniiei aie pudcidaflr aiiiiilaR in both ciscs, the 9ft, PrmemMrmmdlfj &d^ dap. 4. par, t, Thdma D. Soflivwi tnwsbtigp.
Imb fcadien of Ac back device Iced Into a ceotnl baD, and die supponing 97. Seediapier7byBerdaii,vnliiiiie l,fairaiiKMedctdleddiBCDaíDnafibe
fcne of die bade dcvioe i> deii^ dapincd All the tributa wliíuii emnples
i glypháe ^âttflik
of this oostiime any the aurp ddeld. 98. See note 2!,
88, The momayactli warrior attire appears in the copíate pictorial Matrinila 99. Sahagún 1950-1982 2 :4«.
de I'rihutos 1980: folios 3v-5r, 6v. For a more detailed treatment of this cos- lOO. Sec note 25.
tume, sec Beyer 1969. ICl Nicholson 1988:ttL
89. PrrmiTiu ,\/i'Wffr7ii/M n.d - chap. 4. par K íThclma D Sullivan ;ransliti<inl in? See note 29.
presents the toljowing intormjtici.n un the ijUJuhlc'íPrií chimjUi: " I he cai'le'* iriv See note v5.
foot shield. It IS covered vvith eagle feathers, [The eagle's] foot n fashioned líK See note 45.
upright and its claws arc of gold. It has a hanging border [of feathcrsj. 105, See note SB.
From Moliiu 1977: folio 87v "QuauhdL águila" (eagle); faiio 107r "Tete- 106. See note 61.
pnndk niddia de la picfiia« o traora de ariwi" (kiiee» or tree uuuh}> 107. See note d7.
202 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6$r

FOLIO 66r
CONTENT of the danger; of failing to make peace; shields and arms were
given subjects at this time.
Folios 66r and 67r tell the stor)' of the dire consequences that be-
The second warning came (rooi Texooco, which sent tAtu-
fall provincial nilers — referred to by the Spaniards as caciifues — cauhti — constables who \n>rned the ruler that his head would 'ic
who rcbciliously attempt to thwart the power of the Aztec empire, crtished with a club if peace was not made. no If there was still
b this case, the cacique has allowed an attack to be made on \isiting
agree me nt the IVxoocans snointed the mtet^ right arm and head
,
Altec traders. In the episodes depicted here on folio 66r, the Aztec with and put on head hcpik!/ feather head-
a special liquid hi> ,i
constables, who first appear on register 3 of the preceding folio, act

dress, tied with a red cord. They then presented shields, war clubs,
as the emperor's emissaries. Now. scnnng as the ruler^ encu- and other articles of warfare to htm.
tiooers, they carry out dieir principal du^. The final warninp w.i<; deli\ ered by envoys from the third city of
Events similar to those depicted on d^&o 66r are described nl
the Triple Alliance, 1 lacopan, who told the ruler's soldiers of the
two sépante sources, each of which makes the Codtx Mtndtaa fortfaooming war and distributed arms and shields n theot*
scenes more understandable. Duran tells of a case that concerned Several of the rebellious incidents described in the account of
the lebeflioas cñy of OMyxdahtMcm, located ñ die prescMKlay Duran and depicted in Mapa Qtunatzin also appear on folio 66r.
state ofOtxaca: However, in GidbrAfeMdhai^ the atorjr —^wUcfa is condmied on fo-
One day when a great number of foreign merchants had

lio 67r — is presented in fttthbacks; the initial scene represents the
denouement.
been trading in the market, the authorities ot Crniixtlahuaca
ordered their people to arm themselves and to rob and kill Register 1
the Aztec traders as they left the moileet pboe. b h genenljr

The story begins with the digiutar}' Huiznabmtl ("Ihorn
th()ui;ht th.it in thi-. (Ict ision had been influenced by ill-
Speech"),' «4io, the gloas states, is a "conunander and officer, like a
intentioncd persons who wished to stir trouble between
constable [a/giMZ//]." Although Sahagvjn does not includf this title
Aztecs and Mixtees.
in his references to constables, the Hmzaabmtl of tolio 6ór is at-
The subjects of the lords of Coaixtlahuaca did what they
tired afanost ideoticaliy to the fear eoostililes on register 3 of folio
had been commanded, killing the merchants without spar-
6Sr. Like them, he wears black body paint, brown hcc jvînt. and
ing aity. Only a few men from Tula managed to hide and
tubular earplugs; his hair is also bound by a tightly wound and tied
They came to Mexico widi great haste and
save their lives.
idd Motecaoma what had occurred, that one hundred and white ribbon. Only his doak differs; it has a decorated border.
sixt)' merchants h.id hccn ;iss,issin;iifil. The king and [his ad- VVTien Sahagtin does 'niikr 'rtercncc to the llni7nahnail title, it
viterj TIacaclel immediately ordered that all the ally and is in the torin of VinmuinUduUM, one of four princes who were
vassal nations prepare far war, and people began to gather chosen to assist a newly elected ruler." Again, when speaking of
kom those hnds.' the duties ot rulers, Sahagtin mentions that the I'uznauattaiktlac
served as a judpe who helped the ruler in his leyai deliberations.
A more specific analogue to the scene portrayed on folio 66t However, once a sentence was decided upon in a judicial case, it
comes from the \iapa Qiiimitri'' i pictorial document from Tex- was the constables w ho carried it out: "j\nd if the ruler condemned
coco, one of the three powerful lake cities — Tcm>chtitlan, Tex- someone to die, then his executioners slew him — the Achcacauhti,
coco, and TIaoopan—which made up die Astee rríplc .Alhancc. the Quauhnochtli, and the Aiempanecad. Thus did these slay him:
The seventeenth-centurj' Texcocan historian Alva Ixtlilxochiil with a cotd tbey strangled die evüdaer." ^ The Admuaubti rcñets to
provides an interpretation of Mapa Qumatzin, w hich pnivides pic die omifltalile rank as a nîole; the two tides are among the four
tonal scenes that closely resemble those of folio 66r.' constable offices depicted on register 3 of folio 65r.
One section of QiuaMziu depicts a series of three wim- Whether the Htttaubtuti in register 1, folio 66r, is serving in
ings administered to a "rebellious" ruler by agents of the IVtple the capacity of ooodemnlng judge or overseeing executioner, he
Alliance Empire.'The first notice was issued by Tenochca agents obviously has something to do with the subsequent execution
who contacted older subiects of the ruler in questíon, telling them scene. In this episode, speech glyphs appear before the mouths of
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 66t 203
Oúpytiyliico inaíoiial
two constables (note their black body paint, brown face paint, The second scene of register 2 shows two constables confront-
white tubular earplugs, and long hair tightly bound with yellow ing a seated ruler whom the gloss identifies as a auique. Both con-
ribbons). They have just strangled a catiqut; his eyes are closed, stables weair a xkoAü, the male ritual jacket with a fringed hem. The
which is a Mesoamerican picnríal codices. The
sign of death in Aztec restricted the use of the JÓtoUi to deity effigies, deity imper-
executed ruler wears a blue diadem and sits on a reed seat widi a sonators, priests, ruléis acting in a priestly capacity, nobles, and
backrest (kfuiti), both s\7nbols of power and nobility. constables. The latter wore the garment only in a ritual or cere-
The final two figures depicted on rioter 1 are identified by the monial context.'* Both these constables wear black body paint,
gloat at Ae wife and son of ihe febdHous «10^. Both the ino^ brown face paint, white tubular earplugs, and sandals, which indi-
and the youth wear what the gloss refers to as "fetters," identified cate that they have been on a journey. Both also have their luni:
in other sources as slave collars (see "Image Descriptions"). The hair tightly bound wid) constable-style ribbons, one white, the
womaiÑ hands are croned in die typical female attitude; the aoxis other yellow. The latter constable, who appears to be the astitiant,
hands are croased in an identical manner, but bound with a cord.* carries a xkakoUuhqui shield, the second most prevalent of all
shield designs shown in Codex Mauioza.'*

The princi))al constable holds down balls in his right hand; with
It is here th.it tht s.it;:i's fl.islili:uks heL'in. The hrsr scene shows tile his Icfi he touches the caiiijues headdress, as though placing addi-
original aa of infamy against the Triple Alliance Empire, the event tional down in its crown. The ruler —clad in an orange doak deco-
that broughr about the demise of the taeique of register 1 and the rated with roundels that contain the profile of a Tlaloc^ltke mon-
threat of destrxiction to his city, depicted on the su!>sequent folio ster — sits impassively on his reed back rest. He stoit.illy receives
67 r. On register 2, dual murders occur in the initial episode. Two the warnings of impending doom issued by the Aztec ciiiissaries.
warriors, dressed in quilted cotton armor and wielding obsidian- Directly below this scene b^ns the first of a series of sixteen
studded spears, hold dead and bleeding bodies by the h.iii , i Aksi i- footprints, indicating the route back to Tmochtidan subsequent^
american posture of conquest. According to the Spanish commen- tolloucLl by the constables.
tary on Iblio 65v, the victims were traveling Aztec merchants who
were attacked In- the ü/. í /.h 's snbic i ts. This act of aggression was
the motivation for the subsequent condemnation of the caciqut's Register 3 depicts four homeward-bound coitstablcs being as-
entire town. saulted with arrows by subiects of the MÓfiir. According to the
The explanatory Spanish commentary on tolio 6Sv st;ites that Spanish commentary of folio this act scr\cs as "a sign of war
not only did the merchants lose tlieir lives but their merchandise and eiunit}' of what had previously happened and as further occa-
was also taken. Further, the bodies appear to have been stripped; sion for hostilities."
note that one of the dead merchants is clad only in a loincloth. The The folln« in? pictorial folio, f>~r, continues the saga of the dire
other viaim wears two wide pieces of material crossed over his ramifications ot this city's rebellion against the empire, tlowcver,
chest, reminiscent of the ritual paper shoulder sashes worn by cer- before leavii^ the *<!onttnt" section of folio 66r, it is worth«4iile
tain tôds -ind <lrape<l on prisoners or sla\es about "o he s:icrificeii.'' ro consider whv all the four departing constables are equipped
Above this scene of carnage, the traders' load of merchandise rests, with identical stafts, yet each carries his osvn unique fan.
strapped onto an upright carrying ndc Alongside are a sti^ nd Sahagón makes specific reference to constables carrying stafls
feather fan. objects associated bv the .^ztCCt with both imperial when he disoisscs the higher ofüces attained by valiant youths who
messengers and traveling merchants. were reared in the young men's house. There is, then, textual veri-
Apropos the dangers of finrdgn trade, in the Flomitmt Codex fication for constables' using staft; unfortunately, information on
there is a drawing of a merchant, a hca\n!y Indcn pari: on his back, constililcs eirrxing t.ins i^ !io( .is rcLidiK' a\'ailable. Nonetheless,
holding both a fan and staff.'" This picture dlustrates a discourse there are some data. .\ iletailed analysis ot prc-Hispanie fans from
ddivered by dd merchants to their traveling tons: six differentMesoamerican cultural groups ranging in tune from —
Behold, we know not whether thy mothers and fathers lose
the Classic to Late Postclassic periods —
reveals that fens in Meso-
america are coimected with death and the Underworld.'^
tbcc forever. Perhaps thou goest for good; perhaps titou
Ahbough in the ethnographic section of Codex Mendoza, this as-
goest to be lost; perhaps somewhere into a canyon or a des-
sociation of fims with the possibility of death seems to be sup-
ert thdii sh iit be forced, and shaltpcrtlh; perchance m some
ported, the foremost implicarion is an imperial mission. Note that
cit}' thou shale come to an end. And now, take care. . . .
these devices are also carried by the avenging warriors of folio 67r
Travd the road with caution, lest thou stumble upon somc-
thing. For desol uc. ferocious, cniel, and peopkd by evil as well as the officers shown on folios 68r and 70r; all are imperial
men. spreaiicth the wasteland." messengers. The dead merchants of this fotio, ti6r, may have been
serving as imperial spies. Gi\eii the \/tee>' niürTÍal propensities, a
As ilie events of folio 66r tesiif)', such warnings were based on communication from the emperor was no doubt often a forerun-
handi reality.
ner of war. As a result, the portrayals of fen-carrying fanperial mes-
However, this seemingly unprovoked attack on the merchants scngers also could hold ediiiiutatiotis i.il lie.ith.
may not be the groundless outrage it appears. The Aztecs' long-

Each of the fans is umquc. Do these signify differ-
on folio 66r
distance tra<ier> uere well known as imperial spies for the Triple
ent constable grades? seem that the white, yellow, and red
It would
Alliance. Sabagún's informants confirm thiswhen telling of £m- ribbons already noted are the more likely determinants of rank
penr Afamtzod^ sending spies to reeonnoiter the hnd of Ana- Whatever the meaning of the distinctive shape and oohus of these
huac'^ The iim depicted with the murdered merchants on folio 66r five fens of folio 66r, they have no exact doplicates on other fijlioa
Anther suggests that they may have been on a ^ying mission; in of CtdbrAfrnto*.
Ctdec Madm, all thoae who carry fens are on some kind of spe-
cial imperial busineaL"
204 THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 66r

IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS Death
Hutzihihutiil Iirlf Glyph deadi: mtfmtíttli'*
Huiznahmti: "Thorn Speech" In the ahaiply stratified Aztec aodety, a personé bnrial and aAetliie
This digntory^ glyph ooonm of both depended on his or her sge, rank, adiieved statu, and man»
a red and tilut- mnuiic\- thorn em- ner of death.
bellished with i small mouth, trom As discussed prevkmsly, ddMren who died in infmcy went
to Xochitlalp.ni, .1 spctbl heaven. Tliere, milk dripped into the
which emerges a speech scroll.
FoVun 65r and 68r "Image babies' waiting mouths from an udder tree beneath which the chil-
DcMTiptions" contain discussions dren lay."
of other examples of CoJex Men-

Women who died in childbirth were buried, but their funer.1l
doza's tifk- gUphs; sec also Ber- processions and graves had to be protected against marauders.
Warriors soogfat to steal the dead mother^ hair or fingers as magi-
dan's on glyphic conven-
essay
tions (chapter 7) and tpptnUx E,
cal amulets to nrrv into battle. Thieves and sorcerers desired the
left ibreann of such a woman, believing it would empower them to

volume 1.
cast spells on the unwary.'* These mothers who succumbed in
childbirth were considered to h.ive died in war. Th<-\' sh.ired :i spe-
cial heaven, "the house of the sun," with warriors who had been
Rope killed in battle or on the sacrificial stone. Each day the dead war-
riors escorted the sun to the zenith: the dead mothers then accom-
rope: tntcatl^ panied the sun to its setting.^
The use nf I '-ii|M- tor L'iirrotint: ".is not
Burial was reserved for those who had died of unusual causes,
confined to the .-Vztec!.. example oc- for example, in childbirth; of gout, drnpsv, or leprosy; bcin^ struck
curs in Codex Laud, a prc-Hispanic Cen- by lightning; or drowning. These latter went to a particularly
tral Mexican pictorial, when a mile de- kively heaven, TIalocan, a paradise of verdant beauty, happiness,
ity is depicted osiiv a rape to straog^ and ease."* If a high-ranking person was buried, he was set upon a
reed seat with backrest (icpaUi) and surrounded by valuable belong-

ings, indttding his weapons. Weshhy merchants were similarly tn-
tened, but commoners fared more modestly.
RteiSMmABaArat Among the Aztecs, cremation rather than burial was the norm.
reed seat with backrest: kpaili" The body was first wrapped in doth, making a compua "mommy"
One of the power sjinhols in Aztec society was the reed scat widi a bundle, and then burned together with the possessions of the de-
badntSI. An Aztec prayer to the god Tczcatlipoca indicates how a ceased. Only alter cremation were the remains placed in a con-
noble^ amfaority was equated whh this type of a seat:

tainer and buried." Codex Magtmbecbimo contains detailed scenes
of a deceased men hunt's mummy bundle, SUTfOOnded by his pos-
Male htm (one who governs] diy replaoemem, thy image. sessions, awanmg cremation.''
him nor there nn the reed mat, the reed scat become
I.cr
It was believed that the great majority- of people spent their aS-
proud; let him not be quarrelsome. And may he not . . .
terhfe in jMictlan. a realm of dark emptiness, This underworld was
Uemiifa, not besmirch ... thy reed mat, thy reed seat; thy
composed of nine layen through which the deceased had to travel.
glory, thy honor, thy rule."
I le or she was assisted by a little dog anil protected from the chill
Another adage in Aztec society uses the reed scat as a metaphor for unnds and hazardous rivers of the underworld by his or her ma-
the ruler and the incscapahility of his authority: "It is slick, it is terial possessions, all providently cremated with the body. The
aUppeiy before the reed mat, the reed seat; it is the place of no journey through .MiliLui was, ofoooise, far more difficult for the
departure, the place of no exit."-' poor, because they had fewer poaaeaaions and leas food buried
Not all the rulers' important reed seats were nnadomed; embel- with them."
lishments were often added. Sahagún, in a section of the Flormttne NoUes and those who had lived an exemphiy life were given
Codex where he describes how the rulers lived, mentions that they proper funerals and had relatively easy travels throng the land of
rested on scats with backs covered by the skills oí jaguars, moun- the dead. However, people who had lived a decadent or criminal
tain lions, and wolves. Even the reed seats themsdm were oiten life could look fbrwurd to a very painful journey in the afterlife.**
painted with elaborate designs."

During the great fcstWak, fieathers sometimes were used to or-
nament seats that were part of a ceremony. For example, at the
time of the gladiatorial sacrifice performed during the monthly
festival of HacaxqMhnaliztli, god impcrsonatots sat anmnd the
gladiatorial stone "upon laige backed seats called roseate spoonbill

feather seats."-'
Seats modeled after the pre-FDsponic style, now called efmiptUet,
.ire still made today in .Mexico of pigskin and wood aupporls, fash-
ioned in a crisscross or woven style.
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 66r • 205
CopyriglMod inatcnal
SkoeCoUm bade, but this could be done only once; after the second sale, his
due was sealed.
woodea slave collar: futiAmaití*'
5. The family servant of a man who had sold his son for disobe-
Sahagún states that nndcr the liav sipn f )nc
dience cooM be in jeopardy. When the fadier gave a banquet widi
Death, slaves received special treatment
tlie inoncv from his son's s.ile for .ill the close relatives, servants
from their masters, including removal of
were lorbidden to eat that foixi. Should a servant distjbey and par-
"the wooik-n cnllLirs. the curved ones in
take of the feast, he himself became the father's slave.
whitli thtv were licltl ami «iih which they
6. A man who killed mother mm, even if condemned to death
went about restrained lest they flee." "Da-
for the crime, could, it [lardoned by the widow, hcntctorth become
rán describes rhese niuitifrsotm- devices as
a slave to serve her and her children.
wooden or metal ti)llar> with small rings
7. In times ot timme, the destitute could sell themselves and/or
through which were passed mds about a
their children into slavery in order to survive, it was ¡xissible to
Vârd lone N'ot onK dui the>c feiters im-
buy out of slavery later by returning the original purchase pricc.*-
mediately idcntily the wearer as a slave but
Durán relates thai if master or mistress fell in love with a
.i
ihqrabohtildeKd quick movement in a crowd. This was necessary

because, according- to Duran, if a slave could escape from his master
slave — usually contirmed through the birth of a child — the slave
was atnomadcaily granted his or her freedom:
in a market and run outside the limits of that marketplace Ijetore
being caught, and thet) iminediatdystep un human excrement, he The masters held |ihe children] in high regard, married
could obtain his freedom. The escapee would then present himself them off, gave them honors, kept them in their houses, and
demand his rights under the law of the
to the purifiers of slaves and gave them lands, homes, and an inhericaooe to nulntain
land. Washed, and presented with new clothes, he was praised for them. In this land I have met bastards bom of slav es, s<.)ns of
his skill and cnteiprise and was given a whole new start in life. noblemen, who later became lords and their fathers' heirs
Such a person was considered hicl^ and often was kept in the paU because they were food and patriotic^
ace as a retainer."* Menbants

Allegedly, if a slave was tr^ñng to escape in the marketplace in
the above manner and someone got in his way or tried to stop him, merchant: potbttaal^
that person himself became a and the slave Although virtually everyone in
slave, tiuis earned his
freedom. Duran points out that dits fear of enslavement caused the MeiDCo was involved in bu)ing
dirongs to make way ibr the fledng slave, much to the master's and selling at the household
chagrin. Unfortunately for die alKreSitititiiiethtHl ui escape was so
level, the indispensable large-
wdl known that the ownen lenuined penicularly alert in the scale, long-distance trade was
marketplaoes. As a leanh^ dieie dnunatic escapes may have taken carried fmt by proleBsional
place no more often dun once a year.** merchant urnnps that en)ov e<l
special privileges and status in
Slave Aztec society. It was they who
slave: .'/.;
" provided the hard to-f)btain
Slaves arc not to be confused with warriors captured on the battle- luxury goods from the distant
field, who weie usually sacrificed shortly after rfieir arrival in the "hot lands" of the coasts
Triple .yiiance cities. Sl.u es could be political prisoners — like the feathers, jade, cacao — which
OKtqut's unfortunate witc and son — or imports from distant areas, made possible the nobilitys
or even Aztec citizens who, (or reasons discussed below, fell into impressive and cmiable s)Tn-
Slavcr\-." bols of rank and standard of
Duran lists several ways in which an .\z(ec could became a slave: living. In addition, the mer-
1. Thievnoould be sold as slaves to compensate for the goods

chants acted as spies for the
for example, pieces of cloth, cars of corn, jewels, or turkeys Triple Alliance Einpire as
which they had stolen, 1 he repeat sale of a thief was like a death their trading caravans moved
•entence: on hú second sale, the slave could be sacrificed unless he through distant land$, oomiog
managed to earn his freedom through the chaiuteis permitted by in contact with foieignets,
Aztec law. both friendly and hosrile, who

Gamblers w ho risked misjhr he future targets for :iti-
2. their all on dice or other wagers were
also subject to slavery in certain circumstances. If a man gave his pchal expansion. (Note the
word as a guarantee to pay his losses, then won and did not pay, fate of such traders tn register
he would be sold for the amount diat he owed. These men could 2 of this folio, 66r.)
gain their freedom only by repaying the price for which they had The professional merchants were neither commoners nor no-
been sold. bHity; they ranked somewhere in between. Aldiou^ they paid
3. As an example to others, an incorrigible child could be sold taxes just as commoners did. though in their own wares, the mer-
inR> sUvery, with the consent of judges and justices. Once he had chants were given special privileges by the ruler. They were pcr-
been sold, he could not be ransomed. ndtted to sacrifice sfaves, own land, and wear certain symbols of
4. A borrower of valuable things who did not return them by a noble status at special annual festivals. In an attempt to diffuse the
set date could be sold by his creditors for the amount of the loss. social tension their growing importance was creating among the
The debtor oonld redeem freedom by ghüig die same amoitnt nobles, the niercbants acted and diesMd very humUy in public
llicir wealth and concern for status was usually displayed only stajgr
within their own merchant organizations or guilds."

The merchant groups contained their own hierarchies. "Prin-
The stoat cane staff that was so integral a part
cipal merchants" were at the top. controlling the guild's banquets,
of the merchants' equipment was associated with
making appointments, and scn-ing as spokesmen for the guild with
didr god, Yacatecuhtli ("Lord of the Vaiûard"
the state. Below them were the wealthiest of the merchants, those
or 'ôae-Lord"). The merchants decked their
who dealt in slaves and could afford to make sacrificial victims
staves, which they carried ai ihey tnveled, with
available at the time of the great feasts. Such an act was known as
paper decorations. During their long journeys, iriienever the trad-
"bathing slaves," referring to the preparation and purification of
ers stopped to sleep, they set up these papcr-bededced walking
an individual for a sacrificial ceremony. The dispiiaed meidunts,
sticband performed rituals in front of them to honor and gain the
who made long-dntuice trading forays and at dw same tune spied
favor of Yacatecuhtli.'*
for the state, came next on the social ladder, and below them were
The staff of the merchant god held great significance at home as
the ordinary potbuet or osttmeca. Young men in training formed
well. In the neighhorhcKKl temple the staff was set upri^t and
the base of the machaot luenidiy.*
offered gifts both on feast days and before each meal."'
, FtH Scenes of merchants carrnng staffs appear in the post-Conquest
FtortHtinf C\i!t x
''
and f.Wr.v Tdlcriitnn-Ranensis.''- Similar illustra-
^ (an: taKrbutsdi*'
tions in pre-Hispanic codices have already been mentioned in the
&wTjT«k Rctt rcnc cs to tans ap|>car in a number of contexts.
Tan" section.
^^^L Sahagún speaks of rulers using quetzal-feather
fans when dandn;,** and of certain of the Aztecs'
distinguished foreign visitors receiwng and hold-
OtnymgRadc
ing red spoonbill- feather fans.'" He also lists "the
crested gnan feather fans covered with troupial feathers at the bot- carrying radc eaauidi**
tom" among the s\Tnbols oí conquest given to the disTinpiii'ihed The carr\ing rack is discussed under "Image
merchants when they returned from a successful spjnng mission."" Descriptions" for foUo 63r.
Fans also appear m the context of heaHng; Dnrin mentioas that
It Waa custom.iry tn !)ring jlntig a professifinji "f.inner" when bath-
ing in the sweathouse, or tetmzMÜi. Bathing while being fanned
was believed to have curative powers for the side. As a result, fan-
ners were held in high esteem and were showwe d with gifts when" Paptr SbottUer Sdsb
ever their services were needed."
paper shoulder sash: amanttpmUM'*
Sahagún, discussing the feadterworfcers of Amandan, describes
hiiw the fanv were made. Tlie firsi >!ep w.!s the creation of frame .1
One of the slain merchants wean what
appears to be a paper shoulder sob, a
upon which to arrange the feathers, whose bases were bound with
male ritual garment (hat is part of the
maguey thread. They were then tied again at the midpoint, shaken
apparel of six of the ihirty-six ddties
to flufr 1 even out the feather";, ;'.nd then the "pendants, rufcs
of feathers, balls of feathers, tassels — all dungs with which the fans depicted in Primtnt Memarúks."
This sash is found in association
were beautified" were sewn down«onto the frame in whatever se-
quence the design dictated. with gods, deit>' impersonators, certain
Fans, sometimes carried together with stalls and backpacks, ap- ceremonial equipment, and sacrificial
victims. It appe.irs on eight of the de-

pear in three of the pre-Hispanic Central Mexican pictorials. In
C.ndrx Fcjrrnin -Miryer, there are nine depictions of fan-toting fig- ities depicted in Primeros Mmoriaits"^ and on deity impersonators
ures, all males. '

Five ot these deities h.ive packs on their backs and in four of the ceremonies of Codee Bmhemaa.''' It also nloms a
miiminv Imndle in Primer's Mtmnr'iate'-"' and is draped over cere-
carry sialB as well as fans. Three of these gods are identified by
Seltr as among the six Celestial \\'an<lerers." Codex Borgta. in an
momal objects used m the ceremony of l ititl in both Codtx Mag-
analogous section, depicts two of these "Celestial Wanderers"
HtMmm and Ctdtx BeHm icm.'* Even more to the point, the
wilb packs on their backs and carrying staflEs and fans." Codex Laud pafK-r shoulder sash appe.irs nn s.icrificiiil victim'-, Some nf rhc
contains only one depiction of a padt-laden god who holds both a most nouble examples are the scenes m Codex Tctknano-Rcmtmu
staff and a snakc-handlcd fan.'*
where all die captives desdned for sacrifice ait draped with diis
TTiompson contends that the tcim "Celestial Wanderers" adomment**
also translatable as "Ski,- I'ravclcrs" — was a term of Seler's own in-
CoiaMtHáaUt in a scene related to the destruction of the con-
vention and that he failed to identify- these deities with the mer- quered town of Qialoo, Aam a male doomed for pnniahinent at-
chant goda. Tiiompaon views dieae paasages as oonnecced with died in a shoulder sash."
merchaoc auguries.'*
In Cadex Mendoza, there are a total of thineen fans depicted
eight round and five oval — and each one appears in association
with either a spear or a staff. Judging from the contexts in which
these fiuis appear, diey all denote an imperial nusion.
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / lOLIO M^T • 207

DofmBaBt DOWS MU /IrTOBIS
bow: tiUhoMK"
feather halts: iliirekloiotl'' arrow: rnitl"*
Sahagún, discussing the fcath- Depiaions of bows and arrows in actual
crworiccfs of Aouunfauii icfeis use are not comiDon in the i\ztec piccoriak;
to their making balb of tnrice]r most batde scenes show only the war club,
*
breast feathers. lance, or long dart (see folio 67r). This pat-
Just as the paper shoulder tern of weapon use is particolarty evident in
s.ish curries implicattOOS of (''.Jix TtUiriam-Rcmatsis, where twenty-
death so, too, do down balls. rwo scenes of battle are depicted, but only
All the intended sacrificial vk> nine involve bows and arrows.** Seven of
rims mcnrioncd .ihove in Codex thc<;c episodes take place during the early
~'
JeUcnano-Hcmtmif not only years of the Aztecs' w anderings, w hen they
wear shoulder saslies bat also have down balls pasted onto their were making their shw peregrination out
whircned hodies. Down halls are als<i part of the sacrifinal ac- of their arid northern homeland and into
coutrements in four scenes of death or impending demise in Codex the Valley of Mexico toward future glory. In
these early scenes, the archers are dressed in
Down lulls adorned a famous t-f?ip\- of Te/catlipoca. the ca- animal skins, as hefit ihe nomadic, "barbarian" Chichimecs from
pricious Aztec god who sent plagues, famine, and drought to man- the uncivilized desert lands. Appropriately, in the pictorial Hiaona
kind. Dufán apeaib of tick children being offiend to this image; tobeeg^biMmeai, bows and arrows appear irequei^.'*
temple priests would dress them in the dcitT,''ws may have differed by
with "divine pitch," and feather their heads with quail or turkey localit). Fur example. Codex Ixtliixochit/, from Texcoco, LX>niains a
down.'* In Duriiñ ihmndon of IbnatlipocaV effigjr, Ac god^ very detailed depiccion citn arrow whose shaft is unusually long."
head is endided with doim balb Uke th()se shorn on the flWfW of During the celebration of the fourteenth month. Qiiecholli, the
folio 66r.'' hunting god Mixcoad was honored. At this time great emphasis
was placed on the ritual production of arrows and darts for ^
Can!<jUf I haJdresi
weU as on the sacrifice of many shnes in honor of the gods.**
'
iH(u/iie\ headdress: tetpibtl
This feathered headdress is identical to one

in Milpa Quhuitzin. which is presented to
a rebellious ruler as part ot a war declara-

NOTES
tion procedure."' The message conveyed hy
the headdress is impending doom. In the 1. Durin 1964:118 (Durin 1967 2 : 185). James Cooper Clark (1938 1:96)
case of folio 66r, this warning is the result suggests thai the incident related hy Durin nay aclually be the one pictured
uf a rebeUioo against the Triple Alliance on folm 66r, but he offcr> no direct cvidenCB ID nfaMaMiMe diat cUm.
2. Alva IxtliUwhitl 195? : !R7
Empire.
i. Otfncr 1982 : 148 i.Map.i 'Jum^Ktn: leaf ). Column 2, row 2).
4. See ibid.:l44- 148 lor .i hiller djscuiüMon of this Múpa Qutmatzm/Kíy» Ix-
tlilxochid account.
5. Hmn^nud: From MaUoa opina grmde. o
1977: folio lS7v "Victtii.
Caciqueas Cloak
pajnT (laige ipiix, or poin^ feBo Sy» "Nautd. com sucm Uen, aMÍ
como Gunpua 9k. o hombre bdino'' (thbtg which sounds wcil, Uk a bdl,
^
«le. or «nmgcr iliat apeak* Spanlih perfccdy wdl" [Stemii I726D. Tfaui
The Mdfw wean an orange cloak deotirated with two rondels that Mistf (duMii) -t- aMfawtf (goodspcccli) Huisnahuad, or "Thom Speech."
contain a Tlalw profile design. Hiere is a similar design in Codex The Htíttúémat alio appetfs «« Okler Uio 67r, in hank MmAu M
Mt-riiioui on a triliute textile from ihe [)rovince of Teptquacuilco.'*"
6. Sahagún 1950-1982 8:61.
The TIaloc profile also appears in Codex IxtUxocbiti*' and on one
7. Ibid. 8:55.
of the ritual MMttr in CUhrJ 8. Durin (1967 2 187| mcntiiuis ihc inissuig nl the hJ:^(l^
: a gesture ot sub-
missmn in his actuuni ot the JlIimi >>• ihi rt li< l!ic>ii> ( :.i;iyxtlahuacans: the
lords, seeing their cit)- destroyed and their fKople dead ur prisoners, arc de-
scribed as hurr>ing out to meet the Mexicans with their hands crossed and
widi tears itreamiqg firam ihcir ejwa, bCMÚ^ thai the fightin( ceaie.
9. SeeCtia MmrfuR falio 4v for t wnihr sob on a rcbdlioos tnibjact
doomed for sacri6oe.

la Sahegdo 1950-19B2 4: pboe 58 (1979 4i fiaUofirX
1 1. 1950- 19B2 4:6S-M.
12. Ibid 9:7.
13. C(idb^MiiHlni.-lolioiMr,67r.69r,70lr.
14. Aniwalt 1976.
I .ippcndix C. column 6, "SUeldi: The CUhr iMMbaa and Odiar
V Sec
-Vztcc FictoruU,"'volume 1
16. Sahagun 1950- 1<Í82 3 55. "And if he liecaine a |lprjvc| nun, if lie »j> a
:
cjplor ol tour ¡optives¡, irom there issued the CDmmandinp ecncr.il. the
Keneral, the leader. And also troni there issued the one t.Kcv cilicd jih,,iuhrli
(constable), who today is the equal, the equitilcnt, of the aiffuuU, the staff-
. and it ms just these wiio u'ltued one, \
208 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAK TO YEAR / FOLIO 66r
Copyrighted n
1 7. Kurbjuhn 976 59. Tin.- ans i jrricd by the ajn>>tabl«:s who deliver a dec-
1 : f 52. Sahagiin 1950-1982 9:96-97.
bratiuti of war on this folio. 6(ir. and also by the warriors on folios 67r and 68r 53. Codex Fe;cn jn-Ma>er 1971; 28, 30-32, J5-J7.
certainly imply impending death on the battlefield or sacrificial stone. 54. Sclcr 1901-1902: sheets 31-32.
I K. Sec note 5. 55. Coifcr florgw 1976; 55.
19. Molin 1977: folio 5Sr "Mccad. cordel, o sop, o acote de oordela" 56. Ca^ Lead 1966:7.
(cord, or rope, or whip of eofd^. 57. Thompson 1966.
M. CcJtxUuJMAté. 58. Molina 1977: folio 150r "TopilU. bordón, basta de fauifa, o van de justi-
21. Sahagi^n l950-IW2<:19«icp*ttL"Abo, Molina 1977: felio 3}v"Tcpini. cia" (staiF. spear, or staff of iuatice). Abo, *âpile. alguaafl" (constable).
assentadero" (vcat). 59. Sahagiin 1950-1982 1:41.
.•Mso, Simeon 1963:153 'kpalli. Sicj»e i dossier; marque df |j ;iii]-,sance 60. Ibid. 1-43.
che?, le* anaen*. i bt'l^, qui axaieiu seiiU If dmit de s en "ervir; .m hi: pnitec 61. Sahagun 1950- 19«: 4: plates 58, 59; 9 platM 8, 16, 18, 23, 38 (19794!
tcur. chef. prHiverncur, pcrc, nicic. etc." (scat with back, sign ol powtr among folio 42r; 9: folios 6r, 16v. 18v, 22\. 38v).
the ancient chiefs, who iloni: had the right n VK dwm; ligOrttí«lclJ^ pVOttC' 62. CoJex TtUtnano-Rmensts 1964- \<'W: (i>lio 41v.
tor. chief, govcrrvor, father, mother, etc.). 63. Molina 1977; folio iOv "Cacaxdi. cscakrilUs dc cablas para Ucuar algo
12. Sahagún 1950-1982 6;19. acuestas el tameme" («laB Isdden of boards far csrrjnng stunrlliiinf on ¿c
:5. Ibid.'6:2$4. shoulders of a porter).
24. Ibid. 8:}1. 64. Sahagún 1950-1982 1:30, 36-37 "amancapan."
25. Ibid. 2:51. MaUna (1977: folio 4v), on the other hand, transbles «asaiw^piBUif as
2& Molina 1977: bl» S6v ''Miquilizry. mnem "nunta rica con que se arrean y atauian los caciques" (rich mande widi «lúdi
Sitat slaughter in battle, dcstmáion of peopleby wekntw, also a plague" die ucúpus arc arrayed and adorned). However, this vtorá apparendy comes
rStevem I726T). from amad, the Náhuatl word for paper (ibid.: folio 4v). The friar would have
27. Primerié Mrmoruit n.d chap. 2, par. 6, Thdnu D. SuOivaii tnnslatioa.
t ; Ixen unlikely to mention a garment linked tO hwMn Sacrifiot; ihís majT a>
28. Sahagún 1950- 19«2 6:161-162. count lor the discrepancy in definition.
29. Ibid. 6:162-163. 65. Rnrntm Memorula iitjmpj Mil: ( )p<Khdi, Yyiulmueina; tttHMft
30. ibid. 3:47; 6:1 15 1\: .\mimiil, lomiauhiccutli, .\daua, Napatccudi.
Jl. Ibid. 3:42-44 66. Ibid.; íí/iim/ias Vll-X.
32. Coda MagliaévcbuM 1970: folios 66r, 67 r, 68r, 69r. 67 . CoJex BotionKus 1 974 30, 3 3 - 34, 36.
:
33. Sahagún t9$0-1982 3:41-46. 68. Pnmcras MoHoriatts \926: estampa

34. FbraíuUcrdisaHsioaordeaihanddieaíwlífeseeBci^ 69. CM^M^fiifccMm* 1970: faUo 72n Ctda Biriamkm 1974:36.
35. Sahagón 1950-1982 4:34-35 "qusuhmcatf.* From MbKna 1977: feUo 7a Oder TalbnsMhJbMniv 1964-1967: lblios)9r.40r,
88r "Quauitl. arbol, madero o palo" (tree, wood or stick); folio 27v "Cuzcad. 71. OiferMMbsf: iblio 4v.
joya, piedra preciosa labrada de forma redonda, o cuenta para reiar" (jewel, 72. Molina 1977; folio 44r "luiri. pluma menuda" (tiny feather Jdownl).
precious stn-u nmliî m Ki iini riirni. nr bead fiir prayint; |ncckiace/collar|). 7Í. Sahagxin 19<0-!i)k: 'J:K'J-<'I), ''fi 'tlitLKjli.ioTl." Sec ,iN;.. M..l:n.i 1977:
Thus futfi'üj/j' («ijckíi - .

'I.-.;,'.'' loillar- íûjM/í.'j.-. jf/ or "wooden collar."
i folio 76r "Ololtic. cosa rcdondj ti:imii li<il.i, ii pelota" (round thing bkc a ball).
Abo, Molina 197" -mIhi Krit "Oii.<uIk>.',i>^-Ii ic^xj. prisión, o aqtqtro 74. Sahagún 1950- ||>H2 9 H<v
hecho en madera" (stocks, letters, or bole made in wood), 75. CoJa Magluhihiano 1970; folios 3Ür, 66r, 6ljr. 69r.
36. Sahagun 1950- 19H2 4:34. 76. Duran IVTMllJ
37. Duran 1971:279. 77. Duran 1967 1: lamina').
38. Ibid.:21í4-2K5. 78. Simeon 1963 402 "TecpilotI, Panache en plume que Ton attachait sur la
:
39. Ibid.:285-286. etc da sdgnear icbclle'* (fcatber plume that was attached to the head of a
40. MobH 1977: Iblio II 9r "Tbootfi. cselaM, o esdana" friave). tAd l«d|. Sec abo Odbcr 1982: 145.
41. Dnin (1971:280) nates that dates am iwtibidgnen or WW capthws, 79. Ihid.:145-149 (My* QakmtíK leaf 3. colnmn 2, raw 2).
hot naiiwi of the imm in which they ireic KtbL 80. CMBriMnsAw: faUo 37r.
42. niid.:281-282. 81. Gafar &l«hs(éiir 1976: fallo llOv contains a
43. Ibid.:285. profile.
44 Sahagun 1950-1982 10:59. Abo, Molina 1977: Mm 83t "Pwtocid. 82. Caiex MagliahtcHano 19-0 fnli.. t.r.
mercader" (merchant). 83. Molina 1977; folio 145r " 1 lauitolh arco para tirar, o ballesta" (bow for
4\ Sabagun 1950-1982 9:31-32. sbootiili;, or cri_>ssbowl
46. For a more detailed discussion of these long-distance professional mer- o iiecha" (dart, or arrow).
K4. Ibid.: folio 57r ",\lid. saeta,
chants, see Herd an 1982:31-34. 85. Codtx Trilfnam-Rcmenm 1964- 1967: folios 25v-28v, 43r, 46r,
47. .Molina 1977: fojjo 28r "Ecaceuazdi. moocador" (£m)- 86. Historia tiilttca-(hi<himt(ii 1 976; folios 2r, 3v, Sr, 7v, 14f, 16r, 20r, 2 Iv, 23r,
48. Sahagtin 1 950- I9B2 8:28, 5& 28r, 3 Ir, 32v, 35v, 36r. 39v, 40r. 42v, 43r.
49. Ibid. 9:7. 87. Coda IxUibaAiü 1976: folio I05r.
50. Ibid. 9i22. 88. Sahasón 1950-1982 2:25.
51. OurÉi 1971:270-271.
TUL UAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 66r • 209
FOLIO óyr
CONTENT Fiorentine Codex, the friar explains how Aztec rulers waged their
wars. Included with this discussion is an illustration of nobles and
The pictorial account of the ill-fated cacique, iKgun on the previ- warriors la>ing plans for invading a town (sec fig. I).' Both the
ous folio, continues here. The gloss for che scene in the upper half
drawing and accompanying description are analogous to folio 67r.
of the page reads.
Pictured in the scene are four males, each wearing a tequthua
hairstyle and decorated cloak. .\t the left, three men consult a
This part is the town of the previously mentioned cafique,
painted map, deciding the best routes for entering an enemy's
who was summoned to war for his rebellion against the
lords of Mexico. The figures of the tequibtm mean that they
principal town. Two of the seated figures arc identified as nobles
by the rurquoisc diadem above their heads; one also has a dart as a
were sent by the lord of Mexico to this town to enter it in
the dark of night so that they, without much trouble, might

name glyph, no doubt identifying him as the TIacocbcalcatl. "Keeper
destroy it in battle, and be skilled attackers of the town and of the House of Darts."- To the right, a fourth warrior stands
its area. sandal-clad at the beginning of one of five paths, each marked with
footprints. These roads all converge upon a town, which is repre-
Both this upper half of the folio — the preparations for an at- sented by five closely grouped houses.
tack — and the register below are made more understandable through Sahagün describes this preliminary stage of a conquest as begin-
reference to Sahagün. In Kings and Lards, the eighth book of the ning with an advance group of experienced men whose purpose
210 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO óyr

was tu rccunnuitcr the lay of the land. Using the resultant map of uie was thenceforth paid in goods produced by the conquered area,
the targeted áty, the ruler could next determine the best plan of aiu) an Aztec Steward was sent from the capital to ovenee the regu-
.itT.ick. Officers and men were then given their orders: route, time lar delivery of these payments.*
accorded the march, and battle strategies. I'he linal arrangements
invohed provisions (or the camptign tuid a goodly supply of im-
BMm,RigBter2
prcs^jv c fcnthercd warrior attire and insignia to l>e awarded to the The rcrn.iining portion of tVtlio (>~r shows four of the mightiest of
suitcsstul warriors.' the Aztec warriors, each holding an obsidian-studded lance, wear-
ing red tubular earplugs and white sandab, and dressed in nugidfi-
Register i
cent feathered battle .irray. From the left, the first is the Com-
In the upper register of folio 67r, eight seasoned lighting men are manding General, TUuatecati, attired in a red feathered warrior
diown, Uqi^nu all. The commentary on Mio (S6v explains diat suit, a ^1 necklace, and a fnonM bade device, and holdmg a
the warrinni were sent into the rehellious cacique's town at night teocuitlaxapo shield. The second warrior is the Cícncral, Tlacochcal-
"so they might go about secretly without being perceived by their cati, wearing one of the most magniticcnt of Aztec leathered suits,
enemies, to obtain infemiatian and advise the warriora where to the tzitzi mitl (fnghthil specter),' together widi a triple-columned
engage in battle successfully without much enemy resistance." ptmití back device, and orrying the ikiiutteyo shield associated
These uûibua have proceeded to surround the settlement, as is with Tenochridan (see folio 65 r, "Image Descriptions").
indicated by the circling footprints. The third warrior is HtáauAmd ("TJnom Speedi"),* the con-
j'Mthough the warriors arc for the most pnrt similarly adorneil stable of folio 66r. who here carries the familiar cuexyo shield and
black body paint, brown face paint, tanitkti hairst)'lc, and quilted wears a green feathered suit with a shell-hke necklace and a single
cotton armor—die array of the group on the left intfdies a higher ^rniltf device. The foordi warrior is TieagMifaiW
stams. These men wear sandals and carry a fan and lance; three of Bowl of Fatigue").' This general carries a x-iaihvlitihi/iii shield and
the tour wear white tubular earplugs. In contrast, the four warriors wears a yellow feathered warrior suit, a shell necklace, and a singie-
on the right are all barefoot, and, with one eioeptioo, they do not cohmmed pgmid device ahnoat idenrical to that of the QoacUc
wear earplugs. Three of these men earn,' implements associated warrior of folio 64r.
widl warf are: one holds a dart, a second carries a slender spear, and It is difficult to understand why these specihc lour warriors were
the third has an obsiiKan-stndded lance in one hand and a giant chosen to appear here. This particular grouping of ddes does not
conch iihell in the other. The shell ser\eii as .\ battle trumpet, repeat the combination of generals on register 4 of folio 6Sr. Nor
blown to signal for reinforcements and also to intinudate the endo these exact tides ever occur together in cither Duran or Sa-
emy. The fourth warrior carries a walking staff. hagun as consrituting the mendbeia of the rayal "Council of Four"
To the riphr of a centralK' located market stone runs a river. who assisted the ruler in governing.'" Nonetheless, these four dig-
Two houses, one tlat-rooted like that of folio 62r, are on the left nitaries, each dressed m splendid military attire, obviously are de-
side. On the river's right bank is the main center of the town, rep- picted so as to make a strong martial statement. A question then
resentcil by the gn)uping of a temple and three houses. Each of arises: is this after tlie anticipated battle or before it? .'\re these
these dwellings has a raised, sloping thatched roof, which suggests four warriors ccletirating the capitulation ot the rebellious caaque,
diat this may be a tropical area. The frequent, nourishing nüns cf or are they arrayed in this manner in OcdcrtO lead their men into
the fertile "hot lands" made such roofs a necessit)'. the planned fray.- The Spanish commentanr' on folio 66v implies
The route of the footprints indicates that the warriors have the latter: "The four warriors pictured and labeled here . . . (are)
been scouting out the location of the town's principal temple, upon dressed and adorned for batde." Whatever the officers' intent, cer-
which rests its main religious shrine. This temple would be a mat- tainly the magnificence of their attire testifies to the multíple uses
ter of vital importance in the planned battle, .\ztec warfare oper- of the Aztecs' flamboyant warrior costumes. They served both to
ated on a shared Mesoamerican understanding of what constituted intimidate the enemy and tu dazzle and hence motívate young
defeat: once the enemy had reached a besieged town's main temple Aztecs to ever greater feats of glory in warfare."
and set fire to the local deit/s shrine at its top, the defenders had Sahagijn, in his descripuon of how rulers waged war, confirms
lost. The gods had spoken; hence all hostilities ceased.*Thia com- that impressive military insignia oonyosed of tropical feathers and
monly held belief is rcfleaed in an ideogram for conquest — trinuned with predoua metals were used as incentives to call fanh
burning temple — which appears repeatedly in the historical sec- maximum zeal on die batdefidd. He speaks of the ruler presenting
tion of Codex Mendoza. Once a town's main temple was burned, the "cosdy dc\iccs" to the brave, seasoned, and fearless w.irriors. as
time for negotiation liad arrived. Such talks are dqiicted in the well as thenoblemen who dwelt in the yomq men's house. Ar-
central section of feUo S7r. rangements were also made to take additional warrior apparel and
valuable capes to the actual battleground in order to reward the
Top, Register 2
allied rulers, noblemen, and men-at-arms who came to assist the
According to the Spani^ CQmmentary on 66v, diis negotiating Triple Allianoe warriors."
scene — note the speech sltoIIs — concerns discussions about trib- However, Sahagun also makes it very clear who was in control
ute payments taking place between three subjects of the ill-fated when there was a meldiiig of the Menea with these allied forces.
OKâw and, to the rigbt, a represemative of the Aztec IViple Al- When die "wmrHlce lands were reached," it was Aztec generals who
liance Empire. Behind the latter is drawn a shield and four arrows, airanged the colKcrc'd fighting men in the mosr iilvintageous
pointing down, which may signify warûe, rebellion, or defeat.' order and Aztec generals who pointed their alhes in tiie proper di-
The depicted verbal exdiai^^ is the intmudated envoys' admtssnin rection. And woe to him who "might bicdc ranks or crowd in
of ddéat prior to hostilities, in onlcr to avoid the total destruction among the others";" disriplinc was sternly maintained. In such in-
of their town. Sahagun provides information on the nature of the sunces, the Aztecs may not have been infallible, but they were in-
Icita that tnditioaally foNowvd sodi a cqiitalacioin. A (iz^ variably in chllg».
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO óyr * 211

IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS Tempk
River temple: teaoifflr'*
river: anyati'* An almost identical temple to this one on folio
The river shown on folio 67r is

67r, with a high-pitched roof atop a loft}' step
drawn in the European man- pynmid, appears as part ofthe place glyph Teo-
tu r Mote that it lacks the prc-
calhueyacan ("Place of the Tall TliiipIl" ),"' .-\
Hispanic water symbols —ibe somewhat similar temple also can be found in
dots attached to the ends of the section of Primtm Mtmmtía where a

splashes of water — which were celebration of one of the «lateen mondily
included in the depiction of the feasts. Miccailhuitontli, is shown."
canal in folio 64r. For pre-His-
Dart
panic depictions of rivers, set-
dart: /««/''
Coiiex Ftftnmy-M^/tr" and
There was a difference between the struc-
Sahagain describes twenty ture of arrows and that of darts. This
different types of water in the is made clear by Sahagun when he dis-
Fhmtme Coder, includin¡f riv- cusses the celebration of the fourteenth
tTs: ". /.'v,,;// Its name comes month, Qiiecltolli, when both .irrows
from aü ^watcr) and ntoca |it

and darts uere made lor war." Sah.igún
nms]; as if to say 'running also diflerentiates between arrovss and

WLlttT,""' darts whirl hv u-lls how the nilcrs took
I'hc Indians believed their their pleasure: " I hey shot with b<ju aiui arrow — with a bow, with
a shaft, with bird arrows, with darts."
"
rivers were the property of
the fertilit)- iioddess, Chalchiiihtliaie
— "I.uie-Her-Skin" — and Duran presents a diftcrcnt explanation of how darts were pro-
flowed from the mythical paradise of Tlalocan. The mformants of pelled when he describes what bo}^ were taught in the tdpochialii.
Sahagún gave vivid descriptions of the propeities of men—the He describes both darts and spears being cast from a leather thong."
crushing, groaning, suifr L-iirreni> and rapids — indicating a pro- Anexcellent depiction of both arrows and darts, bound to-
found respect for the water's potentially devastating power.'* gether, appears in book 6 of the Fbrmtine Codex in a scene having
Duran makes It dear that, after fire, water was die most hal- to do with the ritual badiing of a new baby boy.'" In addition to a
lowed elemetir rn ihe Airees.'" He relares thai then- were ni.iny shidd and bow, four proiectiles are shown, all with shafts of a bam-
popular myths surrounding springs and rivers and (he crossing, boolike cane. The two arrows have clearly defined and shaped ob-
badiii^, and bdwidiag of one% reflection in them. "Water played a sidian arrowheads, whereas the nvo dans taper evenly to a sharp
role in conjuring, di\inarion. and the diagnosis of i!lne<;s, Addi- point, exactly like that of die dart depicted on folio 67r.
tioiuUy, it was believed that if children crossed two rivers their

Spear
would be diminished by one hour, or, if the Lady of Waters
lives
were angered, they would meet with misfonuoe.'* spear:

The scooting warrior on the right
Conch Shell side of register 2 holds in his hand
conch shell: t>:cti:t/i-' a spear made of a bamboolike cane
Sahagun provides a description of this type ot white, spiraled sea- whose point is very similar to that
shell, defining it as "that which can be blown, which resounda."" of the .Aztec ii.irt. .Xccording to Imu-
He mentions shell trumpets and day pipes blown in battle to dg^ ran, both spears and darts were cast
nal the banning of the fray." Motolinî oonlinns the maitial use wiA the dd of a "leather thong,"
of these instruments, adding that the sound made by blowing apparently a reference to an atlatl
through the shell was much like that of "cometas." Sahagún also (sec folio 64r, "Image Descrip-
refers to the unique sounds of die oondi shell trumpets. ITiese in- tions"). Duran provides an iUustration of a weapon very similar to
struments were used by the Toltecs when thvy i;rfLtt victorious the spear of folio 67r; its shaft rests within the i/fA/r.' held hv the
warrior: "The tivunpets came bkiwing to superfluit}'; the shell cftigy of Tezcarlipoca, sho«n seated in his temple in Icnochtitian."
ti uu ipeis came gurgling.""

Thatched House
Selcr tells of obtaining specimens of large conch shells of the
thatched house; .xticiilit
"
from caves near Tillantongo and Tla-
Fasáotarui gigantea species
xiaoo in the Mixteca Aha. He reporta that they were espedaily Sahagun, in a section where he discusses various clas-
prr>min' nr in rhc cult of the rain gods and ID the castigacioo eKT- sifications of houses, thirty-three types of dwell-
lists
cises of the priests." ings. The dosest match to the thatched-roof houses of folio 67r is
There are repeated refe rences in Sahagún to the use of shell an tUiMCatkm of a straw house, the xaadti. This dravnng shows the
trumpets in a wide v-aricry of religious rites. He 5a\"s that the blow- same straw-covered, raised, sloping roofline as those of folio 67 r.**
ing of shell trumpets was the function of the young ottering The accompanying text describes this abode as a straw-covered,
priests.^' Apropos of this, there is an excellent depiction in Codtx cylindrical hut painted white.*' The thatch atop some of the de-
Magliahechiano of a priest sounf'inu i rnimpcr t: he leads a cere- picted Aztec houses may have been of ttamamaztii grass.'"
monial procession.-" Both (he posuioiung (jt (he îiell to the priest's Ihimi m Mauriala contiins a depiction of a x»caüb' insignia in
numth and bis maimer of holdmg it are dearly shown. the shape of a house with a high green roof.*' The description
212 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6jT

reads: "The straw hut (insignia). A frame is consinicted like a straw Tlacochcalcatl
hut. It is covered with feathers [and] has a hanging border [of Wanior Costume
feathers)."-"
"frightful specter"
Shield and An-ffirs warrior costume:
shield; cbimaUi*'
ITic Tlacochcakfttl wears
arrow: mitl'^
one of the most distinc-
Duran, in a discussion of the raiment of Huit-
tive of the Aztec feathered
zilopochtii, the Aztecs' ancestral god associated
warrior costumes, the
with warfare, mentions a svmbolic shield-arrow
"frightful specter." Note
association. He describes the idol holding a white shield decorated
(he sacriñciai slit over the
with fine rufts of white feathers (see Tkmhcakatl's shield, folio
chest area; what emerges
67r). Extending from the shield were four arrows. "These were the
is believed to be the liver,
insignia sent from heaven to the Mcxicas, and it was through these
not the heart.''' This cos-
sjTnbols that these valorous people won great wctorics in their an-
tume also includes a head-
cient wars.'""
encasing helmet in the
Tkcaiecatl Warrior form of a skeletal mon-
Costume ster.'-' Primeros Memori-
ales illustrates another
XolotJ head back device:
version of the tzitzimiti
quaxoloit'"
headdress, atop which a
Tl\e umbrella-shaped tptaxohtl
fanning of quetzal feath-
back device takes its name from
ers gives the appearance
the deit>' Xolotl, whose doglike
of disheveled hair." This
countenance decorates the top
latter back device is de-
of the insignia. .AJthough this
scribed thus: "The quetzal Ifearher] demon of the dark [insignia).
deit)' is commonly associated
A frame is fashioned resembling a death's head. It is covered en-
with ball courts, twins, and
tirely with quetzal |feathersj. Its head is as if unkempt."
monstrosities, he also carried a
The fiill, body-encasing version of the tzitzimiti insignia occurs
connotation of death.*"
ordy in the cognates Miitriaila de Triltuios and Codex Mendoza. In
Examples of the
back device can be found on the
tfuaxoloti
the latter, it appears once in the ethnographic section — folio
tribute pages of Codex MrttJoza,

67r — and thirteen times in the tribute tallies: once in red, rwice in
white, six times in blue, and four times in yellow."" Sahagiin in-
u+iere they appear in blue, yel-
cludes y-ellow, blue, and white tzttzimitl in his lisi of the war ac-
low, and green.""
coutrements of rulers. According to the friar, these back devices
Primeros Memoriales illus-
were made of gold and decorated with quetzal feathers and down
trates three quaxolotl back de-
balls."
vices and describes a red one as
having its rt)und frame covered with red parrot feathers. Atop this
down ball shield: ibiiiteteyo chitnalti
umbrellalike form sac the Xoloil head image with a tuft of quetzal
This shield, associated with the citv' of Tcnochtitlan, first appears
feathers attached."
in the ethnographic seaion on folio 65r, where it has eight down
Sullivan, in her translation of the names of the military accou-
balls instead of the seven seen here. It is discussed in more detail
trements in Primeros Memorinles, discusses Xolotl. This deity is a
under "Image Descriptions," folio 6Sr,
mythological figure associated with death and with the dogs that
swam with the dead on their backs in the final stage of their long
banner-srxie back device; pitmiil'"'
and arduous journey to Mictlan, the Underworld."
Sahagiin describes a similar {utmitl-xy\it back device, whose name,
which includes the tlacwbcaicayotl clement, indicates that it must
gold shell necklace: itocuitlaacuechcozcati''
refer to a variant of the one shown on folio OIt." Seler identifies
Of the three shell necklaces depicted on the warriors of register 4,
this three-pole pamitl back device worn by the '¡'lacofhcakail as the
the one worn by TtacatecatI is the middle size. It resembles that of
teoruitlapamitl. "the banner of gold or silver plate."""
QuetzalcoatI in Sahagún's depiction of that deity's attire,'* de-
Codex V'attcamisA depicts a warrior wearing the same three-pole
scribed as a gold neckband of small seashells."
back device as that of the Tkcochctücatl'^ A rwo-polc variant of this
same insignia also appears in Codtx Ttlleriano-Remensis, on a war-
gold disk shield: teoaiitiaxapo chmiaUi
who wears a tzitztmitl helmet,
rior
'
.\n Aztec captain depicted iti Prhncrof Memoriales carries this same
The TlucoihtaUatl three-p<jled pamitl back device i« mn com- :i
shield, described simply as a gold disk shield.^' The design ik simi-

mon one in the Aztec pictorials, .\lthough the Lienzo de Tlaxtala
lar to that carried by the gcxl Xipc Totee in Duran's illustration,''
does depict towering, multipoled pamitl devices, they have only
but there the colors are yellow and red rather than the yellow and
rwo verrical rods."' However, other pole-like devices in that pic-
blue combination found on folio 67r.
torial do have as many as seven flags spreading out in a magnificent
This shield design appears in four other Aztec pictorials." '
tanlikc manner.
TUt D.ÎLY LIFE YEAR TO VtAR / KOLIO óyr • 213

Huiz/iahuatl shell necklace
Wanior (Costume The shells of this necklace are the largest of ornaments making up
the three warrior necklaces of folio 67r. (See the discoSMOn of
banner-st}'le back device:
necklaces for the Huiznahuatl costume, above.)
fmtitt
This insignia is very simi-
stepped-fret shield: xicakoliubqui (bttmüi
lar to the pamiti device
This is the seomd moat commonly seen of the Aztec sliield de-
worn by a prtest-warrmr
signs. It is discusnd in die "Image Descriptions" of fUio 64r and
on folio tSt.'*
in dnpter 8 by Anawalt in volume 1.
golden bcede neddaoe:

teocuitkcozcaü tamkit^
The neddace worn by
1 . Sahagun 1950- 1 982 8: platt 76 (1979 B: fbUo 33v).
llutzriahiMt/ resembles that
2. Sec folio 6$r descriptiaa fbr niaire infixmation no ThaAukad.
of the Quachic warrior of 3. Sahagún 1950-1982 8:51.
folio 64r, and also is simi- 4. See Sonttelk 1970:211 far diiciuiiaa of ihe Laie FoMdasHC con-
lar CO those worn by the vcniienal nodimt of wufiue tod defeat See base ]9S3b tm a oannaniag
amlyát.
masters of yoodis (see lo-
5. Clark td. mile 3) st¡iti-s (hat reversed arrows are a sign of rcbcl-
1
bos 57r and 63r). The Pri- litin. but he givvs no source for rhis assertion. For more detailed infomiaiion
mero! Memoriales contains on shield and arrows signifvmg war, see folio 57r, "Ini^ DeKripdans."
descriptions of additional 6. Sahagun IQÔ-IW: H:V!->4.

7. See "Imige Deseriptions" for an explanation of this njr.u
types of necklaces, diose of
H I or tmirc information on Hutzniibuatl. sec folio 66r description.
greeastonc .md troKI. ¡niU ' 1 1 r more information on TiiwyahuMati. see folio 65 r description.
"mat," gold snail shells, 1Ü, Dunn (1964 72. also in Durin 1967 2 A0i) lists tijc ro)al ctjundi as:
small snail shells, and round Thmbcakatl, Tlacjitdiri. Tlitamattfm, EzhmbiuKatl.

Sahaglin (1950- 1982 8 :61) lists die four princes aiiiaaiy the niler as Jh-
greenstone beads.'*
Iluaxtct shield: aiersvihinuM

b tnodicr ooniat, Sahagdn ^d. 8 : 74) lists the finr tides from which a
new rater is choien: TbadeUutl tmoB, dmattl imdSf, TSHnMlfw tttmS,
liuiznahiiatl carries the most common of the Aztec shield designs, Timiauaeatí Uatdi.
the cuexyo. Sec "Image Descriptions," folio 62 r, and chapter 8 by For more information on the "Council of Four." sec folio 65r. "Content"
section.
Anawek io vohune 1, for s discussion of diis shield type.
1 1 . Sec Anawalt 1 977 for a discussion ol the roles played by the Aztecs' fiam-
Ticocyabmcad bo)'3nt tcjtlKToj -.i.irrM- attire.

12. Sahaeun I'^.Û- 1%: H; 51 -5.V
Warrior Costume
15, Ibid.'
banner-style back devices 14. Molina 1977 (Spani^h/NahuatiJ folio 105r "Rio, atuyatl" (river).
15. Cad(x yejfriitry-Mayer 1971:42.
pamiti
16. CoitoLiM<IW66:16D.
1 hi*. niNiL'nia is almost identi-
17. Sahigún 1950-1982 11:247-248.
cal to that worn by the Qtia- 1& Olid.
chic wirrior of faKo Mr." 19. Durán 1971:261.
20. lbi(i.:2<8-269.
Scler speculates that the back
21. Molina 1977: folio «2r'Teoeisdi.oaocafM»l grande" (odicr large shell).
devkei$(heftMntîin»iiif(''&b-
22. Sahaglin 1950-1982 11:230-2)1.
ric banner" or "OnacWc ban- 2}. Ibid.
ncr"') " He tqii.itcs it to one 24. .Motolinii 1971 147.
worn by the Quachic-rank 25. S.ih.ii;tm 19sn-!9H2 5:22.

26. .SlIlt l'W-1961 2:702.
warrior of folio 64r. He notes 27. Sahagun l9jU- 1982 2:219.
that both are distiniruished by 2H. CWfx A/.i;tyMAKUfm 1970: folio 35r.
the "starry sky" that appears 24. .Molma 1977: folio lOOr "TcocallLcBade dios, o yglesia" (house of god,
on the top of the doth ban- or church).
ner, and speculates that per- 30. CWw Afm^; folio 5v.
Sec appendix E, vohnne 1, for in esplanotioa of the place name
haps it was called the you-
Tcocalhttejmcan.
á^miái (night banner) or 31. PnmtmliimtrialitWlktttMîL
citlalpamitl (star banner)."* Se- 32. Molina 1977: folio 57r "Mid. sicta. o flecha" (dirt or anow).
Icr also couples this device 33. Sahagun 1950-1982 2:25.
54. Ibid. 8:50.
with a similar insignia that
5^ Drirán 1971:112.
>"[H'.irs several rimes in (Mat i6. Sjhair.in 1'>>II- l')s: (,: plate 29 il')79 6: folio 170r).
ídJeritiiio-Remeusis."" 1^. .\li>lina 1<'7': fulio UHv "Tepuztopilli. lanâ O venablo de muntero"
Themteresting variety' that (lance'spear or hunter's iavelin).
58. Duran 1967 1: Umnui9.
exists among the pamiti insig-
59. Molina |077: folio l58r."Xacalli. chofa, bohioocattde ptja" (but, oot-
nia suggests that butne spccitic martial accomplishment or indica- lage or house of straw).
tion of rank was being disphqwd. 40. .Sahagxin |9St)- VK2 1 1: plate 901 (1979 11: folio 243r)w
1
41. Sahaglin 1950-1982 11:273.

42. Ibid. 11:194.
214 • THt DAILY LIFE YtAR TO YEAR / FOLIO ÓJT

60. Seler (1960-1961 2:562) translates the tútzimitl warrior costume as
44. Primero! Mrmorutla n.d.: chap. 4, pjr. 8, Thelma D. Sullivan traaslation. "Schreckgcstalt." or "frightful spccicr." Ikrdan chooses to call this die
W. Mnllru 15*?: iollo \ r ''f.Uiialli. nxlela. .iJarifj p;iuc<i, o ctKa wmciinte" "death" warrior ciKtiiitiv (MatncnLi Jr Inhitai I'^KO: .1(1. r»otc lOi. while .\n-
(vhielii, target, or siniilir thijig). denon and Dibble translate it as "dem<in of the air" (Sahagiin 1950-1982
46. See note 32. fi:34-?5). Sullivan uses the term "demon of the dark" {Prmterm Memoriaief
47. Duran n.d.: chap. 4, par. 8i. .-Xppareniiy. ihcvc titles are all nrferenccs to the tzitzi-
46. Malríívla de Trihiím 1980: folio .ív "quaxolloti"; Primeros ¡Mrmeriahf mtme deities and their fearful appearance in the sl-y during an eclipse, foretell-
n.d.: chap. A, pjr. B (Thclmj D. Suihvjn transí Jtion); Primtm Memorúlei ing the dreaded destruction of mankind (sec previous note),
1926: oiitmpu .\X\' '-iiujxulotl." From Molina 197": folio 84r "Quaitl. ex- HI. H. B. Nicholson: personal communicition.
tremidad de algo, o la cabcva" (txtrcniit)' o( Mîmething, or the head), Thus 62. See for example Matriivia de Trihauu 1980; folio llr,
^lutitl ("head") Xohtl (a deit)) = qiutxehtl. or ".XolotI head." 65. Prrmen/} Memana/es 1926: eUampa X.XI1I.
49. H. B. Nicholson: personal communication. 64. Prtmerm Memonala n.d.: chap. 4. par. 8, Thelma D. Sullivan translation.
50. For examples of the ijuaxiôdUicV device in CaJex Mendoza see: folios Ôr, 65. Cvdtx Mendnz^t: folios 20r. 21v, 23r, 24v, 26r. 27r. 28r, 29r. 30r. 3ir, i6r.
}U, 40r, 49r, ylr. For examples in other cod-
2lv, lie, 14\, IbT, IHt, 29r, iOr, 41 50r. See alsti Matrmtla de Tributos 1980: folios .3r->v. 7r, 8v, llr. 14v.
r,
ices sec appendix column 4, "Warrior Oisnimes: The CoJtx MenJum and
F, 66. Sahagun 1950-1982 8:34-35.
Other .•Xztcc Pictorials," volume 1. 67. Simeon 1963 330 "I'amitl. Urapeau, cteitdard. banniere" (flag, standard,
;
5 1 Pnmtnti Memoriales n.d. chap. 4. par. 8 (Thclnu D. Sullivan tnnslation);

. : banner). .Uso, 332 "Pantli. Urapeau, banniere. mur, ligne, rangee" (flag, ban-
Pnmtras Memonata 1926: estampas )Ci\\, \SX. ner, wall, bne. rank (of soldiers[).
52. Prtmens Memormla n.d.: chap. 4, par. 8, note 41 (Thelma D. Sullivgin 68. Sahagiin 1950-1982 8: 14.
.
translation). 69. Seler 06Ü-196I 2:567.

55. Sahagiin 1950- 19S2 1:9 'teucujrlaacucchco7,quc." From Molina 1977: 70. Coátx I'ath-antuA 1979: folio 87v.
folio lOCW "TetK'uitlatl. oro o plata" (gold orsilver); folio 8r "Atl. agua" 71. (mUx TrlleriunvK<-mrH!.v^ 1964- 1967: folio 39v.
(«ater); folio25v "cuechtli. cierto caracol largo" (certain Irjng shelll; folio 27v 72. Lienzo de Tlaxcay 1892 :4(). 45, 48. .';6. 75.
"Cuzcatl. piedra preciuia labrada de forma redonda, o cuenta para rezar"
jov'a, 73. Ibid.:69. For a (ive-llag /wnrr/back device see pages 50, 54; for a four-flag
(jewel, precious stone worked into round form, or bead for praying Icollar/ dev ice sec page* 5 3, 47.
ncddaccj). Thus trotuitlail (goldl aii (water) + nitdtiti (shell) + i.ifi<att 74. The only difference between HmzMbitaifs back device and the one on
(necklace) - ttotui¡laacut(h<vuatl, or "gold shell necklace." folio 65r is that on the former, three tiucrzjtl feathers are inserted horizontally
54. Sahagún I95U-198: 1: plate 5 (I9?V I: folio lUv). at two points on the stiff, tiaglike section of the insignia.
55. Ibid. 1 9. 75. Prmiemr Mrmonalei n.d.: chap, 4, par. 8 (Thelma P. Sullivan translation)
56. Prrmens Memoriatts n.d,: chap, 4, par, H. Thelnw D. Sullivan translation. "teucuiilai-uzcatl temoltic." From Molina 1977: folio KHK' "Teocuiila cuzcatl.
57. Duran 1967 1: Ummu 15. joya de oro o de plata, o presea" (jewel of gold or silver, or ornament); folio
58. See appendix <i. column 9, "Shields: The Codex Mendoza and Other 97v "I'emolin. cierto cscarauajo, u tauano" (certain beetle, or hornet or
.•Vztcc Picrorials," volume I. horsefly).
59. Matricvlade Tnhutas 1980: folio .!v. From .\lolina 1977: folio l5}r"Tzi- The golden beetle necklace is depicted and glossed on Primeras Memonales
tzimitl, nombre de demonio" (the name of a demon |god|). 1926: estampa XKW.
Seler's index (1967;520) lists these deities as "tzitzimime (plural of tzitzi- 76. Pnmerus Memonales 8, Thelma D. Sullivan translation.
n.d.: chap. 4. par.
mitf¡. 'Damoncn dcr Fittstcmis," Stcrngotter, eigcndich die Sterne, die bei 77. There is only a small difference between the TimyahuihatVs pamitl device
eimretender Sonnenfinstcrnis bei Tagc am Himmel sic-htbar werdcn, daher and that of the (Juachic warrior, .Multicolored feathers appear in the stiff,
als Dunkclhcitsilamoncn gedacht, die bei dem W'clruntcrgang. der beini \ er- flaghkc portion of thisdesicc rather than just the red and white feathers of the
loschcn des Lichu bei jcdcr Sonncnfinsrcmis gcfiirchtci wurdc, zur Erde her- (Juachic's insignia.
abkommen und dcr .Mcnschhcit dieses Zeitaltcrs cm Ende machen werdcn" 7». Seler 1960-1961 2:570-571. .Molina 1977: fblio 84r "Quachpamitl. es-
("demons of the darkness," star gods; actually the stars, which at the com- tandarte, vandera, o pendón" (standard, flag, or banner); from folio 84r
mencement of a solar eclipse became visible during the day in heaven and Quachdi. manta grande de algodón" (large manta of cotton). Thus ^suubtli
were therefore thought of as gods of darkness; during each solar eclipse it was (fabric) + pamitl (banner) - (/uaihpamitt. or "fabric bantK-r," or quactif
feared that the exringuishing of the lights was the end of the world, and [the (Quachic warrior) ^ pamitl = ¡¡uaciipamitl, or "Quachic banner."
tzitzimime] would descend to Earth and bring about the ctid of maiddnd dur- 79. Codex Tellenano-Kementii 1964- 1967; folios 3}v. J7r, 37v,
ing this epoch). 80, S«ler 1960- 1961 2:571,
THE D.MLV LIFE YEAR TO VF.AR / FOl.10 67r • 215

FOLIO ó8r
CONTENT ax served as a symbol of the young man tabng his leave from the
Register 1 company of bachelors.'*
In Sahagún's account of this custom, the ax was presented by the
The initial scene of folio 68r poitnqn a fcait given fay the young youth's parents at a feast held before a bride was ever sought for
married man seated on the right. Facintj him arc his five guests,
the yomig man. On tulm 68r, however, the bridegroom— not his
four of whorn arc identified by
larger figure bears the
a gloss as telpiubtli (yxMith).'
same
The parents — is the host, and the wedding has already occurred. In-
fifth, slightly tide, but the attendant deed, his bride is very much in evidence.
gloss reads: "telpuchtli. [whichi means \outh leader."
who wears
Behind the groom kneels the busy wife, the same
I he unitonnity in name and dress ut these guests, together with
round blue earplug as her husband and most oi his guests. The
their similarity to the groom in haintjê and eaiplvgs, implies that young woman is an expert spiimer, capable of drawing an im-
all were ttlpochcaUi aee mates. However, these \ounp men ohvi-
pressive length of thread from the unspun fillet of raw cotton held
onaly have not yet reached the rwo seiuor levels, teacbidub (niaster
in her left hand. This is quite a contrast to the initial, tentative at-
of youths) and tôibtkto (ruler of youths). Men at these higher tempts at spinning made by the girls of five and six years on folios
ranks not only wear ihtir h.iir in a distinctive manner hut also don 58r and S9r.
the traditional net capes and shell necklaces of the iii;istcrs and
The faa that the wifie is shown spinning while her husband and
mien (tf youths.' his friends take part in the fieast is puzzling. Is it to call attention to
The speech glvphs in front of each of the six men indicate that a
the fact that Spinning is one of a woman's most important duties,
discussion is in progress. The attendant Spanish cominentary on woman was
or is it intended to show that the not a guest at the
folio 67v explains that the groom wishes to retire from his past
foast given by her husband? Peihaps the hnpBcatian simply is that
teipochcaUi duties; here he is asking leave of his peers. In order to
the husband has been forrunate enough ro marry a skilled spinner,
encourage the granting of this request, a feast has been assembled,
and the mantas oífercd to the guests were woven by (he young
replete with presents for the guests. Sahagún describes the prepa- wifis, who has now reached full adok status.
ration of tamales, sauces, and chocolatie for such a feasti' the ban-
quet depicted on folio 68r includes each of these delicacies. Rtpiter 2
Set nut fiir the pleasure of the glKSB are a large basket of ta-
males, a sauce bowl that holds a

The next register of folio tHr deals widi llie diitinguithed status
vukef identified by the Spanish
gloss as a ocxiked chicken),* and a deoonted goord ccmtainer filled
that married men could achieve. A seated ider is shtnvn at the left,
«ith cacao beans. Vrom such distinctive goblets as this one. the
whom both the Spanish commentary and the glocs identify as
"Latá ofNítáeo.'' Wdkii^ away from die ruler are three males,
guests will drink chocolate, the delicious indigenous beverage
each with black body paint, brown face paint, white tubular car-
made from gromid cacao.*
plugSi Mfinlnw-rank hairstyles, and capes worn as hip-doths, folded
.\mong the feast items there are also rwo mamas, the capes worn
and ded at die waist. An three carry obsidtan-smdded lances and
by Aztec men. The wavy lines on these identical pieces of cloth
farui; the first two of these lans also apjK-ar on folio ftlr. but the
may be intended to represent a decoration of some kind.* Capes
third is unique to this depiction. Above the third figure is the ge-
weivoommoni}' given as gifts among the .\ztcc on special occasions.
neric blue-rimmed shield of Codex Mauhzs, backed hf an obsidian-
Bdcnr the textiles arc portrayed a bound set of hvc smoking
Studded war club. Tlie implication of this imagery is warfare. TTie
tubas, which die gj oaa in acknowledgment of the picutant fra-
Spanish commentary on folio 67v bears
grance of certain types of burning tobacco — identifies as "a hand-
this out, stating that after
marry they are elevated to hif^ warrior ranb and

wirtfay youths
ful of perfiunes." ^ In the Florentine Codex, reference is also made to
become emissaries—posts of g^tt honor.
the aromatic quality of smoking tubes.* This fragrance may have
been enhanced through the addition of liquidambar.'*
R^pster 3
Directly in front of the groom is a copper Accordmg to Sa-
ax.
h^gún, sudi axes were presented u> the ¡dftoAtím, the groom^ The third section of folio 68r shows a court of justice, complete
fbnner teacher, as well as to the ttipoctcaUt age-mates. The copper with Uti^nts, judges, aiul aisistanis. Sahagtm provides tnfonnatioa
on such a court. He reports that the ruler made judicial appoint- misleads one; he contends, emerging victorious, triumphant; he is
menls from among bodi noUemen and valiaot wrion. Tlie Ibr- aggresshne ... he coHecB triboie far one. He cmuvmes a tenth of
mtr WEit worth]^ of the ]XM tEODic diCF were it=te(lraw!ffiooin|iiiiffi.**
snnisand also had been properly schooled. The upbringing of rhe The "bad" arrorney is fraudulent and dishonest; "one who spir-
latter was also important, but of equal merit was the faa that these its things away by deceit. ... He is a hypocrite — lazy, lukewarm,
snccessfu] warriors "haá been reared in war." Whatever the chosen negligent . . . two-fooed, Inoonstant, squandering dosnK mute.""
one's class, the qualities of wisdom, eloquence, sobrict)-, cncrtr), Sahagún^ descfiptioo of the solicitor is equally penetmiog;
and integrity were mandatory. Men were chosen who "did nothing
who would not
The good solieiiur [is| dilieeiit, mk . . . ]inpulsi'.e, impetu-
for friendship^ or kinship's sake; nor for enmity;
ous, over-hasty, sohcitous. [He goes] without his food, with-
hear nor judge a case for a fee. The ruler might condemn them to
"
out his deep. He solicits with q^mpatby. ..He goes about .
death; benoe they performed their ofiRces as judges righteously." troubled, fearful. He does tfaiqgs of his Own volitioo; be
On the left side of register } sit four judges, each with a young wurlcH energetically.
man of rank seated behind him: all eight wear the blue diadem, The bad solicitor [is] a shirker, a loafer, a pusher who
indicating they ate nobles. Each of the four judges has a name blinds one, distraets one, lulls one to sleep in order to rob
glyph attached no his bead, analyzed below in the "linage Deacrip- Ilim; who destroys by sorcery, reiiunes by stealth, accepts
don" section. bribes; who makes corrupt pronouncements; who is bribed
— who lets his tongue be silenced. ... He eats [at the ex-
JUDGES pense of] both sides. ... He strips both sides. He sells one's
goods widxwt ooe^ knowtedge."
Mfxcoatkyhtlac, "The Returned Master of the Cloud Snake" "
Sahagún abo reports that tlie A/.tcc judicial system provided
The first is the chief justice — the gloss reads "judge like an */-
two courtrooms, one for commoners, the other for nobility. The
eaUe" —whose title is A/> v ..7'.',/v<vr//. S -.liagún includes thif tide
commoners' court was known as the Tmuffi. Officiating here were
among those magistrates whom the ruler once encuted as unworn
irfiat the fiiar refers to as "the Mexican judges."''* He "p*""*» that
diy judges. When Mote cuh zoma heard ill tilings of a group of
in the commoners' court the judges studied the caaas itry thor-
judges, he seized and iinpriaoned them in wooden cês and had
ougidy. Wimeaaaa were aoogfat out and earefoOy quesrioned to aid
them all killed."
the magiatrataa in weighing the charges. '
/\ftcr hearing the griev-
Ezbuahmait! (EzguaguacatI), "Raining Blood"" ances of the "—"f**!* folk, the Gomplaints were reoofded piciori-
ally.These reootds were then odeen to die TZaerMm, die hig^r
The second judge is EzbiubuacatJ. Tliis tide also appears on folio
court, whose judges were of the noble class. It was in this latter
6Sr, bdonging to the fourth of the constables who were the em-
court that a final judgment was pronounced and also that the cases
fftto^ eieeutiriners. Although Sahagún staiea that the constables
of die nobiity wete tried.'*
were oonunoners," he nonetheless also mentioiu the Ezbmhtuani
courtroom of register 3 of this folfo apparently is a TeccaHi.
title in connection with a higher court, of which nobles were mem-
The oonrt of the nobles, the Tlaontfan, is depicted on the foUow-
bers, and again as one of die judges who akkd the mler with diffi-
iiigfeUo, 69r.
cult cases."
Amti lyatajumecatl, "Lord of the Reed on the Nose"" IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS

'"
Tcûixtfuinahuacat! "Saltpeter Speech" Míiritíi
The tliird judge has the tide of Aaiti lyatapatucatt, i'his tide, as _ . _ ^ manta: tibnaüi-'
well as that of the fourth judge Tetfuixpmtabuaaat—tiso appears As was ffiscoased in the "Image Descrip-
among those listed by Sahagún as advisers tn the niler." tifins" rit tiilio fiOr, rlie Mesoameriean liaek-
'^'^^^ """'^""^
Thanlcs to Sahagiin's Aztec intormants, wc know what traits Strap loom produced pieces of cloth com-
diaracterized a good and a bad magistrate. The fenner was digni- plei^ finished on all four «des. As a result,
ticd. scriciiis. aiui iiic nrive. He c:irefillly listened to both sides and tt was possible to wear these webs of material just as they came
issued a fair judgmcni, show ing no 6voritism. The bad magistrate, from the loom, cither as capes mantas —or as loincloths, accord-
however, had a perpetual chip on his aboulder, set up unfoir ordi- ing to the fabric^ wkhh and length. Further processing was neoes-
nances, accepted bribes, issued conupt verdicts, and was known to aaiy only for the addition ot decorated borders, the application of
do iavors." COtain moci^ or the joining of two or more webs at their finished
Facing the magistrates of folfo 68r are six litigants, three of each selvage edges to create a particniarly wkle cape or a woman^ fai-
sex. The men sit in the usual pr)siti(>n of the A/ree male, iloaks pilli or wrap-around skirt.
wrapped tighdy about their kiiees. The women Imeel with their Capes were sometimes used as a means of exchange. For ex-
bands docilely craned. Each <rf the sexes has its spokespeison, but ample, one small cape would buy a boatload of drinking vrater.^
the woman is the more animated in her presentation. .Mthough \n unskilled slave sold for rhirtr larce tMpcs. However, his price
these litigants appear to be arguing their own eases, the .\/.tcc judi- rose to forty if he was "dean ot Ixxiy" and skilled at dancing.'" The
cial s\-scem included both attorneys and solicitors, Sahagún de- featherworkers oí ilie ,,ilpui/i of .Ainantlan, in order to buy a slave
scribes thc-m at length, in a section ofhis work on endianters, sor- whose sacrifice would celebrate their dcirj-'s feast day, invited guests
cerers, and tiiagiuans.- to join them in making this purchase. The contribution of large
The "good anomey" is described as discreet, astute, diligent, cotton capes i i : >
>ward the price of the dtxjmed slave."
constant, sharp-tongucd, wrangling, ingenious, audacious, and care- A detailed equivalency of three diflerent grades of capes to ca-
fol. tiowever, in addition to making rebuttals, appeals, and plead- cao beans, another form of Aztec curreiKy, is discussed by Ander-
ing cases, the attorney "ensnares; he accuses ... he shouts ... he son and Dibble m Sahagún^ mndi book, TkMmbtntt."
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 68r 217

Smoking Tubes Prior to the Span.i'.h Conquest, copperaxes together with Icnííths
of cotton cloth, capes, cacao beaiis, and quills with gold dust served
-mnkini' mhes: iiat\et¡, aciiciuiihiiit!, yeüalli''-
as indigenoos forms of money.
rile uscot (ubacixiin smoking tubes — also known
as smoking canes bectuae of the plant material into which the to-
Tamaks
bacco was piickfd —
«'.is rominon :imon^' the A/tecs." C.ndrx Ix-
tULxtxhiil coiiijiiis luij (ict Texcocan nobles hold-

iilcii ¡HjriiMits ol tamale: ttm^**
ing flower bouquets ind smoking tubes. In one case, smoke is
rising fnMn the lighted cane." These
illustrated, either
cig.iriike
being used or being presented as offerings at cer-

tubes arc frequently mm For a discussion of tamales, a staple at Mexican
feasts then as now, see Image Descriptums," fo-
fio 61r.
emonies.'- .\lthough it is usually men who are shown stnoldng,

there is an illustraoon in book 4 of the Florentine Codex of a woman Fffivl/Meat Dishes
handing a Ughted smoking tube to two eagerly awaiting females.'* Turkeys and their usual preparation have already
Fnndsco Hernández, die official physician of the Spanish Court beoi discussed under "Image Descriptions," folio
responsible for documenting the flora and fauna of sixteenth- 61 r. There was, Iiowever, sometimes a Surreptitious
century .Mexico, describes smoking tubes as dried and perforated addition to a supposedly ail-turkey dish. Sahagún, when telling of a
piec es oi c.ine. These were smeared on the outside with powdered wealthy merchant^ preparing for a large feast, speaks of the host
charcoal and filled vîth a mixture of tobacco, liquidambar, and providing not only some hundred turkevs, but also iipproxim.itely
sometimes aromatic herbs. He states that smoking this mixture in- half as many dogs. When the food vâs subsequently prepared for
duces sleep, weakens all sensations of pain or fatigue, calms head- sefving, "at the bottom of the sauce didi they placed the dog meat,
aches, allevitfo asthma, and cticngthens the stomach. He advises on top they placed the nirkey as re(|uired-""
against its eaixssfve nse, however, warning that it can also bring on Dog meat was not always served in a disguised form. In another
incurable illnesses.'' of Sahagún's descriptions of feast preparations, he mentions the
Tobacco was also used as a ritual offering. Sahagún mentíons dressing of dogs tor a main dish/'
slaj-ing. singeing, ,ind
this In connection with a feast hmoring the god Huitzilopochdi. In a vivid account, Duran confirms the regular consumption of
Bundles of bound smoking rubes were burned in front of the idol dogs, which continued into the Colonial period. He telb of anend-
nntU the smoke rose and billowed like a cloud around the ef&gy." ing the famous dog market at Aoolman, wheK dogs of all sizes and
Gifb of tobacco pla)'cd an important role in the celebration of shapes were regularly sold;
feasts. When describing such ceremonies, Sahagiin often mentions
One day I went to observe the market day there, just to be
guests being plied with tobacco." He explains how this leaf was
an eyewitness and discover the truth. 1 found more than
ground^ powdered, then tamped down into the smoking tubes with
four hiuidred large and small dogs tied up in crates, some
a heavy straw.*' He ako dcsi rilics those trim served the tobacco.'"
already sold, othos st91 for sale. And there were such piles
In one of the illustrations that accompany diese passages, two burn-
of ordure ;hat I was ovcrvvhrlnici-l. When a .Spaiuaid \\lio
ing tobacco tubes are shown, each resting in its own diree-kgged
was touUy familiar with that region saw (my amazement],
"ashtr.iv" lietore two m.iie miests, who .ire busily e.itini: t.ini.ilcs .mil
he asked, "Why are yon astooiSbed? I have never seen such
Stewed turkey.'- At such feasts, the tobacco servers followed a for-
a !iiL-ager sale of dogi ss loday! There was a tremendous
malized ritual when distributing die smokii^ canes to guests. They short.iL'c ot fhcin'""
offered the eionj;.ilcd. spcir-shaped tubes with their rij;ht liand
the hand that customarily held a êar or spear thrower in batde. Turkey and dog were not the only meat in lite .\ztec diet.
The round "ashtray" in which the banung tube would test, sym- Sahagún, telling of i\ztec meat sellers, lists rabbit meat, hare.
Opossum, \'cnison, and the ''meat of wild beasts " He also includes
bolizinL' the sh!cl<!, w.is cirricc! in the server's left hand."
Sahau'un Jcscnl>es very guud tobacco as being ot a tine consis- various types of fowl: duck, crane, goose, mallard, quail, and eagle.
tency; it was cheweil rather than smoked. I Ic adds that although it

(jicao
served to dispel (uigue and aid digestioo, fine tobacoo also made
one drunk.** cacao bean: (ocabuatt"
Dorin, discussing the ingreclients of the sooty mixture that Aifatoliiiia points out that the highly valued cacao beans
priests smeared on their bodies, includes tobacco. He abo claims served as fixii!, drink, ind moncv to ;hc Mexicans As a
the Indians used it as a stimulant to calm and relieve "the pains of result, every aspect of tlus valuable commodity was given close at-
toil."*' In another context, w hen discussing the Aztecs' veneration tentioiii. The saplings were planted paired with main (mother)
of fire, he tells of gifts of tobacco being offered to the flames.*' trees, whidl served to shelter the smaller, more fragile cacao. He
Copper Ax compares the cacao bean to the almonds of Castilla and sutes that
each pod contained thirty kemeb or "almonds" of cacao, mofe
_ ^ -A copper ax: Uptatíi" or less.
^
^ 1 .Sahagún, when describingtfaeorderingofthemarket-

place, makes it clear that copper items were grouped
Often, cacao was used for moneiai \
I
'lj; p. >,(.>. .Mofolinia reports
that a load or "carga" contained three xiijuipilli ( 8,000 ot cacao
1
together. He tells of these axes being sold in the same section with beans; thus, one "carga" of cacao contained 24,000 beans. ¡Sn en-
copper needles and the chiseb of the caipenters and scdptors.'** tire "carga" of these beans, the friar wrote in 1555, was worth four
In C.iidex Maidoui and its cognate, ManicuLi de Trilntos. copper or five pesos.** A list of maifcet prices established by a judge in
axes appear as tribute from two Aztec provinces: Tepcquacuilco Tlaxcala in 1 545 provides a corresponding value in cacao beans for
and Quiaubteopin.** Ax blades^ shown attached to their wooden each item named.**
bafb, qipear in both pre-Hispanic piccarials"> and poat-Cooqnest Sahagún states that 100 cacao beans wonU buy a fine, amall
codices."
218 * TliK UAILV LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FULIÜ 68r
cape, known as totoiUqual^HaAtli (bird-tood cape).*^ Eight}' cacao nochco.'' One type, atiibuami, is idendbable by its glyph as being
bñns would buy a doak (tf lesser vahie, and a still chn^ mmum made of stooe; út otlier, fopáeamttí, appears to be pottery.'^
eoald be had lor dxiy-iive beans of cacao.** Sahagnn relates that when merchants retamed from a long
TIic tiij,'li value jilaccd on cacao liL-ans in McxicanSOCÍCtyis fur- ¡1 iiund. chocolate would be enjoyed at a feast in honor of the gods
ther .ntcstcd in Sahajrims account of the t.ifiir: Xiuhtecuhdi and Yacatecuhdi. This particular chocolate was served
in tnttimtai (sacred copsV whkh are depicted in the acoooipany-
The tapir is quite rare. When wild cacao grows which
. . . — ing illustration.'* They are shaped like die gourd diooohte gobkt
no one plants {h eats tliew].
. . . When it defecates, it . . .
of folio 68r.
he.ips up [xoidi il '.^holf" ricio he.ins, almost ,i carrier'*; load.
Sahagdn describes the p:)niphernalia needed to prepare the
The common tulk hunt tor these in the forest, in order
nikr's chocolate; the earthen jars and the strainers for making the
tbete to find üie cacao beans.**
beverage, and the painted gourd vessels, decorated stoppers, and
Theie weie nuny grades and types <>f cacao, scale ootning from beaters fiar serving it.'*
a great distance; Sahapún mentions beans imported from Guate- Chocolate vessels shaped like that of folio 68r arc depicted sev-
mala, The highest-quality bean was large, hrm, and well devel- eral liines in the Florentine Codex, sometimes with the stirring stick
oped; wizened and broken beans were andesirsble. Cacao was also ôwn in the cap.**
sold in powdered form. 'I'hc "bati cacao seller," aooording ro Sa-
Title Glyphs
hagún's informants, cinplo)X'd all manner of tricks and under-
handed mses in oider to deceive bnyers into pnrduBiiig his in- The four judges on folio 68r are each accompanied by his own tide
fefkir kernels: glyph. Tiieae are among sixteen exaoqiles of the mdigenous method
[With] Jtnjranth scud Joiji,'li. «.)\, avocadopils he countet^ of depicting names or titles that occur in die ethnographic section
fcits cacao; he covers this over with cacao bean hulls. . .

of Codex MendauiT'
The whitish, the fresh cacao beans he intermixes . . . ruins
whh the shrunken, the chiU-seed-like, the brolien, the hol- Afyxtoadayloiku:
low, the tiny." "The Returned Master of dw Ckmd Snake"**

The firtt judge's glyph consists of an eagle feather
Oviedo \- V'aldés confiritis this practice of faking cacao beans.
tuft surnMinded by three footprints. In Meso-
However, he describes the "bark or skin" of a kernel being re-
anwrican pictorials, iboiprints often act as in-
moved and then filled with earth. 'I'hc husk of the bean was so
dicators of movement or a journey;^' in this in-
slullfully sealed that the substitution was unnoticeable. Only by
stance they apparendy amvey one element in the
touch could the counterfeited cacao kernel be detected.**
tide, tlailoo, meaning to return. The appearance
The enioyment of the delicious chocolate drink made from ca-
tif the eagle feather nifts. rather than the usual
cao beans was, according ro Durán, restricted to the nobles and the
tymbcA (or At cloud-snake, is puzzUng.""
upper classes.*' Sahagün. however, mentions merchants' drinking
it with "divine ear" spice added. Apparently, this was a mitmegiike
Ezbuabuafatl (Ezguagmat^:
flavoring."
"Raining Blood""
Chocolate was prepared by first grinding the cacao, dieo soaldng,
The glyph for this judge consists appropriately
aerating, and
back and forth until
filtering
it
it.
formed
Next, the drink was vigoraoaty poured
a frothy head. This was renoved,
^ of a red-striped symbol far rain.
the liquid was allowed to thicken, and, ñnally, water waastirnd in.
The resulting driidc was soft and foamy, reddish in cokn^ and bitter
in taste. Flowers, vanilla, wild bee honey, and diile were some-
tiii. ilded. ^parently, chocolate of a lesser qualir\ was litcrallya
pale imiution, made of poor cacao beans mixed with maize flour
and lime water, and, according to Sahagún, "[(it for] water ffles."*'
Atati lyacapmtcaá:
The ruler had the option of a wide array of different types of the 'TordofdwReed
highest quality chocolate, which he enjoyed after his meals. His
on the Vnse"'-
beverage was flavored with honey, ground-up dried flowers, green
The third judge's glyph represents an arrow
vanilla pods, and other seasonings. These additions resulted in a
reed on a man^ i
wide array of chocolate colors: bright red, orange-colored, rose-

oolored. Mack, and white."
Chocolate was acknowledged to have many virtues: it glad-
dened, refreshed, consoled, and invigorated one. However, Sa-
hagün was wariKd that if a person drank too mudi dtooolate TequixijuhulnuKad:
es|)CLÍ:!liy il'il was iTiadc of tcn<ler, green beans — it COuld make OOe "Saltpeter Speech"
"
dizzN'. contused, sick, dnmk, and deranged." The fourth of the judges is designated by
a ^yph consisting of a set of lips covered
Cup for I '.h neníate
with small black dots, from whicli etiiergcs a
"
cup for chocolate: teammti speech scroll. Berdan suggests the presence
There were at least three diflerent types of vessels in which cacao of the lips acts as a phonetic prompt, alert-
w as serv ed. On íoÜo 68r, a gourd goblet is depicted- Two additional ing the reader that the hladc spots hidicate
cacao cups are shown among die tribute from the province of Xoco- saltpeter.**
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO Ó8r * 219

NOTES lianslatc rMUIr as "cigars" (ibid. 8:69): however, the corrcspotiding Spamih
Kit calb it "ciflas de huino" (smoking cznes, Sahagun 1 975 476). :
1. Molina 1977: fabo 96v "TdixKfatli. manodm" (yotab, yaaug nua, 33. See CDlio42r in die tribute section of CViiinrAfraptor for a bundle <rf canes
badwlo^ dial are to be made into smoking tubes.
2. Seefoli«57r«id«k.'%iHieD(Maj|iiiiii^ 34. ChUk MamUa 1976: faGas lOSr, IG7r.
tmkmétniti^tcMilfrniamiÚmrilttín. 35. For examples of smobmg tubes being laed at cere monies, see Sahsgnn
3. Sabapíii 1950-1982 6: 127. 1950- 1982 2: pistes 12, 20; 3: plate 7; 4: plates 26, 86-88; 9: pktes 28. 30
4. Since chickens were a post-Conquest intruduction, no doobt wiHt is pic- (1979 2: folb Sr, 4: foliaa 24v, 69r. 69v; 9:
fbUos 26v, 3 1 r: 3: foliot 28r, 29v).
mnd hm by the naiiw Mribc it a tiirkeyi the Imrf mott 0^ .16. Sahagun 9.^0 - 982 4: plate 88 (1979 4: fefio 69v).
1 1
Mc»oatn«rici. HernanJci 1959 2:176.

5. Dunn i.\'>'] -
Mh vtatttdiatihcAxwctKKrieicdihedriflldiif of choco- Sahagun 1950-1982 4:78.
late to the upper classCT. yi Ibid 4:122.
6. Sec iVnau^lt euiy, voliune Uibr meiplnaiionofdieiHMleoonMd ckxhinf 40. Ibid. 4:123.
of pan 3 of Codex Mendtaa. 41. Ibid. 4:124.
7. Codex Mendoza folio 42 r depicts a tied group of canes to be nude into 42. Ibid. 4: place 87 (1979 4: folio 69r).
nnokiqg tubes; this bundle is also gloiied "perfiiiiies." Siliagún 1950- 1982 8: 43. Sahtfúa 1950- 1982 9:34. This same aanner of pncfcaatioo was also
plate 9tf (1979 8: ibfo 501) CBiHMM an aiwaadc» dmoK Idcmkd ^ used sriroprniing flowers to guests,acustom that ofieitWlowed the ofaitig
cube Madhce, ahoiriag a boond Imndk of fiw sfflolchv of smoking tubes at feasts. However, in case, the eionpied "spett^ flower úm
for sale n ihc uuilulplBoea was ofier^ with the server^ left hand and the round "shiidd" Bower with tbe
8. Sah^ 1950-1982 8:«9. right. The server would present the txmqucts while facing the guest, who
9. Se« the Tladauhquitepec ptovince summary, julio 5lr, Ibr a dimisiiaa of ctmld then accept them with the appropriate fund.
liqiiiii:initi;it eivi-n in tiibutf 44. Ibid. 10:94.
1Ü SahjjTun l''5(l-l';s: :4a; 6:127-128. 45. Duran ITl I !5.
11. ibid. K 46. Ibid.::!'.:.

12. Myxceniljylinlai: CAaii il')iH 1 : lUl) suggests "motil cloud, (oati snake, 47. Sahagun 1950-1982 8:68 "tepoztli"; Matncnk dt Tnbutm 1980: folios
llamiotlac he has returned." He iko identifies MimatfasllieAGIIiy Wqivone 9r. lOv tepoztli." From Molina 1977: feGo I04v 'Tepuitli. cobre o hierro"
-
OÍ the three hearthstones, aitd god of the chase. (copper or iron),

Molina 1977: folio 57v»Mixtli.iimM^(Gknd):23r"OMtL culebra, melliio, Saliagún uses the term ttlpecbttpie,^ from tdpochtli (v-outh) and ttfUtU
o lombrB del estoinago" (snake, wonn, or worm of the stomach). (copper ax), for ttie symbolic ax given io the tiip»fbcM membeis upon a
Siméoo 1963 :247 "Miaooatl, Serpent nébulcux, tourbillon de vapcurs, phc- yOiUh'll taking leave to marry (1950-1982 6:127).
nomeneaonosphcriqiieaiaro sous le nam dcfaraadp. Divinitédeladiasse. — 48. Sahagun 1950-1982 8:68.
principsJement vénérée diei ks Otnmis et les CUdúmíqnes" (claudjr snake, 49. CUbr Afendisa: TepequacuikxN
fafio 37r; Quiauhteopmi. folio 40r (Mr-
whkhrind of npors, atmospherical phenomenan Ibkimi Igr ifae name of tor- trwMb Je TrOmm 1980: folios 9r, lOv).
nado—god of the chase, principally venerated in the land of the Oeomts and 50. For pre-Hispanic examples of copper axes anachcd to wooden halts, see
,
the Chichimccs). Odtx Cmfi 1968: 6 obvi " , rr.c; Cîex Ftjtnmy-Mtytr 1971 :28: Cr- ! r i
n. Sjhagim 1050-1982 8:42. dtx Uud 1966:4, 9, 20D; i.„jV.i ii.;tnu 1976: 12.
14. .Sec foliu description for mure infennatioa on Ftlmtlmaratf I 1 T examples ot copper a\ blades attached 10 «Liodcn halts in post-
M
1
15. .Sahagun l<í.íO- 1982 W. Cônquest pictorials, sec Cftiia .\!,i0ij¡'íth¡jni¡ 1970: loho 49r. CcJix Tájela
16. Ibid, 8 55. 1980 folio 31r; Sahagun 1950- 19h: ] plate 34 (|97q |; f„|i„ 26r).
17. A<ail lyjíiipjNtííii/: From .Molina 1V7T: folio Iv '"Acatl. caña" (rctdl, .Uh 52. .Molma I9':7: ioltii '>iiv " l amalli. pan de oujnt efflbudtoen hoissy coudo
"Ibcatl. narii,o punu dc alga" (nose, or point of something), T^r "Pani. cn- en olla" (bread nt mji?v wrapped m Icaies and cooked m an My.
dma, o pur defuera cn la sulirc h.17" dm. or on the uutsidc). Thus M4li (re«d) 53. Sahaglin 1950-1982 9:48.
+ i (hit) jfMui (nose) + pum [ym)
-t- tutl (signifying afliliitian) " Atml 54. m4:l23.
jnwagwwwirf. or "Lord of ihe Reed on the Nose." 5$. Dttiln 1971:278.
18. fefsrfiyiflMhMsari! From Hnd, Mm
105v TequiaqniiL saKire" (sah- 56. Sahagun 1950-1982 I0:8a
petei); 6}v "Nauatl. coia que nena bien, assi oamo campana &c. o hondire 57. MoUm 1977: folio lOv "Cacauad. gnao de acao" (cacao bean).
bdino" (thing diat sounds well, like a bell, etc., or man who speaks Spanisb 58. Moiofinfi 1971:216-217.
well). SabwitI u as also the term given to the Aztecs* tongue: **c'cst-a-dirc tan- 59. íXndcrM.n. Bcrdan, and LinUiari 19-|', :iO-2I3-
que harmorucusc, qui flatte I'oreiUc" (that is to say. harmonious language, 60. .-XndcrMin and Ddihli- iNahapim 19m)-|982 9:4K) idcntifv' iumIm/mIu
"
which flatters the ear) according to Simeon 1%-V2"2. tiuacbtli as "first ttw.. m;,.iII ;:i|;i.%. u lIKi taun l)L-ans
'I'hus rrfuuyuu/ (>altpci«r) < iM^<wr/ (speech) -* M/V (»ij(iiifying attiliaiiofl) .\ literal translatjim ! t.ht name w<juld .Molina 19"". tijho 1 5 ¡ r " lototi.
• Tri/uixifumuhujiall, or "SalcpeKT Speech." p;i)iaro" (bird): 1 ' 1
'
I I <>|ualli. iHamida. o \iandj' íIimkÍ. or tin. I ; i.rctorc,
IV. Sahagun l^jO-l'îi 8:55. fii/of/(birdl * .'/jyiiji'i'j I tiMKÍi + fi-iyuj./'f/i úiitton tape:- - !¡î''!ij',-u,¡¡!¡,iujihtlt,
20. Ibid.Hl: 15 - 16 or "Lird-tiMiil Lapi.-."
21. Ibid. 10:Í2-?.1. 61. Sahagun 1950- Í9(S2 9 4h. .Vnderson and Dibble pruside the following
22. Ibid. 10:.?2. foouioie, apropos (his passage: "The Spanish text implies a discincticm, which
23. Ibid. 10:32-33. does not appear m the Náhuatl column, among itltUtfMiiejitafhili (first
24. Ibid. 8:54-55. grade, fine, small capes, at 100 cacao beans), rifnaiMli (Second grade, fine,
25. ItHd, 8:42. tmaQ capes at 80), and qambtti (third grade, btge capes, at 60 not the 65 —
26. Ibid. 8:54-55, memioned in the Nahtttd ten)."
27. Molina 1977: folio ll3r. TOmadL manta» (maade/cspe). 62. Sahegún 1950-1982 11:4. One nunc gíven to this wIM cacao isnuM»-
28. SOagia I9S0-1982 9:48. fawf/. This it derived Inim Mari (god) and OBottasif (cacao bean); thus IM^
29. Ibid. 9:46. buatl can be translated « '^godâcao" or "Wicd cacao," or "genuine cacan."
30. Ibid. 9:87. 65. Ibid. 10:65,
Jl. Ibid. 9:48, note 15. 64. CHicdo y Valdes 1851-1855 1:316.
32. Cedex Mendoza: folio 42r uses the word aan^rl to gloss the depictions of 65. Durin 197 ::()(). 1
smoking tubes in the tributt- SL-Liiun. Froni Siincun 1''63 IM ""itt:. i uincc 66. Sahai,".in r'î - 1982 9:27, naie2.
odorifcrantc. parfum. tjh.if, pLintt- iiHMÍicin.sIt- omipuns ili-ux Siiriiiis ptin- 67. Ibid. IU.9_(,
cipjlfv nomiiu-i'*. pinrtl qsuiuhifti" liMiunlcroiii Miiokc, ptrtunie, tobacco, f,H. Iliid, S: 59 40.
niedK'itvjl pbiu ctin>|Miscil ot ruo principal varieties named and (¡uaub-
picKil 69. lliid. 11 119.
Jtth- Thus dfiTfyicanc rccd) + >«/ (tobacco) = j.jvff/ or "tobacco cane." 70. .Molina 1977: folio 93r "Ttomtd. VMO de btno, como hooda" (ves-
Anderson and Dibble (Sakagiin 1950-1982 8:69; iJcntih' the term acmtetl sel of clay, like a dcqi cup).
"pipes." They define MlfaNlAf(ibid. 3:44; 8 69) as "smoking tubes"; (his 7 1 . Codex Mendúts: fobo 47r, MatriaiU it TrAim 1980: folio 13r
term oonsisis of the elemeaa mnl (reed) and fuabuitt (wn>d). Tlicy abo 72. Qatk 1938 1 :81, note 7. From Molina 8v "Atli. bcuer agua o cacio" (»
220 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAB TO YEAR / FOLIO 68 r

drink water or cacao), JSr "ioi)uitcconutl. vjso dc barro" (vcHcl of day). 78. See note 12.
7 J. Ttadigpd) + fíiwnjíy icupi = temeômjtl, or "god-cup** or "SMIcd Cap." 79. See "Inufe Dticripiioiu," folio 57r far » dwgiwwn of fooqmnt ^yph» in
74. Sdugún 1950- 1982 9:28. plate 24 (1979 9: folio 2Sr). the (wdms.
'
75. Slh^ I9S0- 1962 8 :4a 80. For oamplei of die immatl or doud-malce lynibol incoqwwwd in
76. FKeumpletofclMxabtevesdsgiinibriodMtoffiiibolSSr.mSah^grá giyphs He Oéix Maidmá: foBo Sv Qilaoe gljfph for Miieoec} end 17v (ode
I
^^L^kL ^^7i - - . . >^

I
l950-l9ia2:plate4):6:p[ite4B;9:ptate24; IO:plBti!tS9,«(l9792!falia pypa .11
IDr JnJBRSill MmmBKUtf*
1 .
lOSi; 6: Mo 212ri 9: falio 25r. 10; folios 24v, 27v). 81. ScefeBo65rdei«lpdou,note35faraneiMlyritofdiiitidc.
77. For a ducuinon of the indipncous nKphic writing ivstctn, ste chapter 7 82. See note 17.
by Berdail in volumt Sn- lUu sjipcniln F in rlut vi>lnrrR- ¡(IT- more licMilcd
I ,1 8?. Sci ni>I. IS,
anai)^ of each of Codex .Mtndauii personal rumc, title, ;ind plac«naine 84. Sec appendix L, volume 1.
I
sbi**
FOLIO 6()T
been making an obscure political statement thrtnigh this unique

CONTENT
grouping of these particular three city-sratcs.
Folio 69r presents a schematic plan of Moteaih/oma's palace, in- The guest houses open out onto what the two identical glosses
cluding wo ground-level counni chambers, entrj-way stairs, a i«fer to as the "courtyard of the roj'al palace of Motecuhzoma."
courtyard, run guc<>t quarters, aiui rhf idler's personal living uei. The gloss on the stairs also refers to this area: "These lines [steps]
At the top ot the palace, seated within a doorway, is the em- go up [and] open on the courtyard of Aiotecuhzoma's palace, as
peror, the only bearded individual in the entire Codex Mendoza. drawn." This extensive area may have been used by the palaoe%
The conquistador Bcmal Dhs did Castillo cdnhnns this interpre- i iiiiihalli for the teaching and petfennanoe of ritual songs and
tation of iVlotecuhzoma's appcaiance, describing his scanty blade dances.*
beard as being well shaped and thin.' Down the flight of stairs, on what appears to be the ground
Directly above che palace is "Throne and dais
a gloss chat reads, level, are located r»o official chambers. To the left is what the
of Motecuhzoma where he sat in audience and to judge." This area gloss reters to as the "Council iîall of War." This area is probably
of the palace was the TtntvottaUi ("Ruler's Hoose"),' defined by Sa- die Ttqmbmcaa^ ("House of the TJyiufo» Warriors,"* also known
hagtin as the nilcr's ¡KT'-iinil i|U:irtcrs. ' The illustration that ac- as the Qti.iiihailli, or "House of the Eagle Warriors").'" The Te-
companies Sahagún'i» description shows a TtatotaatUi almost iden- quihuacacaUi was a gathering place for the "brave warriors, the
ticalto that of Cedex Mtndeza, complete with die same firieze and ilie commanding generals, whose pemnal charge was
generals,
decoration. There, too, the beardeii emperor — u earing a bhie di* command in uar '"" The jccompanvini; Spanish commentary on
adcm —
is seated on a reed mat within the dooruay.^ tbho 6Hv states that the provisionmg ot warriors also took place in
The two buildings on either side of die emperor's quarteis are the area. This is impossible to verify, because SahagiSn provides no
identified b\ the glosses as liuesi houses. Tliese no doulx represent information on where the palace's arsenal was lr>cated.
what Sahagiin describes as the CoataUi ("Ciuest iîouse"):' "there The official chamber on the right is idcntiücd by the Spanish
were established all die lords from everywhere —fnends oí die gloss as "Motecuhsoma^ Coundl Hall." Seated within are four
ruler, and all the lords unfriendK to him The folio fiOr glosa iiidges u ho, .ic'c irdint.' tr> the eiimment-iry on fullo 68v, sil in ilc-
States chat the house on the right is meant to accommodate the liberation on appeals eases originating in the commoners* court,
visiting great lords of Tcxcooo and (the less powerful) TIacopan, depicted on the previous folio, 68r. I'his council hall, then, is die
which, rdfrether with Tcnochritlün, in.idf up the Aztec Triple .'M- hieb court already disciisseil, the TLicxitLin. Decisions here were
lijiice ttupire. 1 iie rulers ol [hese allied cily-states, because OÍ made by rulers, princes, and high ¡uiiges. Supposedly, no hearings
the i elost political association with Tenochtidan, are understand- were ever delayed in this courtroom: all judgments were handed
able palace visitors. .\n equally pragmatic connection between down at once. Sahagiin adds that these judges were influenced by
Tcnochtitlan and the guests listed as lodging in the house on the neither triendship nor reward.''
left is less evident. Seated before the emperor's council hall arc four litigants, w hose
.\ithough the gloss on folio 69r asserts that the city-states of position vis-a-vis the judges gives literal meaning to the translation
Tcna^-uca, Ciiiconauhda, and CoUiuacan were "friends of Motc- of TlacxHUn, "At the Feet."" All are pleading their cases; the
Qihzoma" no Aztec source linb these three polides. Nor
otfaer women appeu* lo be pointing accusing fingers at the men. .\ tiny
are Tenayuca and Qiionuuhtla ever specifically mentioned as por- dotted line joiiis the speech glyph of one of the seated male liti-
riculaily dose allies of Tenochtidan. Colhuacan, however, with its gants (o the emperor^ council hall. Footprints kad from diis hidi-
established claim to preserving the royal ToitcL blofxiline in its vidual and up to a standing man, who is walking away. Perhaps the
nding house, did have historical connections with the Mexica of latter's case has already been heard^ his expression offers no due as
Tenoditidan. Colhuacan was a steady source of wives for ail the to the verdiCT. A second set of four fÍMNprints leads off to the right
early Chichimec grou|)s, iiicludiiig the Aztecas, who were new- from one of the seated women; possibly the Wtmen will leive in
comers to the Valley of Mexico in the thirteenth century.' Perhaps one direction, the men in the other.
Tenayuca and Chioonauhtb also had ties of blood or marriage The accompanying Spanish commentary on folio 68v states ibat
widi Tenodttídan. The native scribe who drew folio 69rniay have a judgment from this high court could be appealed to as exalted a
222 * THE DAILY LIFE YEAIt TO YEAR / FOLIO 6^T
Copyrighled material
level as the ruler himself, whose word was final. Sahagiin confirms appearance and personal demeanor. He estimated the emperor to
thit the ruler gave special attentioii to tnala, Ustening to all the be about fort)' years old (actually, MfXecuhzoma was fift\'-two years
accusations, complaints, afRictidlS, and miseries of the common old in 1519).^ Diaz del Castillo describes the emperor as being "of
folk, including orphans, vassals, and the poor.''* Apparently (his ac- good height," slender, and well proportioned. His countenance
cess to redness did not go unnoticed. There were citizens who were was cheerful but, when necessary, could be grave. In his personal
so often involved in legal appeals that a standard admonishment habits. .Motecuhzoma was very neat and clean, bathing every after-
was delivered to them: "Is it as if thou thinJcest the ruler or au- iKion and repeatedly putting on changes of completely fresh cloth-
thority to be thomless? Dost thon consider Mm to be spineless as ing. Diaz del Ostillo also reports that die emperor 'Sras free from
thou gocst brintring th\ tomplnints In torc him? Perhaps the ton- unnatural offences" \pp.ircntly he was a man of refinement and
tinuous complaints trouble the ruler grcady!" " The Indians' pro- sensitivity. For cjcamplc, he was very discreet in his relations with
pensity for long and drawn-out litigation conrinned on into the his many concubines as well as with his two legirimate wives, "and
Colonial period, when it was well documented.'" when he h,ul interci mrsc with then; ir w is secretly that DO OOC >;()
**
llic royal palace enclosure also contained many other meet- knew anjthing about it, except some of his servants."
ing areas and specialized living quarters where residents who ap- Hemim Cortés, a more fiKtual if less detailed and engaging re-
pear on the fifteen folios of the ethnographic section of (mIcx porter than Di.i? del ("astillu. .dsn describes Mi itecuh/oituiV sur-
Mtndeaa were housed. For example, the council chamber of the roundings. Untortunatcly, Cortes ofters litde specitic intormation
constables— the emperor^ executioners seen on folios 6Sr and on the palace itself, evasively explaining that it was simply too mar-
(SC>r was the Aihcauhcalli ("House of Constalilcs"),' The palace vclous to dcscrilRv" He does, however, provide an eycwirncss ac-
compound also included the Petlaatko ("House of Coffers"),'" the count of the courdy etiquette attending the Aztec emperor. At
combined jail and rayal storehouse, and the (MpbctmM CTIouse dawn every day, Cortés alleges, tiOO noblemen and their artendanis
of the Ma)ordomo"V"' or Texancalli.'" the domain of the major- would arrive at the palace to spend the day w'alkin^' iiho'jt and talk-
domos and tribute gatherers; reference is made to both these ing. 1 heir servants were so numeroitt as to fill two courtyards and
groups on folio 70r. Singers and danoers fiwed In die MixmaM the very hurge ad|aoeor street. Ttemendoos quantities of food were
("Cloud-Snake H'>usl-"),-' awaitinc the call from the emperor to served to all thlOOghout the da\. "to each according to his rank."''
entertam him; tolio 70r depicts such a pertormer. The Makalli When .Motecuhzoma dined. Clones tells us, three or four hun-
CCaptive House**)" was the compound where war captives such dred boys brought dishes "without number," of every kind of
as those on folios Mr and 65r were provisioned until the fateful trwxl — meat, fish, tniit, vegetables —and because the climate was
hour for their sacrihcc arrived.' cold, braziers kept the platters warm. M\ the food was placed in a
great room, which was almost where the emperor ate
.ilwa)'S filled,
seated on a "finely made, small leather aishion." He shared por-

IMAGE DESfiRiPTIONS tions ot his food with live or six old men, who ate apart from dieir
MtíiaáaiBma ruler. Both before and after eating, Motecuhzoma was provided
with water and towels, which were supposedly never used again,
Motecuhzoma the Younger: Mo- nor were anv of the emperor's dishes."
lecuh/.oma Xocoyotzin ("Angry
Benut Diaz del Castillo also provides information on the em-
Lord, the Younger")**
peror's cuisine,most of which corroborates Cortés's account, if
The portrayal of a bearded In-
more sensationally. Diaz del Castillo reports that for each meal
dian in die Mesoamerican cod-
more than thirty dishes were scned for the ruler's pleasure. The
ices is imusual. Beards were
cooks would prepare 300 plates of Mocecuhzoma's food, and more
not unknown among die Aztecs;
than 1,000 fbr his guard. Diaz del Castillo writes,
Sahaeim's native infor-T ints
provide sia(emeni> coiKcruitii: I have heard it said that they were wont to cook for him the
them, but these comments have &sh of young boys, but as he h.ui such a v.iriuty of dishc-..
a post-Conquest ring: "Bard:

made of so many things, wc could not succeed in seeing if
they were of human flesh or of odier tMnga, for they daily
pointed at end, sharp at end . .
cooked fiiwjs. lurkcxs. pheasants, native partridsrcs. iiuail,

long . . . chili-red. rtiddy, it whitens, it becomes curly ... it be-
tame and wild diieks, venison, wiU boar, rccd birds, pi-
comes tangled, beard is sh u cd . i)eard is cropped, he who has a
— no longer geons, hares and rabbits, and many sorts of birds and other
beard is his beard disliked." '
Sahagún also lists vari-
things whidi are bred in this country, and they are so itn-
ous attributes connected with beards. One of the most interesting,
mcrous thai I cannot finish naming them in a hurry.
in light of JViotecuhzoma's beard in the Codex Mendoza, is "Hmrtf
face ... it makes one estimable, it gi\xs one esteem.** Diaz del Castillo also comments on the manner in which the
Motecuhzoma is sometimes portrayed with a beard in the Floren- emperor was served; his aca>uni is considerably more elaborated
—
thu Codtx," althoiigh perliaps as the restdt of different scribes than that of Cortés. After speaking of the fragrant scent of the bra-
diissame eiuperar is also shown deflt-ahaven in some cumples.'* ziers that warmed MotecidnomaS dining area, Diaz del Caacillo
Nonetheless, there seeois Utile doubt but ihatMoRcuhzoma actu- describes a richly adorned screen, covered with figures of idols
ally did have a beaid. worked in gold, which was placed before the fire. In front of dlis
Motecnhzonn is the only person in Cmkx Mendoza portrayed en was the low table at which the emperor was seated on a finely
fan-, .1 Fvirnpcan artistic convention. An additional i vimple nf Old worked stool, "Four ver\ beautiful cleanly wimicn" brmitrhr w.uer
World influence is evident in the attempt at perspective in the and towels for his hands. As soon as Motecuhzoma began tu dine,
rendering of the emperoi^ pahce. the women placed the goM-enciusled wooden screen before him
Diaz del C'astüin, the soldicr-rurncd-hisrnrian who accompanied so no one could watch him eating. Diaz del Castillo also mentions
Cortes in 151V, provides a further description of Monecuhzoma's four "old men," or "Chieftains," conversing with the emperor
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAH / FOLIO 69r * 223
while he ate, and sometimes being in\itcd to share a portion of is composed of a large cross beam held up by two vertical posts; the
choice dish." Possibly, these men were the "Council of Four," lower portion of the building's facade is of stone."
group of advisers to the ruler, (mm which the next ruler would b Sahagún further describes palaces as cit)- buildings where lords
chosen.'* While the emperor ate, no one made any noise or spok lived and audiences were held. He also notes that public lawsuits
aloud. Diaz del Castillo also mentions that the empen>r was brough were heard in palaces.'*
a chocolate drink in a cup of pure gold.'" .\fter dinner, .Moteojh .Vs stated in the "Content" .section, Sahagun's Florentine Codex
zoma sometimes enjoyed a smoking tube.'" illustration of Motecuhzoma's living quarters, the Tklocacaili,
Diaz del Castillo also spcak.s of variou.s types oí entcrtairuncnt shows exactly the same decoration on the frieze on the facade of
provided for the enjoyment of the em[>cror and his dmncr guests. the building as that of Codex Mendoza folio 69r. This design, a row
He describes the ruler's giving what was left of the lavish food and of evenly spaced circles with smaller circles centered within, must
jugs of cacao to singers, dancers, and buffoons. The Spaniard also have been quite prevalent m Tenochtitlan. It seems to signify a pal-
includes among the emperor's performers those whom he equates ace or some such important building, and also appears repeatedly on
ID European court jesters: hunchbacks with "their bodies almost temples, ceremonial buildings, and architectural elements in Codex
broken in half"*" Mendoza place glvphs,'' as well as throughout the scenes depicted
Those who visited the emperor in the palace, no matter how in Horentine Codex, panicularly in book 12, The Conquest.^'
elevated their rank, approached Motecuhzoma clad in very modest In addition to the palace areas already discussed, the emperor's
apparel, barefoot and with their eyes lowered to the ground. They establishments included the TotoialU ("Bird House"),"' a royal
never looked up directly into his face, .\fter making three obei- "zoo," but Codex Mendoza contains no reference to that intriguing
sances, and addressing him as "Lord, my Lord, My Great Lord," area. Conés speaks in some detail about the beautiful rooms of this
they made their report. 'Vhe emperor dismissed his supplicants structure, which contained separate pools for domesticated water-
with a few words. On taking leave, they never turned their backs fowl and birds of prey, as well as an enclosure for lions, tigers,
until they had left the room.*' wolves, foxes, and cats of many kinds. The inhabitants of Mote-
Cortes confirms the above account and adds that when the em- cuhzoma's "zoo" were not all from the animal kingdom; there was
peror made one of his infrequent excursions outside the palace, a r(K)m that housed albinos, and another for dwarves and hunch-
those whom he met in the streets turned their faces so as not to backs.** The Nuremberg map of Tenochtitlan, first published in
gaze directly at him. TTic bystanders all prostrated themselves until 1 .'¡24, places the zoo southeast of and next to the Great Temple
the emperor had passed. Cortes also reported to the king of Spain precinct."
that the ceremony attending the comings and goings of Mote-
cuhzoma were of a degree of elaborateness unhearti of by the Norr.s
Europeans.^'
1. Diaz del Castillo 1967 2:60.
Palace 2. From ttaitca (ruler, $e« Molina 1977: folio I40v) + ctUi (bouse) = Thtoca-
calli or "Ruler's House."
palace: teepancaJli*'
Sahagún 1950-1982 11:271.
Tenochtitlan contained at least
5.
4. Ibid. II: place m

(1979 II: folio 24]v).
5. From amtl (picst; see .\ndrcws 1975:428) + caili (house) = CcMáUi or

two major rov'al palaces at the
time the Spanish arrived. The "Guest House."
6. Sahagún 1950- 1982 8: +4.
conquistadors were housed in
7. Sec Anawali 1990 and chapter 8 by Anawalt in volume I for information
the former residence of the on the Colhujcan/Toltcc heritage as reflected in the Aztec rulers' cloak of
preceding ruler, the deceased office.
Emperor Axayacatl.'" This pal- 8. Sahagún I9S(»-19«2 «:43.

9. Ibid. From tequihuaiai) (seasoned warrior) -t- aUi (house) = TtquibuacaeaUi
ace was located near that of
Of "House of the Teûihua Warriors." For information on these valiant war-
Motecuhzoma, in the same riors, see page descriptions fur folio 62r.
general area of the great cen- 10. Sahapin 1950-1982 8:43. From jMolina 1977: folio 87v "Quauhlli.
tral precinct. águila" (eagle); thus fuauhtli (eagle) + catli (house) = QuauhcjUi, or "F.agle
In addition to the imperial palaces, there were the impressive

House." The QuauMIt is named for die eagle warriors discussed in the page
descriptions for folio 64r.
compounds of the more powerful Aztec lords. This multiplicity of
("wood house") is also the name given to the
Coincidcntally, tjuauhioUt
noble residences may be what is reflected in the conflicting defini- uxiodcn cage used to house prisoners. See Sahagún 1950- 1982 8 :44; .Molina
titms of "palace" given by Sahagun's .'Xztcc informants. A palace is 1977: folio 86r "Quauhcalli. jaula grande de palo, adonde estaua los presos
referred to as a grnid, fine place of honor and dignity but also as a por sus delictus" (large cage of wood, where the prisoners were for their
crimes).
fearful place of haughtiness, pride, and arrogance. In palaces one is
11. Sahagün 1950-1982 8:4}.
intoxicated, flattered, and perverted. A palace is not an ordinary The"Council House of War" instead may be the TtcpilaUti ("House of
place; indeed, knowledge and wisdom reside there. A palace is well Nobles"), which Sahagün (ibid. 8 :42) calls, a "place of discussion" for "noble-
made, uich carved stone and smooth plaster, and is of dimensions men, the brave warriors, the valiant men, wise in war." From Molina 1977;
folio 9iv "Tccpilli. hidalgo" (person well bom). Thus tttpilii (noble) + (»Ui
"high, very high, enormously high." But in another sentence a pal-
(house) = TtcpikaUi or "House of Nobles."
ace is also described as "low, squat, a small house . . . of ordinary
12. Sahagün 1950-1982 8:41-42.
size, pleasing." Either Sahagün had a number of informants with 1}. Molina 1977: folio I20r "TIacxillan. en lo baxo, o al pic de los arboles, o
varying strong responses to and experiences with these noble reside cosa semejante" (ai the base, or at the feet of the trees, or of something
similar). Stevens (1726) also defines haxt as being the lower floor in a house;
dences or there was a wide range in what was actually referred to as
this may therefore be a reference to the phy'sicai location of the high court
a palace.**
chamber in the palace.
The illustration of the Tecpancalli that accompanies the above 14. Sahagün 1950-1982 8:54.
descriptions of palaces is that of an imposing building's entrance. It 15. Ibid. 6:245.
224 • THE DAILY LIFF. YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6i)T

Ul Burah l''í*<. tttuktii (lord) ' xi.Kimd i\uuiit.'ii ".I'li <ii ii.aii;hrer) + tzm (honorific) =
17. .Sjhjjrun l''>0- 1''SJ S:4}. Fninmefcwiif/l (ciiiisr.iíiltî » ¿j/Zj (lnni.w) = Miiieaih/.oiiu \i>iuvi.'r.'in, "Oni Who I rouri'. in .-Vngcr Like a Loid, dw
.ichijuhjüi. or "House of Constables." For more iniormaiion on lh« «bc»- Younger" or more iirnply, "'/Vngry Lord, the Youn^r."
caukii. see die page descriptions for folio 65 r. 25. Sahagiin 19S0-19I2 10:111.
18. Salugiia 19$0-1982 8:44. Pram Molina 1977: folio Sir "PttUcaUi.
(an a iiiiiiin dc tfct qat Inm dc al» loiidai^ (bniptr/bidHt In the
^ 26. Ibid.
27. Ibid. 12:phnt70979 IMUfo Iftândpaadm.
of chat «hkh h made of «wcn reed*). The Aztecs oaed dwae chcns to 28. Sahagte 1950-1982 12s piataa 9, II (1979 12: folios )r, 5i).
stoic viInMti; brnoK iidannidtm, lee dw page deKripdooi 29. R B. Nichokaa: personal connminieatKm, June 1988.
19. Sah^ 1979 8: folio 28v (nncribed at CnîatAt in Sihagún 1950- 30. Diaz del Castillo 1967 2 :60.
1982 8:44). From Molina 1977: fofio llv "CiJpiaqiii. nuyordotno" (maloiy 31. Cortés (1971 : 109) states: "The palace inside die dtv' in which he |Motc-
domi> i
Thus i.;/;>nYn/ (majonkuno) + cilDOiouae) " Ci^¿r«iBiflir, or "Itonae cuhzomal lived » as so m.ir\elous that it seems to inc impossible to describe its
"
of the .Mjiorjomo excellence and grandeur. Therefore, 1 shall not attempt to describe it at all,
20. The Tcxanciilii, alontr with the ('.tsipiwucjUi. jre tie-scribed by Sihagún save to say that in Spam dieie is noddng to oompaie «itfa it"
(1950-1982 8:44) as the place where the nuiordomoi and tribute gatherers ?2. Ibid. III.
assembled. Cedtx Mendoza's folio 70r contains a depiction of a building identi- lbui. llI-112.
fied as Texatuain, which is also glossed as the "house where they assemble for Í4. Diaz del CastiUo 1967 2 :61 -62.
public woiks." 35. Ibid. 2:62-63.
Unfominateljii no sarisiicnwy namlarion of the lerm Tocmmí/K hia offend 36. See fbliaa6Sr and 67r"ConNiu"iecdons far disoMsions of the Council
kieir.Oifk (I9)> 2: 117; }: bBo 70r overleaf) mnacribea diia ai "hdmimht, of Four.
ami defines h as "Piddk WmIb Dept." e«ldeiid)r falbwiiiK die Spanish 37. Dlax del CastUto 1967 2 :63.
and luiuiucniar)^ 38. lUd. 2:64.
Another ponibility lies in the term ttxmaatt, a t>'pc of paper made from the 39. lUd. 2:63.
leaves of trees (Simeon 196?;487). "House of Paper" perhaps would be in 40. Ibid. 2:«I.
keeping w iih ihe 7i ijí,'..j,'i'V~ ri ilnite gathering activities and the tribute tallies, 41. Cortes I'J7!:|]|-n:
of which .'i/.;fi I ind the second part ul Codex Xtend&za ire 42 Sahjfun l''5Ü- l'>(<2 ! 2"(l. .\lso, Mohna 1977: folio 9ir " Iccpan
1 : calh.
examples casas reales, o de gran señores" royal honaesi orhonses of high lotds).
I
Sec "Inijye Dc-criiitions." toiio 7(-lr, tor additional discussion of the [cx jn- 4.1 Día;: del Castdlo l'>6"2;43.
caU,. 44. Sahapiin 1950 1982 11:270-271.
21. Sahîui 1950-1982 8:45. From Simeon 1963:247 "Mixcoatl. Serpent 45. Ibid. 1 1 : 888 1979 1 1 folio 24 Iv).
plate ( :
nébniem, norbillon dc vapcurs, phcnomene atmofphéritp» connu sous Ic 4*. Sahagiin 1950-1982 11:270.
—
nem de laniiirfn Divitme de U cbasse, priacipilwnem «ínárcc che» les 47. Ctdix MmJué: folios Sv, lOr, IJr, 17v, 32r, }4r, 3ór, J7r.
Oiomls et les Oiieliímitiua'* (dond tarpaoi; ivMrhmd of «apon, aono- 48. Bar additional e»swples of«liefriei«dMÍgpoiver the Bniel of dwdootway
sphcric phenomenon known by die name of ttnuiit divjniljr of die chase, lo die living qoirteis of Motecuhaoma cm fetio 69r, sec Sahagñn 1950-1982
principally venerated by the OtomU and Chichimecs). Thus mxeitd (dond 1; plaie 32; 2: plates 13. 4B, 4»» 6: plaie 51; 8: plates 55, 66-68, 80. 84; 12:
snake) * caUi (house) = Mixcoacatli, or "Cloud-Snake House." plates 23, 39. 44. 46, 51, 55. 69. 74, 89, 125- 1 27 (1979 1 : foUo 22v: 2: folios
22. Sahagim 1950-1982 8 45. From Molina 1977: folio SIv "Malii. capnuo 28r. lOiir, 6: feGo 214v, 8: folios l(hr. 26r, 27r, }5v. 37r. 12; folios 14v, 23r,
en gucrro, o capriuado" (war captive. orcapaiRd).TlHlsaBaflSf(cspti«^ + odV 26r. 29r. lOr, }3v, .I6r, 42v. 58r. 58v).
(house) = Makalli. or "Captive House." 4<v Sahagun 1950-1982 8:45 From .Molina l<>-7: tolio Ijlr "lotod. pa-
2.V Sahagun 1<J50-1'?82 8:44-45. saro" (bird). lllUS foroti' ili:r.li '
,.jj';V ilm;:-.!: i
'
Kinl HoUae," OOdoolltSO
24. From Molina 197"; folio 9Jv "Tccutli. cauallero. opricipal" (kni^t/ named because birds were <iru- ol itu- tt aturnl utirai turns.
gendeman, or chief); folio 27v "^ma. poner el ceño el que esta cnojado" (fee $0. Cortes 1971: 109- 1 11.
one who is angry to frown); folio I60v "XocoyocL hijo o hiia menor o poa- 51. See Nidioisoa 19S5 for an illuttratioa of the Nurembcig map and a de-
tren"(jnongerarlaicrsimordaiig}Kei).TfaiitBawH«(iDfiwmilnanger) -f ttied discunim of MoKcnhnmia^ loob
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 6^T • 225

FOLIO 7 or
CONTF.NT everj-one was expected to remain in place, hard at work, there was
iitde wkraiioe for drUiers. Not only was such a way of life unpro-
Folio 70r concerned with the advice, warnings, and training
is
ductive but it was also potentially dangcrtms. Those who wandered
ghnen to youths in tn attempt to make dieir fatnres productive. abroad at night were in danger of falling victim to the Cîhuapipil-
Abo illii'.rr.itcd .iri' kcvch I);kI c'X;im[ilcs, \oiini; pidpliwho h.ni'
tin, the deified souls of women who had The
died in childbirth.'
ignored the counsel of parents and ciders. I'hc commentary on to- dreaded "Princesses" were known to harm men whom they found
Bo 69v ndictei that thcae wmefiil Iwcs aie the took of kUcneat
i
roaming aimlessly, particularly at crossroads:
and sdf-indalgencc
They [the Cihuapipiltinj were angered by men; thc>' tricked
Upftf Rtpsttt men. When someone was under their spell, he was pos-
The gloss in the cintcr of rhc rup rcgîstiT rc.uls, "Father who sessed, his mouth was twisted, his face contorted, he lacked
use of a hand, his feet were misshapen, his feet were dead-
counsels his son to be v irnious and not roam about as a vagabond."
ened, his hand trembled, he foamed at the mouth.*
The youth is being urged to settle down and apply himadf so as to
achieve an honorable |K)siiion in life. A desirable career is depicted The second bad ex i i jilc is .i hall player, skillfully bouncing a
to the left: an emperor's messenger holds his prestigious badges of rubber ball ofFhis hip as he pla)'s the demanding game of oiiamaiiz-
and staff lb the right, a singcr-nnisician perfbims for
office, a ftui tli.^ Taken in moderation, this lively sport carried no inherent con-
another respected penOOagC. Payments for the entenaincr's ser- notatioiis of evil or disrepute. Indeed, it was the pastime of Aztec
vice have been placed before hina: a loincloth and cape, a baslcet lords and nobles, and even the ruler himself. The emperor had his
full of tamales on a stand, a flower bouquet, and a smoking tube. own professional ball players onwhom he regularly placed high
S.itiairtin ciinfirms that the ruler rewarded his entertainers — in-
stakes." The problem was that wung men somedmes became ad-
cluding songwriters, composers, drummers, and dancers — with dicted to the game to the exclusion of all else.
gifts of foods: tamales with beans, (rait; and turicey.' The friar abo Direcdy below the ball pla^'er squats a gambler, absorbed in his
piv rs lis ;i scn'ie of rhe colorfiilncss and cncrgT,- of the A/tec music game of patolli. which the gloss says "is like dice "" To the side of
and dancing. 1 he impression is one of livclmcss and intensity. the game's four bean "dice" is a cape, uith two of its corners still
Those who led the singing gave the pitch, some whistling with knotted, as though it had been impulsively pulled off over the
their fingers. The dance leaders tirged the dancers on. directing he;!!.',
(
"' insidcring the Aztec gambiiTN" repur.uinn for OOOlplete
them with trcmbhng voices, while other musicians made noises commitment to their game, this cape may represent a dcqpentK
like a weasd.' wager by the near-naked player.
Judging from Diir.in's account of /i./.'o/// gamblers, they were
MtdOeRepsur
often absorbed not only with the game but also with the accoutre-
The second section of folio 70r shows a "house where they as- menn of their "craft." He tdb of Indians who^ with *a thousand
semble for piiMu works,"' in which sirs a figure glossed major- loving words," cajoled the beans and mar to behave favorahh' and
domu and t'aíu(uicat¡ ("Keeper of the Reed Coftcrs").^ According then set them in a place of worship. Food, drink, and incense were
to tlie oommentary on folio 69v, the two youths before him weep pbced before these revered implements of the game. "When the
"because he has ordered them to perform personal services, repre- ceremonial gift had been delivered, they (the gambleis] went off to
sented by the digging sticks and baskets." These boj-s also receive play in the most carefree manner."
Stem advice on the fate which awaits those who do not apply them- Darin also tells of inveterate gamblers constantly going about
selves sensibly. This lesson is illustrated on the right, where idleness with mats under their arms and their "dice" tied up in small cloths,
has led lo vagalxinding, inveterate ball-playing, destructive gam- everything at the ready. Such men were held to be "infamous and
bling, and thieverv. knavish people, idle, dishonest, v icious, enemies of honest toil,"
The first of the four bad examples is a vagabond whose hands Parents advised their children to shun these gamblers, fearing
and feet are sadly twisted and malformed. In Aztec sodety, where the young might also become addiaed to patiM. Durin claims
226 * THE DAILT LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO Ôt

lhat even once-wealthy gamblers were invariably indigent, having Ihe scribe of (olio 70r paints a document that is drawn, appro-
staked c\cr\-ching on rhc game: jewels, predoos Stones, slaves, gra- priately, in red and black. These were the odors that represented
naries, maguey fields, orchards, and, finally, even themselves. One, the wisdom contained in the A^tec pietorial manuscripts. In an ac-
in the end. ruefully said, "1 am not worried about the game but count of the early migrations of the Mexica —the future mighty
about getting out of it"" Aztecs of the Valley of Mexico —Sahagún telb of the wise men
The fourth had example is a thiefi stealing is preaentcJ as the who carried the .int nr ui irings.'" He refers to "The Black, The
i<
final resort of the self-indulgent. Sahagún tells of tbe decline of Red of the Ancient Ones: This saying was said of the customs of
such a wastrel. He had lived dangerously, completely given over to —
the ancient ones that which they left established, a way of life."'*
ball plaune .im! p.aoHi, llaung lost all his i)wn possessions, he .Another nietaphm sc.ites: " Their books, their paintings: This
tried to deceive others into wagering with him. He went about means the same as 'their black, their red.'"^
clothed in rags and tatters, having "no bowl or jar." His obsession The gloss above the fourth artisan states that he is a "metal-
hrovijiht pain, misery, and sufFcrine; to i,-vcr><)ni-.'" The thief on fo- workcr." but the glyph that appears in his cniciblc identities him
lio 7Ur may have turned to robbery because he was driven by such spedhcally as a worker in gold. The goldsmith sits blowing into
despair. the brarier with a pipe so as to raise the temperature of the char-
Sahagún. however, also presents the vietilll^' siiie of theft: "|the coal to melt the t;ol(i for casting. Sahagún describes this r\pe of
victims] loolced into . . . their cofTers, woven reed containers, and artisan as one who is "skilled of hand ... a puritier [ot goldj. . .
palm leaf baskets. The bracelets, the green stone, and the quetzal He beao out new designs; he melts, he pours [the gald|; he forms
feather mats . . . no more l;n- nhout. All was hare and laid waste." the charcoal linold]; he casts, he l!<|uefies frhe L'old]; he places (the
The aboui-to-be-pilfercd coHer depicted here contains a woven heated mold] on the sand." inept goldworkers, however, would let
fiibric as well as two green stones strung on a red cord. mohen goht and ruin it Alaok disfaoneat craits-
ashes swiH into the
mcn would sometimes Steal portions of the gold with which they
Lower Register were v*'orking."
Aoconfing to Sahagún, those who ftshioaed goM were divided

The remaining section of folio 70r contains five scenes of artisans
intorwo classes. Goldsmiths were employed only to beat and thin
teaching their trades to their sons. To the right of these virtuous
out the gold, then flatten it with a stone; it was the finishers who
vietu ifes Atv TWO c.v.imples of additional had ends awaiting those
were considered the real master craftsmen.''
who surrender themselves to idleness: gossip and drink.
'ITic final artisan couple arc fcathcrvvorkers, Roth father and son
The first of the artisan scenes has id do with catpentiy. The fa- arc busily preparing colorful feathers, perhaps tor application on a
ther holds a aectiaa of a tree inink in one h.md .\nd his a.v in the
back device, feather mosaic, or head ornament. The father hokb a
Other; spUntets indicate that he is showmg his son how to .shape a
bone blade for ffluing; his son works with a thick needle Strung
|Mece of wood properly. Sahagún speab of the diflferenoe between
with maguey thread. Sahagun explains that leathers c~ould be se-
gooii .ind hail eaqienters: a gocnl worker is one who uses the pliimh
cured in place by either of tliese methods." He also describes both
and cord to mark lines. He straightens the lumber, evens the
good and bad artisans
edges, and planes them. Beams are polished, and their edges are
matched. Lumber is properly on iriro ]y,m'^. :in<l upripbrs ire set in The good feather seller [isl a gende wodcer<—one wlio es-
place. A good carpenter work.s carefully, sculpting ilie wood as well teems [his wares), who is dedicated. He sells various feath-
as carving and smoothing its suHace. ers —precious feathers fine L'lcen feathers, chili-grcen
In contrast, "the bad carpenter [is| one who breaks (the work] feadiers, those curved at the up, the feathers of young birds
into pieces, who raises a clattering din^ who is a nonchalant worker,

. . . [featheri of the) troopial. of the Mae eotmga. The bad
feather worker [is] a [fraudulent] embellisher of feathers, a
a mocker, uncooperative, wastefid, squandering. ... He dismem-
treater of feathers with glue. He sells old, worn feathers,
bers (the work' hreiiks it up. I le forms crooked objects,""
damaged feathers. He dyes icatlieri . . . which are feded,
The second tathcr-son scene concerns a lapid.iry. w ho is using a
dirty, yellow, darkened, smoked."
piece of cane to polish a green stone. At the end of this jewel is a
red and white flower, the .\ztec symtiol for th.u wliaii is precious. Featherworkers constiruted a particularly respected artisan guild
Two additional green stones, strung on a red cord, lie on the ground centered at jVinantlan, a distinct l>arrio within TIatclolco. There
below. In addition to cine tools such as this fttherhotds, lapidaries they had their owti temple for their patron deity, Coyotlinahual, an
used sand to sha|>e and polish many types of predous stones, in- elfigy beautifully adorned with gold and plumes. The detailed and
cluding "green stones; emerald-green jade; blue obsidian; the very magnificent work of these featherworkers was so respected by Sa«
saiol^ fine turquoise; die transparent, the hcrb-grcen, the deep hagtin's Indian informants that the friar devotes four chapieiS 10
green jewels of green stone." " Sahagún characterizes a good lapi- deuiling their craft and way of life.-' Or perhaps the informaots
dary as "an abrader, a polisher; one who works with sand; who themselves were from Amandan, hence this emphasis.
glues [iiiosaie] with thick glue, . . . rubs [stones] with fine cane, Returning to the bottom register of folio 70r, to the right of the
makes them shine."
" artisan scenes appear dqaictkni of two ftuther sins that can grow
The third of the artân scenes shows a acribe instmcringhis son out of idleness. The first is embodied by a gossip; the gloss reads,
in the use ol the p.iintinp tool. I hanllS lO Sahagim, we know how "Person with a vidous tongue, and a gos.sipcr." The accompanying
such scribes worked. These men were skilled with both ink and glyph is two snakes' heads. Sahagún, in a chapter where he exam-
charcoal. The painten were trained in grinding and dissolving pig- ines the virions and perverse in human behavior, places a gosap
ments, judging colors, ereiiilnir sh.idows. and properly retiderini; under the heading of "The Traitor": "'lie^ is a gossip. [He is] ex-
the feet, face, and hair of humans. I'hey also knew how to draw crement, dung. 1 Ic sows discord among people. He exdtes revolt,
gardens, paint flowers, and create what Sahagún refers to as he causes mrnioiJ. He makes one swaUow febdnods. He spits In
"woitaofait."" oae% moath."**
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 70r • 227

Those born under the day sign Nine Deer were believed to be Sahagün describes a good singer as one who uttered clear sounds
prone to gossip; they were "discourteous, evil-spokcn, great talk- in a full, well-modulated voice, perhaps in a falsetto. Such a per-
ers, big-mouthed . . . belittling and depreciating others in their former could also compose music and had a large repertoire of
speech. . . . They were sowers of discord, of gossip . . . spreaders songs. The bad singer, however, was hoarse with a harsh, dull
of tales."'" Those born under SL\ Dog were, in addition, also slan- voice. His grunts made one's ears ring. He was also restless and
derers: "On this one they loaded and heaped up gossip and bad forgetful, a presumptuous, vain fellow- who went about bragging.''
repute . . . they spotted, ruined, sullied, smudged, and destroyed
Ground Drum
one's good reputation."^
Further emphasizing the strong disapproval of loose and vindic- ground drum: huehuetl'*
tive talk, Sahagün reports that an .''Vztcc ruler counsels his son that The upright drum appearing on folio 70r has a jaguar-skin top and
if the boy could not ignore what was said, he should at least stay the arrowlike sv-mbol for a rattle at its base. .\ similar drum, though
quiet and only listen. In shon. he should not contribute to gossip.-" with brown and gray curves representing stone, appears on folio
The final vignette accountable to idleness is a pictorial parable 28r as the place givph for Tchuchucc, "On the Stone Drum."
of wickedness and dissolution. A couple sit on cither side of a rum- Sahagún, when discussing the various ceremonies, mentions
maged, looted woven coffer, each drinking ptdque — note the diag- ground drums repeatedly.'' .-Viso, when he describes the Mixeoa-
nostic foam at the top of the cups. In front of this scene of wanton calli — the area of the palace where the singers and dancers lived
indulgence is an overturned container of pulque; tiny dots provide he lists their instruments; among these is the ground drum.*" The
the clue to the potent liquid formerly within. Adjacent to the illustration accompanying this description shows a group of musi-
spilled pulque are a black bean and a grain of maize, tokens in cians performing; one pla)'s a tall, standing drum identical to that
games of chance or in divination.'" of Codex Mendoza's folio 70r."

Directly behind the imbibing woman is what appears to be a Seler, in a discussion of musical instruments, describes the
knotted rope; the accompanying gloss reads, "The vice of drunk- ground drum as a wooden cylinder covered with skin, which stands
enness leads to thieving." 'lliis nooselike object is the root of a on carved feet, and is beaten with the knuckles of the hand.*-
plant, quaparli. that was often placed in pulque to make it more Duran tells of a great drum that was in the temple of Quetzal-
powerful. Motolinia speaks of the effect of such a root. Prior to its coatl, an instrument whose "voice" was so loud and hoarse that its
addition, the juice of the maguey plant was light and sweet. How- sound was heard all over the citv-. It was beaten at sunset and again
ever, pulque with the root in it, after ctKiking and fermentation, beat dawn, and all those living in the cixy were said to have ordered
came somewhat thick and had a bad smell. Those who became their days by the sound of that venerable instrument."
drunk on such pulque were said to fare the worse for it." Grijund drums almost identical to that of folio 70r can be found
in several of the other Aztec piaorials.** Primeros Memoriales also
contains depiaion of a ground drum similar to the huehuetl of
IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS a
folio 70r; it appears on a back device.*'

Messenger
" Pottery Stand Holding a Basket of Tamales
messenger: titlanili
The messenger carries a fan and staff, lámale baskets have already been discussed;** this de-
the same sjTnbols of an imperial mission piction of a pottery stand supporting such a basket is
showTi on folio 66r. 'Ilicrc arc a total the only occurence in Codtx Mendoza. Although Diaz
of thirteen fans depicted in the ethnt}- del Cistillt) speaks of bra/icrs warming Motcnihzoma's frxKl,*' it
graphic section of Codex Mendoza.^' In is doubtful that this stand contains smouldenng charcoal to keep
each case, the male who carries a fan also the tamales warm. A basket placed atop such an apparatus would
holds either a staff or an obsidian- quickly ignite.
scudded lancx.
Flffwer Bouquet
flower: xochitl"
Flowers played an important role in .-Kztcc life, not
only as decorations for ceremonial events but also
in each individual's life. Duran comments on the i\ztecs' fondness
Singer/Musician
for flowers:
singer: cuicani
"
They become the happiest people in the world smelling
musician: cuicamatini"
them, for these natives in general are most sensuous and
The qualir>' of Aztec singers' and musi-
pleasure loving. They find gladness and joy in spending the
cians' performances was an extremely se-
entire day smelling a litdc flower or a bouquet made of dif-
rious matter. Sahagún, when describing
ferent kinds of flowers; their gifts are accompanied by them;
entertainments of the ruler, tells of the
the>' relieve the tediousncss of journc>'5 with flowers. To
tremendous pressure on performers not
sum up, they find the smelling of flowers so comforting that
to make mistakes. If singers were off- they even stave off and manage to survive hunger by smell-
key, drums played out of tune, chanters
ing them.'"'
marred a song, or dance leaders mis-
directed a dance, the ruler had the erring Duran also tells of a festival called the "Distribution of Flow-
one imprisoned. Such an unfortunate is ers," a ceremony involving mutual invitations, costly banquets, the
reported subsequently to have been put exchange of gifts and flowers, and much coming and going. The
to death.'" haughty lords, however, held themselves apart, remaining rcsplcn-
228 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO yor

dandy aloof in their palaces. " They remained reclining upon their kec into a bin.*^ The otber depiction of this type of basket appears
seats, surrounded by flowers, picking up one and layn^ H down, In a drawing illustrath^ a diacnsaion of the collection of vulcank
cakini: .mother and abandoning it, all tfaii time edlibidiig tbeir earth."
high dignity and lordliness."'" The Aztecs, whose animistic beliets imbued inauntate objects
As might be expected in > ritual-laden society that remed flow- wMi conscious spirits, yearly perfbmied a ritual in gratitude to
ers, rhere was an established protocol for the presenting of bou- their tools, which had served them well and faithfully. Duran re-
quets. Sahagún describes the distribuuon of symbolic flower bou- lates that during die month of Eualcualiztli ("Eating of EtzaUt
quets at the end of a merchant^ banquet A server would ofler die [cooked oudae and beans]"), a ceremony was held to aflord a moch-
"spcir flrnver" —
im elongated houquel —
and the round "'shield" needed rest to aeri'idtiinil iiiipleitu-nts: tuniplines, din^'ing sticks,
flower in such a manner that a guest would accept them in the baskets, carrying boards, and cords used to tie bundles. On the day
hands that properly would hold a sladd or spear in battle.*' Here is ofthñ particiilar fiMst, all diese items wcK placed on a Special pbN
yet another eámple of the perastve influence of warfiue on Aztec form in a farmer's home and thanked for their help in the fields
society. and on the road. Yooá, puUjut, and incense were then offered to the
Sahagún provides an accompanying iOostration for the above nob, as weB aa "a thoonod adaams, lahNMions, and speedies.
descrip t ion of the presenting of flowers. It gives a clear depiction This rite was called Repose of dw ServOe Impkmenis.'"*
of the two bouquets." Unfortunately, the bouquet of folio 70r does
not match either the "diidd flower" or the "spear flower." Instead.
the closest counterpart occurs in CoJex IxtliLroehitl held by a Tc.xco- v-agahond: (annennevf/tii'''
can lord who also carries a smoking tube and a very long arrow." The .Aztec sources make almost no mention of vaga-
Sahagun also provides an illustradoa of the making of flower bonds; the identity of the ignie on folio 70r was de-
bouquets,''' accompanied :>. short text: "1 make flowers. I form duced trorii hi', iiii'ishapen limbs A', ;i l)er<lless wan-
them to be extending, uneven, rounded, round bouquets of derer, this unloriimate youth must have encountered
flowers."" the vindictive Cihuapipiltin goddesses. On the spe-
Flower ÍK)u<]iicts ate shown m both pre-Hispanic'* and post- cial occasions when these so-called "Princesses" were
Hisp.inu putorials." most likely to descend, children were carefully siiut
ay in the houses in order to protect them. Those

unlucky enough to incur the w rath of these vengeful deities might
Home fir PiAfícWMet
thenceforth sufter a varietv' of maladies: nîsted lips, a shrunken
"House for Public Wocla": mouth, crossed eyes, or weakened vision. One might also go insane
Texancalco*' and even foam at the mouth as if possessed by a devil, or "have
The Texatuaili, along with vnthered, twisted arms; or be lame.""
the (MlpixcaeaUi, is described
BatlPtayer
by Sahagún as the dwelling
of majordomos and tribute ball pla>'er: ollamani"
gatherers, where they as- The game known as oliamaliztlt was
senüiled to await the com- played throughout Mexico, both in "il-
mand of the ruler and to ad- lustrious, civilized, and powerful cines"
minister his tribute. According to the friar, a discrepancy in a and n sma iter towns. Duián reports that
i
steward's inventory meant death. His widow and children were in the larger communitiea, the lords
then cast destitute from their home, for "all belonged to the stressed the game "inordinately."** Sa-
fuler."" hagún confirms the nobles' passion for
Elsewhere Sahagún describes the Caipixauaiii as the "strong the game and describes the high gam-
house to keep the lords' propert)': It » the house of the steward, or bling stakes invoked." He also reports that the lords used the
where the propert)' of the ruler or of the citj' is guarded.'"" sport to pacifi,- the populace. If the common folk seemed fretful, a
A related building, the Pedacako, is described in an earlier para- divcidng ball game was ordered to be played. During such a con-
graph in the Fhrmtmt Codex as the buflding in which food was test all manner of bets were placed; even die poor people uaârcd
stored .More than 2.0(K) me.isures of dried maize kernels were kept their lowly maguey-fiber cloaks.'"
there in wooden grain bins, reportedly a twenty year supply for the Sahagún describes the being shaped like a
ball court, tlatbtti, as
city. Other bins contamed dried beans, chía, amaranth seeds, capital / laid on its side. Tall walk bounded the court, which had a
wrinkled rhi.i, (-o;ir-i- thiles, and sipi.ish seeds.*' The hulk of line drawn down the center. On either side, set hich into e.uh vâll.
this food supply presumably was colieaed as tribute. This link be- was a stone ring. A player scored in this game by propelling the
tween the two boildins^ functions could account for the presence hard rubber ball through the small opening of the opposing
on folio 70r of the Pttlacalaitl. or "Keeper of the Storehouse,'""' team's ring.''
seated before the TtxancatU. Note that this oflidal is also glossed Duran also discusses the sue and shape of the ball courts, stat-
"môtdomo." ing that they were narrow in the micMIe and wide at the ends; the
many corners added to the excitement of a game invoiv ni!; a con-
QnrrymgBiidtet
standy rebounding rubber ball.'^ He states that the walls that en-
carrying basket: biuealli" cifded the court were from eight to eleven feet in height."
This r\pe of carrying basket, apparently worn Durán further comments on the hall itself, stating that it was as
over the shoulder, seldom appears in other iSztcc large a>> a siiuil bowling ball and made oiotlin (rubber), ''
which the
However, the
(Hctorials. Fhmume Cíátx áots contain two ex- Spaidards called hatd, It was the resin "of a certain tree." When
amples. The first shows a wtman enqiqnng com from such a bas- cooked, this sap became stringy. The resulting material was much
THE DAILY LIKE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 70r • 229
esteemed and prized by the Mexican people and wu used both as CMer MtgffiifcieMsw contams an excellent illustration of a game
medicine and religious offerinf;. As for the lively ball itself. "Jump- of patoili being overseen hv the cod Macuilxochitl.The dcsijrn of
ing and bouncing are its qualities, upward and downward, to and the mat, che drawn squares, and tour bean "dice" are all clearly
fro. It can exhaust the pursuer running after it before he can catch
up with it.""' In another conttxt, Dunin crpilains th;n the word for
rubber means "bounce," and likens it lu j nerve. Obviously, rub-

Tbkf
ber was ideal for use in the ball game. thief: ichticqui"'
W hen one played oUamaliztIi, the point was to use only the but- Sahagún describes a thief as
tocks and knees in moxnng the ball around, never to touch it with
poor, miserable, useless, foil of
hand, foot, calf, or arm. Duran rcjKirts that some of the playefS
affliction, undone, niggardly, hun-
were so skillful that they could play for an hour wichout ever allow-
gry . . . gluttonous, corrupt, pry-
ing the ball to touch the ground.'" Duran goes on to describe the
ing. He makes plans, spies, breaks
ball playenT eqnipaient Over the loincloths they wore a short
through the walls of ooe^ house,
deerskin garment to protea their thighs from being scratched by fishes things out uith his hand. He panis; his heart fluttnrs.
the stuccoed floor of the court as they dropped to their knees for He sl.ivers: his mouth waters."'
difficult muunveia. Thejr dao wore gloves so as not to injure their
hands when siqjporting themschns against the ground.'" Note the
Sahagtin tells of thieves who be\Mtch the sleepmg occupants of a
protected hands of the player on foKo 70r. household through the use of a special magic power contained in
the sesered ;ini'! nf uoüüti who died in ehildbirth." These in-
Ouriii, describing how dangerous playing in a ball game could
.>
move reminiscent of truders, alter eating, dmikiiig, and havmg their way with the para-
be, mentions a the posture of the folio 70r
player:
lyzed inhabitants, entered the owners' storerooms. There they
bundled up all the capes, large cotton blankets, greenstone, gold,
Onseeii^thebaU comeatthem, at the moment that it was and other articles of value. .\ll these treasures were laden onto the
about to touch the floor, thev (the playen.] were so quick in Two
thieves' backs, and they then furtively stole away." drawings
turning their knees or buttocks to the ball chat they re-
illustrate this story. The first shows the thieves robbing the house;
turned it with an extraordinary- swifbicss. Widt this boonc- in the second they stealthily depart widi their ill-gotten gains.**
ing back and forth they suffered terrible injuries on their
knees or thighs so that the haunches of those who made use Reed Ccffers
of these tricks were frequently so bruised that those spots
reed coffer: petlaeoHi""
had 10 be opened with t small blade, whereupon the blood
The Aztec receptacle for storing valuaUea was a woven reed coffer,
which had dotted there because of the blows of the b«H was
^yropriately, the term for this container appears as a metaphor in
squeocd out.*'
formal speeches. For example, a dignitary praising the ruler to the
There lite tlepictions of tkcktli and rubber b.ills in both the pre- inhabitants of the city says: 'The coffer, the rccd chest, is opened;
Hispamc"- and post-Conquest codices." The Aztec province of thou hast seen that there lie inert, lie fokled the store of die gov-
Tbchtepcc, located m
the hot and temperate countries of the Gulf erned, the seems, and the commandments of our lords."*
coast. Sent .imonp their annual tribute "sixteen thousand round Such chests often held precious personal mementos of impor-
balls of rubber [oii\, which is the gum of trees, and when the balls tant occaaioaa. For example, Sahagún tells of the merchant who
are thrown on the ground they bounce very high."** attained the honorable position of maldng a "badied slave" avail-
able for human sacrifice. As long as the merchant lived he zeal-
ously guarded his reed box, because it contained the sacred rai-
pauh ptttM*' ment of his sacrificed oflering. In addition to the victimis cape and
Piitolli was .1 •iiiiipic r il l' iiiK-, rhr liiint lnth, ill the hair from the crown of the slave's head was care-
winning |)lavcr was the one lirst able fully stored in the owner's pftkualli. So valuable were these pre-
to move his si.\ counters completely cious objects that at die time of diis merdiant^ deadi, they were
through the prescribed course of burned together with his mummy bundle.'"
squares."' However, according to Sa- The foUo 7ür scene of the chief pilfcrmg the rccd coifcr has an
hagnn, the game was not without the promise of high dnuiia. If, in exact coTOtetpart in die My^QlaiMiaiw."*
the course of play, a participant threw the "dice" beans in such a
Carpenter
way as to make one of them stand on its side, it was regarded as
a great event. The lucky thrower then won all the cosily goods carpenten fiunihim^m*'*
waged oo the game, whether or not his opponent had the oppor- .\ztec carpenters made use of a variety of
tunity to make his moves.*' woods, including fir, pine, cypress, and ce-
Duran also reports on patoUi, calling it the "crime of the mat." dar. The construction of a house or latger
He likens it to pachisi or backgammon.'* He describes the playing building called for a variety of lumber rang-
mat as having an Xpainted oti it with liquid ndAer. Mi^diin die ing from thick foundation beams to up-
arms of the ,Y, lines were drawn so as to form squares. Twelve rights, floor joists, pillars, doors, and spe-
pebbles —red and blue—were used compartments. Bets
in these ci.illy treated wood for certain fia^dcs. In
were made on the player who ooald best handle the dice, which addition to axes and auls, car()enters went about their work using
were five tir six black beans, each of which had a number painted wooden levers, pointed stakes, and other simple cools. With these
on ii.*" This game invariably drew a large crowd. Onlookers and implemcncs they trimmed out felled trees into boards, diiUed holes
gamblers pressed against each other around the mat, some waiting honed wood for sieve rims so thin they ttembled.'*'
in planks, and
to play, odiers to place bets." Carpentns alao fashioned tribute items. The Aztec pnwinoe of
230 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO yor

Quahuacan evciy eighty days sene tinished lumber — 1,2Ü0 large school included lessons in divine songs that were recorded m (he
beams, 1,200 l»rMdbcañi,úd 1,200 nariowpQIan—as part of it> pictorial manuscripts.'" Judges consulted judicial books and kept
imperial tribute.'*' caff fill onis of court procccdinijs in them triiils '"
The
codices further served as almanacs, teUing farmers when to sow
and harvest,"* as a way of keeping tribute records,"* and also as
lapidar)': tktecqui^'^ maps, histories, and genealogies. In addition, Dur.in mentions pic-
Tke work of the Aztec lapidaries was highly torial donimenrs being compiled at the time of a nuirhage to detail
prized and carefully guarded, as is evident in the property of the couple in the event of a divorce.'*'
many of SahagmA accounts. For esanqile, he Motolinia lists h\'e types of subject matter contained in the co-
telU of distingaisbed traders and vanguard dices. The first dealt with years and time, the second with the days
merchants displ3>ing precious items they usually kept hidden. and yearly iiestivals, the tMrd willi the Indians* dreams and au-
Listed are round and cylindrical objects made of both ordinary- guries. The fourth type of codex was devoted to the baptism and
and resplendent greenscone as well as large and small pieces of naming of children; the hfUi contained ritual matters and prog-
turquoise.'" nostications for marriages.'^'
Allusions to jewelry appear repeatedly in metaphors. For ex- Commentii^ on the material from which the post-Conquest
ample, guests at a gathering to view a newborn baby speak of their codices were made, Sahagún states that the paper seller was also
high esteem for the little one in terms of valued jewels: "We shall the paper beater who "sells coane paper, bark paper, maguey hbcr
love him like a prcciuus necldaoe or a precious stone bracelet." paper." Motolinia also ooaunents on the Indians' paper. He says
The Aztecs evoked this same tcrminolog)- when they spoke of the the best was made from the maguey plant; such sheets were used
day signs: "[W'c have] assembled, (the day signs], as if they were a thnM^hout New Spain. According to this friar, much of the Colo-
Here like a precious necklace or bracelet, widt
necklace, a bracelet. nial native paper production tot^k pi:H e m l iaxcala.'-^
paintii^ we have stmqg and direaded them together." Simi- Information on the sources of the colors used by the Aztec
lar metaphors also appear in the wonb of an Anee prayer, alluding painters can be found in Sahagún. He starts his list widi cochineal,
to the new day: "It hath become day. The precious green stone, the tiny red insect that grows on the nopal cactus, and differenti-
the bracelet, the predons turquoise have been cast, have been ates between its tiiree shades of red. Light red was also derived
peHbrated."'* from the blossoms of a tropical plant. Blue vras obtained from the
'I°iic search for deposits of precious stones was sometimes ini- blossom of an herb. Fine yellow, the friar states, came from a plant
tially frustrating. Some of these miaerak were found only as em- called the "flowerwhich dyes." Light yellow was derived Cram a
bedded secdonsofa 'Another stone,** not apparent at first glance. dimbiiig vine that came from die hot lands. A number of ootors
.According to Sahagún, people located other highly valued miner- were made by combining tree bark, fruit of trees, shrubs, herbs,
als by going out eariy m the morning and watching carefully for a and groond-up stones. Black "is the smoke of pine pitchwood, the
smolceRke oolumn of vapor that certain precious stones were said hmpUadt." It was used for dyeing, tracing, and Mending."'
to emit. Some prospectors studied the surrounding foliage for Sahagún also describes those "colors which are only manufac
clues; it was believed that the presence of greenstone caused the tured." Dark green was created by adding blue to yellow. Brown
surrounding growth ilaelf to be greener. Although oertam stones was made thiough minng cochineal and alum. Heih-green re-
were sought out at ground level, others were mined, such as tur- sulted from a oombidation of a little green and a little darkydknr.
quoise, amber, rock crystal, obsidian, flint, mirror stone, jet, and Hititzteeoiii, "thorn charcoal," a bladdsh-brown, was carbonized,
brownish brazilwood. A tawny color was achieved by soaldng Span-

Sahagún .ilsu pio\iilL'v into: riuit'iiii on the kinds of s.mds used ish moss ;ind :idding a little mud, called p,iHi. "Tlapjlli." ^J^s Sa-
by lapidaries when working precious jewels. Emer)', pulverized hagún, "is the collective term for ail the dificrcnt colors — the
lead, pyrite, pulverized mirror stone, and flint sand served as grind- dnr, the good, the üne, the predoos, the wonderful.** "*
ers to dean, polish, and scour the penis.'"'
Goidworker
There are a number of illustrations in the Aztec pictorials of
green stones stnmgon red cords, very similar to those of folio 70r."' goMworker: tttetie teotutdtpht^'"
In addition to gemsiones, oeitain seasheUs were used for per- Ti'iiDL liiiil.m ri-rriM-d ;) retallar sup-
sonal adornment."' ply of gold from the prumccs. For
example, the yearly tribute (rom Ha-
Codex Painter
|);m inchidii' -wi-i-v, ul L'old
codex painter: tkuuOo"* dust, each contaimng approximately

Doriht provides a description of Axtec pic- two handfols, and ten tablets of gold."* Each of the I^ter was four
torial documents and the way in which they hngcrs wide, three-quarteis of a nans (2.78 feet)"* long, and the
were used. He refers to the painted symbols thickness of >xlium.
and how dib indigenous picture writing was Prior to (he arrival of the Spaniards, die Indians did not have to
recorded in "hooks and on long papers." Du- mine for gold; the rivers provided the precious metal in the form
ran spcaio> particularly ol tlie pictorial native histories, which in- ot grains and nuggets of varyiiiji m/.cs. The liuluns panned the
dodeid "raónonhle events in war, \ictories, findnes and plagues, river sands and sometimes found gold "as big as grains of maize."
prosperous and adverse times
"
"The name of this gold, the yellow, the white [silver] — its name
The codices were used in a variet)' ot ways and contexts. VVIien comes from reoti [god] and atitlatl (cxcrementj, because it is won-
a bab\' was born, soothsayers consulted the appropriate book tO derful, yellow, good, fine, precious."""
determine the infants day sign.'" As children grew older, parents After the gold was culled from the risers .ind rhi: >and washed
urged them to learn to read the painted documents.'" Temple away, the metal was melted, cast, and hammered out into sheets to
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO -JOT • 231
Copy righted maienal

crtMtc icwclry, vessels, and other articles. In order to "make things ing such items as fans, feather bracelets, back de\ices, and warrior
beautiful . . . make things give off rays," gold sprays and rubs were shirts, the rhmtl. This method involved r\'ing a noose around the
also used on certain objects,"' midpoint of each feather in order to secure it in place. Sahagün
Sahagxin provides a drawing of gold casting much like that shown describes the process in great detail for the most highly v-alucd of
on folio 70r."' The friar's illustration accompanies a lengthy section feathers, the blue-green quetzal.'" He also enumerates the great
describing the multlstep preparation of clay molds into iriiidi mol- range of multicolored feathers used in the warrmr devices. He
ten gold was poured in the "Lost Wax" process.'" daims that all these insignia were made of nothing but precious
Sctnes of galdsmiths raising the heat in their braziers by blow- feathers: quetzal, troupial, red spoonbill, yellow parrot, trogo-
ing onto the coaIs through long tubes, as in folio ~0r, r >ccair in an- noru^. blue cotinga, and hununing^MRL'^The friar also enumerates
other Aztec pictorial.'" Depictions of bmicfs used for other as- the tools used to work copper scalpel, a bone blade for
feathers: a
pects of goldworking also appear."* gluing, painting tools, a paint disli, and a wooden cutting board.'*'
Within the fiaUo 70r goldsmith's brazier is the glyph for gold. He makes it dear that women, as wdl as men, served as ieadier^
This same symbol oocors in odier Aztec plctonab, woia a pe&- n workers.'*'
toni by deity impersonatoisaiidasa&inlkaiDrof Aewcaldiofa An nsmicrive
i set of dnwtqgi showfaig the various stages of
dead merchant."* feather handiwork accompanies Sah^dn^ detailed diaounion of
featherworkers.'**
Duran stacea diac tfiere was a sumptuary law that prohibited the
feadwrworkcr: tmantecati'*^ wearing of feather article^referred to as "the .Shadow of the
Acoording to Sabagún, the pradoos multi- Lords and Kiiî^—widxMit the permission of the sovereign.'**
colored iéadiers that decorated the Aztecs* The wofkmg of feathers was a task so highly honored that it was
magnificent costumes of prestige and povier performed by Aztec nobles as well as professional arti'-ans. In a
were not imported into highland Tenoch- passage from Sahagún, a ruler advises his son (o pay attention to
tidanimt^ die re%n of the emperor Ahdtzod the art of featherwoHdng, so that "in dme of soSiering, when mis-
(1486-1502). Prior to that time, more sub- eri, doiiiinateth, [the artisanship] will be a rampart, a buttress, [so
'*'
dued feathers had been used, such as those of the local heron and that] there is food, there is drink." This sound counsel is not re-
duck. It was the vanguard merchants, those intrepid travelers to stricted to the luler^ son; he gives the same advice to his daughter.'**
the disi.iiit "hot lands," who niadt the feathers of tropical birds
available. Only during the reign of Alotecuhzoma 11 (1502-1520)
were the most valued of all the plumes said to have arrived, those gossiper ("two-headed-snake gossip"):
of the quct/'.)! bin! Ibis luvury import u.i'i supposedly the KSult matfuizcoatl chiquimoli"''
of Aztec excursions into the Xoconochco area of the Pacific coast, The gossiper is unusual in Codex Mendoza from
far to the south, êre the ehwve Inrd makes its home in the rwo standpoints. First, aside from the military and
hÍ!,'h cloud forests of (iujtemala and Central .-Vmerica. It was also official apparel depicted on folios 64r, i)5r. 6Cir.
during the second Alotecuhzoma's reign dut the liighly skilled 67r, and 70r, his is the only cloak that has a design
feathorworlBen were "housed separately," in their own barrio. motif on its border. In addition, the gossip on this
These were the revered, skilled artisans who "painted with folio and the thief on the subscipient frilio "Ir are
ieatfaen.""* the only two "bad-example" depictions to ha>'e
Sahagón^ long and detailed desciiptkm of how feathen were explanatory glyphs attached to their heads. In die
crafted into works of art reflects the high value pl.iccd on the skill rest of the efhnoijraphic section, glyphs have been
that created these prestigious items. The initial step in construct- restricted to the titles of digiuiaries.'**
ing a feather object was creating the pattern, which was painted by
a scribe Tbcii bc.Mn tht- niultistape process of creating a trans-
parent, glue-hardened toundatiun strong enough to receive the
Puique-Enhottcer Root
feathers. A smooth maguey leaf was chosen as the form on which
to create this base. Glue was applied, and then a spider-web-thin /siâie^nhaocer root: pu^gtii or oepatii'^
piece of corded cotton was placed over the maguey leaf. When tliis To die right of the drunken couple, directly behind the
oottoohad dried, )t w,is removed, posiiioried Over the origiful de- woman, is a rwo-strand, knotted "rope." This is the root
sign, traced, reglued. rcdricd, and placed onto a piece of coarse fuaptíü, an enhancer to augment the potency of wine.""
paper. I'his could then be cut out in the desired shape. Only at this It is also depicted on folio 23r of Cidat Mtadoza, poking
point was the base finally ready to receive feathers. out of a pulifHf huw] as an clement in the phKX glyph for Oqpa-
Feathers could be applied in either of two methods: by ghliqgor yucan, "Place Full of OcfatJi."
by binding in place with a piece of maguey thread. Bodi mediods The root, drawn in the "knotted rope" manner of folio 70r, ap-
are illustrated in folio 70r. In the gluing process, common feathers pears in scenes of ritual drinking in the copnate pictori.ils r'.yi v
'
and Gider 7hdr¿>. "-' In the
'
were lint d^rd the desired colors for the background of the design. Mtîabecbiaao ' latter depiction, one ot
Ahim and saltpeter were added to die dye pot to serve as mordants. the three depicted roots already has been thrust into the pidque vat.
These dyed feathers were next treated with glue so as to make This same root, again looking like a two-strand knotted rope,
them stiif and strong. They then could be applied to the cutout appears twice in the Aztec ritual pictorial Codex Borkmtcus. The
design, forming the base on which the exoric and costly precious ptiflu goddess, Mayahud, holds it in her right hand as she is
tropical feathers were very carefully attached, using a glue pre- shown cmcrpinp from a macîev plant.'" It is also in a scene where
pared by the children who assisted the featherworicers. the goddess Tlazolieod is giving birth.'*^ The emerging baby holds
Applying feadien widi maguey thread was neoeiiary when mak- a strand of the loocin each hand, one skein looped over the odier.
Perhaps the root was used to mitígale the pains of childbirth.
232 • Tilt IJAILV UFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 7Ur
Copyrighted m atonal
Sahagún describes a potent ceremonial drink that possibly was 15. Ibid. 10:(iO.
It was given to sacrificial victims in order to en- U). Ibid. 10:26.

augmented putqae.
17. Ibid. 10:28.
sure their cooperation, and perhaps also to spare them p un. Sl.ucs
18. Ilwi.l0:t9a
about to be were taken to the temple of Huitzilopochdi
sacrificed 19. Biéd.«:258.
and provided with a drink called itzpttítM (obsidian medidne)."* 20. n»d.«:2$9.
After drinking this, the slaves acted as though they had imhihcd a :i Ibid 10:2.t-26.
Ibid 9:69.
great deal of ptdque. As a result, "no longer did they bring them
2.V Ibid 9 92
[the slaves) carefuUy.»'» 24. Ibid. IO:ftI.
Durán also ret'ers to an addition to pulque: "imwc .in] 25. Ibid. 9:83-97.
wine came from che honey water of the maguey plant with the root 26. Ibid. 10:18.
27. Ibid. 4:50-5'l.
inside""' He
makes other r eferences to potent drinks. For ex-
28. Ibid. 4:73.
ample, in descrihing an unarmed captive .ihout ro p.irricip:uc in the
29. Ibid. 6:122.
gladiatorial sacrifice of TlacaxipehuaUztU, he tells ot the victim's }0. C«teAí«j/M««¿Mm 1970: folio78rooiiiijnsasoeneofaiNMMnciid^
being forced to drink TcDorfff, **Divine Wne.""* In a footnote to black beam aw kemeb of maize such aa (hese for divinadoa. Black beam
this passage. Fernando Horcnsit.is and Doris Ucyden point out wete alao die "dice" naed in the game of |Mtltf.
31. MotoUnia 1971:32.
that Duran mentions such augmented "wines" mure than once,
n. Molina 1977: foKo 1 Dv'TMandi. mnnqcni, o crabuadoi^ Onenenger,
but always in connection with men about to endure a terrible fate. or ambassador).
Tlic\- foniiTifnt that nuim-nms <lnigs were cotnrnnn to ancient *V Sl'c CiJfx ,\/i-«a'u.-j, folioi 4dr, 67r. d^r. "(ir fur fail deptcdoni.
Mexico, among them peyote and the "divine mushroom," which M. .Molina 19"7; folio -f'V '*Cuicani. cantor" (iingcrj.
>5. Sinuon I9C(:i:i "( :iiirjm:iiini, Mnsicicn, cclui qui SUI OU apfMCnd la
prodooed ectasy and wild dreams."*
musiquc tniusician. one who knows or learn* miwic).
'
Sahajrún descrihes the effects of hallucinogenic mushrooms,

.<6. Sahagun 1950-1982 8:5í.
ntiueaiit which were often served with honey at the end of ban- }7. Ibid. 10:28-29.
quets.** When the mushrooms took effect, some guests began to 38. Molina 1977: foUo l57r''Ueued, atabal" (kctdcdram).
dance, while others wept. Visions beuan. Some saw thetnselvcs die Sdcr (19IC0-1961 2: 700) diatinguiihes between two types of kettledninu,
or Jwfiwtt the larger i^M» budvtd, which stood on the ground, and a
m battle, others witnessed their own bodies being eaten by wild
smaller Terskn that was held under the arm or between the kfs. White Ander-
beasts. Certain guests envisioned being taken captive in war, be-
son and Dibble <Sahagún 1950-1982 pasaim) transíale bHthua as "ground
coming rich, bujing sla\ es, or ootiunitting adultcr\ and then <l\ :ng drum," they define tklpan burhuetl as "upright drum" (ibid. 2 75). The drum :
by stoning. "However nuii) things were to befall one, he ilten saw picnired on folio "¡(h would appear to be this latter t\-pe of ketdedrutn.
I'rom .\lolin.i I''""" IdIíií 124v "Tlalpan. en t\ suelo" Ion tlit enuitvd).
all in vision; even that he would be drowned."
Thus iLilpjti Ion tlic t'rd.iii,)! - /ij/fji'uc/y íkcttlciininif - tiih^n huehutd, or
Jimson weed, thiîit'. \'.x< another hallucinogenic used by the '
"kcnlcdnim on the grouii.i

Aztecs."- Sahagun's iniurniants report that when someone be- For examples of (he ground drum being mentioned in regard to cere-
i'>.
haved in a dazed or unruly manner, panting and beating his breast, monies, icc Sdiagün 1950-1982 2:75. 101. 110; 4:2«( 8:49. 5<t 9:37; 10:
169, 176.
people would accuse him of acting strangely because he had been
40. Ibid. H:45.
taking jimson weed.**'
41. Ibid. 8: pUte 69, 70 (1979 8: folios 28r, 30r).
42. Sder 1960-1961 2:077.
NOTES
'
43. Durin 1971:134.
44. For examples of groond drams very similar to that of folio 70r, see Calar
Barimiaa 1974:4. 26. 28, )3; CoJex XíaglühethiMie 1970: folios 72r, 82r: Co-
1. Sahagón 1950-1982 4:26.
rffxTHifeif l9«):ft>lios55r,66r;Sah:jeiin 1950-1982 1: plate 27 (1979 1: folio
2. Ibid.
.V This buildini; is iha glossed "tcxancalco" [Kxmaüi), die house where
45. I'rimcroi Mrmortala 1926. esiiimfM \Xl\'.
tribute coUecturs and nufoirdonuM assembled to administer the tributes (Si-
46. For a di<>cu»ion of camalv basitets, see "Image Deniptians," folio 61r.
hagún 1950- 1982 8:44). For noie inlbnnation on thii section of die palaoe
47. Diaz del Castillo 1967 2:61.
complex, tee folio 69r.
4. fVth mtoi fc Aieliaa 1977; foCo Blr "Pedacalli petaca a tnaaera de area que
48. Molina 1977: folio IMf '^kUiI. i«a, O flof* (itMe, OT flowei).
49. Duran 1971 ::tK.
hiien de calin texidai" (niuik like a coffer that diey oMke fRMi woven canes).
50. lbid.:4M-4?5.
Thus fedtaiBi (rccd ooflcr) + ttú (signifyinf afllKidaii) = Mtidtad or
51 Sahagun 1950-1982 9:34. Andcnon and Dibble idcntiiy die "shidd
"Keeper of (be Reed Coffers." PeiLtiakatl may be a terra qnvmymaas with
tafyixî fmaiordomo). or it may be a specific title conferred upon diat official,
flower" IS nvnt probably HtSmiAv moaoa md "attdc flower'' as thamm
or it mj\ lie .1 .•'f'..iri.-d p'-i-.t.
mint (ibid.: notes 7, 8)^
5- Kor rniirt' mi'imi.uiori nn ihc (

"ihu.ipipiltin, v<'c Kilji>*. s''r jinil />4r.
Ite a dOcriptfon of a sioiilarceiaBMmy involving snnkiqgtubesi see '"Ln-
age Dcscriptiiins,** fotio tf8r-
6. S.iha.min l'>>0 1 "I
52. Sahagun 1950-1982 9: plate 28 (19799: foKo 281).
7. .Vtoliiu 1977: toliii 7f>r "()liain.i ]u¡!:ir i \i pelota cim las nalgas" (to play
53 CoJn IxtliktcUd 1976: folio 105r.
ball with the buttocks)-, "Ollamjii^tii. jucgd dc pelota dcst.i manera, f. d acto
54. Sahairun 1950-1982 11: plates 740-742 fl979 1 1; folios 198v, 199r).
He jugar" (hall game [played) in this manner; the act of pla\ingf.
5>. Ibid, 11 214-215.
Sahagun (I93ü-I'>«2 H:l'>), when describing the game, calls it rlachtli
56. For cxampk-5 of tlowcr bouquets in pre-I Iispanic pictorials, sec '..iiii t i t-
This term usually refers to the ooun in which the game is played (1 1. B. Nic-
hubaii, penanal oomiiMinication, June 1988). See also Moliin 1977: (olio
/érvén-Mairi V\
t(i. ¡û.i )'W,.5; md CWr.r Borgia 1976:17.
57. For e.\;iiii;iti.s ol tUivvL-i ík)uí];iiis m ¡>iisi-HispjnK' pK*t<in.íls, H'e Codex
1 17v 'niacJitli. ¡Dcp» de pekiia om bs nalga*, f. d el li^ donde (uegan aiii"
Borlnmcas rr4 4-i. <:¡.î-\ Un'iLvxl'nl folim I07r, IftKr; OmUx I'ati-
(bill gane |plqwd) wMi ifae buaocb; Am placa where diejr play thiiA.
<anu<A X'lTi loliu fiOr. Sahagun 1"'50- l'>s> 1. pUt^zi 7, :4. ?9, } plate 19^ 4:
8. Sdiagán 1950-1982 8!29, 58.
plates 26, Kfi-HK, 90: 9: plates 29. }0, 36; 1 1: plates 740-742 {1979 2: folios
9. MoGiM 1977: inliaSOr'TatiillL dados pari jugar, o juego defonuaa" (dice
20v. 49r, t04r; 3: folio 3;v: 4: folios 24v, 69r, 69v; 9: folios 26v, 29v, 36r. 11:
for pbying, or game of cfaanee).
folios I98v. I99r); Duran 1971: plates 10, 25.
10. Duran 1971 :)04.
58. See folio 69r "Image Descrîtiaas,'' note 20.
II Ibid.:)05.
59. Sahagun 1950-1982 8:44.
i; Sahapiin 1950-1982 4:94.
60. Ibid. 11:272.
1! Il.id 4 - IOS.
61. Odd. 8:44.
14. Ibid. 10:27.
Cl-,. j I
.od mate
62. See note 4. 4: planet 26» 75 -76; 8: plates 62, 63, 96; 9: plates 2, 3, 17, 26; 10: plates 112,
6i. MoBmi 1977: Míq 154r "Vkdii. GHgl CB III CH 116, 117 (1979 4: feGot 14», 60n <: bfiot 13r, 19r. 50n 9: tnnunarr page
piVbs" (pmiúm for carrying cti^ on che bade or ihoukkn). wenot, faliOB IRr. 26ir, 10: foliaa41r, 43v)w
64. Sih^ I950-IW2 4: plate 101 (1979 4: fiolio 72v). 112. Sahtgfo 1950-1982 11:230-231. For examples of seathelb as oraa-
65. Sdi^ún I9S0-1982 Il:platt861 (1979 ll:lialio229^ mentation, see Codrx Mauhza: folios 63 r, 64r, 67r.
66. Duran 1971 :4}1 -4)2. 113. .Molina 1977: folio I20r "Tlacuilo. escriuatvo, o pintor" (scribe, or
67. Molinii IT": lolio I4v' painicr).
ijui. itjcin." (v jg;)hi>n<)). 114. Dunn 1971:395-396.
6H. Sahagnin I"'i0- I'ík: 4:81. 1 1 V .Sahagún 1950-1982 6:197.
69. .Mohna IT?: lolio 76r "CUnm. jugar a b pcJou con lu nalgas" (loplay 116. Ibid. 6:2IS.
ball with the butoK is); "OHanBiL jqgidor td" îidi • pdycr). 117. Ibid. 3:67.
70. Duran 1971 :J14. 118. Ibid. 8:55.
71. Sahagiin 1950- 1912 8:29. 119. Ibid. 10:42.
72. lUd. 8:58. 120. CadorAldsdHc folio» 19r-5Sr and iaoogiuieMHnbii4fer^^
73. Ibid. 8:29. two cxa nndts of iiihute lecoids.
74w DwÍD(19671:tfm3})gÍTCsaclevi]liMintimofdiei<Ntf^ 121. Dunn 1971:124.
75. Duran 1971:314. 122. Motoliraa 1971:5.
7fi Alsi). Mf.lina ITT: folio 76r "OIIÍ.CÍeftD goma dc Jrhul: in. dicinal, dc -,
12?, Sahitrún lf>50-19«2 10:78.
que ha;cn pclutjs para jugaroon lama^H" (certain medicinal tree gum, of 124. .\Iuiulinia 1971:365.
which thcv made balls far playing whh Ac li uUudnj). 125 Sahagiin 1950-1982 11:239-245.
77. Duran 1971:316. 126. Ibid. 11:239-245.
78. Ibid.:417. 127. Molina 1977 folio 27v "CuticieoeuitlapiBqBL platero que Um oeo^*
79. Ibid-:M». (smith who works gold).
80. Ibid. } 15. 128. Codex MenJozj: folio '9r.
81. U.id.r.MA. 129 Clark 1938 1:74, note 11.
82. For examples of rJaMi and rubber balls in die pre-Hiipaiiic oodioet, see I Ml Sahagün 1950-1982 11:233-234.
CtJex Btrpa 1976 2 1 , 62 (an cwcpdooaliy fine iiiustracioo ocean on page 62)
: 131. Ibid.
and Gidar Fîrvary-Mtytr 1971 :29 (a gloved hand of a ball pkyer abo it 132. Ibid. 9: plaie 62 (1979 9: folio 53v).
shown here). 133. Ibid. 9:73-78.
8) . For examples oitlttbtii and rubber balls in post-Hispanic codices, see G>- 134. Rpr examples of golihmid» blowing into their braziers through long
dex Bartmuus 19"4:1<); G.J,. 'Ll ..//<« iwno 1970: folio 80r; and Cadex tubes, see Sahagún 1950-1982 10: pbtt 33; 11: pJalo 793 (1979 10: foUo Ite;
Tttdda 1980. folio 67r. Sahatruti t''>0- I'Xs: '>| (1979 8; folio ilM.
ti II: folio2t3r).
84. Codex Mrndozj folios 45v, Mti. 135. For cumples of braziers used for other aspctts of the working of gold,
8.^. .Molma 1977: folio 80r "PatoUi. dados para jugar, o fuego de fortuna" see Sahagún 1950- 1982 9: plates 46, 61 (1979 9: folios Mr. 53v).
(dice for pla^-ini;. or (fame of chane^ 136. For oiamples of the gold givph in other .Vtet paiorials, see Codex
86. K«ndairi980:6.^ Ma^luhihiano 1970: folios 36r, 55r, 68r; Codex Tudela 1980; (olio 59r; Codex
87. Sahagún 1950-1982 8 :30. Ixtiilx'ichitl 1976: folio 104v.
88. For a ditomion of ihe parallels between pmlli tná pachisi, tee Duran 137. Molina 1977: folio 4v "Amantecsd. oficial de arte raechanica" (handi-
1971:302, note 2. craftsman of mechanical arts).
89. Duran 1967 hitrnúM 31 is an cicdlctt dcpioioa of die game of /«Mttf 138. Sah^ 1950-1982 9:89-93.
being played. See alw Sahagwn 1950-1982 8:63 (1979 8: folio I9r). 139. lUd. 9:93-97.
90. Dutin 1971:302-303. 140. Ibid. 9:89.
91. Coda MMÛhtUmmWnttiilkttOt. 141. Ibid. 9:91.
92. Molina 1977: folio 32v «Idueajui. ladran" (diieO- 142. Ibid. 9:88.
An eiwcuied thief appears on folio 71r, see that page^ "Im^ Descrip- 143. Ibid. 9: plates 77- 1 10 (1979 9: folios 61r-67r)L
tiao^' and chapter 7 bjrBenlan in vakne 1 faradisauiionafhisidenli^ring 144. Duran 1971:200.
pH-ph. 145. Sahagún 1950- 1982 6:90,
9) sjh.uiin l''K2 10:.<8-}9. 146. Ibid. 6:96.
94 Sec fiili» i-At description, note 7 for a discussion of the need to protect the 147. .Molina 1977: folio 52v ".Maquizcoatl chiquimoli. chismero, o malsín"
funeral prixessioii .ind i;rjve of a womin who dted ID childbifth fnMB flu* (gossip, or talebearer). F'rom ibid.: folio 52r
"Maquitcoad. culebra de dot
raudci"^ seeking such tjiistiiaiis. two heads): 21r "Chiquimolin. chiamem" ifqtmfH.
cabe(v)s" (>n;ikc with
95. Sahagun 1950-1982 4: 103. Thus, maûkaatl (snake with twoheatk) + cUfSMtaliii (gossip) ' assijsirmiaff
96. Ibid. 4; plates 75. 76 (1979 4 folio 60v). AifumtU, or "rwo-headed-snake gossip."
97. Molina 1977: folio 8Ir "I'cdacalli. peUaca a maneta dearcaêhasende 148. For examples of gl)phs as the titles of digni
cañas lendis" (trunk like a ooSa which ihey make from woven cinct). sedioa of CaJkx Mauhu, sec foliot 65r, tf6r, 68r.
98. Sahagún 1950-1982 6:79. 149. Henándn 19592:119-120.
99'> ttttds 9*67* isa IbkL
100. OCfoer 1982 1 146 (Af«/» (Jmnanm. leaf 3). 151. CI)dtoJMi«iSMlwteii»199QifaifoS5r
101. Molina 1977: folio 87v "Quauhjiinqui. cafpinttto" (ctipemer). 152. Codex TuJela 1980: folio 70r.
102. Saha^n 1950-1982 11 114-116 153 Coder BoHvniais 1974:8,
10) . (:...!, r \L r,J,,T J folid ?:r. |s-4 It .,1 '
V
104. Miiliiu 1''"": fulio n4\ • rijiciqui. lapidario 155 1950- 1982 9:63 " itz^tkctii" , "obsiaian medicine" (.Werson
que labra piedras pre- :>.ih.i,;un
ciosas" (lapidan,' wliu viorU precious stones). and l);blilc iranslationl.
105. Sahagún 1950-1982 4:45-46. s..lu.t.iin I '.150-1982 9:63.

106. Ibid. 4 14. I
1^" Duiin l<ri:3iO.
I
107. Ibid. 4:133. 15H, ibid . "K.
108. Ibid. 6: 17. 159 Ibid ,t note 9,
109. Ibid. 22 1 -230. Por more information on precious stones, see Berdan
1 1 : 160. Molina 1977: foUo 62v "Nanacad. bongo" (muahrootn).
1987b. CMBMüAf or jadeite and its column of vapor arc discussed under the See Sahagún 1950-1982 11:130 itrtdctaiptian of die uses and eliccttof
dcacfiptkM for die province of Tepc4|uicuilco (folios 36v-37r), diii wohuie. hftUucMOj^Biuc musJizQootth
lia Sahagun 1950-1982 11:237-238. 161. Sahagún 1950-1982 9:39.
111. For examples of green snmei ««m on led ooidii finihr to dme of 162. Ibid. U
: 147 "TUptO,' -IUm."
Oder Mé^MiMm» 1970: folio Or, CMr Ttlkrim»4tammk

folio 70r. see 163. Ibid. 6:253.
1964-1967: folio 34r, Odkr KttiimKmA 1979: falw77r,SahagAn 19S0-1982
234 • Tilt U,MLV LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO JOf
FOLIO 7 ir
CONTENT to drink. Perhaps diis young man led a life like that of Sahagún's
"Lewd Youth," who went about drinking crude wine until he con-
The linal folio of Codex Af«mlg«i, 7lr, portrays the naolutioii of sumed "his inner substance."*
eight lives, Ir cniKr.'.'.rs tht- m.ww rcwiinis ;!\v;!Ítinc ;i respected, de-
The clothed figure below the seminaked commoner may be a
stning old couple with die uagic, earl) death of youii^ people
noble youth, but his high birth provided no immunity from the
who lived hccdleaily, violttiiig die strict Aztec code of disdpliae. ravages of drink. Sahagún admowledges this vulnerability when he
diligence, and duly. (lescrilies a topical had noble: "a fool, irresponsihle, presumptuous,
Register 1 pervened. ... He becomes drunk; he is rude;
evil in his talk, crazy,
he goes about telling tales; he becooiea addicted lo diunkenneas; he

Six individuals appear in register 1. .\JI will be or have been exe- molests people. He goes about moddl^ he gOCB about drunk.'"
cuted; note that three have closed eyes. Before the mouths of three
I'he third victim of drink is a woman. Goider obviously was no
of these young people arc pulque bowls. Lach contkiincr has the
barrier to such indulgence. Judging by her red-bordered dotfalng
ytamttztti puique-pyA symbol on its side and the tbam of the brew and hluc eaqilugs, n\ the up[K-r Sahagiin de-
this tein.ile is cl.iss.
at the top. These unfortunates were ob\nously Mctims of drink. scribes such a "bad" noblewoman as vain, petty, consunily drink-
The gknsei above the figures conñrm their v ice, stating that all
ing, rude, and a teller of tales.*
becBme inuiicitBd with "wine" and died for it "according to their 'I'hcsc three licmonstratc that anx'onc miehr tall M'ctim to pt¿-
laws and customs.
qut. hlowcver, this docs not deny that the fermented drink also had
Sahagim's .Aztec informants, when describing the lamentable
a posirive role in the society. Indeed, among die Aztecs, the drink-
day sign Two Rabbit, say a person bom under its influence did ing of puhjiic was not a crime if done on the appropriate occasions.
nothing but drink "like a pig." A drankan)% whole day Sahagún — At certain ceremonial or ritual events, it was even required.' Every-
informs us - was dedicated to drink, from the moment he awoke one drank at the time of selected rdigioua festivak; pulpu was
to the rime he fell into a drunken stupor on the street. Food, rest, even given to tiny children." The state's problem was restricting
personal appearance, linnily, sclf-rcspcCT, health, all were forgotten the populace to drinking only on the proper occasions. This must
in his constant preoccupation with piil/juc. \ le reached a point
have been a very real challenge, because diere are repeated idbr-
where the type or quality of what he drank no longer mattered: enees to m-tking piihlic ex.irnples of those caught surreptitiously
iinbibmg. For example, .Motoiirua spealis not only of pimishing
And he did not bother about it [the pulque], nor abhor it,
drunkards by displaying them in the maiketplaoe but also of taking
nor become distressed nor nauseated by ii even though it
wett onK the drtt;».. which jiitind «ere like spoiled clots,
away their homes because diey wcfe not woRby to mioi^ with
with dirt, or full of gnats — full of tilth and rubbish. So he
their neighbors."
swallowed it, socked it in, and gulped it Like a dog he ficked

Sahagún puts the case even more dramatically, describing the
public executions of persons convicted of unlawful drinking. The
his lips.'
condemned were brought out in the evening, before the gathered
Both the drunkard's appearance and his behavior were diaoon- throng, with their wtísis bound together. The constables placed
oerting: he took no heed of his increasing overindulgence, some- them in the middle of the marketplace, where the high judges ad-
times (ailing headfirst in the street. He sometimes Svent wallow- monished all present. "They spoke about pulque, which no youth
ing in ordure." \ lis dch.iiichcd face became red or blanched, his was to drink. And when this was done
. . . Motccuhzoma's . . .
hair tangled, uncombed, and matted. No attempt was

twisted, slayers, his executioners, struck the backs of each [of the crimi-
made to comb or arrange it.' The heavy drinker also became a nalsH heads."'*
constant nuisance in public. He went ;i(ioiit shoiitine thmp not fit Returning to folio 71 r, ilie fourth evecuied wrongdoer is a thief,
to be repeated, haranguing others, and boasting, until he fell ex- identified as such by the glyph drawn above his head.' ' As the gloss
hausted, "consumed by pain and afRicrion.**' states, die diief has beoi kflled by stoning; note die five laige
Remrninp to the \ iiiine drunkards on folio "Ir. the initial fipure stones surrounding his body. Sahagiin confirms this punishment,
is a commoner — note his state of near-nakedness — who tell victim repeatedly reterring to stoning as the fate of tliieves. For example.
THE DAILY LIFE YBAIt TO TEAR / FOLIO 7 1 r ' 235

a guest at a banquet, while under the intlueiice ut hallucinogenic Sahagiin does not report the outcome of these rwo intriguing cases.
nmahraouu, has a vkioa of his own head being cniahed by smies
as punishment for stealine In another instance, thieves who had''
danced with a dead woman's forearm so as to bewitch people and The remainder ot folio 7 Ir is devoted to one of the principal joys
rob them were named "stnick-bj^slone^ (tetzaOmmé} " in refer- of Aztec old age: the privilqp of unrestricted drinldng. Sah^n
cncc to thi'ir eventual cxcaition tiy stoning.'* In OOMnSt, MoOoU- confirms this ciistom of long-awaited indulgence, si.uiiig that it
nia states that thieves were hanged.'^ was the prerogative only of those who had already raised tlieir
The final execution scene shows two adulteren under a blanket. families."
Although there is a stone behind each head, the couple still have .\t the top of register 2 are ten small blue dots and three larger
their eyes open; apparently the execution has not yet taken place. round turquoise mosaics. Each of the latter has a banner, denoting
The gloas renb: "Tiwse two figmca lyii^ down and covered with the number 20; together, these counters total seventy. This depic>
a clorh llenóte that he who had carul relations with ,i mirried tion. together with the scene of the ciderlv couple enio)ing pulque,
woman, they killed them by stoning; aooording to the laws ot the illustrates the statement of the two accompan)ing glosses: only
lords of Menoa" after the age of seventy; and only if a couple had sucoMsfnIly raised
Snh.ipin contains repeiitcil refereiues m adullcrv For example, a f.imiK. could old people indulge themselves in drink. Here the
a male adulterer was "one who seized other skirts and blouses, one old man and his wite are shown being spoken to and waited on by
«dio remained on female navels." An adulteress is described in grandchildren. Note that the young gills sdll wear dieir hair long,
even harsher terms "[She iiutíjs] l:nigfiler, ri<linile. sneers, mock- in the st\ le of unmarried maidens.
ery. She IS nameless, tameless — (as if) dead, deceased. |.Slie is] a The grandfather has a wreath about his heat.! and holds a large
hearer of bastards, an aborrer. No one deals with her. She commits flower bouquet. The gloss reads, "An old man seventy years old
adulter\'. . . . She cheats, deceives, blinds [her husband]."'' h.id permission, in public as well as in private, to drink wine .>nd
Motolinia makes it clear that a married man could have rela- become into.\icatcd, on account of being at such an age and having
tions with an unmarried woman and it was nut considered adul- children and grandchildren; because cS his age he w as not forbid-
tery, but if the woman involved was married — and the act discov- den drinking and intoxication." He appears to be singing loudly
ered — no matter what the man's status, prior exemplar)' life, or judging by the curve and size of his speech gKi^h.
influential connections, both he and die woman would be executed On the bottom register, two aged women are in conversation.
for their crime. He cites a iamous case of a TIaxcalan high-born The accompanying gloss reads, "The old wife of the old man
noble, brother of Maxixcacin'—one of the fiour leaders of Tlax- drawn above who, for the same reason, had the privilege and free-
cala— who was tried by his peers, found goi]^, and killed for his dom to become intoxicated like her husband, and because she had
adulterous indi.scrction." children and grandchildren. To all those of like age, intoxication
Adultery was held to be particularly serious for the nobility. Ex- was not forbidden." The first old woman is holding a cup of pultfut
tramarital relations threatened the bonds of marriages arranged and appears to need the ministratioos of ber grandchildren, who
with particular thought to established bloodlines and the continua- reach out helping hands. Her aged companion seems to be equally
tion of political alliances. To doud the issues of ancestry and io- devoted to such indulgence. She approaches the large, brimming
heritanoe of (^spring was to thieaien a major purpose <tf the mar» container with a gesture of either assistance for her friend or sup-
ri^ tie. plication to the piúfiu gods. These venerable matrons are obvi-
The dire oonsequenoes of adultery are reflected in the advice ously reaping the reward for a hardworking and re^mnaible life.
given by a noble mother to her daughter: ".My youngest one, dove,

if thou an to Ihw on earth, do not know two men." She warns her
daughter that should such an act be discovered, the giiVs head IMAGE DESCRIPTIONS
would Ik- nishcd 1)\- a stmic .iiui her bodv draijged on the road.'"
I
AdHlttren
Duran reports that a male could receive the same severe punish- '
adulterer: Kttaxiinjui
ment for this oflense. If a man was caught in adultery, he was
stoned, a rope «.is plated around his neck, and he was dragged The same symbol for adul-
throughout the entire community'. His body was then cast outside tery, aman and a woman
the dty to be eaten by wiM beasts.*
under a blanket, appears in
According to Sahagiin, adultery was not limited to the ^nung or Codex Vaticatius A'* and
middle-aged. He relates the interesting example of "a decrepit old Codex Rorpa.-' Pictorial
de|)ictions of the punish-
man, white-headed" whose repressed early years led to a carnally
advcnnirfiiis l;iter life lie .ilso tells of the r.ise of v.vii li\cl\- olil ment of adulterers by ston-
women who were imprisoned because they bad betrayed their ing also appear in Mapa
spouses vrith young priests. When asked fay the ruler why they iek Qmutthif* and Cider
thqr still requited "die carnal act," the women replied:
men, ye are sluggish, ye arc depleted, ye have ruined

yoursehws impetuonsly. It is alt gone. There is no more.
There is this, we whr) ,irc

nothing to be desired. But of thief: ichtecijui'"
women, we are not the sluggish ones. In us is a cave, a The thief's profession is
gorge, whose only function is to awan that which is given, represenced phonetictlly
whose oiilv fiincrion is to rcccivi-. of rhis, :f thou hast .in obsidian blade (itztlt)
become impotent, if thou no longer arouscst an)thing, what cutting a lock of hair (rr-
other purpose wik liion serve?"" to cut).** Oáttt than
236 • THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / POLIO 7 I r

the titles of digniuries, this idenciiicatioii glyph and that of the Norts
gossip on ibUo 70r are the only two sadi nontions in the eth-
nographic section. 1. Sahigán 1950-1982 4; 11.
2. lUd.
For a detailed discussion of the activities of diicves in the Aztec
}. Hid. 4: 12.
world, see felk> 7ik. 4. Ihid. 10:37.
5. Ibid. 10:16.
6. Ibid. 10: ;0.
Banner
hor inure infonnation on ceremonial pe^fiv drinking, see foho 61r.
£ banner: quachpawi;!
'
In the iVztcc counting sjitcin, the sjinbol lor 2t) was a

7.
8. Evef>- fourdi year, ê/Efar

Mw iotml (Sahagún 19S0- 1982 2
wis given lo chiMren
: 109).
at the annual Izcalii iwnr-
9.MoMlinh 1971:342.
banner. Hence, when a benneria attached to an object that la Sah^ 19S0-1982 2!1IMl
image is multipiied by twenty. 11. See "laugeDetcrifxiaiis^'lbrmeaplaiiaiionofthedrief^ glyph.
12. Sahígún 1950-1982 9:39.
13 Ibid. 4 105-106 "tctzotzonmc." From .\loIma l*)"": fialiD llUTctn»-
Jifffmse Mtsme Didt
tzunj <jjr irulpcs con piedra" (to strike blows with stone).
turquoise mosaic disk (year): xibuitl'^ U. .Sahapin 1050- l'>82 4:105-106.
15. .Vlotolinia 1971 :357.

The Nahuat! word for rurquoise. xihuni. ako means year. WTicn a
16. Sihagiin 1950-19824:5.
banner is attached to the disk, twenty yean, are indicated, an ex-
17. Ibid. 10:56.
ample of the phonetk aspect of the Aztec writing system. 18. Mo(alinia]97l:)2l.
Codec h^nuliyiii contains depictions of similar nirquoisc mns;iic 19. Sahfia 19S0-1982 «: 102.
disks in the tribute list from the Aztec province ot 1 uchpa, located 20. Dorfni971:9&
21. Sahagun 1950-1982 6:118-119.
on the Gulf coast." 22. Ibid. 2: 106.
23. Ibid. 10:56 "tetlaunciui." \ha, MoUm IV" inh.. llOr " Itilaxiaqiii.
Greet! li'nurh fhucl OniiPfient adultero"; "Tctlaximani. adultcrx)"; 102r "Tepanyam. adultero"; "TepanjW-
qui. idem" Udultcrcrl
wreath head ornament; upacxocbitl" 24. Codex Vdii.jriuj -t \'fl'>: folio I2v.
The old man of ibiio 7Ir weais a green 25. CodtxBorû Vi'UM.
u reath of what appears to be interwoven 26. Oifiner 1982 146- 147 (M<¡pf Qmutü», leaf 3).
;
27. CUIer Tuád» 1980: folio 61r.

plant material. A similar wreath is worn by
28. Molin1977: folio 32v "khMcquL hdran" (diicf).
the god Ixtlilton, "Litde Bladc-Face.*"* 29. Simeon 1963: 187 "lorii, Obiidlenne ov fr^mcais d'obeidkniM temnt
This fcrtilitv ticitv was cnnnfcffd uHth so- de couteaux. de raiiors, de lancenet. de fleches, de miroirs, etc." (elMidiui or
lar warmth, flowers, fca.stmj;, má plea- obsidian fragmcnis sening m knives, rauxs, dans, arrows, inirmr«. etc.); Mo-
lina 1977: folio l(Hr I t qiii inrr.ir .ilgi>" (to cut somcthini;;.
sure;" the elderly ptüfue driiiker of Codex
" liy Bftii.in mi .nhmu-
Sec chaptir I for a discussion i>t thr. Kkntit\mg
Mendoza appears to he eniovingjustsuch rewards after a loqg, ju-
il>T)h.
dicious, and responsible hie. JO. Molina l'J"7: {(ilio H4r "yuachpaniitl. estandarte, vandcra, o pendón"
{standard, banner, or pennant).
31. .Molina v>" folio isva' "Xiuid. año, cometa, turquesa e yetua" (year,
comet, turijuone, and grass).
32. CarfBrAinidlB«:faiLio52r.
33. MaOna 1977: folio )3v IcpecaucMtl. gaimalda de Rorea paia la cibeca"
(wreaili of fltowen for the headD.
34. Sdiqón 1950-1982 1: pine 16(1979 1: folio llvy.
35. Nidwbgn 19711k able 3.
THE DAILY LIFE YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 7 I r • 237
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Place Names Index
\c.H Jc,itu,2: i:>. 1:6, 127, I29;4:1Ü5 Alian province, 2: 121, 126, 135-136, 16ün34, VHi Central .America, 2:232
V.jIj, 2:'Hn>í triliutc (rom. 4: 1 10-111 Cerro de Estrella mowKMii. 2:6
/Wiiiu>can.2:2Q;4:40 Atiapulco, 2:64; 4:25 Ceycoccnacan, 2 : 30
AaniilynlahuaciR, 2 76, 77; 4:77 : Atbtiaucci.2:l03. 104; 4:20 Chalco,2:9, 11, 12-13, 15, 17,21n4,33n2,95,
Ac^tti, 2:34; 4:45 AdttkTOi,2 :44, 45, 46; 4:55 96, 97, lOlnl, 102, 124n4, 207; 4: 12, 14, 17, 20
Ae^dthutya. 2:30. 3lal5, 81 Adliuelic,2:44.46al;4:55 Chaloo AmoOk 2 : 29, 96; 4 :40
AcipelbKlia.2:ll6i4:99 AiilicliokM)«n.2:41;4:51 Chileo pravinee, 2 : 93 -97
Acipalois2:83;4:3l Ailin»i,2:l85 iribuie from. 4:86-87
Acatepcc2:30;4:3l Aitliitwu,2:87n3 Chalen Tlalmarulco, 2 95, 96 :
Acatcpcchill,2;!07 AtaqMii.2:$4,5$:4t«) Chapolmolo\-an, 2:65; 4:69

AcitLin, 2 :.'!>, ')>. 1:0 Awcooilco. 2 52, 5.'. 5". .
5s. 4 21 Chapohcxitl.i. 4 21
Af.itl \ni.ir, 2 41.4:51 .\totonilco lie IVtlr.!/.! provinti. 2 51, 52-53, 54, 57
; Chapulhuiican, 2 Vlni : 1
Acit/itiio, 2 "ín:. <«. 99¡4:89 triliutc trum, 4 MI - íi I Clupultcpec, 2:155

Acaxochit. 2 rí>3; 4 6V .^tutuniliK el Grande province, 2:57-59 Chiapan.2:23.61.62nli4:31
Aantochitlii, 2 : 5 7, 5H, <A\ r. I ; 4:6$, 67 trilnile IrrHii, 4:64-ft5 Chiapas. 2 104, 1 14. 117, 1 18, 124
:
Acayocan, 2 54, 55; 4:63

: AttMoiiikii prcivint e. 2 : 126 Chichicipan.2:l08n5
Adii<nl3ii.2:IIO, 111:4:36,93 Ato>acRivcr.2:l07, 121. 12.5 Chichicquavda. 2 63; 4:69 :
Ac<Kolco,2:S2;4:6l ABMan,2:29.31, 120, 197, 20In55; 4:41 ChichihiwlttBC«la,4! 36

Aoocotpto, 2 :85; 4:83 ABACUftloOt 2 :4 CUoMque.2:137
AcalhM. 2:37.38 A9iocop«n, 2 : 50, 51 , 52. 53: 4:21 Cyoam(«Dc.2:3
Acolhiucan, 2:21n4. 32ii2. 37. 38. 40nl, lOlnl;
4: 16. Stc aba êdlmaa
Aaocopan province, 2 :48, 50-51,
tribute from, 4:58-59
H S5, 188 ChK»n«iditla.2:7n}4, 222:4:143
Chiconquiaubco, 4 20 :
Aoljlhuatan province, 2 J7. 38-40, 108 : .\ya uh tiKhmicladi. 4 : 32 Chicontcpcc. 2:138

tribute from, 4:47-4** Ayix;initpci, 2:112; 4:97 C:iiietlan,2:9S;4:89
Acolman, 2: 1 1, :in4, .^H, V), *OnZ. 156.218; .\y.>tl4n,2:8C>, 116, 117, 119nS;4:9» <;hd,n. 2: 105. 126, 127
4 I J Si f j/so .\colhuacan -VviinKhcii, 2 : 128 (:.".il.icjtlupan,2:79;4:79
Acoinahuac.2:J'', Í0.iln3;4:40 .\yot7.intcpcc. 2:112; 4:97 Chilapan, 2 .51n7, 79. SU, 81, 82; 4:79
:
Aco7.fyan.2:122;4:l03 Ayoxochapan. 2:44, 46nl;4:54 Chdtccpintlan. 2 98; 4:89 :
Actopan. 2 50 : Aycwodliquilaula, 2 U), 92 : Chimalco, 2 4 1 42; 4: , : 5 1 . .S^í jAo (Pan)Chijnaloo

Acuitlapan, 2 85; 4:83 : AyUttlíl»C0.2:128, 150; 4: 107 Chimalhuaam, 2:9, 95,96
AailiiM,2:J9 Aictpoatlco,2 :8, 10. 1 1. 12. 15. 17n7, 32. 35. 38, Chin«iiiUii.2:112. 113. 114.4:97
AlMacttli,2:8Si4:83 43nl. 47, 48. 37. 96. lOlnl. 102. 156k 170n31 Clipciim. 2:85. 86; 4:83
Ahuavifinco, 2:81^ 4:83 Axcapu^co, 4: 16 Clwlolin,2:139ii4
Ahuatepcc,2:37;4:48 Aiaapaa,2:l2S¡4:103 Chalala, 2 30, 99, 100. lOlnl 1, 103, 125, 138.
:
Ahuadan.2:99,IOO Adamucuicc», 2:37; 4:48 156, 192n9.5. 195, 200nll; 4:89

Ahuehuepan, 2 44; 4 54 : : Chontalcoadan, 2 76. 77; 4:21. 77 :
.Ahi:.li/jp..n, 2::in4, i:n, 121. 122. I23;4:2rt, 101 Ur,,,r, 2 45,74.80.81,89 C,:ihii.int«;opan. 2 31; 4:109 : 1
.\Jahui/ilan, 2 ;2 ?, 5 Inl S, 35, 76, 77. 7<í, 80, 81, K.isnii)t \Uxh:i., 2:195 (..linutlan, 2:25,85
n:;4:79 Clhuatlan province, 2 85-84, 121, 139 :
.AlliuexoytKan, 2 4". 4:57 Cacalomaca, 2 66. 4: 71 : irihutc from. 4 80 - 81

.Alvarado Rivi-r, 2 : 1 1 í 4:57
{.iacatcpcc. (, ibn. 2 21. 4:29
Ainacoz(>tU.2:4l;4:5l Cacatla>i,2:88,4 85 înacantcpec. 4:25
AllMlNhll,2: 1 70» 19. 207. 2 1 7, 227; 4: 127ii5 C»Cltul»n,2:8.5,84;4:8l Ci]iacantlaii.4:36
Aiii«iuciiiecan,2:9S, 96. 97 CKual|MUi.2:76.78a8 <3ncoicac,2:69; 4:73
AiiMdaii,4;37 Calnuiitn,4:32 gtbliepec. 2 29. 48. 171. 2O0n5; 4:40
:
Aimnc3:85;4:S3 C«lathhoKMi.2;66^67;4:71 Citlilteimt.2:99

AiiiwriMi,4;3l aiqmqnn,2:66, 67:4:25, 71 Gil]il«iiiinii.2:84
AmcTalco. 2:37. 63; 4:49, 69 GdpMi,2:IOO Chufad Vriles,2: 140
Amiicinco, 2 44; 4 : 35 : Cdtepec^2:128,4:}7, 107 OmoIoo. 2:33n2, 44. 46nl¡4:54
Anahuac, 2 :118.204 Cafyahualco,2:37;4:49 CM{pan.2:125;4:l05
Anccuiko, 2 84 : Camodan. 2: 106. 4 95 Coatepet. 2 42. 6.1. 64, 69, 82nl, 93 n2; 4; 69, 73
Atn-ncni¡li;ii. 2 44, 4 54 '
(^âpotitlan, 2 136nt :
Co.itnl,iii. 2 29.4:40
AiK-h|iancfi. 2 H; 4:46 : (,:a|K!tbn, 2: I 10. I 1 In5;4:3l.9> (;<.atian,2:41,45, 107;4:51
.Apancaiccan, 2 83; 4:31, 81 : CapuLip:!. 2: 129 Coailayauhcan, 2 29, 30, 31n3: 4:40 :
.Apa/tía, 2:80, 81 Capulteopan, 2 :66; 4:71 Coarlichan, 2 :

8. 58,40n2
.\i(uiMiion. 2 140 : Cipuliur. 4:2^ C.Mtí.ilc.ulcos.2 50
At<:nipan,2:128. 129 Caqualpan, 2: 15; 4: 17 Coatzinto,2:98,99, 100; 4:89
Atenartoi, 2:79, 8I;4:79 (,'.:iqii:Mitcp«c, 4: 37 Coaxomulco,2: 102; 4:91
Attnckicalcan, 2 :1 3n4 (;.istilla,2:218 Coaywhalhiucaji.2:17,'>6, 102, 105, 104,
Atcnm, 2 50, 12B. 129; 4:59. 107
; Castillo de Tcayo, 2 : 135 Iü9nl7, 120, 126,203:4:20
Alicpec2!l06,UMln7¡4:38 r.«7<inii» River, 2: 132 Coayxtkhtnon ptonace, 2 102 - 105, 1 10, : 111
Aicieihmcan,2:2t, 98, 99; 4:29, 89 Ceiii|KMliaB,2:122,123 1í4b3,1I5b13.í90

AdacuihiHân, 4: 16 ênfontepec, 4: 37 triimte from, 4: 90-91
Atbn, 2:29, 30^31, 133, 13«al;4:41 Qenpoalan, 2 : 37, 38, 39, 40n9i 4:48 CoayzdalnacanVUle]^ 2: 103
249
Copyriglited material
Cocamaloapan, 2:112,113; 4:97 Hidalgo, 2:54, 58, 13tol Mapacht«^c,2:116, Il7i4:32,99
Co9ahBîilcGaii, 2 ¡ 8); 4 : } 1 , Bl Hiipmiala,2!lél9 Matiiica,2:37;4:48
Qocohn. 2:29. 103. 104, 201iiSS; 4:36^ 40 Huajuapan, 2:94n6 Afadadan, 2: 126. 127:4:26
Ci>col.in,2:79,8I;4:79 HuanNco.2:121. SetabtQwúiKoáKO Madaizinco,2:21n4
Covotlan, 2:}4;4:45 Huauhchinanco, 2 : 1 36nl MeiaCcmral.2:t29
Coixco, 2:W Huaiihchinangn, 2 : 1 26 .Vlesoam. ric ;., 2 100. 14ln3. 150n6, 154. 159,
Colhuacan,2: 5. 5, 6, "n54,8, 17n7.21i*4.48, Huaxacac,2:29, Ml. M, lOd. Ill", lOH, KWnl". 163. 1 69, 1 K4, 204. 2 10. 219, 223, Stttba
I0lnl,:::;4:7,9, l4$.&r«foCilllinKU lH,201n55;4:4() .\luldie .Vmcrica
Clolhuafinco. 2: H; 4:45 Huanc<:a,2:119nl4, 132, 133, 137, 140, 141, 169 .\lclcpcc, 2 ;66, 67; 4:25, "I
C;olima,2:8.»;4:Kl Huaxtecregiaii,2:l3B, 175, 184, 188, 192nll2, .VIetlalto\-uca, 2:135
Colonial Mexico Cicy, 2 :67 200n4 .Vlccttidan, 2:51,53.55, S6n4. 58, 126, 1 38.
Ccmultepec. 4 : 38 Huauepec. 2 :42, 44, 45. 7i>, 4 20 : 139n3
Oiiniriin,4!32 Hnaittpee province, 2 :44-4<», 97n4, 168 Mexicalcingo, 2 ¡48
Qwpdnuan, 2:72, 74, 75; 4:75 tillnite finm, 4:53-55 MeiÍGo,2:70,91, Il9n2, 121, 125, 126, 129, 138,
Qoapmook 2:44; 4:54 Hnéhiieiliii.2:93ii2,98. Ud, 117, ll9ntf:4:32, 141n3, 156, 157. 163, 169, 177. 178, 183, 189.
Caatiaii,2:)7;4:48 89,99 195, 203, 205, 206, 210. 216, 218, 229, 233, 236;
([ôquiapan. 2 : 108n7 Huehuetoca,2:48 4:2. 1?, 18, 22, 24, 28. 30, 34, 41.82, 136, 138
(,"fj<]uir7inni, 2 66; 4: 71 Huexolodan,4:3l,37 .VtexitoCity,2;64. 115nl4. 185; 4:7-8, 11,35
(•.(M.) Ku.i. 2 S:i.l4 Hnonda. 2: 17n7, 39. 4Qh8. 129, 138, 139ii3. 140, ,vi<:vii<> SwTcaoclnitlia
IcnaclitiilaiL
(,:ni.i:iilj:;.i|M.2:W, ItM) 188 ,Vlc7.cjla, 2:89
( H .
u ,„ 2 I
>, I7n7,2}, })n2, lOlnl, 102. 116. Huc«(jt/4nuo.2: 50.45,99, 100, lOlnll, 125, 185, ,\liacj||j,2 41,4:>1
Km; 4 ''<>
191n25, 192n9i. 1 95 200n Uh 4 89, 133 , : .Vliahua apan, 2:lil;4:109
Coyolapan, 2 KJA, 107, 108; 4:i2: Hucyapan,2:57;4:J7,65 .Vliahuatlan, 2:106, 111
Coyolapan province, 2 !91ii5, 9}, 106-109, ll4nS 1 lucypochtlin province. Set ilucypuchtla .\hchapan.2;112;4:97
4:V2-93
tribiitefroni, province Michmaloyan, 2 60. 61; 4:67 ;
Gi9iiaan,4:16 Hueypuchtla,2:S4, 55(4:21 Michoacan. 2:78

CoyucM; 2:83, 84; 4:31, Bl HuoTWckda iKovinoe, 2 :48, SO, 51, 54-56 Mididan,2:112;4:97
Coacmmihwnancio, 4; 3 tribute fron,4:<2-63 MicdaD.2jI02, 106, 107. 108b5, 131, 134,
OMCT¿cud«n.2;137;4;ll3 HiKytialp«i,2:l28.130 I51n«;4:38,9l,l09
OxKMc, 2 1 3 1 . 137, 1 38. 5<r 4¿o Tzicoac
: Huifif ilapaii, 2 : 6) -64; 4: 1 Miction quauhtia, 2 1 22; 4 03 : : 1
Cttihuinquilocan, 2 57, 58, : 59-, 4:65 Huiiilan, 2 : 37. 38, 44. 45. 4«n 1 4:48, 54
; .Middle .Ajiiema, 2: 1 18, 1.53. 156. Sttaim
Ciiai/onio III, 2 1 1 Inl Huiiilapan.2:41,42;4:5l \I<'M i.lllift ii :l
ClUulll-llltulllv,:,. 2: 126, 127 Huiîlopuchco, 2 34, 35. 36; 4:45

: .\lu|ULiU.i. 2:21, H4ii26i4:29
( ;u:niliiuhu.k See (Juauhnahuac Huilotcpcc, 4:36 Mlqucyctlan, 2: HI
Cûauhtiibn. See (ûauhcitlan Huipilan,4:32 Miqinyctlan, 4:26
(ûfumpa, 2: 129 Huitzamola, 2:85: 4:83 Mw.imla,2:129
Cuccpilan. 2 15. 69, 79, 80, 81; 4: 17. 79 Huitzi<ilapa, 2 63. 64; : 4:69 Mttcpcc, 2 66, 67 4 7
: ; :
Cuci,alcuitljpila, 4: 32 Huitzüac. 2:l.<5 Midatonco, 2:110

Qie(alaztoc4:26 Hi]itaaGo,2:79;4:79 Micmiai, 2:88; 4:85
CiiqM)p«i,2:4 MimMC,4:16
Guenima, 2:43ii3, 20l2ii87 Huj]caditidaii.2:29. }ln3i 4:«> MiJH|uici2:96
Cuei]nt]in,2:l8,2ln4, 29,33, 102, 114. 120, Huizquilocaa, 2 : S3 Mineca,2:l23
121.122. 123, 126, 161; 4:21. 26 Huttd«l.2:110k 117;4:32, 3«,99 Mixteo .\lia, 2 : 103, 104, 105ii4, 110, 111,212
('uctlaxdan province. 2 II 5nH, n 1 5, 1 1 8, 1 22 - : Mixteca Bap, 2:93
124, n4n:n, I'HI, I93rilii
lqntepcc2:25, lllnl Mixtcpcc, 2: 1 Mn6
iribim- ir<iiii,4: IÜ2-10Í loddan, 2:103 .Mixtlan, 2 :112. 113; 4:26, 97
(ÛL'MljhlUC.I, 2 : ->lt
Itzocan, 2: 1.^'. .Mi^Muic 2 ^ 1. ^4,35:4:10-11, 17.46
Cucwkn, 2 ; 70, 7". 126. 140, 1v;nil2 Itztitlaii,2:106 .Miznuitl.in, 4 :
.'2
Cuczcomahuacan, 2 47; 4:57 ;

bUGniaxtidan, 2 : 30 .Vlolanto.2 2.1. 137, 1 .H8; 4:31, 37, 113
C.ue7.c(mi.ititl.in. 2 12; 4:97 : 1
In|iala|>a,2s48 M.ilotb. 2 ;41.42;4i51
Cue?i.timatl)>'acac.4:26 .\1orclos 2 1 7, 42. 45, 74. 93ii2, 169
bM|)exi.2:l07,108 :
Cuew.li imayxllah uacan. 4 : .1

Iniiú|ailpan,2:52 .Moiagiu Kivcr valley, 2 :82nl4
Cuicatlan,'2:31nl5, 102. 105. 104;4:9| litaGalco,2:30 -Vlutagua \ allejr, 2 : 1 19nl 1
Cui(lahwc2:9. 15,34, 35,96, 101nl;4:10-ll, Iziapa.2:29,30,B0 Mo)roda,2:4
17, 4« Izcapalapa,2:I24n4 Myiqiii]fahaa]a,2:50¡4:59
Oii]illui,2;107
Qifaui,4:36 Nai»clH]an,2:98, 147:4:89
JuMlaluiaca, 2:94n6
CuDHUKan, 2 :48. Slcr «hf CollnHicfii NaiitiiiKlaii,4:32
Nauhda.2:l29
F<:atcpcc,2 21, r. is, V); 4:29,49 UImCíii1co,2:35,96 NautU.2 3ln9
li<;atl yquaficchci). 2 : 2 1 ; 4; 29 Lake Teaeocm, 2 : 3, 4, 6| 29, 30, 3 1, 3S, 38, 155, Ncpt)p<)alco. 2 44; : 4 : 5 5
Kluui jlii., 2;'0;4:H'; 158, 1«1, 162, 163, 187 Nevado ilc 'IVjluca, 2:67
Kpuvii) II. in. 2 ; 57, 38, }9, 4«n9i 4:4V LalteXrii)Maui,2:4B New Spain, 2 2 : 3 1 : 4 : 2, 30, 34, 3 5-36
1 ,
i:pa[lan,2 ''S.«í9j4;89 LalgeXocliiiiiiloo,2:35,187 Nexapa. 2 86. 108

Etlan,4;VJ LakeZampanco, 2:31nl, 48 N«.«itlan,2:.í4;4:46
EthVUlcy,2:107 Lema Riwr, 2:72 NochaKT. 4:S1
N'.Hhi/tUii. 2: 102, 103, 104; 4:36,91
GuiMlcaloo, 2:52; 4:61 ,Vta(a(lan.2:2l, 116, 117, 119n5;4:29,32.99 \oL Ill/dan \ jllcv. 2:103, 104, 111
G«Mcmila,2:B2,9l, 104, 107. 117, 119nll,219. Macuib(ociiic2:106, 106n5:4:93 Nochnoc2:83.84
232 MaliiMloQ.2:72,73,74k75 NQdiiepec,2:76, 77, 7^ 4:77
Gaaacac,2i 106; 4:9). Sn aba Huaxacac Mafinaieo pronnce, 2 : 70, 74-75 NapalÍHi,2;25
Guenero, 2 : 17, 23, 74, 77, 80. 86, 91 tribute {ram, 4:74—75
GnlfClMst,2:SH,84, 86, 102, 124, 126,129,132, Malinaltcpcc, 2 85, 95. 103, 104; 4: 37, 83, B7
: Oaxaca, 2: 17. 23, 25, 93, 103, 104^ 107, 203
1tfOn34. 169, 17ln69, 184, 196, 230, 237 Mabnche volcano. 2 99 : OaH«iValle)r,2:107,10B
Gnlf ofMeiicD, 2 : 123, 136 Mamalhna««t>ec,4!20 Ovdoiepec, 2: 131:4:109
250 * PLACE NAMES INDEX
< )cojp.in. 2 :?<5, 4:8i Quaulinaoi/ilan. 4: 32 Tccaxic, 2 :21:4:29.36
Qiuuhnahuai. 2 9. 10^ 15, 41, 45. «9, 76, fl; 4: Tccciztlan, 2 44)n2 :
Ucoyacac4:2S 10-11,17,20 'rechcatlan.2:13'>n>

OciHyiK9n.2:4l,232i4:SI Ouauhnahuacpra*ince.2:41-43,45-46ii74, Te?iutíín,2:128. 129; 4: 107
Ocdan,2:10ft;4:9< Tecmilct..2 'í5,%;4:87
Ocuihn,2:42,6:,6t),"0.104;4:26 tri'iiili: Iri .m, 4:S0-S2 lecoâulita. 4:37

Ocuilan province, 2 M., 6'^>
-7l,74i78n3, 105n5 Ou .1 „ hp . ..u .r- . 2 : 63, 64; 4:25, 69 Tconauhdan. 2 :60, 61 ; 4:67
tribute ironi, 4:72-73 (.)uauhpilolan. 4:32 Tecol(japan. 2 34, ; 4 45 ;
Ohuapan, 2:79, 80; 4:79 Qua lihqucfaloyan, 4:65 Tecomaixdahuacan, 2 92 :
Ojitipa He Mirador, 2: 140 Oiuuhque(a)X)lan, 2 59n3 : Tccomastlahuaca. 2 94n6 :
01af,2:i4,}5;4:45 Quauhquechulan, 2 98; 4 89 ; : Tecoiiiivaca,2:94n6

OU Tepanoc I>giiiaiii,2 ;S2, S5. Srrjia Tqmec Qnauhquemeaui, 2 37; 4:49 : Teco]niCin,2:37, 40n6( 4:49
doouin Qiwilittoaaia(ii]ca,2:8% 4:85 Tecpt. 2:63, 64; 4:69
CNiiuUn, 2:90. 91; 4:85 QiaHbHaaiada.2:90;4:85 Tecpafinco, 2 :44, 45, 46al¡ 4: 54
Olintqiec,2:44;4:54 Quaatitenuico, 2:116 Tecpan.2:l3n4;4:l6
Omctcpcc, 2 86 : (.>u.i.:htrjidco.2: 120-121.4: 101 Tctpatcpct, 2 50. 51nl: 4:31, 59
Otlatidan.2;Ii:, 113.4:<Í7 l.)ujuluirKhan, 2 :93n2, 98, 99. 100; 4:89 TecjMtlan, 4: 37
Otlatlan.2 :80, 81 Quauhtnlan, 2:11, 33n2. 35. 40n5, 47,48, lOlnl; Tecpa tzinco, 4:21
()tl.i7p.in.2 48, 52, 53;4:61 4:12, 16. ^Vr alio Cuauhcitlan Teqiil^van, 2: 38
t1t(>mp.in.2;38, }9,40n8 Quauhtidan provinrc, 2 :47-49, 119nl6 Tccuinnli'o, 2 : 108n7
Otiimli.!, 2: I'32nn8 intmii froiii, 4: >6-5~ Tecutepec, 4:36
Ollllip.l, 2: 1 I; 4: 12 0'Mulitl.iri, 2:44;4:26, 32, 54 Tehuacan,2:W, 113
Uxidun,2:122i4:IO} gua.ihtcKlK<.,2:30, 120, 121; 4:2 1. 40 Tchuantepec. 2:23, 74, 107, 108, 1 17
(Mti|wi,2:l40 Quauhiochco province, 2: 120- 121, 124, TdMiehiwc2:S2.228;4:6I
0Btipai|iKmiic«,2:«l, U2. 140-141 tribute from, 4: 100- 101 Tdiiiilay«N!an,2i47,49ii3i 4:57
Iribule ftwn, 4: 1 14- 1 15 Qoaoiniyaatilfan, 4: 32 Tdiaiai»,2:44;4:54
Chithii.2:ll2;4:97 Quauhxumulco, 2 1 ln5 : TdolcMpan, 2 :23, 76, 77, 79. 80, 81, 82; 4:79
Oztoma. 2 :23, 29, 30. 3 1, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 197, Quauhyocan, 2 37, 38; 4:49 : IVmascalapan, 2 37, 38, 39; 4:48 :
201n55,4:2(i,41,79 Quauxilotitlan, 2 :91n5 TciTij/c.iltepcc, 2 :70

Oztoman, 2:35 OuauxiiTiúlp.m. 4 16 Temohuayan, 2 .50; 4: 59 :
Dztotiqjac. 2 39, 40n8. 93n2;

: 4:26 Oua™lo!:!ljr.. 2 ;Ofi. 4:93
108; Tcnangnco. 4 26 :
Ozt<itlapccha),2;98;4:89 Quax'xumiilco. 2 4:87 Tenanco,2:96;4;20

Qucvalniacan, 2 52.4 :61 TenancoTc|xipolla. 2 95
l^.u hufu, 2:38 QuecholienaiKD, 2 3 In", nl4 : TcnanBincr>, 2 66, (,'K 70; 4 7 : : ?
Haciiic coast, 2 8 : 1 . H4, 1 II, 117, 232 QiMxholtctcnanco. 2 29, 80, 201nS5 : TeB«jmci,2:33n2, 18*. 222; 4 143
Pahuatlan,2:l36nl Qu<chttbc2:98,99, 100;4:89 Tcnayocan, 2:5,6, 7n34; 4: 8,
(Pan)Chiinalco,2:42 QiMaili(pcc4:37 'nnexucpac,4:26
Paootlii,2:140 QoUwinlM. 2:10^ 123 Tmochtiilu. 2:8. 9, 10, 15. 17, 29. 32-33. 35. 36,
P«mxbui,2:8}¡4!8l QaiMlmopni,2:81, 82, 88, 90|, 218 38, 39, 40n], 42, 43. 45, 48, 49, S3. 61. «4. 67.
Pamepec,2:I35, 136nl;4:J7 Quiauhteopan province, 2:90-91 74, 77. 80k 84, 89. 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 100-102,
Pamepce River, 2:13?, I)« tribute from, 4:84-85 108, 114n2, 117, 123, 124n4, 128. 133. 138.
2 HO, Ifj'' Quimichtepec, 4:37 146, 150, 151n72, 155. 161-163. 166. 170nlO.
Fapjl.ucpjL.2:31nl5. 103. IIH Qiiiyauhtcopan, 4:21 180, 183. I85-IR8, 190. |9|n32, 194, 200nl4,
P.ip..ntl,.. 2 '>:. m, 1Í2, 133:4:85,109 203. 204, ;i I 2! 222.224, 2 n, 232; 4: 7, 9.
Pelb«ie..,2:?!., 34, i\ 70 .SVi- ii/.t, Mlmcu rtnochiiilan; Tcnuxtidan
RioLen]U,2:67 ~
Petl acalco province, 2 34-36 : Iniimiuii; <>t, 2 : > -
Kio rwBpnroiBii, ax ij3
tribute from. 4-44 -46
RioTlapniH!a,2:91 Tcnuatidan, 2 32; : 443
I'tÜ3Íizin™,2:103 Teoapnco,4:37
Pedatlan,2:83;4:81 Tcacil(iaoD,2:41;4:5l
San José Aden, 2 ; 136n 1
Piiuli]2:93 TcoeilliMyMU,2:212t4: 16
PHiiiin,4:36 San Juan Huitznahuac, 2 33n5 :
Tco«ipotlHi.2:106. 107, 110
Santa Maria .\sundónTbaiaca,2:lll
Pioi>4]eOr»lM.2:99 'nochiapsn,4:37
Pipiy«iltqMC,4:)7 SantiigOk4i42 Tcoiiocan,2;I22:4:103
Pochotlan,2:88 SkntltfadM^2i84^12% 136, 138 Tcocuidatlan.2: 106, 15ln78;4:32.93
I-iK-qic... 2:30. 31.80.8^4i40 SiemMadKOrieBal,2:58 Tcontxhtitlan, 2:98; 4:89
l'iipc>ijctp<.'tl, 2 :45
Serrt None de Puebli, 2 :68B6, 126 Tcopancalct). 2 3n4 : 1
Pi>p»ll:in, 2 : 29, Ml Vr^tePVpUllin I enp.intl.ni.2 98. 94; 4:119

I'lu htUn. 2 H%4 lalmco. 2:l33nl rciipjiuLr/.! .2:4
Puctlan.2:li:;4:97 Tamaiolan,2:102;4:91 Teopothli;:!!!. 2 ; > >
I'ucbia, 2: i::, 16<; Tainacolapan.2: 102, 103. 104; 4:91 Tcotcn.iiu... 2 W.. f>'. 4:25, 71
I'liflila stjti-, 2:99 'na>a«olapan Valley, 2: 103, 104, 111 .nlin.inn, 2: >^, ^V, 40n8
PuputJati, 4:40. Set aba Fopodan TuaMc2:138 Teoiihuacan Valley, 2 39 :
Putla,2:94n6 TanMp*chco.2:2l. 131, 139b3;4:29 Teotitlafl,2:I13

Pii3BMihtl«n,4:26 TainniiiiclMle,2:140 Tkoddtiidd Ctnimo,2:29
TaniQancliui,2:169 'ItodtliodclWle,2:10en5
QiMdK|uecala]n«.2:S7, 58 'HmpMl, 2: 139ii3. Sir itel^Bpiiel TcodalpiB, 2:48, 51, 55, 128, 129, 130;4: 107
Qwgwwui,4;l4 Tinnioc4:26 'Roiilhn,2:112;4:97
Qiiihiiidyn»,4:S4 Tanpatcl, 4:26 'nodiiacm.2:76.77
Qoahuacan, 2:9, til, 63, 64 Tapachula, 2 : 1 19n5 Teoi! Iztacan, 4: 77
Quahuacan province, 2:63-65, 176ll34,2)l Tarascan border, 2 : 74, 77, 80 TcotiaL:l:,k... 2:107, I09nl3
iriluiif Irtnii, 4:68-69 Tarascan frontier. 2:23, S3, 70 'Icozapotian, 2 ; 1 1 In3
(Jiijhuid yxco, 2:44 Teacalco. 2 3:;4:4H Icpanec domain. Stt OM'Hpuicc Domain
Qualac, 2 :90; 4:85 Ti-rakd, 2 : 9}n2, 98, 99, 1 00; 4: 26, 46, 89 Tepameptc, 2 1 36nl :
Quadatlauhcan, 2 98. :
9^ 4:89 TtxainachalLO, 2:93n2. 98, 'W, 100; 4:89 '1 cpcacac, 2 : 1 8, 3 0, 93n2, 98, 99, 1 1 3. 192ll93. Si»
Quaizontepec, 2: 106; 4:93 Tccapoadan,2:30,31, 135, 136;4:41, 111 «bvTepeyacac
PLACE NAMES INDEX • 251
CopyriglVLCd material
Teptacac province, 2:9}. 94n3, 98-101. 147. 180. 'Ilachquiavco prcninoe, 2'lin-iii Totolapan. 2 44, 45, 46; 4iiS
:
186. I';i5.:00nll tribute from, 4 94-0': Totolf inco, 2 37; 4-48

:
tribute from. á. 88 =£S 'Hachquivauhco, 4- 37 TotDltepcc.2:80. 81,82

Tcpcchiapan, ílH nachyaliiulco, 2 : iL i8¡á:48 Totomihuacan. 2 30. 99. 1 00. lOlnll :
Tcpechpa. 2 «)n2 nacoiula.2:108n5 Tutotnixtlahuacan.2 85, 86; 4:81 :
Tepeihpsn, 2 Oi 37^ JS^ 19. 40n2; 4:45. nacopan,2:10, 15.30.35.48. 67.80. lOlnl, 102, Totonaca|Mn.2:58, 114, 121, 122. 126. 129. 130.
Tepeinauilcn, 2 :66^ 4:71 I24n4, Ul 128, LLLML 222: Ai 16. 1¿3 132. 139n4
Tcpcpoico, 2:39 Tlacotepcc, 2 66, 67, 80.
:
&L LLL 4 : 2 5. 12 TotQtepcc,2:29, 30, 86, 107. 1 12:4:31. 92
Tcpcpulan, 2: éiái TI»ou<lalpan,2:ll2, 113. Lli¡á:22 Totodan.2:120;4:101
Tepcpulcci. 2 : 40n9 'I1a(Oxiuhco, 2:34; 4:M Toxic-o. 2 ::i:4:29
Tepemwciiilw, 2: LL J 70. 79. 80, 2L 4:17. nalatlavco, 2:63, 64nl; 4 69 ToV3C.2:34;4:46
19.21 Tlalcofauhtidan, 2 8$. 89; á : 21: Toztl3n.2:ll2. 113. 114; 4:97
'Icpcquacuilcn province, 2:29, 69, 77. 78. 79-82. Halcofauhtidan province, 2: 82. 88-89. Lió Tuchamco.2: 120:4: 101
84.108,,115nl5, 168. 208.218 tribute from, 4 l.i4-«5 Tuchpa. 2 :2 ln4. 115nl5. 131. 132. 136. 137. 138:
tribute from, 4:78-79 Tlalcuechahuayan. 2: 106; i;2i 4:26
Tcpctitlan, 2 60. 61j
: Tlaliztacan. ? "mH"': Tuchpa pioWnce, 2:131-134. 135. 136n3, 141n6.
Tepctlacalco,2:34iá;á5 TIallachco. 2i6}, 64; éJQ. 2il
Tcpetlaoztoc. 2:?7, J9. 40ii8; á:^ nalmanaU-...2:95.96.97 tribute from. 4: lOlü-líW
Tcpetlapan.2:J7iiiáa naUivapan,2:44,46nl. l3l;á:S4ilQa Tuchdjn.2:l2>.4:105
TcpctI huiacan, 2 66; 4 -71 : TIamacaupan, 2 76, 77; 4' 77 : Tula. 2 :6n 13. 203
Tepetlixpan, 2: 97n7 Tlanizdan, 4- 36 Tu]an.4:21
Tepeucila.2:l03, IM Tianquilapan, 2: 31alQ Tulanvinto, 2:11.33n2. 132; 4; 12
Tepcvacan. 2 ; 1 }9n4 Tlaulan, 4 ?6-
Tulanvingo, 2 57. 58; 4-65
:
Tcpcxahuaico, 2 76^ 77i ái22 : Tlapacoyan, 2 125, 126. 128. 129. 135: ái21
: Tuluca.2i2ln5. 66. 67. 70. 72. 73nl: 4:26. 2a
Tcpcxic, 2:48, Si. 94n3, 99; á;82
Tcpcy-acac, 2:ii: á:2Á. Sec aim Tepeacac
^ Tlapaco)'an proWnce,
tribute from,
?5-l?7
104-105
I
Tulun pronnce. 2 66 - 66. 105nS
tribute from, 4:70-71
:
Tcpotiotlan. 2:48 flapan, 2^21, 23, 85, 86; ii22 Tutula.2ii22

n epdnacn, 2:47; 4- S7 TIapanicydan, 2: 122; A: III] Tututcpcc.lilliblU
TetKt/titlan, 2:KS;4:K5 llapan proiincc, 2 85 - 87. 90. 231 Tuxpan. 2:31n9. 1 3 3n 1 . also Tuchpa
Tepoztlan. 2: 36nS, 44, 45, 46. 97n4; á;Sl tribute from, 4 H?-83 Tuxpan River, 2:132. 136. iM
Tcpozczotlan, 2 i 1 n lÚ : TIappan. 4-31 Tuzapan, ? 3 1 n9
Tepuzcululan,2:102, lQ3:á:Sl riaquilpan, 2 37, 18. 39, 40n9;
: 4:42 'I'/anaquada, 2 - 1 79
Tepuzcululan Valley, 2: 103, IM •natelolco.2:l>. 18-19. 2 1 n4,
3 3nS. 35,48, 61, Tzapoiitlan, 2 34, 135; 4:46
:
Tepu?:tlan.2:95,96;4:21.H7 75,84, 147. 176n50. 180. 189.227:4:24. 43, Tzayanalquilpa, 2 :60, 61; 4: ti2
Tcqualnyan, 2:69; it: li 1^6 iitt also TIatiluIco Tzjcapuf aleo, 2 2í« ZZi ^ 22 :
Tequantcpcc, **• > ^ Tlatelolco city; 7 3^-33 Tzicoac.2:23. 31n9. 113, 131. 137. 138; 4lIL
Tcquemccan, 2:34: ájjlS TIatcloIco province Tzicoac province, 2; 121. 132. 137-139. 160n34
Tcquisquitlan, 2 88. SQ : tribute firom, 4:42-43 tribute from, 4-ll>-lU
Tcquixquiac 2 12, 54. 55, S6n6; : 14. ái TIatiluIco. 2:32. 126;4jl7,2i Tzilacaapan. 2:92; 4:81
Tctda.2:80.81. 126. L22 Tladautiquitcpcc,2: 127nl. 128. 129. 130. 168: Tzinacanoztoc, 2: 112: 4:22
Teicnanco, 2:2ln4. 29.Jln7,nl4,ZSL2L«0,85i 4:19.21 Tzmtzuntzan, 2 :SId¿
ti7nS, :0ln^S:4:77.83,89 Tladauhquitcpcc pro\ince, 2i 126. >»- 3ft 1 1 Tzomolco, 2 6n24 :
Tctcpanco, 2 '0. 51. 4: 59 : tribute from, ii lüá- 107 Tzompanco. 2 29, 48. 8fl :
Tctcuhtcpcc, •* '(> TUxcala.2 17. 25. 29. 30.45.99. 100. 10ln5.nll. Tzonpanco. é.:iSl
Tctc<.ilan.2:ll2:4:97 I05nll, 121. 123. 125. 126. 129. 192n93. 195.

Teticpac. 2 Zii. ZL 126. UiL IS*, 109nl4;4:77.
:
200nll, 218,23l, 2M fcila.2:113. 114n2
2i TIaxcalan border, 2: 129. Lifl Citzilpupucidan. 2:135
Tctiapanaloyan, 2 54, 11; áiá3 : TIaxcala-PuebIa Basin. 2: l£i Uixachtecad mountain, 2:6
Ted icoyoccjn.2:93n2 riaxi-ala-Puebla Valley, li 125
TetupirtitUn, 1: IJl. 136; 4 .^6 Tla«r:.ll:i.4H9 \ alley uf .Vliiult:in{(u, 2 22 :
Tetzcoco. Sn Texcoco; I'czcuco TIaxiaco, 2i212 Villc> of .Vlexico. 2:3,5, 15.17.32.35,39.42,45,

Tcuhfolczapotlan, 2:l20:A;lfll Tlaximaloyan, ii2ú 47, 49, IL 11. IL 57. 58, 6L 64, 66, 72. 80. 95,
Teutia.2:93 Tla>'acac.2:44. 46nl;4:54 96.99. 103. 109nl5, 1 13. 121. 122. 131, 132.
Tcxalocan.2:30. g2 TIaj'acapan, 2 :44, 46; 4: Si 137. 148. 160nl9, 185.208.222, 222
Tcuw 2 1 L 111 JO. 3i 38-40. 42, 48^ 57, 18,
1, : Tllliuhquitcpcc, 2- IS5 Valley of Teotihuacin, 2: 155
60.67,80.96.97. lOlnl, 102. 113. 124-126. Tliltc[>cc.4:3B Valley of Toluca, 2:64
128. 133. 138, 156. 170n28, 188, 203.208. 222; Tochpan, 2:113. LLinS, Set also Tuchpa Valley of Tuluci, 2:22
4:143 Tochpan proWnce, 2 124. 12Ú. Set also Tuchpa \alpopocail, 2 : 1 35
Texopan, 2 102. 103. 105: áiSl pronncc Veracruz, 1:23, 29, 123
m
:
Tczcacoic. 2: 34: i.:éL. Tochtcpcc,2 :30. 35. 112. Veracruz dtv, 2 8á :
Tezciitepcc, 2:50. H; 4: 59 Tochtcpcc province. 2:112-115. 118, 124. 133. Vera Paz. L IM
TezcatepetoncK, 2 54: 4:61 : 134n20, I93nl6l. I'M, 230
'Ic/cucii, 2 : 1 l;á: 12- .V« ifZtt) Texcoco tribute ft^m. 4r'M-97 Western Morclos, 2 : 1 S7nS4
Thcdacaico, 2:35 Tulantzinco. 2- 3n
T.yjf[».. 2-372 4-4S Tolimani, 2:88; 4JiS Xala.2:88.90;4ii5
Tnfa>T)tan. 2:20. üliáS Tollan.Z:6nl3.6l Xalac. 2 52. 54:4:61.63
Tilantonco, 2:110 Tolnacuchda, lili X3bpa.2:.-<6. 108.122
'
Tillantongo, Toltidan.2:ll.47. 48;4;Ii Xalapan.2:47. 106: 4:38. S2
'naahuililtMn.2:50;4:59 Toluca, 2: 19. Set aka Tuluca Xaladaco, ZiMnl
lladico. 2 23. 60. 61. 76. 77. 78: 4
: : 2 1, 6Z Toluca Valley. 2:66.67. 211 .X'alailauhco, 2:64nl; 4i2S
llachco province, 2 55, 76-78. fW, ST, 82^ : IM Tonala, 2 :9>nl .\aloztoc, 2 :44, 46n 1 4:54 ;
tribute from, 4-7<t-?7 Tonali vmoqueâyan. 2 21 8Q; á: 2fi : . X3ltcpcc.2 102, 103. Ulnl:4iil.2J
Tlachinolncpa, 4- Í6 Tonan>tla.2:37; 4 48 Xaltianquisco. 2: 108n7
Tlachmalatac, 2 79. 80; i: 22 ; Tonatiuhco, 2:69. 70; 4:73 Xallurniwimi, 2: 106, I57n76;4:38
naihquiavco, 2:110. Ill Totolapa, 4?fl Xallocan. 2:11. 29. 33n2. 141nl; 4:12,áü
252 * PLACE NA.MES INDEX
Copyt
\^rii,ipj River, 2 :
\2i Xocotitlan. 2 67, 70. "2;
: 4 26
: V'oloionctuild, 4. >K
Xaxilpan. 2 U, 35; 4:45
;
Xocotidan pmvince, 2:72-73, 75. 105ii5 Yope fnintitr, 2:2''
Xayat... 2 : 1 12;4;97 tribotefrom.4;"4-75 Yopko,2:34;4;45
Xicabniii, 2:61, 1 14n6 Xocoila.2:3(),M5;4:83 Vopitüinco, 2:86
Xic«JbiMCMi,j;54;4:63 X(ica!fiNan,2:137i4:ll3 YiMcan,2:93ii2.94a3
yOainptcltU. 112:4:71.97 XiKi9«ilMpac,2!95{4i87 Yotepcc2:128i 4:107
XioOh2:H4:46 Xoloáüuliyan, 2:8); 4:3 1. SI ¥«^««.2:120, 121:4:101
XicGchiniilco, 4: 31 Xaloii«i.2:II7;4:32 YmicHi, 2 :98, 99; 4: 99
Xio«epec.2:l26.127,n5 Xomeyocan, 2 54; 4:63 : Yucatan. 2: 91
Xkotqiec de Juárez, 2 126 : Xonocda, 2 1 28, 1 29, 1 30; 4 : 107
: YxTOvamcc. 2 1 2 8. 2'>; 4 : 1 : 1 07
Xihujcan.2:>í3,4;81 Xonoda,2:l28 VMCjy,in,2 92.<M,4;85
Xiltivinto. 2 :47,4S,4;57 Xoxopanco. 2 : 1 26. 1 27 ^Mn-^tl,^tl.^:^,2: 1 I2;4:*>7
XiloteiHt. 2 : 5,60.4:: 1 X<ix(>p;uii;i>. 2 27n : 1 1 ^ 5l4pit-nict :lM, 2 >7:
Xilotepvc prirt imo. 2 : Ui. 50. 60-62 .\<.iovil,i!2 4I,4:;4:5I \ /jitutiila. 2 44, 45, : 46n 1 4: 54
;
mbu(e fnjtn, 4:fi6-67 Yzcuincuidapilco, 4:2

Xiloxcxfaitlan,2:125;4:105 YacajHchUa, 2 : 1 InS, 44, 45, 46; 4:21, 54 Yicuintepec,4:37
Xiquipilco, 2:23, 72;4:24S Yancujtlan.2:2l. 102, 103. 104;4:29,91 Yxhtt8tlan,4:32
Xiuliliuictn,4:}l 1l!uilniitkBVilk3iv2!l03 Yaniq|i]ilpiii.2:50, SI, 54-, 4: 59
}QahKcticadtMi,4:)l \kmlMnc^2:l2B;43l07 Y>qiMnweiii,4:48
Xiuhtepec 2:15, 41, 42. 4$: 4: 17, 20. 51 ^k4iaii,2!ll2;4:97 Ymcakiit 2:29(4:40
Xaciittla]p«i,2!lSlii42 YtelitepK,2:44,45,46;4!2l, 54 Yincdakicin,4:32.36
Xochiacan, 4:25 Yapvquidalpa, 2 i 128; 4: 107 Yztapan, 2: 81, 83:4:81
XochichivM,2:50;4:y9 VcviK-'h'""""^*' 2 :98; 4:89 Y7iatlan,4:32
Xochimilcavinco. 2 ;44; 4: ^4 Vau M;ili>y.u-, 2:HH,y: V/Ii-|icL.2:I\4I.4:. 1:H,4;|7,S1
Xochimilco, 17n7,:in4, 35,46n5,'/6,
2:"'. 15. Vchcjicopan,2:77. 7''. SU. Kl. H2. «5. «6; 4:79, Hi \/tcy.)Cjn. 2 3U. . 31,4:40
mini. IMJ. i:4n4, I'M; 4: 10-1 1, 17 Vchcatlj.2 >«:4;85 Vzmlan,4:3H
XriLhiquauhlitlan, 2 4:105 ; 125; VdKjtl.in. 2;S!i, 137, I38;4;8S. 113 Y/tU, 2 41.4 :51
\.Hliitc[>cc.2 4!.4:.4:SI Ycpaiqwc, 2:".i2;4:J6
Xochiy«;tla,2::i;4::'J YceapiMla, 2 :
3it /jjchila, 2 :110, l||n3
Xodttlan,4:n Yoalaii, 2:15, H5,iiî; 4: 17,83 Zaiallan,2:l25
Xooonochco, 2 ¡23, 25, 29, 30, 43, 1 14fl6t 1 16, ViMlbn.2:79,80;4:79 Zacatul«,2:a4
117, ISInM, I97,201a5S,2}2;4:M,4l YoilMpec2s8t,92,99n2;4:21 Zaqualpa,2:69
XoooiM>dieo|Hnviiio(^2!77, 100^ 104, 115al5, YaalMpcc pfovinoe, 2 ;82, 92 -94 Ziina{Mn,2:61
116-119, 193nl«l, 195. 196,219 uibiiu firon, 4:84—85 ZolM|>ec2:70
iribuie from, 4:98-99
PLACE NAMES INDEX 253
Copyrighted materiaf
Subject Index
Acacidi.2:5:4:7.9 Animal ciisiuines. 2: \SS. Ayaubcati. See I louse of Mist

Acalli. Sec Canoes .\niinal-head helmet, 2:184. laS Aziapilin. See Reeds
Acamapich. Set Acamapichdi Animistic beliel's, 2 ?J9 AziaxeUi. See Feather ornament
Acamapichdi, 2:4j.¿I Anonymous ( lonqucrnr, 2iiJ j\7.tcc clothing. See Clothing: Clothing tribute;
conquests of. 2 :S-9: 4: 10, U Apituli. See Clay water tusin Costumes
Acjtl. See Canes Apparel- .SV«' Cloihmg; Clothing tribute Azirc Empire. Tbe. 2iiÜ
AcatI lyatapanrcall. tid« of, 2 : 2 LZ Appeals judges, 2: l'>6. y7y j\ztec imperial tribute. Sff Tribute
lillc glvph for, .Aqueduct. 2. ISS Aitcc male povture, 2 -4
.iiatliyacaptiineeaU, i; HI .\rmor Artec milit.iry strategy, 2:62
Aijyetl. See Perfumes quilted cotton, 2:5. 186. 197.2ifl Azicc origin myth, 2: i
Acbeaeaubii, tide of. 2: 195. 201 stuffed coKon. 2: L22
AehtauheaUi. Srr Conwables' meetinghouse; House Arm-with-watcr gU^ph. 2:38 Baby. 2 1-*' See abo Infants; Newborns
:
of Constables Army captains, 4:7. 138. LÍ2 Back devices

Ainieyotl. 2-117 .\rmy commanders. banner-st\le. 2 : 1 90. 198. 2 1 3. 2 14
Admonitions .\rmy generals, ii 196-197: A. Lii Bird, á; 96. 22
aibirdi,2:lii .Arrow -drawing-smoke symbol, Í iO butterfly. 2: 184. 189.
mominaitli. 2:194.
m
regarding childhood behavior, 2: 158. iii2 .Arrows
útout drunkenness, ? of cane, ? inn mullipole. 2 ?l <
aluut gambling, ? • -''^'^

as tribute, «8.82 pamiii. 2:211
against idleness, 4:120. 122, 12?. L2á .Art, A/tec. See Painting papatoil. 2 -
184
for ttKTchanis. 2 : Lü .Artifacts /¡iiachpumitl, 2 ^l-*
alMiut premarital chastity', 2 lúZ: copper, 2:91 ,liiuxohtl. 2:211.213

during umbilical-cord cutting, 2 Lii : eagle-warrior. 2: LSI IS tribute from .Acolhuacan, 2 37, 12 :
against vagabondage. 2:226: 144. Iá5 ^ obsidian. 2iiL 109n 15 as tribute from Atotonilco de Pedraza, 2:52. Ü
for young girls, 2iMi pottery. 2il2 as tribute fnjiii AnocnnMn. 2 50. il :
Adulterer. 2 .MM spindle whorls. 2^ UU as tribute from I luasle|M.'c. 2 :44. J6

Adultery, punishment for. ii 180. 2i&. i; lAl Artisan guilds, ? as tribute from Hiieypuchtia, 2:55
Advice. Srr alio .Aditionilions .Artisans, gixKl versus bad. 2-??7 as tribute from Petlacalco. 2 34. :
from fathers, á; 144. lái .Astronomiial obsenaiion, 2: 177 as tribute from (Juahuacan. 2:6^. új.
marriage-related, li 126] 121 .AiamalcualiMli, feast of, 2: 156, iM-tM as tribute from f}uauhnahuac. 2:41. i2
.Afterlife, 2; aii .Atemoztli. feast of, 2: IM as tribute from Quauhtitlan. 2 :47. i3
Age AUHpaiUíútl, title of. 1; 195-196: i lü as tribute from 'Fochtcpcc. 2: 12. LIJ 1
designation of. 2 147 title glyph for, 2 -

199 as tribute from Tuchpa. 2:131. Lil
privileges of, 2 Atl. See U atcr two-captive priest -warrior, 2: 1211
rewards of, 2jJAi Atlatl. See Spear thrower Backstraplimm. 2.;162, 164. 2-LI
status distinctions b\-. 2: lU Attihuami cacao cup, 2''I9 Back-tie. .SVr Red back-tie
Agricultural tools, 2: Aliiie. See (ônimeal gniel Bail behavior, advice agaiast, A; 144, Lii
Agricul ture, chinampa, 2 6n 1 i
: AliJin reed, 2 UK Bad examples
Aguamiel, 2 -^1 .Atonal. l;17n8;lL2ü depictions of. 2:212
Ahucxoil. 2 : >: 4:7. '> \totod.2:5:4:7. glyphs for. 2 M6-?37
Ahui^'oîn. $0. i L .9» d/Ew Ahuitzod Aloyatl. See Rjver Bad fortune, year of. iL 8
Abiiiitli. See Canoe pole 2 212
.Attorneys, trails of. : Ball court. 2:"229. 21fl
Ahuitccutli, 2:77 .Augmented wines. 2j.lii BalU'ame.2ilLl.

Ahuitzod. 2:45. 48^ 60, 61-76. fiQ. Uífi. LUÍ. Autosacriticc. 2.; 172. 177. 184 See aim Ball player. 2 ?>9-?3n
116-117. Ml. 138. 152.232. See ako Ahuiín<;in Bloodletting Ball playing, i; Lli
conquests of, 2 22 =J L 1: iSLzH
: iKines used ill, 2: 1S¿ admonilioivs against, 2 ??6
Ahainntl. Srr Water animal al lesiivals, 2 Lli: equipment for. 2-îf>
. UeaiJes. 4:14(>. 141. 142, Hi by priests. 2: li2 Bamt)uo shields. 2i lli
Aiirfieil. See Cit>'-staics during spcarmaking, 2 L8Ú : Banner-style back device. 2:190. I<H. L^21i.
Amjneapanríi. Sec Paper shoulder sash .Av(K-ad<is. 2_ mi
Amintrca. Srr Featherworkers .Anayacavin- -^rf A.\ayacail, Aiiay:iwfj!in Banner symlx.l, 2 56n6, 19.43, 49, Si. 211
:
Amatfiutbuill. Srr Paper-tree Axayacall. 2; [5^ R

42j 60, 6i 66, 69, 72^ 73n2, Bare feet, signilicancc of. 2 :
Atiiaranlh, 4:44 ¿ SO, 99. in. 120,121.111. 135; 4:42. 43. Bark paper. 2 :42. See also Paper
Amaranth seed, 2:i4,iT,iLii,*L^ See also .Auyacatun Barrenness, omen of. 2 : 1.62. See also Childbirth
57j60, 6?^ 60, 69, 72. 79. 95; 4:44. 46. 47. 4'>. conquests of, 2i 18-19; ¿ M->/> Bamos, in TIatcloIco, liH
5iSlÍiiáL5ái5Zi5íL2!íiÉííi^62,6ij6i deadi of, 2:2ü Basalt, 2_ UÜ
6L 66, 6L
86- 87
^ 69, 70. 71^ 72. Zi 2i ZL ZL Z2t funeral ntes of, 2: LIS
palace of, 2 ?'>4
Basket -weaving, 2il5
"Bathed ones," 2:179. 18l.207, 21fl
AmatI, Srr Paper .\sayacal7.in, 4:-'4-JS Set ittio .Axayacall Bathing .mil naming curvmikny, 4 II H. : 1 1<J
Amber, as tribute. A: 98. 2& .\.« blades. 2i2líl Bathing ceremony. 2: 14>- Me,
.\mbcr Ubrets. 2:114. 12Ü .Vxes birth-related, 2i2U
Amber lip plugs. 2: 1 12. 114. Lt^ L1& 122. 124; copper. 2:81. 92. 91. 218 Bathmg % e^sel. 2 : IM
4:96. 'Jh, ')'). 102. im as tribute, 2:12 Batten, 2 : 164
Amber pieces, as tribute, 2: IH handles. 2-7' Battle, magical amulets
m2
1 16. I .A.\ for. -lili
Amolr roots, 2:!ii .ixtlaeutUi hairstyle. 2 : L^ Battletield cx'remonies. 4-
AnaJri de Tktrietm. 2 ;
ifl. 2 Aymocbtli, Srr Gourd rattle Battle Slick, 2ii.
Copyri.,
Battle training, 2: 1Z8. Sttalto Warrior mining Burning firebrands, 2: IfiQ Carpenters, 2:148, 230-231
Beans, as tribute, 2:HjJ7^4ij45,ü;j50jiL54, Burning temple, 2:11. 67. 2iQ good versus bad, 2-337
57. 60. 6}. 66. 69. 72. 79. V5. 98. 106; 4:44. 46. Butterfly back device, 2^ 184. 189. ISA teaching the trade of, 4j Lál
4^42.50, 52,53, 55, 56,5158.59.60.61,62, Carrying basket, 2:175.122
6i, 64. 65. 66. 67, 68, 69. 70. IL 22, 2L Zi. 2L Cabildo. Set Townhouse Carrying devices, 2 153
78.79.86.82.88.89.92.ia Cacahuapmoli. Set Cacao ground with maize flour Carrying frames, 2 \M, 180.2112
Bearck, attributes connected with, 2.l221 Cacahuaxochitl flower, 2 :2i as tribute. 2:98. 100:4:88. 82
Beating Cacainacihuatl,2: lln3 "Celestial Princesses." 2 226, 222
of children. 4: 122. m Catamotiubqm. Stt (jilted cloaks Celestial Wanderers, 2: 2Ü2
as punishment, Cacao, 2 77. 1 13. 1 16. LLL liH 121 [22, LZl CrmilbuttUpoalli. See Day signs
Bees' honev. 2:55.76.77,79.82.88,89,20,91, counterleitinp. 2-719 Ceremonial drink, for sacrificial victims, 2-733
92. 9?; 4: 76. 77.79.1S grow ini; of, 2:81,91. lli Ceremonials
as tribute, 4:84. 81 production of, 2:82, IM birth-related. 2: 145; A: 118. 112
Behavior, while eating, 2ilii red. 2:83. ¡a child-relaied, 2: 154
Behavioral standards, for children. 2: 154. LSfi as tribute, á:á3, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, IQl. 102, green-wood, 2: 111
Bewitching im incensing, 2: 177, 122
practices of, 2 : 111 types of, 2i2ia marriage-related, 4: 126. 122
by thie\cs, li2M uses for, 2 ?I8->19 Cbalchihuitl. Stt Greenstones
"Binding of the Years." See New Fire Ceremony Cacao drink, 2:84.86.93. 118.216.212 Chalchiuhdicuc.2:145.212
Binding rope, 2 LiS : Cacao drinking bowls. 4:98. 99, HI Chalk. 2:21)
Bird-food cape. ? ?I9 Cacao drinking cups, 2:319 Chantico, 2:170. 12i
Bird House, 2:221 as tribute. 4: 82, Hi Chastity
Birds, as tribute. ? H? 5rr also Eagles Cacao ground with maize flour, 2: 32. 33; 4-47 premarital, 2: 167
Bird skins, as tribute, 2j m, m, 118; 4:98, 22 Cacaxili. Stt Carrying frames of priests, 2; 177. 128
Black-and-white-border cloaks, 2:45.47.48. 50. Cdtifur, 4: 1 Checkerboard cloaks, 2 :42
52. 54 rebellion by, 2:203. 2IO:4il36. U2 Chert, iiJfil
Black-and-white-striped cloaks, 2j 122. 126, 128 Cacique 's cloak, 2 208 Chewing tobacco, 2-31B
Black body paint, 2i4. 146. 149. 166. lai Cacique's headdress, 2: 2138 Chia, 2 34.
:
3L iL 45, 47. 50, 52, 54. 57, 60, 63,
Black-striped cloaks, 2 79. Rl : Cacique's wife, 2 304 •
66.69,72.76.79,95, 106; 4:49. 50. 52, 53. 55.
Bloodletting, 2:20. IM. Str also Autosacrifice; CacHi. Set Sandals 56, 17, 58, 59, 60. 6L 62, 63, fr*. 65. 66, 67,
Maguey spikes "Calendar round," 2 : 5, 7n39 69, 70. 7L 72, 73, Zi 75, Z6i ZZi 78, Z?i 86, 87,
in infants, 2.: LIZ Calendar system. 2 LZ& : 92.93
with maguey spikes. 2:159 Calendric symlwls, 2:5 Chia ground with maize flour, 2:32, 33: 4-47
by novice priests, 2: 172; áj 122 Calli. Set Houses Chianpinoli. Stt Chia ground with maize flour
by priests, 2: 173. Ul Calmtcac Stt Priest's houve (temple school) Chichimec language. 2:51, ii
Blood smear, priestly, 2:4. 146. 149. 166, 172. CalpixaunJii. See House of the jMajordomo; Chichimcc people. 2:3.75.95. 156.186.208. 222
173. 194, m
Blouses, women's, 2: 146: 4:44. 45. 47. 48. 50. Í1.
Steward's house
Calpixque. Set Tribute collectors
Chicle, 2: LLL 1811
Cbicocueitl skirt design, 2:61
iL54.58,59.76.77.78.79.82,8i,90.9L96. CalpulltBil. Set District gods Chiconahui lacuintli, 2- 186
97. 102. 103. 108. 109. 112. ILL Camaxtli.2^1ilQ Chief justice, 2-317
child's, Mil Canahuac (Canauac) cloaks, 2: 39. Set also Narrow Childbirth
rich, 4:66. 62 cotton cloaks care of w omen during, 2 LáS
:
Blue-bordered shield. 2:175. 183. LM Canals. 1: [55. Ifl2 death during, 2:2111
Blue feathers, 2jM1, LIA construction of, 2:4, deities associated with. 2: 183
Blue-green hues, veneration for, 2 1 54 Cjnal system, 2 :49, L12 Childrcaring
Blue plumes, 21IH Cjnes, 2-174 ages three to six, 2: 153-154; !; 120-121
Blue speech scnill, 2 : 14, 22. See also Speaker, of- as tribute, 2:98, 99, 100; 4:88. fifi ages seven to ten, 2 IÍ8-159¿ 1; 1 22 - 1 23
:
fice of Cane shields, 2: LOU ages eleven to fourteen, 2; 161-162: ^ 124-

Blue 2
}'ear gl)'phs, : ft Cane tools, 2 3 37 L2i
Bodv paint, 2jAA1 Qarmtmienqm. Set \'agabond Children
of constables, 2: 195. 203. 2M Cannibalism. 2: IM behavioral standards for, 2 11:1 :
of master of youths. 2 142 : at the palace, 2-333 instruction of, á: 120-136

of the .Vlazahua, 2:73 Canoe pole, 2j l¿i naming of, 7L. LÜ
of novice priests, '7? Canoes, 2j l/il physical development of, 2- 1 5t-l 54
of priests, 2:4. 146. 149. 166. 183. 218 as tribute, 2 39 punishment of, 2j 124n7, 118
red ocher, 2:8á Omw traffic, 2 161-162. Ifil rites for, 2: 154
of warriors, 2:210 Cjpes, l :Viil.Steidie Cloaks sale into slavery of, 2 206:
yellow, 2 :Uii bird-food, 2 ^19 Chile, 1:103. 121

Bone, 2 156 as gifts, 2-316 burning of, 2 1£2 :
Bone perforator, 2-77 as a means of exchange, 2'717 production of, 2 113

:
B(x>k of dreams, 2: \¿L net, 2 : 1 50. 1¿Z in tortillas, 2 155

Book of years, 2 Uiá : 2 iá2
as status markers, : as tribute, 2:H2. 94n8. 131.137. I3B. 140. 141;
Bought, 2:173 Captain, rank 2 121 of, : 4: 108, 109. 112, 113. 114, Lli
Bowls, half-sphere, 2 :46. Set atsa Gourd bowls Captive House, 2:22i Chile smoke
Bows and arrows, 2 :2it8 Captives punishment using, 2: 124n7, Ijili4: l24. 121
Branches. 2 174 honor associated with, 2 Ifii : 2 123
suffocation by, :
Bride's headcloth. 2 : HQ fromCholul3.2;t95 CbimalU. See Shields

Bridges, 2 IB7 from Huexoizinco, 2: 1521 Chimalpopoca, 2: 10, 47, H. 57, 72,24
water-bearing, 2: 1 55 fromTlaiccala,2:121 conquests of, 2: 12-13; A; 14, li
Brooms, 2 '48 See ai¡o Ritual sweeping;
: sacrifice of, 2 : 184. Ifií Chimalpupuca. Srr Chimalpopoca
Sweeping as tribute, 2j 98, 1ÚQ Cbmampa agriculture, 2:6nl3.96.g7
drie<l grasses for, 2 : 1 56 Career possibilities, symbob for, 2 146 Chinampa district, 2-
Brown cotton, Zi83. Si. 121n4, 136n4, 1Í2 Careers, depictitm of, 2 : 3 36 Chinampas. 1 :2
Brown face paint, 2 122 : Carga. Set Loads of goods Chinantec people, 2113
Burial, of nobles, 2 -305 Carnal life, admonitions against, 2: lüZ Cbiputaacatt. See Shell necklaces
256 • SUBJECT INDEX

Chiûibuitl. Sec VVorkbaskcl of head priesLs, 2 ; 177. 122 Community service, 2:178. L8i
Chifuiuh topiUi. See Carr\-ing basket maguey-liber, 2:39 Conch shell. 2^
Chocho language, 2: U2i for nobles, 2:123. IH Conch-sheU battle trumpets, 2:210.212
Chocolate vessels, 2:2I'>. See also Cacao drinking Clothing tribute Conch shell/cyes-<in-thc-cdgc cloak, 2:113
bowls from .\colhuacan. 2:37. Í2: 4:47. i& Con(olli. See Cradles
C^hontal language. 2 : 2L 80, 41 from Atlan, 2: 135» 136; á. 1111= 11 Condemnation, insignia for, 4: 136. 112
CicitlaUo currtecail. Set "Starr)'-sky" warrior from Atoioniico de Pcdra/a, 2:52. 4:fto-6i Conical hat. 2 184, 126
cosninic from Atiitonilui cl Crande, 2 57. 58: 4 64-6^ : Conquered-town gl}ph, 2:9
Cihuawatl. title of. i: 10, 1¿ 18^ 162» IM. \^ from Axocopan, 2 50. 51j 1:58-59 : Conquest glyphs, 2:5
CihuMtmtl g\y\ih, 2 Ü - from Chaico, 2l2L 2L 4: 86=^2 Conquest history
Cihuapipiltin, 2; H<S. 18}, 187. 226. ¿¿2 from C'huatlan, 2:83, 84¡ 4 80-81 of .Acolhuacan, 2râ
Qihuiiltocati. See Temple of women from Coa>'«lahuacan, 2: 102, 104i 4 90-91 ofAdan,l;Uiili6
Ontli. See Wmja: from Coyolapan, 2 106. 108; ±^32^ : of .'Vtotonilco dc Pedraia, 2- S7-St
Citlatm. See Star from Cuctlajstlan, 2: 122. 123-124; 102- 103 1 of .'Xtotonilco el Grande. 2 S7-58
Citiúipamitl. Sre Star banner from I luaitepcc, 2:44. 45-46: 4:53. Sá of .Axocopan, 2 50-51 :
Cit\--states. 2:95. 2á from Hue>-puchda, 2 54. líj 4 6>-6< : of Chaico. ZifiS=26

"Claw" back device, 2 182 from Malinala). 2 74, TSj á; 74- 7<•
of(;ihuadan.2i&l=£i
Clay, 2i m fr.Hi> Ocuilan. 2 69. 70; 4'77-7< of Coavxtlahuacan, 2j 107- 10^
Clav griddle, ¿¿162. IM fromOmipan,2:140. Hh l^llA^lj of Coy'olapan, 2; 10ft- 107
Clay vessels. 2 :48 from Petlacalco,2:34, ii-36;á:44,iS of Cuctlanlan, 2; 127-173
Clay water l>asin, 2 : IM from Quahuacan, 2 Ú3. 64; 4 6H - 69 : : of Huaxtcpcc, 2:45
Cloaks. See alio Mantillas from Qiiauhnahuac, 2:41, 42; 4: 50. il of Huev-puchtla, 2S4-SS
black and white border, 2:45.47.48. 50. 52. Sá from Quauhiidan. 2 47 48; 4 56. SI : , : ofMaÜnalco.ÍLZá
black-and-white-striped, i; 122. 126. 128: from Quauhiotiico, 2; 120, 12 1; iL lOO- 101 of Ocuilan. 2Ji2=2fl
4:104. 105. 106. Ull from Quiauhtcopan, 2:90. <)h 4 '<-*-8^ of Ontipan. 2 140 :
blatk^lr.pi;.!, 2.221^1 from Tepequacuilco, 2 79, 81, 82i 1; 78-79 :

of Pedacalco. 2ili
caiiûr's, 2 2ÍÍH from Tlachci», 2 76, 77^ 78; 4:76-77
: of QuahtMcan, 2-6t-64
checkerboard, 2 :á2 from TIachquiavco. 2: 110, 1 II; 4 94-95 of Quauhnahuac. Z-iZ
conch shcll/cycs-on-the-edgc, f'itX from TIalcoiauhtitlan. 2 88, 82¿ 1: 84-85 : of Quauhtidan. 2:12-48
cotton. ? 4< fromTlap3cx.y3n,2:l25. 126. 127; a.;lM^üllS of Quauhtochco, 2
diagonally divided. 2 :
iL ^Zi i2i iL ±L iL iS. froniTlapan,2:85»86iá: 82-83 of Quiauhtcopan. 2 :SQ-21
54. 55. 5 7. 58. 60, 6 1 . 63. 64. 79. 8 1 . 1 84. laa fromTlatelolco.2:32, 33;4:43 of Tepeacic. 2 9<>
extra-long. 2; 121. 122 from TIadauhquitepcc, 2 128. 129-130: ; of Tepequacuilco, 2: 79-80

flowered, 4: 111 4 l(V>-in7 ofTlaclKo.2:'6-77
fi<ur-captiv«-warrior, 2: IBS. fiîmTothtepcc,2:ll2. 1I3; A:M^ ofllachquiavco. 2 110 111
henequén, 2:54.Hi6i66,62iZ0iZLZLZl fa)mTuchpa,2:l31. 132- 133; lilM:Ufla ofTlalcovauhtiilan, 2:

76. 77. 107; 4:62. 6L 64. 68. 69. 70. 73. 74. from Tuluca. 2 :66, 67; AiULiIl of 'Hapacoyan, 2: 12S-I26
75. 76. 77 from Tncoac, 2:137.1 38: 4i 1 LLÜli of riapan, 2 85-86
huminingbird-wounded-wiih-a-Mick,2:ZQ fnmi Xili>ic(>cc.2:60,ál-62;iiíi6ifi2 ofTlaielolco.2:32-33
jaguar design, 2: 60^ Ül from Xocotitlan, 2 72, 73¿ i; 74-75 : of TIadauhquitepcc, 2: 7S- 79 1 1
>cwel-»f-FJ)ecatl. 2:132. 136. 189, m. fi«m Yoaltepet. 2 92, 93; 4:84-85 of Tochtepcc, 2:113
mague\-fiber,2;iLÍL5S,58,¡a.67, I09nlli Cloth pnjduction, 2 1 1 L SVf also Cotton•
of Tuchpa, 2: 131-132
4:65 CMoud-Snakc House. 2:223. 228 ofluluca, 2iM:iiiI
narrow cotton. 2 :42. 45. 48. 58. 64. 67^ jU, 97. Caacalli. See Guest house ofTzicoac.2:137-138
109nll,lii^ Ojchineal, 2:93, 102. 103, 106, I10.LÜ ofXilotepec.2:tíl-fcl
from Ocuilan. 2 : IM production of, 2 108 :
of Xoconuchco, 21 16- 1 17
Ckuiltcca-stylc, 2 .^67, TOj 21 Ojchineal dye. 2:99, 103. 104. I05nll, 107. UL of Xocotitlan. 2i22
omelwhlemmayv, 2 ISÚ : 231:4:90. 91,92. 93. 94.2Í ofYoaltepec,2.:22^
one-taptive-warrior, ?• 188 (ôfoltKtli, See Flute CxMiqucst scenes. 2 Í :
orange-striped, 2; 83. 84. 112 Codex Auhiyi,2i211 Ojnquest symbols

oversize. 2: Codex Fejeniin-Mtner, 2:180,201 burning temple, i: IL 67. 210; 49-^8
painted maguey -liber. 2i2Z Codex Ixtlilxwhiti 2 ?I8 down-ball shield, 2; IL 15.23
palin-liber, 2ili Codex Uud, 2 180 fans as, 2 707
pulque- jug. 2j 196 Corfr* Mendoza ( înquistadors, 2 A.
quilted. 2: 37. 41. 45. 50. 79. 81. 102. 104. 106. sixtccnth-cenrur\' orthographic conventions in, Í înstables. 2; 12ii 196; A; Hi
108. 122, l¿i 41-7 as executioners, 2 203
rcd-striped, 2:8S, a¿ transcription and translation conventions in, Constables' meetinghouse, 2: 195
richly worked, 4:44. 47, SO, S3, 56. S8.60, 62. Constable-st)1c ribbons, 2 ;.2M
6£66,6L6tL69,7¿^7i78,?9,90,9L92. ( !<nle« painters. 2-7U See aim Painters C<ipal incense, 2:76, 78. 79, 81.89. 167. 168. 177:
93.96.97. 102, lot. lOK. 109, 110. LU Codex San Andre's, Z Hi 4:76. 77.78. 79
ruler's, 1; 14, 16, 18.20. 22.25 Codex Teikriano-Rememis. 2:20 as a sacrifice. 4:131
step-fret design. 2 60,
:
fij Códice Chmilpopocti. 2 21 in the wedding ceremony, í¡ 126. 127
three -captive-warrior. 2: lg9 Codices, uses of, 2:ü[ Oipal incense bag. 2: 122
Tuch[M-stvlc.2i 132.113 Coixca language, 2:BÍL8S Copil, 2 :
"twisted." 2; Ua Colhuacan princesses. 2 7n34 : CopHli. See Conical ha(
tMiited-doth, 4:50. 53, 60, W), 81 Colonization eflorts, 2:29. ill Copper, 2:81
twislcil ol>!vidian-M;r]icni tlc»igii, ^ :ftO, <l1 C!ol*>r. profluction <if. 2 ? M Cupper artifacts. 2 91
rwiitcd-yarn, 2: Bi Coltzin, 2 Jll (>)ppcr axes, Z:79. 81, 9U, VI, ¿ 1
t» o-captivc-warrior, 2:188 ComjUi. See Clay griddle prescnution of. 2: ¿I¿

for warrior ranks. 2 :
IM Comitl. See Food container as tribute. Ij 78, 79. 84, SS
white cmton {quatbtli). See White cotton cloaks Commoners Copper liells. 2 90. 21
wind-fewel-spiral. 2: courtroom for, 2-717 .IS tribute, i:82i 1:84, Bi
Clothing. See alio Clothing tribute; Costumes lip plugs worn by, 2: l&S CUjpjicr hoops, 2 liffi :
for ages three to six. 2- ISt priesthood training of, 2: 1¿¿ Copper musical instrument, 2: 179
fanc>-, 2:132. LLi weaving baskets of, 2 1ÍÍ : (ôqutieiomatl cacao cup, 2:219
SUBJECT INDEX • 257

Oirnincal gruel, Z Utl : Daily tribute, 2:49 Demon -of-the-dark insignia, ?
Oincs. 1 Icrnin. 2 2- j; «* <^ Damp ground. 2: 1¿2 Dcptirtuient, instruction in, 2: LU
Conci' sj'stcm. .SVe LaUir tribute Dancing Diagonally divided cloaks. 2. 34, 37, 39, 4L +4, 45,
Custuines. ot deity iinpi:rM>iMt(ir>, 2j liú. See also drums usedin, 2:12S 48. 54. .55. 57. 58. 60. 61. 63. 64. 79.81. 184 LSg
W'arrittr CiWumt^; CUrthinp: Clothinp tribute instruction in, 2: láú- 167 Diaz del Castillo. Bcrnal, 2 30, 161-162. 222. 211 :
Cotinna bird, 2i UA liveliness of, '>'>'>t^ Digging sticks, 2 Sa. 77, 93, lil
:
Cotton, ii US. lAUá.

ritual, Dikes, engineering of, 2; 12
brown, 2 :i<.i.>t4 Dans. 2.212 Dining, at the palace, 2 223 :
as tribute. A; 80^ lU Day signs, 2j 113 Discipline, m the inlmeoK. 2 : 16/4 Ste abo
t>lK-s of, 2:81 bad,Ll2a Punishment
''31
C'otton armor. .SVe ( >uiltcd txitton armor determining, f- Disobedience, punishment for, ¡L 122. LIS
Cotton hales, Ai lUO, 1ÍÜ drunkenness and, 2i21S Dispersed-feather back desice. .SVr Momoyaab
as tribute. 2; 120, 12L 111 Uii liL i¿8i esil.2dil iMck device
4:110. 111. 112. Ui favorable for marriage, 2: lú2 "Distribution of Howers" festival, 2 778 :*?<>
Cotton boll, Ziii2 giKid ami evil, 2i Llá District gods, 2:4
( Iciiton clodls 2 .Ver aim CloaL«; Quilled cot- jewelry inelaphorN for, 2-231 Divination
ton cloak.^ naming for, 2: 141 men skillc<1 in, 2: LIS
Cotton growing, 2:4>.KI.H6. 121. 126, 127. 129. related to gossipping, 2:228 scashclls used for, 2:81
ü¿ related to slanderers. tokens of, 2j22JÍ
Council chambers, plan of, áj 142. I4t Dead woman's forearm, thieves' desire for, 2 :2ió Divinatur)' manual. 2: Hi
Council Hall ofWar.ZJii: Death, 2 : 2ÜL See also Execution 'Diunc ear" spice. ? ''19
Council of Kour.l: 195, 126. 197,211.224 depiction of, 2 ;>iU "Divine mushnmms," 2i2iJ
Court jesters, 2 :22A down balls and.2i21]H "Diunc pitch," 2: LSI
(Courtly etiquette, 2i22J fans as symbols of. 2 : 2ÍU Divine songs, books of, 2:231
(ôun of lUHiice, >lft->i7 paper shoulder sash and, 2 2U2 : "Divmc Wine," 2:2H
Court sy~stcm, T- >^>- <i < of ndcrs, 2jJ2 Dogs, as food, 2 -•'18
CcyoidKatl. See Brown cotton Death deity, 2:180,113 Domestic symbols, 2: 148-149
Come warrior ci»tumc, 2: i7. 59.41.42.45.47. Death sentences, 2 12¿ : Dots, as counters, 2: LSI
Sll. SI. <4. SS. 189. 19.1. lag Debtors, sale into slavcr>' of. i\2S)Sl Dotted lines. ? I-*?
Coyoilinahual, 2^.122 Deceit, punishment for, 4- I7t Down balls, 2:4, 9, 189.204 208
Cr/::/K leoiuitUpitiiiui. See Cioldsmiths Deer, as tribute. 2 - UK Down-ball shield. 2: U, 15,20.23. 198.213
Cr,idles.i;112 Deerskins. 1AM variations of, 2 : litl
Craft skills, instruction in, ?-^>^f^-?^? as tribute, 2; 98^ 10^ 4:8H. 82 Down leathers, 2:131, 113
CraflMiien, training of, 2i222 Deities. .SVr also (joddevies Drinking water, 2 111
C;rafts>nib.j5,2:148,li2 Cama<tli.2:IOO Dmgs. 2 ^3
2 l2ÜS
CreinatiiMi, Colt/.in, 2 -67 Dniin playing, in the temple, liLil
Ocsceni-shapeil nose ornament, 2 IÚ2 of the dance, 2: LZ2 Drums. iy{>es of, 2: 1Z2
Oiminal ott'enses, punishment for. á; 14ft, LH ofdeath. 2: 180,213 Drumsticks, ílLSÜ
Cmnuti 2
Mexiriinit, : district gods, ? 4 Drunkenness
(^nmiiii Mtxicayttll, 2 fan-toting, 2 20" admonitions concerning, 2 228
Cruppcil hair, iiliJ of fcaihcrworkcrs, 2:227 consequences of, 2:2ii
Crops, irripitcd. 2 iii fcrtilily, 2: 169. 183. 237 in old age, 2:236: 4:146
C^rystal labrets, ^114. See aho I.al>rvts; I.ip plugs fire, 2:164 162. 168, 1¿2 punishment for, 2: 2iSi 1: IIZ
Cr)Tital lip plugs, 2:112. 114. 122. 124; 4:96. 97. fiMiiware of, 2j as a s ice. 2:227: 4: Hi
102, WH. See ako I .abrcts; Lip plugs HaMacoatl,2;L22¿ at weddings, 2^ Lál
Cuauhtemoc, 2:2! 1 luit7.ilopochdi, 2 :
3, 4, iln3. 78. 96. 1 16. 168. Duran. Fray Diego, 2 : Hi
CiMiihxinpie. See Carpenters I7<),:i8 Dyes
CurâlfiinMtlt back devices, 2:37. 39.44, 46. 47. ofihe hunt. 2:2118 cix-hincal, 2:'W, 103. 104, I05nll, 107. Ill
s:.ft<.fi4 .Vl,icuil»ochitl, 2i2ííl yellow. 2.: 132. L16
('uffalfiiitzaitli warrior coiitume, iiii Mailalcuhyil.2:129
CHnhmlli. Srr Net cape of iiiervhants, 2 174. iflZ Eaglc-elaw shield, 2:39. 13
Cueiti See Skirts CHiochtli,2;l59, mi Ragle's foot shield, 2:195, ISa
CHetJaxruimhlii. See lx-;ithcr earplugs [Kit ron, 2; L 75, 122 Kagle House, 2:1M
Ciientecall, irreverent Iwhavior of, 2: 169 puli/ut. 2:113. 1 34nl9, lji2 Kaglc-on -cactus emblem, ? • *
Cuexiecail warrior costume, 2: 32^ 33¡ 34^ 36, 37. Quctzalcoad, 2ilZü Kaglcs. as tribute, 2:60, 61, 140, 141:4:66. 67,
39.4l,42,45,46,50i5L52,51i54illilL58i of rain. 2:89n4. 154 163. 168. liá i 14 US

6«,6L!lL5ii^^^22.2ÎLZ2.8L8L rubber images of, 2 1 : Eagle w arriors, 2- 181
86. W. 9 1. 9,1.97. 125, 126, LÜL UlL [Mx 1^ sacrifices to, 1: HO-HI Kar ornaments 2 :2Ü
Cuexyo cbimalli. See Caexyo shield: I luaxtcc shield Tcicatlipoca. 2: 146. 149. 150. 159. 174, l»4. (iir«)iu>ise. 221
Curxyo shield. 2:36. 53,55, 86,97, 111. 124. 184. 189 unspun cotton, 2 184, MH.
188. I«'». !'>.>. I'W. 199 See abo tluaxtcc shield I'lacochcalco Yootl (YiutI), 2il!Ú Earplugs
Curzeomall. See Wooden bins Tlaloc,2:4 leather, 2: 12Q
CmeaeaUi. See I louse of song vengeful, 2j222 iiihular, 2; 195, 196. 203.204,210
Cniiamalini Sre .Musician warfare, 2:213 turquoise. 2: 112
Cukani. See Singers wind, 2: 184. \m worn by mothers, 2: 146
Cûisine, of the eiii|>eri>r, J-Jy^ Stt att» Food Xipc Totee. 2 - t : 1 >'clltw.2ilitS
IrilMile Xmhtccuhtli.2:170.2l9 Earth.2:l£l
( iuitlahuac, 218 Vacatccuhtii, 2i2i2 E.arth-fertilily mother goddess, 2: 1211
Cuitlatcc language, 2:80. 84 Deity impersonators 2: 147, LSfi. IfiS. 204, 2QÍ. E.ating behavior, 2:111
Cultivated ñcids. symbol fur. 2 lá2 : 207,232 Eiacebaazib. See Fans
Curcd-com kernels. ? • 1 16 See aim .Vlai/.e apparel of, 2:156. LZ2 Education. See also Childrcaring: Young men's
Curcrs. careers as. See Medicine women who ministered to, 2: 181 bouse
Cursed labrets, 2; lOlnl 3, 18S, ll¿£ Dcmon-of-thc-air warrior costume, 2:49, 51, 53, arA«wif,2: l66, 168. 172, 177-178, Iflj
Cuziie ttoeuiilapittûi. Stt Goldsmiths 55.67,77. 126 of yîung men, 2; 166-167, I2fl

Ehectal.2:m4 91^94j95,96,97j98.92j 102, 105. 104, 105. from .Vlalinalcn, 2: 74, 75: 4i 74-75
EbMtl. .See Fealhereii tunii' 106^107,108,109^112, Lli from Ocuilan, 2:69, TOi 4:22-23
/•>!««/ CI wtuiiic. 2 : i'f, ii transfonnalion into an, 2-?57 from Oxitipan,2: 140, 141:4; 1 14- Hi
Kight-ycar-oUis, tnaining of, 2i ISH; 4: 122, 121 tropical, 2:16. 1 14 from Petlacalai. 2 34, 36; 4:44, iá :
Klecloral iHKittss f'T nilers, ?• IH Fcathcr» orkcrs, 2: 148. 207. 208. 212 from Quahuacan, 2:63. 64^ 4 fî8-69
KIcvfn-ycar-oliU, instniition of, 2i 161: Í: 124. I2> patron of. 2:227 from (Juauhnahuac, 2 :4I. 45; 4: 50, £2
F.nihrnidcry skills, 2 L2¿: teaching the art of, 2:227. 232: l; lii from (.Kiauhtillan. 2:47. 49: 4: 56. il
£n yi;iY p<>rtra\Ml, 2j.22i Female adulterers, > from Quauhtochco, 2: 120. 12 L 4; 100- llU
Enicaaincrs. rcwardî for, 2 226 Females. .SVí aktt W omen fi-om Quiauhtcopan. 2 90. :
9L áJfaLJti
Rnicruinment. at chc (ulacc, 2;22i. domestic symbols of, 2: 148-149; 1 from Tcpcacac. 2 98. : 1 00: áiM=m
Kquipalts, 2- 3ns life cycle of, 4; UlL HI from Tcpctjuacuiico, 2 79. Hf, 82; 4; :
'8-79
Kt7jlaializtli, festival of, 2: Mnl, LLL IHj,22'> a.s slaves. 2 147 : from Tlachco. 2 76. 77, 78; 4 76-77
:
Evil iljy signs, ? H4 wedding apparel of. 1: 122 from Tlalcofauhtitlan, 2:88. 89; 4 84-85
Rxcc'ulion Fermented drinks. 2 169 from TIapacoyan, 2: 127
for drunkcnncsK, ^ • -''tS Fendirv from 'I'lapan, 2:116
b) pürmting, 2r JOV 2U5 tille<i spindles and. 2: US from TIatelolco. 2:52. 55

nunncr of, 2: 1525 inat|uev spikes .incl. 2-175 from riiitlaiihi|uitepcc. 2: 1 50
ottcnscs punishable by, 4; I4<S. 147 FertdilviUitiev. 2:169. 185,257 fromTiKhrrpg, 2:115. ll4;4:'>6-97
by stoning, l l\'<-2\(t Fenility goddesses, 2i liL iiZi IÍ2» IML IW. 212 fromTuchp.!. 2: HI. 152. 153:4: 108-109
Executioners, 2 ;
1^ Fifteen-year-old boys from Tuluca, 2 :66. 67; 4 70-71
|>unishnivnl by, 1 56, LiZ ap|urel lor, 1; I 26- 127 frtwn T/iciac. 2 : 1 57. 1 58: 4: 1 12^ 13
Rjitra-long cloaks, 2 : 1 2 1 , 1 29, H 1 , 1 ? 5, I?', liü c<liK-ation of, 1: Lriá^l67: ±. 126-127 from Xilotcpcc, 2 60. 6 1; 4 66.- 62 : :
E>'c>-on thc e.li.n' li<-ril.r, 2 7", HI.

:
12V IS\ Fifteen-year-old girls, wedding ceremony of, from Xoconoc-hco. 2:116. 117, 118;4-98-99
l»<) 2j 167; A: I 26- 127 from Xoctititlan, 2 72, 75^ 4- 74-75 :
Kztahuill. See Kcil worms Fine feathers, 4i±S. Set abe Rich feathers from ^'oaliepet, 2i92. 9j[j4 ia-H';
EzhiuihuaiJll, title of, L; 1%, I97i 4:l?5. HI Finger syinlxils, 2: 1 52, LÜ Fooq>rints, 2:204, 1111
title pljiib lor, i: 199, 212 Fire drill, 2:6. 7n41 to Indic-ate direction r>r movemeni, 2 147. 2 12
Fire goddess, 2; 170, lai F<iresi resources, 2 64 :
Vmv \vmm I ire gods, i 164, 167, 168. 162 Fortune telling, by tortilla», 2-155 See akti
.rbriacs.2:l70 l-'ire slick/smoke curl symbol, 2 16, 2i : l>ivination
brown, 2 "2 Firewood, Four-captive priest-warrior. 2: 194, 98
1 2.: L£5 1
of iimsiahles, 2: 195^ 203i 2!H carry ing of, 2j 175, UA Four-captive warrior, i; 184- 185, 189; 4; Lii
of master of yoiillis, 2: Llfi ritual 2 - 174 Four-i:iptive warrior cloak, 2
of warriors, 2- JKl as tribute, 2 :ii, 64.174^4:68.62 Fourtccn-vcar-olds, iii.\iruciion of, 2: 162; 4; 124.
Fammc. of 1450-1454.2:17 I~irc« ood tenders, 2: 124 122
Fancy clothing, 2: l?2. LiJ Fishing Four-year-olds, instruction of. 2j, 153; 4i 120. 121
imfMirlance of. 2 162 : Fowl, dishes prepared with, 2 2 1
Fanning, role in healing, 2: 2Í12 insiruciion in. i 128; 41122^123, 124, 12S "Frightful six-ctre" warrior cmiume, 2:211.215
Fans, 2 2H': Fishnet. 2; 1Í2 Fr<intier garristms, 2 -
1 55 - 1 56. .SVr abo ( i arrisi in
as a sv-mbol of spying, 2 : 2i)4 Fivc-cjptive priest-warrior. 2: I'M- 195. 122 towns

Fasting Fivc-cjptivc warrior. 415 5 Funerals, liiÜS
as a penance, I"? Fivefold piili/ue. 2 162
by priests, 2: 177. 113 Fivc-ycar-olds, instruction of, i; 155; ±i 120. 121 Gamblers, sale into slavery of, 2 :206
Falalisin, ¿jJS FUihas See Arrows Ciambling. 2i 1£3
F,itherly ailvHce. Ai 144. 145 Stf abo .Admonitions Flmt Knile caiendric svmbul, 2 : admonitions against, 2 • 2 >/í
alHiiit v.igalionila|¡e, 2 :22ú Fli-id on liall games, 2:222

on marriage. 2j iiti under -Vhuit/otI, 2-25 lokeiiMif, i:22H
Fathers, ZiLlli of 1449,2:17 "(iame ol the mat." 2- 250 .SVi- i/Ar, Paio/li game
Father-son .uiiviiics, 2:2?0-2?J; A; 1?0-I?fi Fhrentine CaJt-x. 2- 145 ( iai nients. pictographs of. Str Clothing; Oisiumes
Feasts, celebration of, 2: JJli Flower, 2 228 CiarriMin towns. 2:29
Feather artisans, 2: ?<. Set also Fcathcrw orkers Flower bi>iii|uct, 2 -228 sustenance lor, 2:121
Feather balls. 2 -2(18 See abu Down halls; Feather Flowered iloaks, 2 188 ( iarroting, evtviititm hy, 2: 205. 205
ihm n balls Flower-grow mg specialists, 2:i2 (kileralsî; 126^121
Feather bracelets. 2: 10Hn2 Flower s\Tnl>ol, 4:ii Ciiants. 2 LiÚ
:
Feather il.mn balls. 2: 1 1. 12. Iffi FUiwery wars. 2:25.96. 103. 122 C;ift exchanges, elite. 2;4Í
Feather dying. 2 25? Flute. ¿112 Ciirls. icmple training for, 2: 166. Ser aim C^hildrcn
Feathered-border cloak,L: Lil "Foam s;mdais," 2: líiíi r.ladiatiirial stone, 2j 189, 2115
Feathered headpiece, 2 102. UH FoimI mniainer. 2: 161 ( ileaning duties, 2-155
Feathered shields, 1 ; LÜ I'ocjd crops, irrigated. 2 LÍÍ Ciod. .SVr Deities; Ciodilcsscs
Ftaiheted tunic. 2:49.65.64,212 FochI rations, for children, 2 :] Si - 1 55; l.l2Ü=.12i (¡<id's cape. 2; 1 50
Feather nrnaincnt, 2 I sO FcmhI ".lonige, 2:222 (ioddesses
Feathers FoimI Itihulc ass<iciaied with childbirth. 2: 146, 226, 229, 23Ü
bluc.iiUil from .\colhuai-an, 2:57, 59; 4:47. ¿2 (:ihuaciKHl.2:162. 164
down,!; Li l. H< from .Vtlan, 2: lii Cihuapipillin, 2 -187
finc,4ii5 from .Atotoniico de l*edra/a, 2:52, 55; 4-6<l-61 canh-fcrtilitv, 2: LZU
green, 2:9! from .\toionilco el (irande, 2:57. >S; 4:64 -fo of fcathcrw'orkers, 2: 186
ordinary, 2:.'>6nj. 67^ 4:47. 48, 49. iL áii S*- iVnni Axdciipan. 2 50. si 4-sK-5'> : ; fertilitv, 2i Nil üúi liZi lüL IW.212
65.68-73.78.79 from Chalco. 2 97; 4 86 - 87Jii, fire. 2:170. 12±
tiuetail.2i lQ2. 104. IIP. 112. 114. 116. 118. fnmi Cihuatlan. 2:85. 84. 4 8fl-81 Ilamatecuhtii, 2 : IM
12i from Coajntlahuacan, 2 liU :
of lapidaries. 2^ UÜ
rich, 2:67, 112-115. 116. IIH. 122; 4:46, 47, fr>m(:oyol:ttMn.2: 106. 108:4 92-m Malmalvich. 2iI5
48j 50. 51^ 52j 55j H 55, 56, $2, 5«j 59^ 60^ from C.uethuilan. 2 12i 4; 102-105 Ui fuli/ut: 2--''t2
6L62,65,6i6S,66.67,68,69.7(X7r from 1 luaxtcpcc, 2 :45. 46: 4: 55. 55 'riazoltcotl.iLLi:

73,2íi,Z2iZíLZi5=i?ii»ií!5i!!*i!iZj2!L In )m 1 Iiieyinichtla, 2: 54, 55: 4j 62-65 vengeful, 2 : 185
SUBJECT INDEX ' 3.S9
Copyri.,
Gud of the hunt. ? inn pillar-of-stonc, h±. Li. 172-173. 174. 121. Huehuetl. See Ground drum
Gods. Srr Deities 185.210 I lucbuctlatecan dialect, ^' '
'7
CiodS songs, 2j l¿á 2j 149. 122
priests', Huctli.2 132
Cíold, 2:106. in-114 QiuickK warrior, 2 :
HL l5iQ Huexoizincn labrel, 2 : Ifli
mining of. ? *>! Te<]uihua. 2:196. lin Huey ateziail. See Lakes
panning of, 2 8á : youths'. 2.; L2i Hurmaiiazili. 2:123
as tribute, 2: 82j»6, 111 Hair 2:75nJ
svTiibol, Hueypuchtk market, 2 55 :
Gold banner, 2:2\l Half-sphere bowk, 2:43,46,22 Hucvtccuilhuifl, feast of. 2: 142. 150. L2D
Gold bars, 2^ Hallucinogenic mushrooms. 2:233. 236 Huivilyhuill. See HuitzilihuitI
Gold-bead necklace, lilXl Hare skins. 2 93 Huictli. Srr Digging sticks
Gold beads, 2:113. 114; 4:96. 22 Harlots, L;lüü HuipiUi. See Blouses, womens'
Gold casting, 2:?3? apparel of, 2: IM Huit7.ilihuitl, 2^42,47, 54i >L 2á
Gold collar. 4:96. 22 body color of, 2: li¿ conquests of,2: lüÛi 4: U, U
Gold diadem. 2 1 LL 1 1± 4:96. 23
: "Hawk scratches," i: 42, IM Huii?.ilopcx-hili,2:3, 5ln3, 75, 78, 96. 1 16. 129.
Gold disb.2:2i I laztacoad, 202S 168, 170.213.218
Gold-disk shield, liZli I ieadbands, of nobles. Set Turquoise diadem temple of, 2¿4, 16, 35, 39.66
Gold dust. 2 81. 9L9L 102.104. im 111,231 I leaddrcsses. Srr aba Turquoise diadem Huitziltccuh.2:!i8
gourd Ijowls of, 2:85^86 quftziltyatzartli. 2 ZiL 2L iî Huitzilxochtzin,2: 19n3
as tribute, 2:78, H4; 4:82. 83, 90, 91^ 94, 2i Head priests, L 146, 166, 112 Huitznahuac, temple of, 2:32. 33; 4:42. ál
Golden beetle necklace, 2:214 duties of, 2i 122 Huilzoítb. .SVr Obsidian-edged club; Wooden
Gold headband, ii U2. 114; 4:96, 22 nighttime activities of, á: 1 3fl- Ij I battle stick
Gold resourctrs, 2 ^^9, fiá, lili punishment by, <L 120-129 Huifzili. See Maguey spikes
Gold-seeking expeditions, Spanish. 2 :&1 inwar. 4:l34. 1il Hmznahaatl. tide of, 2 197, ¿fll 21 L á; : lil 112
Gold shell necklace. 2i2JJ "Head towns," 2j Uil 2 2Q5
title gl>'ph for,
Gold shields, 2: 58; 4:96, 22 Healing, by fanning, 2 JJUL See also .Medicine Huizaahuatl warrior costume, 2- 214
Goldsmiths braiier, 2:232 Hearth, 2 :168 Human form, rubber, 2: 8fi» 1 14
Goldsmiths, 2; 148.2.3 1-232 Hearthstones. 2: IM Human sacrifice, lii
teaching the an of, 2:227. 231-232 Heaven, for infants, 2: L12 ofcai)tives,2:l84, \SS.
Gold tablets, 2: 81, 86 Henequén cloak-s, 2:54,57,63,66,69,70,72,73, of children, 2 154 -
as tribute, 2:82. al 74, 76, 77. IU7; 4:62, 63. 64. 68. 69. 70, 73. 74. by crushing in a net, 2: 2fi
Gold tilcs,2i5íL22.Uia 75. 76. 77 of female slaves, 2: L12
as tribute, 4:84. 85, 92.93 I lercditary nobles, 2-25 increase in, 2: 17, H
Gold warrior costumes, ? • I I lemindcz, Francisco, ? 2IH mock, 2: 1S5
Gossip, as a vice, 2 •
Heron feather dcMcc, 2-150 Oremonies, 2:6
for S'cw Fire
Gossipcrs, 2 :226, 232; 4: 145 }Iigh-hackcd feathered scats, 2:2ilS performed on drums. 2 122 :
Gourd bo^ls, LTg. 84. 85. 89. 104, 1 16. 1 18 High-hacked scats, 2:49, 118^4: 56, £2 slaves for. 2 -61
of gold dust, 2:85. S6 High court, 2i217, 222-22» of war captives, 2: 121
painted, 2 : lit Historia Toíieta-Ctiebimeea, 2 :20H of women, 2: 15S
as tribute. 2 : 4 1 43; 4 ; 50. ii. ii. 76. 77. 78. 79, Honey. 2:81. 127, Lifl. Srr abo Bees' honc)-; Ma- I iummingliird-wounded-with-a-sTick cloak, 2 : 21)
82,83 guey honey; Maguey 5>Tup I lunting god, 2i2M
varnished. 2:44, 76, 77. dl as tribute. 2 -114 Hunting regions, 2: IQQ
yellow, 2: a¿ Honey production, 2:86
Gourd rattle. 2: 122 Honey tax, 2L2fiil& Icauhtzin, 2 59n2
:
Governors. 2 29-30 Horizontal drum, 2: L22 liheahuipiUi. See Quilted cotton armor
Great Temple, expansion of, 2:21. Set aim Tem- "Hot 206.210.212
lands," 2:23.75. Uheaulmatli. See Cotton cloaks
plo .Mayor excavations tribute from, i; 26^5, 88-103. 108-109 Ithtatl. See Cotton
Great Temple dedication, 2:88, 126, li& HourgUss-shaped gourd howls, 2 18 - 1 Irhteequi. See Thieves
Green canes, 2i L2á House-blessing ceremony, 2 12S : Icpaexacbitl. Wreath head ornament
See
Green feathers, 2 21 : House c-alcndric symbol, 2 S : IcpaUi. See Reed seat with backrest
Greenstone beads, 2; n2, 1 14, 131^ 4:96. 22 House for Public V\'ork.s, 2 22Q Icxitl. See Bare feet, signilicance of
Grccnsiunc masks, 2: 82 1 louse foundation, outline of, 2 : U£ Idleness
Greenstone resources. 2i&l 1 louscbold goods, destruction of, 2 í=h : admonitions against. 120. 122, 123, \2A ^
Greenstones, 2:79, 82. 93. 102. 104. 107. IIA. Household tasks, symbols for, 2 LM : pimishment for, f- '<8
1 17. 122. 133; 4:78. 79. 96. 97. 98. 99. 102. 103, House of Coffers, 2:22i sins ixrlated to, 2:227-228
108. 109 House of Constables, 2-223 Ibuittteyo. See l><iwn halls
precious, 2: 124 House of .Mist. 2: 183. 186;A:üi Ihuiitteyo chimaUi. See Down boll shield
as tribute, 4:90, 21 House of song, 2 166-167. 168 : Ibuittteyo shield. 2i5, 194, 21
Green wood House of the Majordomo, 2-223 Ilatnatenihtli, 2 : liil
burning of, 2j lii "Hou.sc of the sun," 2: 205 llancucid, 2 : H
gathering of, 2 L2á ; Houses, 2il2á Illicit sex, punishment for. ^-17»
Griddles, da>',2:iM construction of, 2: 230 Illness. See abe .Medicine
Gri jaiva, Juan de, 2: l?3-l?4 r)'pcs of, 2-212 in children. 2j Liá
Grinding stones. 2:55, 163 HtuuaUi. See Carrying basket diagnosis of, 2-212
Ground drum, 1; 179,22a Huauhquiltamalcualiztli, monthly feast of, 2: lá2 Imperial missions
Guarntríonts dt grnte. See Troops; Garrison towns Huautli. See Amaranth; .\maranth seed fans as symbols of, 2 2112 :
Guest house, 2^222 Hua.\acac, á: Jfl s>Tnbols of. 2: 204. 228

Guilds. 2i222 Huaxijuahuitt tree, 2:77 Imperial officers. 2 29-30. 195-197
merchant. 2i2flZ Huaxtec language, 2:132. 136. 138. I4ln3 Imperial outposts, 2:29-31; 4-4fl-41 See ais»
Huaxtec nose ornament, 2 LM : Garrison towns
Hairstyles Huaxtec people, 2:21, 23 Imperial relationships, 2: 30-31
children's, 2011 Huaxtec shield. 2:175. 188. 189. 21A See abo Impotence, folk belief about. 2 162 :
father's,2: LáS Cufxye shield Incense. 2: 168

married women's, 2 146 : Huaxtec warrior costume, 2 188. See aba Vuexie- : copal for, 2:76. 22. Z2i 82
ntastcr of youth's, 2 lifl : cati warrior costume liqiiidambar for, 2-128
Oconu warriors', 2: IBS Huehue .Motecuhzoma, 4:20.22. Ü offering of, 2.; 162
Copyt
Incense bowl, 2 \£& : Lakeshore plain zone, 2 \H "Lost Wax" process, 2i212
Incense ladle, 123 Lake towns. 2 49n4 : Lower classes, apparel of. See Commoners
Incen«ng rites, 2: 177. 17Í2 Unce blades, 2 :li)Q Lumber resources, 2:111
Incorrigibilicy, punishment for, 2^ 1 58. 161; L2i Und of the dead, 2 :91 Luxuries, access to, 2: 1¿
Inebriation, in old age, 2: I¿L Set abo Drxmken- Languages Luxury goods, 2 SS :
ness: Intoxication Chichimcc.2:5I.ii

InfinB Chocho, 2iiil3 \iafatl. See Deer
bloodletting in, Chontal.2:77. 80.ai Macaws, as tribute, 2 1 12
death of. 2i 201 CoKca. 2 80. 82 Macthuabin. See Commoners
dedication of, \á& Cuiilatec,2:^8á Matfuahutti. See Obsidian-edged club
naming of, 2: 115 Huaxtec.2:l32. 136, 138. 141n3 Macuilxochitl, 2-73n
presentation of, 1.-118] LIS Huehuetiaiecan dialea, 2:117 Maguey fiber. 2: 49. 11
Insignia. See alio Back devices Mame. 7-117 .Maguey-fiber cloaks. 2:38i53iS5i58,61.6L77i
demon-of-the-dark. li2H Matlame.2;89.5U I09nll
militar)', ? I Matlatzinca, 2 64, 70^ Z2 : Maguey honey. 2 SO, ¡I. 54, £i
:
Instruction, in iTaft skills, 2 :230-2}2 Mavan family of, 2 LIS : .Maguey juice, discovery of, 2 : 1^9
Intoxication. Urunkenne»; Inebriation Ma^hua,2:53,67. 22 .Maguey paper. 7-231
in old age, á: L12 MjTaifr, 7 77 Maguey production. 2:45. L2á
ptmishmcni for. 2 169. Mcxicano(a). 2:80. 81.100.126.122 .Maguey products, 2-^8
Iquittbuaioni. See Backstrap loom Mixe-Toqucan family of, 2 112 : .Maguey resources, 2-M
Irrigation, 2 :
38^ 45. ST, LL 55^ 56n6, 75n7, Sá Mixtee. 2:86. 91. 93 .Maguey spikes, 2:33. 159, L21
Irrigation agricvlrure. 2: 1112 Náhuatl. 2 : 3 3, 35, 39. 42. 48. 58. 61 . 64. 6L 73. piercing of children with, 1: 122, L2Í
Island divided by croiising streams, 2 :1 75,77.81,86,91,9^,97. I (TO, 1 M. 117, 123. piercing with, 2:20, 158, 172, I78: A;L22
Itzcoad, 2il7, ii. 38. 42. 47. 6? -64. 76. 80. I S2; 126. 132. 138 .Maguey syrup, 4:58, 59, é¿ fil
4:42.43 Ocuiltecan, 2 70 .Maguey thread, 2:127
conquests of, 2: 14- 15; i: lArlñ Otomi, 39. IS- iL Si. SÍL &L &L fiL 22. Maize. 2 34. 37. 41 45. 47. 50. 52, 54. 57. 60. 63.
; ,
Itzpaiiactli. See CMisidian medicine 126. L36 66. 69, 72. 76. 79. 95. 97. 98. 106. 1 56: 4:49. 53.
Ixayotl. See Tears Pame.2:5KS5 S5i 56, 57, 58, 59,60, 61. 62, 6L 6£ 61 66. 67,
IxnextlaaiiUoli cloak, 2 : IS} Popoluca (Populuca). 2: 39, 100. 103. LU 68, 62, 70, 71, 72. 73, 74, 75^ 26. ZZi Z2i Z2i 86j
Ixtlilton, ? Tarascan. 7 -77 87,88,89,92,23
ktlilxochiti, Mva, 2:30,áü Tepehua.2:136. IIR ropect for, 2-153
Izcalli, feast of, 2ilM Tep«i$ieca. 2:KI retting of, 2: 169
Izûitt. See Parched maize kernels Tcpuitcco, 2:ili as tribute, 4: 44, 42
Izûizttt. See Brooms Tlapancc, 2 :M6, 89,21 .Maize grindmg, 2 162, l¿i
Iztacmixcoatzin, 2:61 Totonac, 2: 126. Llá for the wedding feast, 2 L62 :
Tuxtec.2:89 Maize growing, 2:70. 100. 127

Jade. See Grccn.sioncs Yscuca.2:81 Maize kernels, parched. 2 148
Jadcite, 2:81, 1 14. 1 17. See aba Grcen.stone$ Zapotee 2jlll2îllffl .Vlajordomo, 2:226; 4j 144, Hi
Jaguar-design cloaks, 2 :6Q, (tí Lapidaries, 2:2tl dwelling of, 2 229
Jaguar knights. 5rr Jaguar warriors teaching the art of. 2 227: 4; I4i Malacatt. Set Spindle
Jaguar skins, ? I IH Large bone, 2j 1 56 Makalli. See Captive I louse
as tribute. 2: Uái Lili ^-^H- 22 Laws. See alto Sumptuary laws Male adulteren, 2 ?t6 -
Jaguar warrior costume, l;é£t, Sii 6SL 61. 86. 138. under iVlotecuhzoma Ilhuicamina, 7-16 Males
184. I HQ Set abo Octlett warrior cnsntme
Jaguar warriors, 2 lüí :
under .Vlotecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, 2-75
Lawsuits, public, 2: 224
crafi symbols
early education of, ±:
of, 2: 148;
120-127
A; m
Jasper quarrnng. 2 :22 Leather earplugs, 2 : 1^ life cycle of. 4: 11 8- 147
Jew cl-i>t-L:hcc3tl cloak. 2 : 1 32. 136. 189. 1^6 Leather thong, 2 21? posture of. 2:4, 142
Jc»clr>-, gold, ? ?3? Leg with small dots. 2-20 Malinaico temple, 2:24
Jewelry metaphors, 2.l211 Lienzas tie Tuxpan, 7-137 Malinalx<x'hitl. 2:3. 75
Jimson weed, 2^211 Life cycles, portrayal of, i; passim Mala See Captives
Judg<». 2:20?; A: l40, 141, 142, láJ Lime,' as tribute. 2:52. «i?. 5^,98,99, 100; 4:60, Mamalhuauli. See Fire drill
appeals, 2.: 12Ú 61.88. 89 ,VIame language, 2 117

qualities of, 2:217 Limewater, 2i IM Man, 2 : 14S. See abo .Males
title glyphs for, 2:219 Lip plugs, 2: 189. See abo Labrets Mantas, 2:217. See aba Cloaks
types of. 2:212 amber.2:112, 114. 116. 118. 122. 124; 4:96. Mannlks. 2:48.51, 4:45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 59, 61,
Judicial books, ?-^3l 97. 98. 99. 102, llli 63, áL .SVr aba Cloaks, Capes
Judicial s)'stem, 2i21Z crystal. 2: 1 12, 1 14. 122. 124: 4;96. 92. 102. m3 henequén, 4-71
elongated, ii 190 rich. 4:67, 62
Kneeling posture, 2: 147 Liquidamb3r.2:SB. 113. 114. 127:4:96. 97. 106. Mapa (JumaiziH. 2 -201
MapiUi. Set Finger symbols
Labor o)]ligations. See Peiional servicts; Public for incense. 2: 128. IM Ma<¡HÍz(oatl. Sff Two-headed snake
works in smoking tubes, ? Maiiuhoatl (hiquimobn. Set Gossipers
Labor tribute. 2:33.46. 58,97. 100. 113.126, Liquidambar resin, extraction of, 2: í 30 Marine resources, 2: 122. 123. I 32
127n4. Lia Liquidainhar trees, 2:93, LIS Market, 2: \lix
Labrets, 2: 19» See aba Lip plugs Litigant-s, 4: 141, Lll ai Tcpcacac. 2 : W. 1 (K)
amber, 2: Lbl Litigation, i: 140, 141. See aba Court system; Market da)'s, schedule of, 2: liii
crystal, ^ : 1 14 Judges Marketplace
cu'rved.2:101nl3, 185. 12i "Little Black Face" god, 2:217 groupings within, 2:218
1 luexotzinco, 2 ISÍ : Loads of goods, 2i2ifi ofTlatclolco.2:12.33
ye]Um, 2:185. 12d Locust plague (1446), 2- 17 Market|)lace glyph, 2^ 153. 156: A;li2
Lacquer, as tribute. 2 SS : Loincloths, 2:34, 37,41,44, 102. 104. 131, 135. Marketplace stone, 2: 116
Lady of Waters, 2:212 137, 149. 4 :44. 45. 47, 48, 50, iL IL 54. 90. 91 Market system. 2:39, 45, 48, 55, 58, 103, 111, llfi
Lake products, 2 35 : 108. 109. no, 111. 112. LÜ Marriage. Set abo .Vlarriage ceremony; Wedding
Lake rc-sourccs, 2: Üi3 multicolored, 2 Ji, 37.41 : ceremony
Lakes, 2ilüi Lord clement, 2 iSá : duties and responsibilities of, 2: 167

Marriage (tonnniieJ) Mexicans, áil M<>tecuhz<]ma Xocoyotzin. 2: 18. 48. 60. 67. 82.
favorable day for, 2: 1£2 Mexica people 85-86.99. 103. |Ó6. 1 10. 1 16. 1 17. 120. 123.
pk'Uirial dci«.-uiiients for, ? early history and migration myths of, 2 i : 132, 135, 137, 138. m 2-773-??4
in political alliances. 2: j2. áS rise in power of, 2 LS : appeîrance and habits of,
amonj! ruling houses, 2: lU. 25. 96. 107 Mexica shield, 2^ 12^ 4i2 «mquests of, 2: 24-25; Í: <4- tB
M.irriaê .ige, 2 liu. .Mexiai, naming of, 4: .Vlolhcr, 1; 146;!; I
Marriage ceremony, i: 126. 122 .Meztitlan people, 2i2I .Motohnia, Kray, 2: 148, lúl
Alarria^c fi'ii-\ts, 7 y\ft Mrztli See Mixjn Mountain gods, 2 IftS
Married men .Vliahuaxihuail,2 1 In} : Mouth patch, 2i 1211
retirement from the military by, 4: 140. lil Miahuehxochiln, 2 1 In) : .Mummy bundle, 2: 205, 207, 22Ü
status of. 2j21h Miccailhuitontli ceremony, '>-'>l'> .Murderers, enslavement of, 2:2Qá
Married women, hairstyle of, 2: \áá MichmatLitl. See Fishnet .Music
Martial apprel. Sre Warrior custuitMS Mictlan. 2:9l.205. 2U instruction in,2 16/>- L62
Al4inial art> training, i; l-W I J'i Mictlantccuhtii, liveliness of. 2:2?6
Maski Vlidwivcs.2:147:4:ll8. 112 in the temple, <iHft-Hl
greenstone, 2 :ÍÍ2 during birth-related ceremonials, 2: 14^ Musical instruments. 2: LZ2i£lSi ^ 1^
turquoise, 2:92. 21; 4; 84. SI .Migration myths. Mexica, 2: Musician, 2:228; A: 144 145
Master of youths, 2:146. 149-150. 166. 167.216: Military apparel. See Warrior costumes Myximithyloike. title of, ii '41 Srr aho Chief
4:IIX, ¡12 Military campaigns, 4Mt-f%l justice
instniction hy, i: 126. I?7 Military i-<Hnmanders,2 ; 19^- 197 Ode glx-ph for, 2i-U2
punishment by, á.: 13iü=.lil Military governors, 2 29-?0, 2&
punishment for, ^ •
'7H Military insignia, S'aeannrni/ui, See Diagonally divided cloaks
Matchmaker, 2 lá2 : Military outposts. 2: US. See aba Garrison towns \aemhtli,2.¡M
Mallalc..hell.2:lJ9 Military service, dedication of infants to, á; 118. N'ahua gods, 2r 129
,Matlainc' language, 2: HV, 21 L12 N'ahuad language, 2:il, ii, i^ál, 48, 58. 61, 64,
\iailai;inca language, 2: 64, 70. 22 Military status, symbol of, 2: 172-17^ 67. 73. 75. 77. 81. 86. 91. 93. 97. 100, IH, UL
Mailal7.inca pc<iplc, 2:67, 211 Military strategy, 2: CÍ2 123. 126, 132. 136. 138
Mat-making, reeds for, 2 147- Military supplies, as tribute, 2:23 Xcjchimiica variation of, 2:á5
.Vlats, as tribute, 2:47: ij ^'^-^7 See atso Reed Mimililiijui iiuahuitl. See Trunk of firewood Nahuatl-speaking captives. 2 121 :
mats Mining, of precious stones, 7?)l I lallucinogenic mushrooms

Ximacall. See
Mania, 2il2 Mi</uili~tli. See Death See Mother
\iinlli.
MaxtlatL ,SVi Loincloths Mill. See Darts Narrow cotton cloaks, 2:42.45. 48. 58. 64. 6". 81.
MayahucI, 2^211 Mill ihimaUi. See Shield-and-arrows symbol 97, 109nll, \\y-\U
Mayan family of languages, ' Mixcaacalli. See ( iloud-Snake House Narrow -mouthed gourd buwl,¿i2I
Mayrijut. .SVc tJommoners Mixcciatl.2j208: A;jü Seiixikualli hairstyle, 2 Llá :
Ma/ahua language, 2 5?, 67. 22 : Mixcoatl Tliieateciihtli, 2 8Q : Necklaces

Mazahua people, 2: Mi.xe-/oqiiean family of languages. 2-117 gold-bead. 2:1 12. Ili
Maratec language, 2 22 : .Mixtee kingdoms. 2 : 1 1 [> golden beede, 2-214

Meal .Mixtee language, 2 86. 9^, 2i : gold shell, 2 213
dishes prepared with, 2i218 Molcaxtll. See Tripod sauce bowl greenstone, 2 II - >
sellers of, 2iiLH Momayacili back device, 2: 34. ?6. 41 . 42. 44. 46, shell, 2: 150. 190.211.214
Mecapalli. .SVr Tumpline 47, 49. 50, 51, 52. 53, 55,6.V64. 194, 1211 types of, 2-?i4
Mtcail. See Kope Momoiili. See Marketplace Mone Negligence, punishment for, 2: L1&
Mefiii. See Mexicans .Money S'emomemi See L'niucky days
Medicine cacao as, 2^ 1 1 S'emontemi period, 2 1 73
for children. ? copper axes as, 2: 21& Sequen. See .Vlaguey filter
ground-lione. 2: LSit copper hells as, 2 SI : Net cape, 1; 50. 1¿2

1
lime in. ? in<^ Monthly ceremonies Newborns, ceremonies relating to, 2: 145; A; 118-
lii|uidanibar as. 2 112^ Ufl child sacrihce at, 2: ISi. I '9 See also Inbncs
ol»sidinn, ? ^t ^ F.t7alcuali7tli.2:222 New Fire Ceremony. 2 : 24- J>
pulque as, 2^ itiil Etzalqualizili, 3ini New Fire symbol, 4i9, 12, ifi
rubber as, iiliü Huauhqulliamalcualizili, 2 L12 : Newlvwe<ls. 4:140, Lil
smoking as, y^lü HucyTccuilhuitl,2:LSü Nexatl. See Limcwatcr
(or "stupidity <d mind," 2 :23 2;212
Miccailhuitontli, Neximaloni. See Razor
Memorial Je los Puehlos. ? IftH Ochpaniali,2:l48, 12fl Nezahualcovotl,2:l>, 17, 18, 30, 38, 42.47-4«,
Men skilled in diinnation,
Merchant 2:174.2112
deity,
2 lái
: Quccholll, 2 180. 208.212
Tcotleco, ? 147
58.90. 113. 120. 125. 126, 128, 131. 137.
Xez3hualpiUi,2:72, 85. 124. 126, 12Q
m
Merchants, 2 7(\(^- ?n7 See
: also Professional Tlacaxipchualizdi. 2:155. 189.2111 Night, 2il£2
merchants Toxcad.2:l50 glyphic symbol for, * H'
admonitions for, 2 liá : Months, ? 7ntO Night banner. 2 ?I4
luille allirc of, 2j IfH M<Kjn, 2.7n?9 Night sky, Z-ilúZ
hearth oflferings by, 2 16K, liSS : Moquihuix, 2 tiili 4:24, 42, 41
: Nine-ve-ar-olds, instruction of, 2 ; 158; 4; 1 22.
killing of, 2:99. 110. 117, 122. Ul. 137; A; 136. .Moteciihyxiina (Motee(uina) L23'
UI appearance 2 22L2
of, : Nohillty. See also Nobles; Noblewomen
obtaining of feathcis by, palace of, 2:222-224: 4; IM counroom for, 2-217
as spies, 2—U.ln2 punishment under, 4: lál indicators of, 2: ISá
Mcrehantv' banquets, ? '^79 thnine of, 4:142, 1^ symbols of, 2:187. 204, 2ÜS
Messengers, 2 ??H .Motccuhznnu's Clouncil Hall, 2-771 Noble arrows, 2- inn
professions as, 2:226: 144. IM .Motccuhzoma llhuicamina, 2 : lU, 15j 30,42, 45. Noble diadem. See Turquoise diadem
Meuls, 2iJ£ 60. 64. 76. 77. 90. 99. 102. 106. 1 13. 120. 122. Noble headband. Set Turquoise diadem
Mctalsmiths. teaching the trade of, 2: 227: á; Lái UI Noble's house, 2 -4
Mctaluorking, 2:!¿la¿ conquests of, 2i l6-l7;4-7fl-?7 Nobles

Metate. See Grinding stones name glypb for, 4i2ü adultery among, 7-?3ft
Metiatl. See (jrinding stones Motecuhzoma the Vbimger. Sf r .Motccuhzoma apparel of. li 123. Lii
Mcxicano(a) language, 2:80. 81, 100, 126, 122 Xocu)'Otzin burial of, 2:201
262 SUBJECT INDEX

evil. 2r^^s Picture writing. 2- >31
gourd bowU of. 2 : 1 111 73. 78. 79 Piedmont zones. 2 \H
iastruction for children of, 2 1¿1
: Origin myth, Aztec, 2 i : Piercing, act of, 2:20; 4; 122-123. LiS. 131 . .Srf
residences of, Z -Hí Otiatl. See Canes ala Bloodletting; Maguey spikes
rcuirds for, IjAS. Otomi language, 2:35. 39, 48. 53. 5$^ 58, 61^ 64. Pigment, 2 103
Noblewomen 6". 72. 126. 136 as tribute, 2 5&:
weaving hoskct of, 2: 1Ü Otomi warnor costume, 2 189 yellow, 2Jil

weaving by, i; Üi2 Otomi warrior hairstyle, 2 til : Pillar-of-stone hairstvle. 2:1 S. 8, 172-173, 174.
Socbtli. Ste Prickly pear cactus; Prickly pear cactus Otomi warriors, 2: UÜ 175,183. 185.210'
fruit Otumba. battle of. 2 189 : Pillars, as tribute, 2 :úl. 64; 4:68-69
.Vopjüf/, 2 lot Outposts, imperial. 2 ?9 - 1 1 See aim Cíarrison Pine stick. 2 159
XopalJi. Set Prickly pear cactus towns Pine torches, 1:58. 170; 4: 122
Nose ornaments, 2:20. LU Oversin: cloaks, Z:M. Pmol, as tribute, 4:42-41
crescent-shaped, 2: 1¿2 PinoULl.nni), m.
of the pulftif deities. 2j 167. Hi Pacilic parakeet. 2118 Pinotl.2:123
turquoise, lill Painted gourd ImiwIs, 2 30 : Pipiltitt. See Nobility; Nobles
Nose perforation. 2: 14ln4 Painter of books. 2: 14H. Set also Scribes Place glv"phs, vagueness of, 2 Í 1 n 5 :
Novice priests Painters PlaL-e-tiaiiie glyphs. 2-4

duties of. 1: H9iá; UL L22 colors used by. 2 21 : index of, 2:257
punishment of. 1: ¡Tg; 1; 126-129. \in-ni leaching the art of, 2:227; A; Li£ Planks, as tribute, 2:^. 64; 4:68. (ffi
trainini; of, 2: 166- 122 Painting "Pleasure girls," ZillU

in war. ílíH of cloaks, 2-*? Poehteta. See Merchants; Professional merchants
Numlter syinlKjIs. * -It-'H panim cidoring agents for, 2: 108n2 Pointed spear, 2 : ili6
Numerical giv'phs, 4- Jt- 1 S passhn 1 Palace. 2: 224: 4: 143 Political p<}wer, centralization of, 2 Li:
Nuremltcrg map of Tenochtitlan, ? Palace arsenal. 2-7'>7 PotHiluca language. 2: IflO, lOt, UJ
Palace meeting areas, 2:223; áa li3 Posture
Obsidian artifacts. 2 42. lWnl5
: Palm fiber, 2j 75. im of captives, 2i IM
Obsidian blades. liAAK Palm-fiber cloaks, 2 :Z£ children's, 2- IS3
Obsidian-edped club. ¿jL 187. m. Palm-leaf sandals. 2; 1£¿ of conquest, 2 :2ítí
Ot>sidian medicine, ¿i213 Paine language, 2:51, ii kneeling, ij 142
Obiidian-|iointcd spear. 2 : IM Pamitl back device. 2 ^" -
male. lluS
Obsidian production, ¿^J¿ Pantli, See Banner svmbol Pot of prepared ÜKjd, 2: líü
Obsidian razors. ?• IKI PapaM back deviix-', 2 : 184. 182 Pottery, clay for. 2: mi
Obsidian resources, 2: IS Papahit warrior costumes, 2: 34. 36. 37, 39.41. 42 Pottery anifacls. 2i42
Obsidian sandals, 2 LBá : Paper Poticry-niaking, 2: 35.4fl
OlKÍdian-studdcd club, 2: IM as tribute. 2:41. 42. 43.44.46.82;A;am. LL Pottery stand, 2 ??8
Olnidian-Muddcd l.incc, 2;?in Si Powdered cacao. 2:219
Occhhhi piltontli Sre Baby types of, 2: 211 Power. svwUds of, 2: 187.204. 2111
Occupations. Src al» Careers Paper production. 2l4Í Precious feathers. 1 :22. See aim Rich feathers
insignia for, 1
1** Paper shoulder sash, 2 204. 2QZ Precious metals. 2: 1<S
(J<ylopan.2:5:4:7. a Paper streamers. 2 1JÍ2 : Prei ious stones, search for, 2-231
fkehiihtuitU. .Vrr Jaguar-design clnaki Paper-tree. 2 AL Prcdesimalion. Iivlicf in, 2.: 145. 178
OeeJoil warrior custuine. 2:34, i'. 39, 41. 45. 54, Parched maize kernels. 2 LUi : Premarital chastity, 2: \61
60, 6I,7V.8I.H5, I2B. UL Stíiti» Jaguar war- Parental responsibility'. See Childrearing Pricklv pear cactus, 2;53.99. I05nll. 107. 156:
rior costume Parrot feathers. 2 : IM ill
Ochpanizili, iiiontli of, 2: 1 12» I I'Wh 4 47 Parrots Prickly pear cactus fruit, 2 - 15ft
Ochpanizili ceremony, 2 148. 170 as tribute. 2.; 1 32. Üfi Priesthood, education for, 4: 118. 119. I2A-Í3I
Oitli. See Pulijue drink yellow-headed. 2j 133n5 Priest's house (temple school). 2.: 168j 4;
Ocuiltccan language, 2: IQ. Partera. See Midwives dedication to. 2: 14á
( )cuiltcca-stylc cloaks, 2:6<L 67, 70, 23 PatoUi gambling, 2:?26-?2" education at. 2; liü
Office r>i PatoUi game, 2 163i : i 1±L Priestly bag sjmbol. 4:131
imperial, 2:29-30, I9S-197 PatoIJi player. 2:230: 4: 144-145 Priest-rulers. 2:5
punishment for. ^ •
Patron deities, 2:3. See also Deities; Cioddesses Priests, 2 142. See aim Blood smear,
: priestly; Nov-
Ohtli See Roads Penance ice priests; Pricst-warriors
Old age. See alio Age by head priests, 4-131 bloodletting by. 2 111 :
adultery during, ? for novice priests,2 LZ2 : boily paint I.f, 2£4j 183.218
privileges of, li 167; láú 2:177.131
priestly. insiruc-tion by. 4; 126, L22
'•Ol.l r«,"2 l?fl-l?7 from illness, 2 1Í4
(or recoverj' : tortilla ornaments for, 2: 155
OtLmijIhili ball game, 2 226, : 221 PepiiM.ZllM Pricst-warrior ranks, 4; 1 <4-1 35
Ollamani. See Gall player Performers, at the palace, 2 224 : Priest-warriors, 2:183. \M
OWn. See Rubber Perfumes, as tribute. 2:98; 4:88 on the liattlefield, 4- 133
Olmaitl. See Drumsticks "Perjietual trihutc," 2: UM military careers of, 2 194- IOS
Olmeca pc<iplc, 2: [Hit. Personal services. See Lalxir tribute ranks of. i; H4, LU
Omens, of barrenness, 2: assembly for, 4; 144. Hi "Principl merchants," 2: 207
Omcquauh, 2:I17;4:4I for temples, 4j LLi Prisoners, as tribute, 2:30, 46, 100 See also
Omenxbitxemayt/, 2 1'^ See alio Puli/ue-iaf cloak Peíales. Ste .Mats Cjptives
thncnichtli, 2;1_H, U¿¿ t'etlacaUati, titk of, 4-44 See aim .Majordonio Pr<K:urcr*s c-a|i«. 2 I Hit
Omill. See Bone Pellaeako, 2 : See also House of CAiffers Professional merchants. 2:23. 33, 35, 42, ¿8. I y.
Onc-captivc priest-w arrior, 2 194. 197; 4r 1 <5 PeiJaealli. Reed coifcrs
See 132. 1 34n25. See also Merchants
One-captive warrior. 2 184, 187iá: HI ; Petlail See Reed mats cmbattlemcnt of. 2; 11¿
cloak aviociaied with, 2:1H8: 4: Hi PelkiM reed. 2:14? killing »f.2:2(H;4:l36-l37
One Death day sign, 2 70^1 Peyote, 2iiii relationship with rulers, 2- 19
Onchtli. 2 59, lil : 1 Physical development, of children, 2r 1 53- 54
1 Professions, symbols of, 4; 118, 1 19. Stealw
( )range-siri(xd cloaks, 2:H3, H4. 02 "Phvîcian's bowl," 2:84 Í jreers
CJrdinary fealhcns, 2: J6n3, 67; 4:47. 48, 53, 54, Pictorial histories 2:231 Public ceremonies, lavishness of, 2-23
SUBJECT INDE.X • 263

PuMic works. Stralui l-alior tribute Quttzalpanaetli warrior costume, 2ilil Ro\-al headdress. See Turquoise diadem
assembly f.ir, Z: 226; 1; 144, Lli Qutlzuliolail warrior costume, 2 112 Rovalpal.ice. 2:224; 4;L13
serv ice ilcvotvcl in, 2: liU Quilieil cloaks. 2; 37,
1116. Hi.s, 122. 123
iL Ü 50, 12. 81. 102, 104. Royalty
depiction of, 2j 10. 12
rutijHt dciots. 2: in. I Hn 1 9. 162, Ifia, Srt aim Quilted cotton armor, 2¡i. 186, 197, 210i4j L12 svmtKils of, 2j 16,22
fulijue p<kIcÍcs.s Quilted cotton cloaks, 2 :á2 Rov-al zoo, liHA.
nose urnaincnts associated with, f- '"^^
Ru'bbcr. 2:229; 4.9/i-07
sjmlK)! of, 2 2 f U Kabbit, association with pulque, 2 169 use in rituals, 2: 1 Li.
drink, i; 162 Rabbit calcndric symbol, 2 £ : Rubber balls. 2:86, 112. 113, 229-230
ritual, 7 147 Rabbitfur,2:36.Lill as tribute, 4:96. 22
role in socictj', ^-^^^ cloaks of.2:lU Rubber sandals. 2: 18á
Puitfue drinking Rabbit skins, 2:21 Ruler's cape, 2:14, 18. 20.22. 25
jKtttHiniiiiin> oincerning, 2:77i< Rain deity, 2^ 89n4. 154. 163. 168. 186 Ruler's chocolate, preparation of, 2:213
in old age. 4: 146-147 cult of, 2:212 Ruler's house, 2:222. 224
at weddings, li Lúl Raw cotton, as tribute, LlZ2. Srr also Cotton Rulers
hilque- enhancer r<KJt, 2 ? ( ? - ? U Ra/jor, i lül absolute, 2i4i
fuli/Uf goddess, 2:2^? Rebellion, punishnicni for.2:2fli -204; A; 136. acces.sions and deaths of, 4: 10-^^ passhn
Pulque jar, 1; IM U2 chot>singof,2:8,125
Putf ue-iaf cloak, 2: Red back-tic, 2:8i 16, 18, 22, 2i in coun proceedings, 2 ??l
Punishment Red cacao, 2:83. Há. Set also Cacao, cuisine of, 7-
tor aduker>', Z; ISO. 2)6; á: Lt&=LlZ as tribute, á: 80. ai depiction of, 2 : 10, 12; 4; 10-35 passtm
bylK-jtinp.Z lüü Red chiles. 1042 electoral process for. 2 : 18
ofchddre'n.2:l5s. 16l: A:l22.m Red ocher reed seat as a metaphor for, 2:20S
for cohabitation. 4 li I as body point, 2 l86 symbols for, 2: 16. 22
for deceit, Lli as tribute, 2 ' 14 transitions of. 2: 18. 2i
for drunkenness, 2; 169. 211 Red seashells, 2:ai, Si 1:80-81 Rulership, lineage-based, 2:.SÚ
for illicit s«.<.2:l78;A:m Red-striped cloaks, 2: 85, tlá Rulers of youths, 2:216
under .Vlaiecuh»)ina, á: L12 Red worms, 2: 1Ü3 Rushes, 2:142^1411
of nwice priesws, 2i t72i i78¡ á; 128-129. 1 JO- Reed baskets, 2 inn seats made of, 2:100
LU Reed calcndric symbol, 2:
for officcn, 2 : XSii Reed coffers, 2:230; 4j lái Sacred cups, 2-219
by staking. 2; 158: A; 124. 12S
using Imming chile smoke, 2- I24n7, 161. 162.
Reed mats, 2: 10. 12.
149; iL 56,
li.
52
ü 18. 20.22.25.49.58. Sacrificial bag, 7
Sacrificial victims. Set also
l tfi
Fluman sacrifice
164n 5. nl7:4: l24-i;s
1 Rceds.2:49n7 down halls on, 2:2Üti
for vagalmndagc, 2 17H : gatheringof, 2:3lnl, 121 drink given to, 2: 233
foryoung persons, I ?t for mat-making, 2 : '*7-H8 hearts of, 2 199
Pxxamid shrine, '>^^^ Reed scats, 2:204: 4 :>6. 52 mementos of, 7 'Ul
Reed seat with backrest, 2 204,
: 2flS paper shoulder sash and, 2:202
QlMfhu warrior, 2: 185. 186, |90. 214:A;m Religious education. 2: 166 Stt also Priest's house Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de, 2 : 5. 6. 9. LIS and
Quachu warrior rank, 2: I'M (temple sch<K]|) patrim
Quaihpamiil back dev ice, 2 :2 14 Religious rites, shell trumpets in, 2:212 Saint .\ndrews cross, 2:4j 4:1
White cotton cloaks
Quachtli. See Religious songs. 2 162
: Salt
Quabmll. See Fircwofxl Repetitive lime, c-oncept of, 2: 177-178 marketing of, 2: 112
Quapi»n.i;lj 4:7,2 "Repose of the Servile Implements" rite, 2 229 production of, 2 70, 22
:
Quapatii root. 2 228, 212 : Resin, 2 103 resources of, 2:29. 70. iU
QtMpfNtntti. Set Bridge» Rich feathers, 2:67, 112-113. 116, llfi. 122; trading center for, 2 140 :
Quai]iiah|>il7.aií.i,2:5ü 4:46, 47, 48, 50. 51, 52, 53, 54. 55. 56. 57, 58, as tribuie, 4:72, 13
Quarrying, of jasper, 2 'W. Stenbo Mining :
S9,60,61j62,6i6i6S,66,67,68,(^ .Salt loaves, 2: ÚS
(Juaubittzmtt. See Wooden slave collar 72.73,76,]2jZ*!iZ2i!iL!LL!ili!iL!!íii!!L2S2í Saltpeter, 2:3s
Quauhnoihtli. tille of. 2: á; lli 91.94. 9s. 06. 97.98. W. 102. 103. 104. 105. Sandals
title gl>'ph for, ?• IW 1JI6, 107, urn, 109, 112. 113 as a symbol of travel, 2: 2M
Quauhptimli. Set Bridges Ritual attire, 2: tZ2 types of, li \Síí
Quaubtettpoyo shield, 2 l£i : Ritual calendar. 2; 7n39 warrior. 2:210. 211
Quauhtlaloa. 2 : üíL LLii *i Ritual drinking scenev 2 ?t? warri<irs' rights to. 2: 184
QuauhilatiMjut. See .Military governors Ritual tirewoiHl, 2: 12:1. wearing of. 2: 185, IM
Quauhili. Set Euglcs Ritual pulque drink, 2:154. LSS goddesses', 2: Li2
QuáuhnbuttI. See Boughs; Branches Rituals Santa Cruz map ( 1 5 50), 2 15. 42:
Quauhxinijui. Set Carpenters birth-related, 4: 118-119 Sauce bowl, 2: 1¿4

Quaxoloil back device, 2 : 58. 21L for children, 7 •
154 Scarlet macaw feathers, 2: 114. 118
M. \7. i9. 41. 42.
Quaxaloil warrior costume, 2 ; (uicaatUi training and, 2: 162 Scribes (manuscript painters), 2 148 :
+i46,47,42,52.5iJi55i57,66,67jB8j82, inccasing, 2: 177, 179; 4, Li] teaching the art of, 2: 227; 4i üi
122. 124. m. m involving maize, 2 : 1 >6 Seashells
Quecholli celebration, 2 180. 208^ 212 : role of tonillas in, 2:155 red, 2: 83, 84
Ouetzalcoatl.2 :170. IM Ritual stew. 2j \M as tribute, 4: 80. 81
attire of, 2:211 Ritual sweeping, 2 148. 121 Seasoned warriors, 2j 122 - 173. 175. 178; 4: 138.
temple of. 2-228 at the cabnecoi. 2:172.128 139. 140. 141 Sf r also Tequihua warriors
(Juetzal-fcather badge, 2: L22 Ritual training, ofchildren,2:lÍ4 Seats
Quetzal-feather fans, 2:202 River, 2 ? 1 high-backed, 2:49, 118:4:56,52
Quetzal feathers, 2: 102. 110. 112. 114. 116. llg. UL Riverine resources, 2:113, li& high-backed feathered, 2l20S
124.2?2:4:90. 91.94.95.96,g7,98.W. 102. Iflj Roads, 2: \SL made of rushes, 2 100
procurement of. 2 104 Rock- 2: 186 rced.lLUJli
on the XolotI head, 2 TH Rock glyph. 2:3 "Security garrisons," 2: 121. 121 Set abo Carrison
QuttzaUalpilmi headpiece. 2:70,93. 104,185.190. Rope. 2: 159,201 towns
Í96i4:m2, Uli RcKcate sjioonbill feathers, 2: 1 18 Selcr, Eduard, 2: 146, 178. 1^4
Quetzatpaizactli device, 2:55. STj 58, 69, 79^81^1 Rosettes, calendnc meaning of, 4:43. 1 19 Serpentine, 2 '
m
92, 102, yo, I I9n2, 122. 124. 131. U7. U8 Royal aviary, 2: 141 Sers'ants, enslavement of, 2:206

S«fvices, perforriHíH by children, á; 120, 121. 124. Snakes, as tribute, ?• I?3 Tamale baskets, 2jJ28
I ?*> iff aim Personal serxices Snake/ woman's head glyph, 2:21 Tamales. 2 I^K. : IS: 4. 141
Service iribuie. -SVf I.ahor tribuM Social stratification, death and, 2 -3ns Tafachtli. Ste Red seashells
S<rv«rn -year-olds, instruction of, 2^ 158; á: 122. 121 So«l,i;UU Tarascan campaign, 2 19 -
Sevcred-hcids symbol, i: 10, H Solar year, 2 : 7n 39. .SVf also Years Tarascan language, 2 22 :
Sexiiil oflfentm, )Hinishnien( ior. ^- H Solicitors. 2-717 Tarascan people, 2 -66-67

Shell motif, 2:1^ Song speech scroll, 4-91 Teacbcauh. Set .Master of \iiuths
Shell-motif textile design, »• Spanish diseases, 2117 Teapiaziti. Sre Canals
Shell necklatcs. 2 150, 12ÍL 21 1. 21á
; Speaker, office of. 2:5.8. Ifl, 12. LL LL Ifi. 18.20. Tears. 2^159:4^125. 12i
gold. 2:2n 23, 29, 45, ifi. 5fr o/m Speech scrolls power of, 2: ISá
Shicld-and- arrows $>mbol. 2:4. 148.213: A; 10, Spcarmaking, 2: UIQ Ttíciztli. Set Conch shell
12, 14. 16. 20.25.29, 51,56 ritual of, 2 ISA Tefineuh, 2;5j 4; 7,
Shields. 2.; lal Spears. 2: 180. 212 TtiOfahuitt. Set Yellow body color. Yellow varnish
cane, í lfífí Spear thrower, 2:9. lfi¿ Ttcamnfei. Set Gourd bow Is
(utxyo. 2 :?6. 5?. 55, 86. 97. IIL 124. 184. 188. Speech gl)l)h, 2Lii S Ttcomarl. Stt Cacao drinking cups; I'ultjur tar
132
IH9. 195. 198, Speech senilis. 2:8, 20, 147iá;9, 10, 12, 14, ló, Tecpait. Stt Noble's bouse; Royal palace
down-hall, 2; 194, 198,213 20^25^1 TtcpaiKoUi. Stt Palace
down balls/arrows/spear-thrower, 2-11 identical, 2im Tecpiloil feather headdress, 2 705 -
.Vfr also Caeiût'%
caglc-claw, 2: 39, 43 multiple, 2; Uki headdress
eagle 5 foot, 1:12a Spies Teiili myxtúaiayloilaí, 4- 141
gold,2;58ii;2É2 22 merchanLs as, 2 1 1 1 n2, 206

: Tecuhtli. See Nobles
gold disk. 2i2U Triple -Mliance. 2:2114 Teiuittatl. See V\'ater-fly eggs
Hnaitrr 2:175. 214 Spindle. 2 149 Tetpochialti. See Young men's house
ihuitctn^.l.^. 194.211 training in the ase of, 4; 120, 121. L2i Telpocbtlato. See .Master of )x)uths
ftutuMftepeyv, 2 ISi ; Spindle whorls, 2 LQl : Tetpuchtlatoque Set Rulers of youths
sicp-fret, 2:190, 2M Spinners bad, 2 l'i«-l'«9 TtlpHchtli. Set Youths
ItucuitUxapo, 2-711 Spinning Tepiaualli. Stt Sweathouse
ihrcc-capiivc pricüi-warrior, Z: I9K iastruction in, 2:15.3. 158:ái 120. 121. 125 iemiltoil hairstyle. .SVf Pillar-of-stone hairstyle
tlahauitMli, 2: 11.? at the wedding feast. 2:216 Temixihiiiiiani. See .Vlidwivcs
a* tribute from 'I'latelolco, 4:45 Spinning bowl. 2ilS5: 4: 121. LH Temple burning. 2 ; 1 1. 62
xiMMqiu, 2:33,J6i39,42,iá,i2.iLiL Sports, 2 -7?6.
-
.SVr ah) Ball plaj-ing Temple decoration. 7 174
ii. S5, 61. 6L 2ÍL lit 5^ 321 2Zí 1 1 L I LL Staffs, 2; 2QI Temple fires, supplying of, 2 124 :
124, 138, 185, l'W.:04, 211 as a sign of ofticc, 2: 2M Temple of Huitznahuac, 4:42-4?
"Shorn ones." 2 185, 19fl Set also Qaathic warrior Staking, punishment by, 4: 124 Temple of Tenochtidan. See Great Temple
Sierra zone. 2: 38 Star, lîm Temple of women, 2: 183. 187: 4:111
Singeing stick. 2: lai; á: Ul Star banner. 2 ^'4 Temples. 2 212
Singer-musicians, careen! as. 2 :¿¿6 Stargazing, in the temple. 4151 in liattle planning, 2-710
Singers, 2 ?2R "Starrj -sk-y" warrior costume, 2: 194. I9B repair of, 4: lii
prufe»iuns as, áj lái Sutus ritual sweeping of, 2: 123
Singing, ritual. 2: 177. llfi capes as markers of. 2 láS : tending ot,^ 128-129. HO- HI
Six-captive priest-warrior. 2j 195. 199: 4'
Six-captive warrior. ^
Six-year-olds, mstruction of. i; 153; 4; 120. 121
m of married men. 2 ?I6
of merchants. 2 :2Q6i-2Ü2
Step-fret design cloaks, 2 :60. (U
Temple school, 4; 126. 177 Set alfv Priest's house
(temple school)
Templo .Mayor dedication. 2 126. 138 :
Skin piercmg, 2 177. Sa also Bloodletting; Ma- Step-fret motif. 2 : Hi Templo .Mayor excavations. 2:4. Lfii
guey spikes Step-fret shield. 2: 190. 214 Tenamaum. Stt Hearthstones
Skin sandals 2: IBá Steward's bouse. 2:222 Teihapanifui, Set Black-aml-whiie-lKirder cloaks
Skirts, 2iJili Stone, as tribute, 2 l22 Tenixyo border. .SVi- Kyes-on-ihe-edge border
rich. 4:66. 67 Stone quarr)mg. 2 ZL : Tenoch, f -i-'i Set abo Tenuch
2:61.62
a» trilmie. Stones. .Vff alto Precious stones Tentttl. Set Lip plugs; ^'ellow lip plug
Shi1lraek.2:4:4^ deep blue, Idlffini Tenuch, 4; 7, 2. See alio Tenoch
Skvglv-ph.lim turquoise. 2:131 calendric count of rule of, 2:^-6
"Skyiravelers." 2:2112 "Stone stick." 2: 1£Q Ten-vear-olds, instruction of, 2: 158-159: 4; 122»
Slanderen, 2 ?« Set aim Ciussipers
.''
Stoning 12Í
Slave collars, 2:204. 206; 4-157 for adultery, 2:236; liZ Teocalli. Stt Temples
Slave market, 2:47 as a punishment, L12 Tewuillaacueihitruail. Set Cold shell necklace
Slavery, 2ii: execution tiy, 2:2iS TtoaiittaMuail ttmaltie. Set Golden beetle ncckbicc
escape from, 2 706 Stretching, of children, 2: 1Í4 Ttwiiiilahuaijue. See Mctalsmiihs
falling inti>, 2:206 Stretching on damp ground, punishment by, TtmiilLtfiamiil. See (üilil banner
symbols of, 2j Ui2 2j 161; 4; 124- 125 TeKiiitlaxapo shield. 2:211. Srr also Gold-disk
in times of destitution, 2:2Q¿ "Struck-by-stones" appellation, 2 236 : shield
Slaves, 2 :'iV. Sniffed cotton armor. 2 -179 Ttmctli. Ste "Dis'ine Wine"
female. 2 147 Submission, s)'mbols of, 2 :*^9; 4: 1 37 Tteptzi/ut. Stt Priests
for human sacrifice, 2:61 Sumptuary laws. 2:16, 17n5 cups

Ttotetomatl. Stt Sac-red
inirchase price of, 2:212 exaggeration of, 2: UUi Teoileco 2 142
lestisal, :
ritually cleansed, 2: 122. 2112 under .Vtotecuhzoma XiKtiyoizin, 2l2S Tcpanee empire, conquest of, 2: l2
as tribute, 2 :8ilítí regarding fcathcpt. 2:232 Tepanec people. 2 i :
Sleeveless jacket, 2: 177. 1 79. 2!i± Sun, nourUhmcnl of, 2 1R4 -

Tepehua language. 2: 1 36, li£
SImgs, 2:70
skill with. Sun s>-mbol. 2:i Tepehua people. 2 1Í2 :
"Smoke column," from greenstone, 2-Rl Sweathouse. 2:2112 Trponiiztti. Stt Horizontal drum
Smoking, medicinal benefits of, 2 :2 18 Sweeping, 4- 12s Tepoztlan. temple at, 2l4Í
Smoking canes, as tribute. 4:88, 8ÍL Set also as a priestly duty. 4: 129. LiJ Tepustcca language, 2 :8I
Smoking tubes religious significance of, 2: tlii TtpurzopilJi. Stt Spears
Smoking toltacois, 2; 122 ritual, 2i 148. 172, 173. LIS Tepuzleiti language. 2:84
Smoking lulics, 2: 5fi. IflQ, 21£. 21fi. Set ukt I'epuziapilli. Set Pointed spcir; Spears
Smoking canes 7ir¿t/(. Stt Father Tei/uihuaiaciillr See Council Hall of War
Snake-in-cagle's-beak emblem, 2 i : "Taking Out the Children" ceremony, 2: LSI Ttquibua warrior hairstyle. 2 1 "4, 175, 196. 210
Sl'BJKCT INDHX • 265

VftfwW w^rriitrv, ¿liHK A; I iH. 1 1411. LiL IhcwhüiUalt, title of. 2:2';, .U), HO, 116. 1'>C,. VT^ cane, 2-'"7
See illsti Si'jsoiiiril warriors 198,>10.2II; A;135.113 carpenters', 2 ?30
traininj! by, 4; Llii title glyph for, li 132 feather\vorking, 2i212
TfijiillUlai. 1 :ii Thanheiileatl warrior costume. 2 ? H ritual in gratitude to, 2 :222
Ttiiuiuiii/ue v,iiTru>T, I: L2i TIaciKhcaIco VaotI 2iliQ
O'autl), Tooth filing, 2 - 141
'¡íijiiixijuiniihiMcatl. title of, 2 J 17^ á:
: Ü1 Tlamhtc tl,. 2 1 1 ii á: 40, ál
: Topilli. See Staff*
title (;l>i)h for. 2i2üi Tli«s(hic(iibtli. lille of. 2:29, 103. 107, 120. 126 Toppling temple. .SVe Burning icinple
ititiuhliii. Si e J uili(L-s / ííiioihtíi. See Spears Torches, resin for. Z-^H^ See alio I'ine torches
'I ctoiinnaii, 2: JJII Tlacohtti. See Slaves Tortilla making, instruction in, ÍL 124. 121
7¿//. Sc.- R..Lk Tltcoteitli. Ste Noble arrows Tortilla rations. 2jJJJ
'I'lilaxinijui Stf Ailultercr TiMalin. Set SI.1VCS Tortillas. 2. lÜ^Jií
Tell i/liiihuill. Sir "Stone \inV TUiOtl. Set Singeing stick TotataUi. Set Binl I louse
Ttlztlmatl. ."v(r{!<)p|KTmusit.il invtninient JLicHilit. See GkIcx (Minters; I'ainier of hooks; ToiolmuUi. See Turkey Stew
Trizotzsinmt. Sec "Stnicli-lij -stoncs" a[>|i«;lliilinii Scrities (manuscript painters) 'Totonac gi>ds, 2 29 : 1
I'cuhchiinaltxin, 2 üi : Thiittituiue. See Scribes ( inanuscripi painters) Totonac language, i; 126, 1 36

Texumiilni. ¡L .SVi- 1 UmsK fur Public Works TUiixilitiH. See I ligh court Totonac people. 2:126. 129. 132. 1Í2
Ttxiâteaihtli. 2:¡11¡ Tkbamteetli shiclil, 2ill2. Snidm "VVhite- Totoquihuatzin, 2 tfl
TruaíMOill. title of. 2 112, : IWi4:4l, Hi wjsheil" shield 'lotailíii/iijlietjUd¡h/li. See Bird-fond cape
title itlq>h lor, 2 ?()»
: JkbuaiKMiÜ. Set Piilqut bowl 'Townht)Usc, 2 : i
Tc/catl"ip"(>a.2: 146, 149. 15U. LZj. IM. 186. 1B2 Tlatiozahiiitl. See Yellow piifment Toxcail, month of, 2 TS, 112
;
devotion to, 2j Lil¿ riallniica people. 2 ;:li Toxrail ix'remony, 2: Liü

figure of. 112 'ritiUi. See Karlh Tnytiiyin 2 in
ini|H'rv<in;it<ir of, ^ I4t Tlaloc.2:4. 89n4. Ivt, Ift?, 168. I«3. \M ToziOtfiJIi warrior costume, 2: 1112
•|f>'<)/.i>llioc,2:5.'^ 10. II, I J. 60 Trade, 2:45, LU

TcM./imioi AUaniilo, 2 , : i, 4. J I, 30^ üfl I'lalix- mask ilesign, 2 H1 centers for, 2111
Th:.l, l....l lun.v.- 2 ?I?-?H TIalix- profile ilesign, 2 : 2I11Í dangers of, 2 2\H :
T h.vi Anilr.- 4 ?-X TUlpilom. Ste Feathered headpiece interreponal, 2 1ÍU1 :
Thievery TlamaeazjfHi. Sec I lead priests system of. 2j. Ull

iHlmonitionN ^pjinst, 2 22h. 221 r/aM. ,S>r (!urd-corn kernels; .Vlaiu: Trades, teaching of. 2 227; i; 144. LIS
drunkenness .ind. 2 :22Hi,ái Lli I lapanec language, 2 86, 89, 21 : Traveling merchants. .SVi Merchants; Professional
punishment for. LH I'lapull. .SVr Jiiiison weed merchants
Thieves. 2:250. 216 I'lateiijiu: See Lapidaries Tribute
Uv .)f. 2.2i^-:i(y. Í. m Tlaiclolcan rrb. llmn 2 lH-19 from .Xcolhuacan. 2:37. 39-40; Aiil=i2
from Allan, 2:135. Ii6:i^ 110-111
t!ly|>l>ir <k'sii;n<lion lor, is 147 TlaicloJoioiL See Keather balls
s:ilc into ÛvLry of. 2 : 2116 Tlmlatilijiiiibiiill. See I'ircwood frt>m Atot<inilco dc Pedrara, 2 52, 53; 4 ^0-61 :
Thirtcen-ycar-olds, instruction of, 2: IM- 162; Tlat'Mini. Sec Rulers; Speaker, office of from .XtoUinilcii el Cirande. 2:57, 58; 4-64-6s
4:124, Li Tlaloani centers, 2 38 from Ax<icopan, 2 50, 51i 4- s8-s9 :
Thrce-eaptivc priest-warrior. 2j 1 94. |9H: AiLli TlatociKalli See Rulers house from Chalco, 2 97i 4
S6-K7
Thrce-eaptive warrior. 2:1H4. l«2iA: Ui TItiliMfiie. See Rulers from ghuatlan. 2:83, 84¡ 4 Hfl-HI
Thrce-y cjr-olds, instruction of. 2^ 153; [20, 121 Tlaxtalli. Sec lortillas from CoayMlahuacan, 2: 102j UU- 105; i;90-
TiMht jbihin. Ste Master of yxiuths TlaxiLuiiUii. Sfe Barrias 21
Tiaii<iinzlli Srr Market na7.>lteotl.2:l49.232 from t>>volap3n, 2:106, I08;4:9j-9i
Ti(<irl. See Chalk 'I1a7.<dieotl- Tctcoinnan, 2: LZU from Cuctla.vtlan. 2 122. 123-124; 1; 102-103 :
Tiv»(iear/jn. 4:28. 211 TletuiUr See 1 Icarth fashioned by car(>cnters, 2 ?3n-?3i

ruooahiiMMl. title of. 2:l'»fi. 1^21LA:I 35, 112 TIemaitI -SVr Incense ladle from H uamepec. 2 44. 45 - 46; A; il - 5 5 :
title glyph «'T 7 ?m ritiiamaqiiiH^li. See Incensing rites from I lucipuchtla, 2 54, 55; 4 ft?-/>i :
'nmyahiMatI v> Mttitr coMutne, 2r214 TIepilli. See Pine torches from .Mali'nalaj. 2:74. 75; 4-74-7s-
TUmji/i. Sir (!a|>c7ii (Iloaks Tlei/udbmrl. See Burning firebrands from Ocuilan. 2:69. 70-71: 4-7.-'-7<
Timber, as tribute. 2; tÜ TliLwcalîii. ritle of. 2:22. 117. 195, 126. 197; from < )vitipan, 2: 140. I4l: 4il 14-115
Timekeeping, in the temple, i: HH-HI 4:41. LÜ "pcrp<-ni.d."i:ll]ü
'l ililí ceremony, 2:2111 title glyph fnr, 2il22 from Petlacalco. 2: 34, 35-36: 4 44-46
iitlaiiili See Missi'niters Tlilpj/iiiiLiuae. See Rlack-striped cloaks from Uuahuac,in.2:63j64¡4;6íl=ú2
'I illi'il ¡Misiiiiins, jitammentof, 2:2¿.£füro Tobacco. 2: 129. 130, 177.216 from Ouauhnahuac, 2 :41 42 -43; jL sft- S? ,
(.Jiiauhtitlan. 2 :47, 48 -49; á; 56- s7

-
\V'.irríi>r ranks use of, 2 •'18 from

Titles, gK-|ihs for, 1; "W-^nn Totijcco gourd, 2j 177, 122 from (ûauhtochco, 2j 120, 12L i:
Titles ofwar.á:iii,lI5 TobacLti sei-ieis, 2:218 from Uuiauhtcopan, 2:9f). 91; 4 W4-«
Ti/iH-,2:67. W. 12?, LI2 Tochamitl. See Rabbit fur from Tcpeacac. 2 98, 100; 4 KS-K9 :
oimiuests of. 2:20-21; 4 ?H-?<> rmiilteeall. title of. 2 126=197; i:

: US from TejK-quacuilco, 2 79, ai -82; 4--H-79 :
uironation of, 2 title glyph for, 2:2ilQ friMn riachoo. 2:76. 77-78; 4-76-77
Tizoc Stone. Ii2i Talia»UH reed. 2 147-148 from TIachquiavco. liHO, 94-9i: m;4
•|
lac,iclcl.2:IO. H, US VMrn. See Tule from TIalti vJuhiitlan, 2: 88, 89; 4 84-HS
riaeateaitl. title of.2 :«. 20. 22. 30. HO. IW, 2'». TitlmimM. See Reeds from Tbpatwan,2: 12S. 126- 127; 4; líhLJJí5
196. I'»-.2II;4 :28.30.41.l3?. lia Toltiiuncblli reed, 2- I4H frtmi TIapan. 2: 85, 86; 1: |i2=ü
TAftwfnv/// warrior, 2 I Tollee bliMidlinc, 2 -122 from Tlatelolco, ¿ÜI, Ul •* *?-43
Tlitiiitrintl warrior eostiiiiie, 2 ? : 1 Toltec empire, 2: from Tlatlauhq»itepec. 2:l28, 129-130;
nicMe.ilL lille of, á; Hi40, II Toltec heritage. 2.AS 4- 10^.- 107
nicaieeuM,, liilc of, 2:29, 10?, 107. 120. 136 Toltec people, 2 ^1^ (rom Tixhtepec, 2 1 12-1 :
TIacatl. See Man astronomical expertise of, 2 1Z8

: fhmiTuchpa.2:l3l. 132- 1 33; A; líULdfl2
TItiCiitLiiM) See Ritual stew sanilals of, Zl LM from Tuluca, 2 :66. 67: 4-711-'l
Tlacaxipehuali^.tli. m<inth of, 2 : 1 !2i ' I'^nV Tomilamatl. See Divinatory manual from IVjcoac. 2 1 37. 38; A. 112=111 : 1
'Hacaxipchualiztli celebration, 2: 155. 18"). 20<. TDniilpnhiialli. See Ritual calendar from .\ilotcpcc.2:60, 61-62; á:ú¿=£Z
Ill Tonalpauhqui. See .Men skilled in divination frotn XoconrKhco, 2 1 [6, IE 4 98 99 : IIU
TliKbpaniihz.tlt. See Ritual sweeping; Sweeping Tools from Xoootillan, 2:72, 73;4-74-?s
Tltichi/niauho/ warrior costume, 2111 agricultural. 182 from Yoallepec. 22i 4-S4-H5 ML
TIacbtli. See Ball omrt bone, 2j L£fi Tribuie-colleclion centers, 2: 17, jj

Tribute tollwors. 2j iL 5 ^H- £(L IIL US, V,.p:.h,.n.l as iributc from Tc|Kquacuilc(>, 2: ~9, 81:
\ agabondage, 2 T'9 • 4-78-70
awtiiing i>r, 2 2?q advice ag.iinst, 2: 226; 1; 144, LÜ as tribute from 'Hacheo. 2 7ft. 77: 4: 76-77
IVilniit' clcrmands punishment for, 2i 178; UÍL.1Í1 » tribute fnwti Tlachuuiavct). 2: 1 10. 1 1 1;
ciiniplcxiticsDl, 2::111 I 87n9

hii, 2:8ft, 4 'M-05
Varnish, yellow. 2:8«, 89, 146 as tribute from rialco<.auhtitlan.2: 88. 89;
Tribute periods, syinhol of, 2 11; á:!22
: Varnished gounl bowls, 2:44, 76, 77, iU 4:84-8s
Tribute textiles. .SVr (clothing V'cintana ceremonies, 2: lil as tribute from Ilapacoyan, i; 125. 126; A; 104-
Triple AJIiincc, 2:15.
80.%.9'). lOi, no. III. 121, Hi. Ill
J¿ 42, 47-48. 52. H 79- Vengeful deities, 1; 183, 221L m
as tribute fromT]apan.2:83,86;4: Itl^üJ
spies for, 7 ^(14 War. Seealsu W'arfire as tribute from llatelolco. 2:32. 33:4-4>-43
Tripiidbowl.2:l67. IM (îhuacoatl as an omen of, 2: IM as tribute from 'Hatlauhquitcpcc, 2: 128, 129;
Tripixl sauce bnui. 2 : IM material gain from, 211 4 Klft-lir
Troops, 2:85. 103. 107. lil method of waging, 2:2I0: 4: H8- as tribute from Tochtepcc. 2:112. 1 13;
in garrison towns, 2 l22 signs of, 2 TU 4-W^-97
Tropical feathers. 2: 16. 1 14 See also Rich feathers between 1 enochtitlan and Quauhnahuac, 2: HI as tribute from Tuchpa. 2j liL Uii 0'*-'09
Tnunc); punishment for, 2 L12 : titles of. 1 34, lil as tribute from Tuluca. 2:66. 67; 4: 70-71
Trunk of firewood. 2 1 2:1. : War captives, A; HJ- n5 See alut Captives as tribute from Tzicoac, 2: 137. 138: -i- 1
TiilniLir c.irplup%, 2 195, ¡96, 20J. 204, 2 IÜ.
; housing of, 2- yx 111
Tuchpa-st>^c cloaks, 2j I?2. 113 as tribute. 2:28 as tribute from Xilotepec, i'M^ <i\^ A f>i,-i,1
Tulc. 2: 147-148 War club, 2175 See alio ()l>sidian-e(lged club as tribute Iroiii Vojltepee. 2 :92. 93: 4 84-85
Tuheiilieteulli. 2:iS W'ar council room, fL 142, Lli txio-captive priest-warrior, 2 IW; 4:135
;
Tulucin people, 2 66, ZU ; Warfare Warrior hairstx le. .V<<- Pillar-<if-stonc hairsrvic
Tumpllne, 2:153. 161. 162. IHO: 4^ 125. 129. Ill depirtion of. 2iJ IJ^ 4i 132 Warrior insignia. .SVr Back deviix-s
Tunn.-, women's. .SVr Blou:s«!<, wwiien's ide<ili>g> unilerlying, 2: 184 Warrior ranks, i; 175, 183- 185; é. 132- HO
Turkey meat, ? 2I8 implements associaled with, 2 2H1 Warriots. See nfm Seasoned w arriors
Turkey stew, 2: 169 pervasive influence of, 2 :Í2Í2 provisioning of, 2 - .''2.^
Turquoise, 2: 1?}. IM training for, 2: 66; i: Hi seasoned, 2j IIH

Turi]uoise heads, i 108, U12 Warfare sxinbols, 2:9, 20, 216. See also Conquest training of youths by, i; 128-129
1 urquoisc diadcin. 2^8, LL LL 16. 18. 20.22.24- symbols Warrior's shield. 2: See iilsit Shields
25, 187, Lit indicating pris<îner tribute, 2: 112U Warrior training. 2j 172-173
Turquoise earplugs. 2 L12 : shield/arrows, 2i 148; £;9. HJ, 12, 14, 16. 20, 25. Water
Turquoise masks. 2 :2i- 21 29.31 depiction <if. 2l 148
as tribute. 4 :84. &S Warplvph. 2:i significance of. 2:212
Turquoise mining, 2 -91 WargiKl. 2 168, 113 Water animal. 2 22. 23nl
Turquoise mosaic 232
disk, ¿j 1.33. Warrior ci»stume5 Walerb.isin.2:Lia
Turquoise-inosaie weaving Mick, 2 164 : a.vole.2i l89. 195. 139 Water bow I, 2.:1Ü
Turquoise plates. iL 108, IM iuexmatl 2j Lti2i Water-tly eggs, 2: Mil
Turquoise stones, 2:'W. 92, 93, Lil live-eapiive priest-warrior. 2.; 198: i; 135 Water ftjIL. 2j 1 59. liii
as tribute. 4:84. SS frightfiil-spectrc. 2: >l I Water suppi)'. 2: 155
Tu.vtec lanpuagc. 2 80. 82
; gold.ldifi Water ssinUils. 2:212
•'14 Wax, as tribute, 2:78. LI2
Twelve-ycar-oltls, instruction of. 2: 161: A; 124. Httizniihiiatl. 2 '
HI j.)gtiar, 2: IM W ax l<».ives.2 :íiá

"Tuistcil" cloaks. 2-138 nniltiple uses<>f,2:211 Wax priMliHlinn, 2: IQQ
Twisted honey tortilla, 2: 155 ()toiiii.2:189 Wearing apparel. See C^lothing; Costumes; War-
Tw isted olKidian serpent cloaks, 2 •60, lil of pricst-w arriors, 2 1 94 - 95
1 rior costumes
Tw istcd-yarn cloaks, 2 &i : ranks associatetl with. 1; 184-185; !; 132-135 Weaver's workhasket, 2155
Two-captive priest-warrior, 2 194, 1 98; 4: 135 starry-sky. I; I'M. 198 Wearing
Two-captive warrior, 2: [84, 18^ UJ i three -captive priest-warrior. 2" 198; 4. 1 35 as a female attribute. 2: 1Ú2
Twi>-heade<l snake, i; Ll¿ Tii«\-yahii¡iiiil¡, 2' ^14 inslrtictiim in. 124, Lli
1 pnf; up, as punishment. 2: liH. Set aim Staking Tlacaludtl, 2 'H skill in 2 l-V.
Tziihiutliaxitl. Ser Spinning bowl Tlnhiiiiiaiihfo, 2-111 Weaving slick, 2: 164; i: LÜ

TzitzimitI heaildress, 2-^13 ¡TaaxkaUatLljJM W Vdiling i-eremon>', 2 167; iL 126, LH
Tzitzimitl w arrii it ci Mtunie, 2 : 34, 36, 37, 39, 41. as tribute from .-Voilhuacan, 2:37, 39; 4-47 -40 W eepiiiK. significaiK'e of, 2: 112
42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, i L 52, £i 55, 57, 58, 66, as tribute fntni Atotoniico de Pedraza, 2: 52. 53; W bile CHKS. 2: li 16, 18, 20,22. 25. 33
67, 76, 95, 97, 125, 12ÍL See also "Frightiiil spec- *(<!> -M While copal. UM
tre" warrior eoMuiiie as Iribiilu Irom Xlotoniloiel Oramlc. 2: 57. 58; While cotton cloaks. 2:Mii2¡iIÜÍS:êL
Tzompantli. Ste Skull rack 4 8}L89,0tL9L 92.93. 104, 106. 108. lOOnlL
Tzonth See I lair symbol as tribute from .Vxocojian, 2 50, 51; 4- 58-50 ; 125. Uh
Tzontli nutnlier sj-mlnil, 2 -61 as tribute from Chalo». 2 ^95, 9T^4 8A-87 "Whitewashed" shield. 2-113
Tzotzapazríi. Ser Batten as tribute from ( jiav\ltahuai.:an. 2: 102. 104; Whores, di-scripiion of, 2: lüQ
4:9(>-Vl W'h<iring, punishment fur. 4: 1 31
Vnznaiiailaihiiai. title of, 2:203 as tribute from Cuellaxtlan. 2 122. 124; 4: 102 - Wind god.2:i8i DJO
Umbilical cord
burial of, á: 1 18, US
m
as tribute from I luaxtepec, 2:44 45, 46: 4-53-
W'inding-navcl -string warrior costume. 2: 104
Wind-jcwel-spiral cliuks, 2:Zü
cutting of, 2: 145 Ü Wind ornament design. 2 184
Underclothing, as tribute, 2:1)8 A% irihutc InMii I liu-ypiitliihi, 2 <4, - 55-, 4:62-6^ Winds, pcrvinultties ot, 2-163
Undcrw orld, 2:205, 2JJ as tribute from < )euilan, 2:69. 70; 4-7.''-'3 Wines, augmented. 2:233. See alsv Fermented
Unlucky days, 2:7n39. See aim Day signs; Xemon- as tribute from Petlacaico, 2:34, 36; 4:44-46 drinks; PtiUjue drink
temi period as tribute from Quahuacan, 2 63, 64; 4:68-69 : Wisdom, colors representing. 2 ^ '7
Unrefined copal, 2 76, 78, 79; 4j 78-70
; as tribute from Quauhnahuac, :41, 42-43; WVtman i-onnetted to novice priest, 2j 181; 129.
Unspun -cotton ear ornaments, 2 184. 13i ;
4-50-5? LU
Upper-class women. See Noblewomen as iribufc from Quauhtitlan, 2 47, 49; 4- 5ft-5" : Womanhood, symbols of, 2 111 :
Upward mobility, based on militar)' valor. 5^ as tribute from Quiauhteopan, 2:90. 91; Women. See aim Females
Warrior ranks 484-85 ludy color id, 2j
Copyri.
Women, (cmrínurJ) XiaiMiuhqui skirt design, 2-61 Ytîl. See Palm fiber
(luring chililbirih, 2: LIS See Half-sphere howls
Xiailli. Yiifiil cloaks. 2 22 :
drunkenness among, 2:235. 2i& XuaUtcomati Set Narrow-mnuihed gourd howl Year ^y\A\\ 2:8: A:^
executions of, Aj LÜ XtnUi. See Sleeveless jacket Years. 2:7n37
as t'i;aihcrwi>rkcrs, 2iil2 Xihuiil See Turquoise; Years Yetacozano .SVr Jewcl-of-EhecatI doak: Wind or-
as palace servants, 2 221 .\ipe Totcc, 2:21 \ nament design
as sacrificial victims, 2j±££ XiquipiUi. Set Priestly bag symbol: Sacrificial bag Tobacco gourd
Yeitecmiatl. See
use uf i-ulor tt> (levijrnaie, 2 : IM Xiuhca()ui,2:! Yellow amber. liilS

WimtcnS ttinic, 2 : Srralso BIciuMfN, uiimen's .Xiuhcaquin, 4:7, 2 Yellow body color, 2 Liá :
WiHoen who died in childbirth, 2: hiá Xiuhnaiaihtti. See Turquoise earplugtt Yellow dyes, i: U2
Wíiod, as trihute, 2:97; 4 r<SH-OT Xiuhtecuhtli,2:l67. 168, 169, 170.219 Yellow earplugs, 2; 18i
\V(Knlcutlers, Zl12A Xiuhllaii.2:m6 Yellow gourd bowls, 2 86 :
Wuodoitling, 2 :22 XMttom/birds.2:lM Yellow-headed parrot. 2: 33n5 1
U'iKHlen battle stick, 2:i Xiuhuitztlli. .Wl unjuoise diadem Yellow lip plug (labret), 2 129-130, 185. 190.
W'tioilcn beam*, 4:68, 62 Xiuiit. See Years 196; 4:96, 97, 102, llü
as tribute, 2:63, 64 XachicMauail. Set C jcao drink Yellow pigment, 2 K1
Wooden bins, <ft Xoihipixfue. See Flower-growing specialists YellowvTirnish,2:8«,a2
Wooden slave collar, 2:>(>6; 4 M7 Xochiquctzal, 2 l¿¿ : as tribute, 4:84, 8i
Wood products, 2^ 111, 121. 112 Xoehitl. See Flower YahiuUi. Set Night
as tribute. 2^ 100 Xochidilpan. 2 205 : Yopitti temple dedication. ? < ^0
Wood resources, 2: 101 Xochiyavtl. See Flowery w ars Youaipamitl. See Night banner
Wood rods, as tribute, 2 82
: XKhiyairistt. See Flowery wars Young men's house, 2 l¿á :
Xocovol. 2:5;4:7. 2 training at, 2: 172. 128

of weavers, 2j L£i XolotI, 2 2H Youths, 2iII6;a;l40. HI
VViirld-renewal ritual, 2iIlL See New Fire .Vo/of/head,ÍLlU education of, i; nn-l?9
( x-reiiiiiny Xoloil w arrior costumes, 2 36, 42, 43,
: ü hairsf)'lc of, 2j L2i
Woven mat. See Reed mats Xomimid, 2:5:4:7. 2 trainmg of, 2 226:
Wrap-around skirt. Srr Skirts Xopilli back device. See "Claw" back de»ice Yscuca language.
Wreath head ornament, ? Xopilli insignia, 2 : U, á¿ Yucca sandals, 2 180 :
Xopilli warrior cootuiiie, 2:34. 36. 37, 39,45, ^ Yzcoaci.4: 16. 18

Thatched hous«
Xacalti. Stf
XienJnltuhgui shield, 2 H
36. J2i Í2. díj Í2i i
:
YiKometitU design, 2: 189
Yaiimetzili nose iirnament, 2j 167, 169. 12S
Za|>otec language,
li Uü
2 107-
: lf>«
ií.5>i>íti6ii62.ZíLZL!lL5!á2*í2!líLllL '/Mipotei,
in. 124, 1 38. I KS. 1 W. 204. ILL See also .Sicp- Zoo, ropl, 2:224
frct shield
Copyr
Color Folios
Folio 2r. The Foonding oflenochtitlaii

Folio 4v: Qmquests úf C3itmalpopoct!t Reign
FoUo lOn CanquesB oS Auyocad^ Rdgn
FaUo 13r Conquests of Ahultzotl^ Reign
Folio 17v: Imperial Ouposts
Folb 20l': The Pidtoxx of Pebcaloo

Folio 37r The Province of TepequacuUoo
Folio 46r: The Province of Ibchtepec
Folio 47r: The Province of Xoconochco
Folio 52r; The Pro>incc of Tuchpa
Folio 60r: 'l'hc RL>;)r¡np <it"(]hililroii Ages 1 1-14
FoUo 61r: Formal Education ^nd Marriage
Folio (Ar. Fonnal F.ducation and Subsequent Militan,' I lierarcliy oí Commoner Vuuths
Folio 65 r: Militar)- Hierarchy atid Subsequent C>areers of Priests and Noliles
Folio 67r: Preparations for an Attack; High- Ranking W arriors in Battle Attire
Folio 71 v. Life): End: Punishments and Rewards

TENOCHTITLAN-I OI I<v :r
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CHI.MALPOPOCA-FOLIO 4V
AXAYACATt-FOLIO lOf
IMPERIAL OITPOSTS-FOLIO I7V
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PETLACALCO-FOLIO 20r
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TOCIITEPEC-FOLIO 46r
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XOCONOCHCO-FOLIO 47r
TUCHPA-FOLIO 52r
FOLIO 6ur
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- I V
VOLUME 4
Pictorial Parallel Image Replicas

of Codex Mendoza
with Transcriptions and Translations

of the Spanish Commentaries
and
Translations of the Spanish Glosses
Cü^j y ;ed material

Fouo iir
iu.fe
Honra oieiiGtna Ilisp.inica cam
figuró» quasi hierogly-
pliicás7
See Parchas^ PUgrims

Lib. V. cap. vii. p. 1066.
(1625) I.1.3..\rtSelcL
Mexican Hispanic History with
fttoj-hieroglyiihic 6giiia.
FOLIO iiv
d. yourcsclfc in gold r)'dingc to
Ion den 7 th of September 1587 / v'
FOLIO ir
A. THEÜETUS A. I'HEVET Above all, treedora-
Comienza la ysioría
y fundaviun de la vibdad de medoo fundada E Here begins the history of the dry oiMexico, tbundcd and popu-
poblada por kw mencanos que en aquella Sazón se nonbnmn me- lated by the Mexicans, vho in that time called themselves Mexi-
gíú I los quales

. el origen que nibieron de ser señnri"> \' de sus hc- cans [//!e(iti]. This histor\ rel.iies, briefly and in summary, haw
chos y vidas / brcue y sumaríamcna' En esta >'5Cuha se declara / se- they came to be lords, and their deeds and hvcs, as the follou-ing
gún que por las pinturas e figuras susgesinaniente van significadas A |ñctnres and figures demonstrate.
En el año de mili y trecientos y veinte y i]uatro años después del In the year 1^24 after the comintr of our lord and sa\ ior Jesus
aduenimyenio de nuestro señor y saluador Jesu Christo /. los me- Christ, the Mexicans arrived at the site ot the city ot Mexico, and
néanos llegaron Al asiento de la ^bdad de meneo /. y como les since they Uked the space and site after having wandered for many
quadrase el espacio y asiento della después de aver muchos años years in their journey from place to place, in some of which they
peregrinado en su viaje de tierras en tierras / y en algunas dellas had stopped for some \ ears, having left from a distant land. In the
avtr hecho paradas por algunos años Aviendo partido de lexos couise of their joume> . h.u mg not been content with any of the
tierra /. en la prosecu(,'ion de su viaje no .iv yciidoks coiucniado en stops they had made, they arrived at the site of .\le\ico.
las paradas que avian hecho / Aportaron al lugar de mexico /. £n la At that time all (the region) was inundated with water, with im-
qual sazón estaua todo anegado de agua con grandes matorrales de mense diidcets ofrushes that they called n/r, and extensñe maishes '
Enea que llaman ruli' / y carrizales muy grandes a manera de bos- like forests. '!"he entire site had a crossway that was ot clear water,
ques / tenia en todo el espado del asiento vna encru9ijada de agua and was free of the thickets and marshes. The crossway was in the
limpia y desocupada de los matorrales y carrizales / la cpial en- form of Saint Andrew^ cross, as the drawii^ shows. And almost at
manera de aspa de s.int andrcs sc<run que en let figu-
crucijada era a the center and middle of the site and crossway the Mexicans [wi
rado hazc demonstration /. y casi al Riñon y medio del espacio y found a great stone or rocky hill, on top of which flourished a
encnifijada haOarao los mefiti vna piedra grande o peñna florido large pricldy pear cactus, where a red-tailed eagle had its aerie and
enfima vn tunal grande en donde vn itnnl.i .uui.il tenia su manida fecdinii L'Tnunil: and the area was Covered with boiies ofbírds and
y pasto según que en el espado del estaua poblado de gucsos de many tcathcrb ot diverse colors.
aves y muchas {dumas de diuersas odores /. y como todo el asiento And since they explored the entire region and found ir fertile
obiesen andado y [)aseado ) le hallasen fertil y abundante de ca(,-as and full (hf s:.iriie iiirds, fish, .md shellfish with which they could
de aves y pescados y cosas mariscas con que se poder sustentar y susuin themselves and profit in their trading with nearby towns,
apnmediar en sus grangerias / entre los pueblos comarcanos /. y and because the water [provided) a defense [so] that their neigh-
por el Reparo tie I.in .ijjuj-. que no Its piullcstii mis vezinos enp{e) lior-- cinilJ no; Imtiii tliern. .iiid for other rt.isons. tlu\ deterinitied
(cr y por otras cosas y causas determinaron en su peregrination
/ not to proceed further in their journey. /\nd with this determined,
no pasar adelante I. j ansí deRrmynados de hed«o se hiñeron they strengthened their position u»i^ die waters for walls and
fuertes tomando por murallas yferca las aguas y cnbwcad.is de los fences, and reeds and marshes for ambuscades. .\nd to inaugurate
tulesy carrizales /. y dando principio c origen de su asiento y the foundation of their settlement they decided tu give the site a
poblaron fue determinado por ellos nonbrar y dar titulo el lugar name, calling it Tenochtitlan [temiihtHiim] because of the prickly
llamándole tcnuthritlan / por Razón y causa del tunal producido pear cactus growing on the stone, for Tenochtitlan means, in Our
subte piedra /. porque tcBOChtitlan j-ntciprctadu en nuestro caste- CastiUan, "prickly pear cactus growing on a stone."
llano dixe tunal produzido sobre piedra /. El exerfito mexicano The Mexican army chose for its captains [amBBati ten penons
truxo por caudillos diez personas nonhradas /. otêlopan / quapan / named (1(,eIo]VMi, ()ii.ipan, Acagtii, .Xhuexotl, Tenuch, Tei;ineuh.
Acacitli / Ahuexod / tenudt / teîneuh / xominiitl / xocoyol / Xomimid, Xocuyul, Xiuhcaquin, and Atotutl, who arc likewise
xhihcaquin / Atototl / que ansi mysmo en lo figurado hazen de- shown in tlie drawings. These, having agreed together, elected
tnosrra(,"ion /. los quales .Viendo '
heclio su asienro Fhiru-roii por Tenuch as head and lord l^nlnr], so that he should govern them,
cabera y señor A tenuch /. para que los governase como persona since he was a person especially gitted widi leadership abilities.
especial para ello y en quien concurrían paites y abiKdad para exer- And the remaining captains were responsible for supeivision of the
9er señorío/, y los denias caudillos (|ue fuesen como fueron sii>- rest of the populace.
hazedores y capitanes de la demás jente popular /. y en el discurso In the course of some years, the inhabitants were multiplying
de su población Auiendo pasado algunos años y multiplicando su and so the city was named Mexico, a name derived from the Mexi-
jente ,\nsi itnstiif» fue noiihrada la (,'ibdad / mexico A Von-
.'. cans, n.iFTiini; ir the place .md site of the \le\ii ;ms, \nd as the
brado / y denuado de los mexicanos /. nonhrandose lugar e aliento people had developed as daring and w arlike, thev gaie \ enr to their
de mexicanos /. y como la jente se obiese en algo aunentado / spirit by overcoming their neighlxirs. Thus by force of arms they
como jente osada y belicosa dieron principio a sus animas en preua- manifested (their power) by subjecting as vassals and tributaries
Icêr sobre sus vezinos /. y ansi por fuerza de armas lo manifes- two towns near Mexico called Colhuacan and
i.iron en quc Sometieron por sus vasallos y tributarios / a dos
pueblos comarcanos de mexieo nonbrados colhuacan / y
1. In Nahujtl, totím ur tuüiii. 2. Jutui Scltlen's inuttu, written in Grodi.
FOLIO ir • 7
POLIO IV
tenayncin / qne ansí mismo parece y haze demostración por lo fi- Tenayucan, which also appean and is sbom in tlK drawings. This
gurado /. lo <|0>1 paso en el discurso del señorío tic tcnuch /. que happened duriiig the rei<:n oriemidi, which lasted fiftyKMie yean,
fueron (incoeiitay vn años / y al Remate dellos / murió /. at the end of which he died.
lo figurado de azul en los margines desta ystork / cada vna ca- Each little compartment or divióon figured in blue in the raar-
sita o apartad" '-ignifica \ti año/ y 5on el numero de años y bidas gins of this histor)' means one vcar. and they [refer ro] the number
que tuvieron los señores de mexico / y para que abiertamente y of years in the reigns of the lords of Alexico. To understand the
dan de entienda / lo fignrado y la cuenta y nonbres de ios afios es drawings and the ooum and names of the years, observe that eadi
f:i lf)s puntos de rada 1.T1 apartado c"nta\-3n por el punto pri- division has dots, counted from one to thirteen, and rcnirning to
mero numerando hasu llegar a treze puntos / y de alli delante (or- begin at one, and so on, until it arrives at thirteen, although each
naban a dar principio «n su cuenta A vn pumo y suscesioamente division and little com pa rtm ent has a diflferent glyph. But the es-
yban discurriendo hasta Ile^r a los tre/c jnintos / avnquc en los sential count is that of -in- dots, and it matters little which \car
aportados y casitas están diuersas figuras /. pero la principal cuenta names are placed in each divi.sion or little compartment, numbered
e> la de ios pontos /. y avnqne haze pooo al caso en lo que cada vn one to thirteen. To nndemand this, and to aid the reader, the
apartado o ra^'n los nonbres de los años que nonbravan y ponian names with their interpretations are shown here.
en lo del numero del primer punto hasu los treze puntos / para
que se entienda se haae aqni por si señal y demosñafion de k»
nonbres con sus vntcrprctagoncs para dar nota al Ictor /.
en la orden y Regla de los apartados o casitas numeradas por In the order and rotation of the divisions or little compartments
años / en la casita donde pende vn Ramo con su pie y a manera de munbend by years, tlie litde compartment that has a branch hang-
flor / significa año aziago forrusto que
mexicanos tenian y los te- ing vs'ith its trunk, and like a flower, signifies a vear of had fortune
mian / diziendo que sus antepasados de tiempo ^Tuneniorial les that the .Mexicans had and feared, sa)ing that their ancestor, trom
avian deiado aviso quB en los tales afkis que snsêdian de qncuenta time hnmemorial had declared that such years, which appeared
y dos en înaicnta y dos años eran pcliirrosfií fornutos c aziagos cverv fifr\'-rwo vean>, were dangerous an<i unlucky because in such
por causa üc que en tales años avia sido el diluvio de aguas ge- years a universal flood had occurred, and also an eclipse of the sun
neral /. y ansi mismo la tenebrosidad de edipse de sol y terremoto and widespread earthquake. And so in such a year they performed
VTiiuersj! A \' ansi en el ral año ha/ian irrandes sarTÍ(i(,*i()s \- (.eririio- rre.u t:icrifices and ceremonies ro their pods, and when the precise
tuas a sus diales y se daban a ha/er penitencia y se absienian de dav and hour of such a year arrived, they did penance and ab-
todos errores para quando llegase el ptopio dia y ora del tal año /. stained from all misbeha\ior. During the entire day they extin-
en el qual dia generalmente apagavan todos las lumbres y fuegos guished all lights and fires until the day ended, and, at day's end,
hasta que pasase el dia / y pasado encendían lunbre nueva trayda de they lit new hres [from a hrcj carried from a hill by a priest.
vna siem sacada por vn sacerdote
nine twelve
enUic' / tunned I flintfaiife /faorhoiae / Gvenbhit / lixmi! / flimbiüc Hini Lnitc / house / rabbir
000 oOOqDo
® OOGO 00300 OOOCD D| 000005 50CdOc
8 Í
0 0
tvrcK'i:
aght huux / luni' nttlnt / ten md / flini kiufc / bouse
lo de suso que esta escrito de colorado son los nonbres que That which is written above each division in red arc the names
ponían a los años que es cada vn aparto /. y la yntcrprctaôn de los of the years. And die interpretation of such names are chose below
tales nonbres ton los de abazo de vn apartado /. en lo de lo eadi dnisian. Where an V* is written in red, wfaidi is ten, Aey call
colorado donde esta nmnemerado [sie] vna x. que scm diex / (it]>
nonbran. matiacüi/.
1. Tin row of glones. above ihc year glyphs, if wrinsu in Nihuad.

2. 11k aimoator mined a number here; kgic, and tiw glyph, iodlcwe dm
this should be "eight house."
V Having lumpcil the num()crin;: tM.-ii seven T(j nine, the amuMalor il
rcallv m trouhlc now rhc nymbcrmg sequence tor year cuunts only eDDOm-
p3«.sc J I ; \ and ÜKii returned M> 1. It il C^KCttUy odd tO find tÚ> MTt of OPPOSITE: FOLIO 2r
crnir in the Náhuatl i;l(>\seh
4, I h.iv rrm lit f;l(isM>., Ir'Iiiw the yi Mt K^pln, "oiu n 111 Spanish. L'niike I. The glosses for Acafidi (Reed-Hue) md Ofebpan Clagur-Bamief)
the Nahuad above, (he numbering sequence, like ü)e glyph», is coma. should be reversed.
8 • FOLIO IT

TENOCHTITLAN-FOLIO 2r • 9
ACAMAPICHTLI-FOLIO ZV
FOLIO 3r
El ;iñ<) tic mill y trczicntos y setenta y siete' en el dicho señorío In the year 1377,' Acamapichtii succeeded to the said lonlship and
y governacion susfedio acamapichtii / y durante su señorío por government. And during his reign he won and conquered by force
faer^ de armas gano y conquisto / k» pueblos contenidos en las of anm dM towns contained and named in the dnwii^ whidi are
pinturas y en ellas nonlirnio'. '
i]uc son '
qii.nihn.ihii.u '
\ mu- Quanhnahuac. Mizquic. Cluitlahuac. and XcKhimiIco, and which

quic y cuitiahuac /. y xocliinnico / ios qualcs hicron tributarios
/. were tributaries and acknowledged vassalage. While the said Aca-
Reconociendo vasallaje /. k» años que l»iiio d dicho acanupdi en mapididi was ruler, he had many wives, daughters of all the
el dicho señnri 1 rrm por exerp^ e )nictina(ion tener much;is nobles lit \Il'\ícii. In, uliom he had mans children [sons].' I hese
mugeres hijas de todos los principales de meñco en las quales obo children were the ancestors of the many warrior caaquts and cap-
muchos hijos que fueron origen de se ampliar muchos caciques y tahtt who increased and extended the great power of the dty of
capitanes s;ente belicosa mediante los quales se fue anncntando y ,'
Mexico, as fiifther on the drawings, with their explanatkms, wUI
ensanchando la (ibdad de mexico en gran potestad según que sus- show.
qesívamente en sus discursos por lo figurado con sus aclaraciones
va significado /'.
las dos hguras con sus títulos e nonbrcs de acamapich son vna The two figures of Acamapichtii, with his titles and names, are
nqnma cosa Resumida en sustancia por que la primera figura de- the same. The first figure denotes the beginning and succession to
muestra el prinijipit) v Mi>(,esi(ui del ilicho señorío y la segunda
.'. the said lordslnp. and the second tiirure denotes the year following
figura demuestra el año después que sus^cdio en el dicho señorío / his succession to the said lordship, when he began to conquer and
quando enpeô a conquystar e sujetar ks dichos quatro pueblos /. subjugate the said four towns.
el dicho señorío tuvo «lisciirso de \ c\Tire y vn años al cabo de los The said lordship lasted twent\-one years, at the end o) «liich.
qualcs murió y paso dcsta presente \ida el dicho acamapich /. el in the year 1398,' the said Acamapichdi died and passed from this
qual dicho (allecimyento(iie en el año de myll y trczicntos y no- present life. It is attested that "five" is marked out; in the margin
\enia y (u ho años' '.
va testado o diz (jinco no cnpczca / va cn el above it sa\-s "seventy-seven." l et it stand. It is attested that
margin de aRiba o diz setenta y siete vala /. va testado o diz y "twenty-six" is marked out; between the lines it says "and ninety-
veynte y aeys no enpezca / va entie Renglones o diz y nobenta y eight years." Let it stand.
odio aiios vala
1. There appears to haw been • ttqucnce of chan^ here, from UOS to
IJ75 tolJ77.
2. frmdpalts were penoos of impomiM «MUK, wch staiurc gained
through birihri|ht and persoml adiicveflMna.

3. U is ambifuoiH whedier "sons" or "diydrai'* it memt.
4. *\ heipúit y scjn" ha» been cmiMl out and Kphoed by mncnta y
ocho aíkic F" at noted by die "conecur" in the final tiatenMM on diit page.
opposite: folio 2v
ACAMAPICHTLI-FOLIO * 11
OCXDDOO
12 • HUITZILIHUITL-FOLIO 3V
FOLIO 4r
El año de mili y trezientos y noventa y seys' en el dicho señorío In the year 1)96, Huiizilihuitl [hui(ilybuitl], son of Acanupicfaili
SUSCedio hiii(;ilyhu¡(l /. hijo de acaniapich / y durante el discurso [aamiiîch], succeeded (o (he lonlship. And during his reign he
de SD señorío por fiierga de armas gano y conquisto ocho pueblos conquered and took by force of arms the eight towns that aie con-
que son los oontenydos en las pinturas de atrás yntituladoi k» non- tained and named in the paintings on the previous page. These
bicsde los dichos pueblos / los quaics fueron tributaríoa al señorío were trIhutLirics .ind subjects of the Mexican lordship. Huitzilihuitl
mencano / Reconociendo vasallaje /. el dicho huiîJyhiñd fue be- was warlike in battle and inclined to have many wives, by whom he
licaso en guerras e yndinado de tener mudu» mugeres de las had niaay children [sons] who added to the power of the Mexicans.
quales obo imicbos hijos / odd que se fue avmentando la grosedad
de los mexicanos
El discurso del señorío y vida del dicho huifilyhuiri fue vcv-ntc y Huitzilihuitl^ reign lasted twenty-<inc yean, as counted in the
vn años .il (ii) lie Ins ((iKilfs murió
y (i.iso dcsM presente vida/ little blue coni|);)rtiiicins. at the end of which he died and passed
según que en las ñguras de las casitas de azul / sun numerados /. va from this present life. It is attested that "twent}'-six" is marked out;
testado o diz veyme y seis no enpezca / va en el maiigin de aRiba o in the mai^gin above it says ''ninety-six." Let it stand.
diz noventa y seys vah
I. Hus imniber was changed fiom iwenty-six; the cometían is noicd at

the end of the oommentary.
opposite: folio jv
HUITZILIHVITL-rOLIO 4T • 13
Cop) liyi iGd material

figure ímticawt die role OÍ die
muarjln' of ihe putUu' of C3llloo<»ÍM>
rebelled igaiiun die Mariem, ddflf
them harm b}' breikin|f finroHw'
«Mi dw fact he bt* w hÑ Imdi. Abo,

ill* pcnoM ««K IdOcd in dM I
14 * CHIMALPOPOCA-FOLIO 4V
FOLIO $r
HI año de mili y quacrtmcncus' y «iic/ y siete- años en el dicho In the year 1417, on the death of Huitzilihuitl [bui<¡i¡yhiiitl\, Chi-
señorío demexko por fin y muerte de hui(,-ilyhuicl / sus^cdio c)ii- inaliMjpiKa [cbh>M^9puta] succeeded to the said lordship of Mex-
malpopuca en el dicho señorío / el dicho chimalpupuca fue hijo del ico. Chimalpopoca >vas the son of Huitzilihuitl, and during his
dicho huiîlyhuitl / y durante el dicho señorío sujeto por fuerza de reign he subjected by torce of arms the toHits of Tcquixquiac and
. 1 1
I is io^ pueblos de tcquÍM]iinc / y < hnico qucs vn gran pueblo y Chaico, which is a large town. They acknowledged vassalage and
Kecoiiovicndo va.sallaic pagavan tributo al señorío de mcxico / paid tribute to Mcxico, as shown by the paúKiogs on the previous
según que en las pinturas de arras haze demostraron / y tenyendo page. A few years after these townf had been subjugated, dte town
los dklios pueblos ansi sujetos el dicho pueblo de didoD como '
of ChalcQ, beii^ powerfid, fcbdled against the .Mexicans, killing
podenao Kabo de yertos años se Rebelo contra k» mexicanos / y ñve persons and damaging finir canoes, as indicated by the draw-
de la Rebeüoii se les Recrego a los mencanos daño en que les ings with their eiplanatioiis.
mataron (inco personas y les quebraron quatro canoas según que
atrás esta significado por las pinnins con sus aclaraciones /.
El discurso de su vida y señorío del didio chimalpupuca fueron The reign of Chimalpopoca lasted ten years, at the end of which
diez años al cabo de los quales murió / según que en la pintura de he died, as numbered in the little dliie coniparttnents in the mar-
las casillas de azul esta numerado en el margin ansi mysmo el dicho And also Chimalpopoca, in the course of his life, had many
gin.
cfalmalpupoca en d díscnno de su vida tuvo imichas mugeres e wñes and children (sons) because it was considered honorable. It is
hijos por que k» tenyan por grandeza va emendado o diz corrected to say "four hundred." Let it st.ind. It is attested that
quatroiiemos vala /. va teñado a diz quarenu y siete año cnpezca / "forty-seven" years is marked out; in the margin above it says sev-
va en el taugm de aRiba o diz diez y syete vala enteen. Let it stand.
1 . This may have read three hundri-d before die correction.

2. This had read "quanmta y siete," then "diez y nueve," then ñnally "diez
ysiett."
opposite: folio 4v FOLLOWING:

folios jv and 6r
This w»s (he t>pical Spanish referent for "Indian." la native parlance,
1.
could be tmislated as "dcizcn."

2. The wofdoMM it netther Spanish nor Nahiuad, bu ntther of Aiawak L Tbeannmaiijrundoubte(ttyintendedtoadddKaear'iniivefStl*'puclilo,''
derivation. bw rta OIK of room at the nargin.
CHIMALPOPOCA-FOLIO $r * 15
Tt<Kall«ic>'icjn pueMn
16 • rrzcoATL-rono jv
ITZCOATL-FOLIO 6t ' 17
Copy lighted material

FOLIO 6v
En el afto de myll y quatrocientos y veynte y siete' años en el dicho In the year 1427, at the ileath of Chimalpopoca, Itzcoad \yzeiMzi\
señorío lie mexico por fin \ muerte de chimalpopoci siis<,cdi<i en el succectietl rn the lordship of Mexico; he was the son of Acamapich-
dicho señorío / yzcoaczi hijo de acaniapich / señor que fue de tne- tli [acamapkb], who had been lord otMexico, and during his reign
xíoo y dttnmtedicho señorio gano y conquysto por fuerza de
el be won and conquered by farce of arms twenty-lbur towns, which
armas weynte y quatro pueblos que son los figurados antes desta arc those drawn r>n the pre\ious page. He subjugated these towns
plana los qnales pueblos de vna entrada que hizo los sujeto al .seño- to the lordship ot Mexicxi in one expedition, since, like Acamapich-
ríode meneo por ser como fue el dicho acamapich valiente y beli- di, he was valiant and wutilce, and a man of good hidgment and
coso en .irmas y onbrede buen ju>7.io c \-njenyoso en muchas cosas clever in man\' things; so with his able leadership these lovuiv pave
por donde con sus buenas )'ndustrias sojuzgo los dichos pueblos los tribute and recogmzcd vassalage, ItzcuatI had many wives, by
quales le tribntavan Reconociendo vasallaje /. el dicho yzcoaizi tuvo whom he had seven sons and daughters.' .'Vnd he reigned thirteen
muchas mupcrcs <le las (iiiales tino siete hijos e hijas' /. v en el dicho years, at the end of which ItzcoatI died and passed fmm this pres-
señorío tuvo curso ele irc/.e años al lin ele los quaics el dicho ent life. It is attested that ''mne" is marked out; in che margin
yzcoatzi falleció y paso desta presente vida /. va testado o diz nueve above it says "seven.** Let it stand.
no enpeica A va en el margin de aRib* o diz siete vala
1. Ttds number was changed; the correction is noted at the end oi itie
Tins b a dcpanwe from (he earlier formula, where the csacimunber of

2.
oi^wiiig b not giwiL Pnfcq» the number was small enough in tiiii case ID be
18 • ITZCOATL-FOLIO 6v
POLIO yr: blank
following:
FOLIOS 7v and 8r
FOLIO 7r • 19
Cüj_ j y lad material

I. .\ppjli.-l'llv rhi. >nniiMt'ir h kÍ r-.c r->Mn .r iht cxip: ol the (m^l !< tliL ||m ,4
"yiKbhi." I h» wi^ umluutttciily jiui iii uniijuon. iinct I'cpcquaciiitco and I UiUuh-
<|iiÍMpcc«ci«iiii|iafnmcmKn,c«CD|irorindricq^ MOTECUHZOMA ILHUICAMINA-FOLIO 8r ' 21
r.nr-yiiijfih-'ri tn aterial
FOLIO 8v
En el afto de myll y quaqentos fsíc) y c|iiarenta' años en el dicho In the year 1440, on the deadi of Itzooatl (ysMnzrl, Huehue Mote-
señorio ele mcxico por fin y muc-rtc de )'7coat7'.i / suscili" d cuhzoma [gUtgtic mnti-cfumji^ sluiecded to the Satil lordship of
dicho señorío gueguc mottxvuina / hijo que fue de guyv*lyhuitl Mexico. He was the son oi ff uiizilihuiti [guypfybuiil], former lord
sdkM- qoe fue de mexíoo y durante el dicho seAorio oonquysio y of Mexico, and during his reign he conquered and won by force of
guio por fuer<â de armas trc\Tit,i \ tres pueblos «.ctriin que están arms thirn-thrcc towns, whicb are drawn on tbc previous page
figurados en las planas de atrás antes desta en ci circu}tu de la ti- around the tigure ut the !>aid 1 luchuc Motccuhzoma. And havii^
gura dd didio goûe inoceo(onM / y avyendolos sujetado al seño- [been subdued) to the lordship of Mexico, they paid tribute, ae-
rio de mexico le pagauan rriburn Reconrxîendo vasallaje / knowledtiing vassalage.
Este guegue motecfunia fue señor muy graue y seuero y apli- 'ITiis i iuchuc Motecuhzoma was a very serious, severe, and vir-
cado a víitod / y fue hombre de buen natun] y inyzio / y Enemigo tuous lord, and was a man of good temper and judgment, and an
de vi^îos malos / v por su l»u i' xnclinin^lon pii«i unlcn v l«-\ cs en
i enemy of evil. I Ic imposed order and lav^s for the conduct of life in
SU República y en todu sus vasallos de tomo avian de l»)uir st) his land and on all his subjeci.s, and imposed serious penalties for
gnúes penas que para ello puso las qualcs mandaua cxccutar sin breakine the lau-s. ordering execution widKMit pardon to any who
Rcmysion alguna al que las quebranraua / jkto no fue cruel / antes broke ihcin Rut he «as not cruel He was kind to his subjects and
benmo zcloso del byen y pro de sus vasallos / no fue viíjîoso en jealous ot their welfare. He was modérale with women, had two
mugeres /. tuvo dos hijos' / fue muy tenplado en el bcucr que sons,' and was very reserved in drinking; during his lifetime he was
jamas en el discurso de su vida no le sintieron en beodarse '
seu'uií never affected by diunkenness, although the Indians generally are

que ios naturales yndios en ijeneral son ynclinados en estrenio .1 la much inclined to drinking. Me ordered otienders to be corrected
beodez / antes al que tal ha/ia le mandaua corregir y castigar y
'.
and punished, and by his severity- and good example, he was feared
por su seueridad y buen enxenplo de su biuir fue temydo y Re- and respected by his subjects during his entire lifetime,' which was
spetado de sus vasallos todo el discurso de su vida' que fueron twenty-nine years, at the end of which he died and passed from
veynte y nueve años al cabo de los quales nnuyo y paso deata pre- this present life. It is attested that ''two" is maiked out.
sente vida /. va testado o diz y dos no enpezca
I. "V das" has hctn cutssed out.

l . Two soas sec ins tu lie an unrealttddUjr low figure, airiiough diii may be
referring in sons oí his first wife only.
3. Here as elsewhere in this aectiaa of die Menlm, "vkja" refcn to the
years of the niler^ reign.
22 * MOTECUHZOMA ILHUICAMINA-FOLIO 8v
FOLIO 9r: BLANK
FOLIO 9r * 23
FOLIO 9V
En el año de myll y quatroîentos y sesenta y nuebe' años en el In the year 1469, on the death of Huehue Motecuhzoma \pit^t
dicho scñoriii ik* mcxiot por fin y itiiicrtc ilc micglif inotct vniTUi / nmUCfltmái, Amyacatzin {.Lxayautî] succeeded to the said lordship
susêdio en el dicho señorio axayaciî de te(0(omocUi y / hijo of Menoo. He was the son of Tezozomoc \ft^moctli\ and grand-
nycto que fiie de yzcoatzi señor que fue de mexico / y durante el son of Itzcoatzin (yzcMfz/j, tbrmer lord of Mexico. And during
tiempo qiR' d dicho .ic;n,"i fuc SCñOT COüquysto y tr.ino por \\:n ,ic ir/inV rcitrn, he i onq-RTed and L'ained b\' ttiree of arms
íiicrâde armas trcjuta y siete pueblos según que sus^vsiuamcnte thirty-seven towns, drawn and tumcd in succession. i\mong these
están figurados y nonbrados /. entre los quales pueblas por fuerza towns subjected by Ibrce of anns during his reign was the town of
de armas sujeto dcb.ivo Jo su señorío el pueblo de thnilulco cos.i tic i'latelolco [tliirtliiho], an event of great note. .\nd the lord of Tlate-
mucha calidad / y el señor de tJatilulco en aquella sazón era mo- loico at that time was Moquihoix, a powerful and haughty man. He
quihuix. persona poderosa y de gran calidad y por ser de su natural began to pick quarrels and fights with the lord of Mexico, although
orgulloso / dio principio y oc.isif)n il k< ñnr de mcxico de disen- formerly the\ had l)ccn friends (ireat h.utles resvilred, in which
siones y guerras / avycndu los tycmpus antes tcnydo los por the said Moquihuix, lord of i'latclolcu, being pressed in battle and
amypos/. por la qual ocasión tuvyeron grandes Recnenios y fleeing to take refiige in a temple so he would not be taken pris-
batalin*. tn ilonde el dicho moquihuix señor de tlarilulco / murió oner, and beins; rebuked liy one of the temple's priests for cow ard-
despeñándose de vn cu o mezquita alta / por causa de que vyen- ice, flung himself from a high temple and died. In this way the
dose apretado en la batalla uymdo de vencida se entro en la mez- Mexicans emerged victorious, and since that time until the Spanish
i|iiitj .1 piarcijCr / pori|Uc no fuese preso Rc prcht n<l\í ndoIc \n
•.
conquest of Mexico, thi' ¡noplc of Tl itclolco w ere vassals of the
altaqui que en la mezquita estaua / Reputándoselo a corvardia lord of Mexico, paying tribute and acknowledging vassalage.
(sic] / se despeño oomo dicho es /. en la cpial sazón los mexicanos
salieron vitoriosos / y desde entoneles el pueblo de tiatilulcfi hasta
que los españoles conqu)'staron a mexico / tueron vasallos del
señor de meneo pagandde tributo y Recogiendo [sic] vasallaje /.
fue avay.ic.irzi muy valiente y belicoso en Riicrras y fue dado a .\\ayacat7in was \ aliant and warlike in battle I Ic « as \ erv .it
mugcres cun gran VÍ9Í0 por donde tubo muchas mugeres e hijos / traded to women and had many wives and children [son.s¡. 1 le was
fbe sobemio y boUiôso / por donde todos sus vasallos le temyan pflMid and restless, and all his subjects greatly feared him. He up-
en fstreino /. sustento v .ipnnio |wr bueno las leyes y fueros que su held and supported the laws and staruies that his predecessor Hue-
antcv<:sor guegiic motccvuina / puso según que en su historia sea hue Motecuhzoma made, as already mentioned in the history. .'\nd
hecho mynsion /. y en el dicho señorío tuvo airso de doze años al the said reign lasted twelve years, at the end of which he died and
fin <!c lo*; quales falle<,-i() v piso dcsta presente \ida /. passed from this present lik-.
vd testado o diz \-n I no cnpezca /. va en el margin de akiba o It is attested that "one" is marked out. In the iiiarjîii above it
diz nueve vala says "nine." Let it stand.
1. "Vn" has been cratied out and replaced by "nuebe."
upfosite: folio lur
24 • AXAYACATL-FOLIO 9V
Copyriyhtco ina.ui.a
Atlapulro. ptiebln
AXAYACATL-FOLIO I Of * 25
26 • AXAYACATL-FOLIO lOV
FOLIO I ir: BLANK
opposite: folio 10»
FULiu Mr • 27
Copyrighted niaierial
FOLIO I IV
En el año de myll y quatroficntos y ochenta y Dos' años en el di- In the year Ht(2, l izoc [ttô^kgtOH^ succeeded to the lordîhip of
cho wííorio de merioo por fin y muerte de anyieafi / RHêdio en Mexico on the death of his brother Axayacatl [Kurftmti^. And dur-
el vil; Su ^cñorio tiôîcat/in hcrmnno Jcl dicho axayacjtzi / y du- ing his reiun he conquered and trwk by force of arms fourteen
rante tiempo de su señorío conquysto y gano por íucr9a de
el towns drawn and named (on the following page].
•rmM catorae poeMos según que susceshiafnente estm fignndos y
nonbrados /.
ytcn el dicho tiôîcatzi tue por estremo valiente y belicoso en And the said i izoc was extremely valiant and warlike in battle,
armasymtesqiiesuscedyeseenel didwseñorio hizo por loper- and before succeeding to the said kmbhip, he personally per-
stina en las perras cwas hazañosas de valentía por dfimlf- íIi in(;o formed valiant deeds in the wars, for which he was iiu.irded tlic
tomar ditado de dacatccad / que tcnyan por titulo de gran calidad tide of 'I'latattcati. This title of high value and rank was the point
y estado y en el poneo de que en vacando ei dicho seüorio el tal and niik from whidi, in vacath^ fidd kifdship, he socoeeded 10 ^
punto ^ >''•"'"'
susíêdia lueijo en el dicho scnorio / lo qual ansi said n-lership, like his brothers, father, and grandfather before
mysmo sus antecesores hermanos atrás contcnydos y padre y agüelo him, who took the same course and rose from that tide to become
nivyeron d mysmo cuno del didio titulo y ditado por donde su- lords of Mexico.
bycron a ser señores de mexico /.
yten el dicho tiôf icatzin por avtoridad y estado del dicho seño- And the said Tizoc, by authority and rank of the said lordsUp,
río tuvo muchas mugeres e hijos qtte en días obo / y fue honbre had many wives and difldren (sons] 1^ Aem. And he was a serious
graue y scuero en mandar y ser temydo e acatado de sus vasallos / and severe mler, and was feared and respected by his vuhiec-ts. He
fue ansí m)'smo aplicado e ynclinado a cosas buenas y virrucisas y was, at the same rime, dedicated and incUned to good deeds, and
buen Republicano / e mando guardar y aprobar por buenas las was virtuous and a good governor. And he ordered to have pre-
leyes y fueros que sus antc<;csorcs a\yan amplido y guardado desde served, and approved as gixid !au> and charters, (the laws] that his
en tycmpo de guegue motecûma / y fue zcloô de punir y castigar predecessors had enlarged and preserved since the time of Motc-
h» malos viqos y delÍKM que SUS vasallos eomen an V ansi la Re- cuhzoma. And he zealously punished the vices and crimes that his
publica mexicana ruvo e! ncmpo de su \yda hordenada y bvcn subjects committed, and so diiruig his reign' the state ot Mexico
Regida / lúe el discurso de su vyda' 9Ínco años al lin de los quales was well ordered and well governed. He reigned hve years, at the
murió y paso desta présenle vida /. va emendado o diz dos vala end of which he died and passed from this present Ufe. It is cor-
rected, to say "two." Let it stand.
1. This number was changed; the COfiactioa it noted at the end of the
commcntarv.
2. In the Spani^, "vyda," or "Itfie."
opposite: folio \2t
1. Theninie»wiiticnTi(ocicMii,inihavagiieinBfaw<>mdieliaal'*L"
H
W% haw intapreced dm a fod "n," rather tluB a la^^
2. There are only ivejnnicpRwitBdgljFplikalljiL
28 • TIZOC-FOLIO I IV
MK|ut;tljn pwl>ln
TIZOC-FOLIO I2r • 29
Copyi i.jl ;od material

FOLIO I2V
En el año de myll y quatrofieiitos y ochenta y êis años en el dicho

' Ahuitzotzin |W/;n/v<n i«| succeeded to the lordship of Mexico on the
scñorio de mcxico por fin y muerte de ti(;o(,icatzi / susgcdio en el death of his brother Tizoc [ti(o()catzi] in the year 1 486. .'Vnd during
dicho señorío Ahuiôvin / hermano de su antcscsor ti(u(icatz.i '
y his reign he con<|ucrcd and won by torce ol arms the forty-five

dolante tiempo de su señorío por fuere*
el armas coiM|u>-<it() y ^ towns drawn and on the next page. Ahuitzotzin was like his
naiticd
gano quarenta y finco pueblos según que suscesiuamente están figu- predecessor and brother Tízoc in bravery and deeds of arms, by
rados y nonbrados / El dicho aguÍ9oîn fue semeiante en valentía y wliich he attained the tide of Tiacatecail, which means "great cap-
hechos de armas a su antecesor y hermano tiôpcatzi / por donde tain," and with that title he climbed and succeeded to the loidahip.
alcan^ titulo de dacatccatl / qucs significado por gran capitán /
y
del dicho tirulo vino a subir y sus^cder en el dicho scñorio /.
\-ten el dicho ahuivoîn / fue de su natural liun iiTidinado y .\nd Ahuitzotzin was by nature well tlisjiosed and virtuou^, and he
aplicado a coda virtud / y ansí enel discurso de su vida y señorío ruled well during the course of his reign, and confirmed and kept the
tuvo su República byen Regida y govemada / y cunplio e hizo statutes and laws that his predecessors had maintained and kept,
guardar los fueros y leyes que sus rntccgaom avian sustentado y MiKc the time of Hudnie Motecuhzoma. And die state of Mexico
guardado desde en tiempo de goegue motecûma / y como el es- had become very powerful, and had the greater part of this New
tado dd sejiorio de maáeo abjni ñbydo en gran magestad y tenia Spain subjected, recogiuzing vassalage and paying ridt tributes
la mayor parte desn nueva espufia sujetado Rccono(;îcndolc vasa- that brought much wealth to the lordshifi. .And as lie was powerful
Uaje y de los mochos e Rióos tributos que le tribuiavan vino a and generous, he gave large amounts to iiis friends. And he had a
mocha cumbre el didio seimio / y como poderoso y magnánimo temperate and gentle disposition, for whkh his subjects and cap-
hazia e hizo grandes cantidades a los suyos y fue de tenplada y tains loved him greatl)' and showed him great reverence. And also
benygna condition por donde sus vasallos y capitanes le amavan en he had many wives and children [sons] by them, as a matter of state
estiemo y le catavan gran Reuerencia /. ansí mysmo tuvo muchas and of hLs high position. Because of his dieerfnl nature, his sub-
muperes e hijos en ellas por ser cosa anexa al dicho scñorio y punto jects continually entertained him in his residence with diverse
de gran estado /. fue de al^re ooodicion por donde siH vasallos Idnds of feasts and music with singing and instruments, so that in
continamente en su vida le Restejauan con muchos e diuersos gé- his hooses the music never ceased, day or night. He ruled sixteen
neros de fiestas y músicas de cantos c v'strumentos ansí los días years, at the end of whidi he died and passed from this present life.
como las noches que en sus casas nunca vacaban cantores músicos
y mochos ystnimentos de músicas /. fiie el discurso de su vida diez
y scys años ,i| fin Je Ins qiulcs murió \ p.i'-n Jl :.i -.h l -liul \ ula /.
va testado o diz ocho no enpezca / va en el margm de aKiba o It IS attested chat "eight" is marked out; in the margin above it
dizaeys vak says "ñx." Let it stand.
1 I his nunitiLf u .is changed from ciglu w sia; the correction is noted ai
the end of the conimcntary.
opposite: folio I3r
30 • AHUITZOTL-FOLtO 12V
number of yean. 16
AHUITZOTL-FOLIO Ijr • 31
32 • AHUITZOTL-rOLIO 1 3V
FOLIO 14r: BLANK
opposite; folio ijv
1, Ttieever^pN>em"pucblo''i|ipeiniobel(miniliemiipnlMfie.
2. It appears Am
dMinnoiMor began iowntt*'-pin," then Mnendcd it to
lead "•dm."
FOLIO i4r • 33
FOLIO I4V
En el año de myil y quynyentos y dos' años en el dicho señorío de In the year 1502, on the death of Ahuitzutzin [iihui(0(in], Mote-
mexico por y muerte de ahuiôcin / susfedio en el dicho seño-
fin cuhzoma [mote((ttma\ succeeded to the lordship of Mexico. At the
río Motecûma el qual al tyempo que susgedio en el dicho señorío time he succeeded to the said lordship, Mexico had risen to great
ataua vd nu'xico cncunbrado en gnin magestad y avioridad / y por majesty and antfaority, and having succeeded to the lordship, by his
aver el 9U5(cdido en el dicho señorío por su mucha grauedad y great seriousness and gravity be greatly advanced the state and
seueridad engrande9o en estremo el estado y señorío de mexico lordship of Mexico, more than did his predecessors. Motccuhzoma
mucho mas que sus antcsesorcs /. fue moteogonia hijo de axaya- was the son of A-xayacatzin (jxíiyaídt-in), who was lord of Mexico.
caîn que fue señor de mexico / y primero que suln csc en el dicho And he was the first who rose in the said lordship through his brav-
señorío tuvo méritos de honbre valiente en las guci rus \ capitanias ery and leadership in war, for which he carried the tide of Tlaca-
por lo qoal tuvo titulo de thcatectli / y ansi susêdio en el dicho ttctli. .'\nd so for this he succeeded to the said lordship. And during
señorío según dicho es. y estando en el dicho señorío amplio mas his reign he greatly extended the Mexican empire, ruling over all
en todo estremo el ynperio mexicano / dom>'nando sobre todos los the towns of this New Spain, sti they gave and paid him large and
pulios dcsta nueva L-sp:iñ:i en que
dauan y pagavan grandes le richly valuable tributes. /Vnd he was s() grcady feared by his vassals,
tributos y de balor de mucha Riquera / y (iie de todos sus vasallos and by his captains and leaders, that when the>- negotiated with
por estremo temido / y por el consiguyenie sos capitanes y pren- him, out of the great esteem and fear they had, none dared look
(ipalcs / en que nyuguno quando negofiauan con el por el gran him in the face, but they kept their eyes on the ground and their
acatamyenrn que le tcnyan y temor no oaavan myralle a la cara / heads bowed and inclined to the ground. They performed other
sino que tenyan los ojos baxos en el suelo y la cabe^ humyUada e very extreme acts, observances, and ceremonies out of respect to
jnclínada al sueloy otros muchos estreñios y Respetos y simo-
/ his majesty, but to avoid lediousness, these are not mentioned here.
nías que le hazían e acatauan por la mucha magestad que lea Repre-
sentaua de que no se hazc aquy mynsion por e\ icar prolijidad /.
después de avcr motcc(,uma susêdido en el dicho señorío hizo .\fter having siRcecdeil to the s;iiij lordship, Moteaihzonia con-
conquystar quarcnta y qua tro pueblos según que adelante están quered the fort}'-four towns drawn and named here, and subjected
figurados y nonbrados y los su feto debaxo de su señorío c >-npcrio y them to his lordship and empire. And in acknowledgment of vas-
en Recrtnu<,innent(> lie vasallaji.' iodo el tiempo e discurro tic su salage, during his entin. liietimc- thty paid hitii iii.inv and large
vida le pagavan y pagaron muchos y grandes tributos según que tributes, shown further on in the figures with their explanations.
adelante por las figuras con tus adanfiones se manyfíesta /.
fue inoicL(,uiiia de su natural sabio y astrólogo e filosofo / y Moteaih/oin.i was h\ nature uist , in isitologer, a philfisopher.
astuto y general en todas artes ansí mylitares como en las demás and skilled in all the arts, civil as well as military. His subjects
tenporales y por su mucha grauedad y estado tuvo origen en su gready respected him because of his gravity, demeanor, and power;
si ñori<i (!c \Ti¡nT¡ii sciTun ipie los suvos le acit.iron ciin gran vene- none of his predecessors, in comparison, coidd approach h¿ great
ní^'ioii
y putt^tad que en conparafion de sus antecesores nynguno state and majcst}°.
llego con harta parte a tanto estado y magestad /.
va testado o diz quatro no cnpczca / va en el margin de aRiba o It IS attested that "four" is marked out; in the margin above it
dizdosvala says "two." Let k stand.
1. OM'recifid firom "quaiNki'*
34 ' MOTECUHZOMA XOCOYOTZIN-FOLIO 4V 1
Copyr ghtod fnaterial

i
FOLIO i 5r
los fileros y leyes de sus antecesores dcidc en t^'cnpo de gucguc I le commanded the statutes and lavvs of his predecessors, from the
moteoûma hasta su tycmpo/ muidu iûaidai y cunplir entera- time of Huehue Moteruhzoma [iîiefrue tnotec(iima] until his time,
mftue con imicho zelo / -v como fue hunijic tan sabio por SU to be fully obeyed, with grcJt zeal. Ami since he was by his good
buena naturaleza ordeno y conpusu otros fueros y leyes los que le nature a wise man, he ordcicii and composed other stanites and
que faltavan a cunplimyenTO de los de atrás sin n)'nguna
pareiiô laws that he felt they lacked and that complemented the existing
dcr<i<;.ir / todo pin d pro y buen govierno de su República y ones, without revoking .dl for the benefit and good govem-
vasallos /. nicni of his republic and \ assals.
file ynclinado de tener muchas casas de mugeres hijas de señores I le was inclined to have man> wi\es, daughters of his suliject
sus v;tsallns \- tr)nfc<liT;i(!<>s '

V in cllis tuvo muchos híjos / y el aiiil iiiln!Lr,i!c Imds, .\nd from these lie had many children |sons|.
tener tantas mugeres fue tnas por mostrar gran ITUgCSCad y señorío Ami he h.ul so many wives to demonstrate his great majesty and
porque lo tenyan por gran estado / entre las quales las hí}as de los lonlship, because they held him in high estate. Among them, he
m:i'¿ señores v iiiroridad / las nivo por miiecrc; Icsritimas scgim sus took the daughters of the most powerful as legitimate wives ac-
Rictos y veTÍmonyas / y estas tcnya tlcntro de sus palacios y casas cording to their rites and ceremonies, to live in his palaces and
de su inorada / y los hijos que (tellas pnêdian eran lenydos en houses. And the children of these legitimate m.irri iges were held
iiKiv Rc-pii(:)vion como legítimos / m:)s que los (irros :i\ytios de las in higher rank, more than the others from the other wives. The
demás ituigeres /. la Orden que entenellos y conxersallas tuvo / es dealings he had with them would make a long story to relate and
historia lari;a de contar / y por ser la presente ystoria sumaria / se therefore are omitted from this brief history.
de.v.i (ic Rcl uar /.
la eamidid y valor y numero de los tributos que sus vasallos le The quantity, v.duc. and amount of the tribute that his subjects
pagavan se vera y entenderá adelante según que por las fiaras es- paid hiin will he seen and understotxi later, according to the anno-
tán significadas v aclaradas / de las cosas y géneros que le tributa- tated drawings of the ihinirs and types they paid. He demanded
van /. y tuvo por estremo / en los tributos que le pagavan según that the) pay much in tribute, and that they always comply; and for
que por el eran tasados fuesen syenpre compiidos y para ello tuvo thishe put his adfixput' and stew ards m all the toM-ns of his sub-
sus calpixques' y hazedores pucsKK en todos los pueblos de sus va- governors who commanded and governed them. .\nd since
jects, as
sallos a manera de gincm.ulorcs que los Regían mandaban y go-

.'
they w ere so feared, no one dared countermand or overstep his will
vemavan / y como eni t.in temydo nynguno se OSava desmaiMfair ny and order. But [his will] was entirely kept and obeyed, because he
ex^dcr de su voluntad y mando sino que por entero se guardaua y was inexorable in the execution and punishment of rebels.
cumplía. / porque fue ynRem^'sible en la execution y caatígo de los
Rebeldes /.
a los diez y se}-5 años del señorío de motcct^ma los mexicanos In the sixteenth \ e.ir of Motecuhzoma's reign, the Mexicans had
tuvyeron aviso de giertos españoles descubridores dcsta nueva es- a report of certain Spanianls, discoverers of this New Spain, who
paña sobre que la venyda y armada de los españolea para ganar y would return in ships at the end of twelve months to win and con-
conquystar esta tierra avya de ser al cabo de doze meses y ansi los quer this country. And so the Mexicans took note of it and found it
mexicanos tuvyeron cuenta en ello y hallaron ser verdad porque al to be true, because at the end of the twelve months, Don Her-
cabo de los doze meses fue la venyda \ llL'i:.u{a ,d puerto dcsta nando Cortés, Marques del Valle, arrived at the port of thisNew
nue\'a españa a los dichos doze meses en la qual \'>'no don femando Spain. This was in the sevenieenth year of the reign of the said
cortes marquesado del valle que fue a los diez y siete años del Motecuhzoma, and in die eighteenth year of said reign Motecuh-
señorío del dicho mottocium / y i los <iiez > ocho años del dicho z.oina ended his rule and died and passed from this present life.
señorío acabo motecûma su discurseen el qual murioypaaodeata Motccuhzoma succeeded to the said lordship when he was a man
presente vida /. ai tiempo que motecûma sus^xdio en c! dicho of thirty-five years, more or less, so that when be died he was fifty-
seitorio Era onbre de Edad de trcynta y años pocos mas o
i>inco direc years old.
menos / de manera que al tiempo de su fin y muene tenya de edad
cincuenta y tres años.' /.
luego en el año siguyente después del fallegmyeniO de IDOtCC- Then in the following year, after the death ol Moteeuh/oma,
9uma / se gano y pacifico por el marques del valle y sus consortes / the Marques del Valle and his companions won and pacified this
esta (íbdad de meneo y otros pueblos comarcanos a el y and se ííie city of Mexico and other neighboring towns. Thus was won and
ganando y pacificando esta nueva eapaña' /. pacified this New Spain.
1. Calptx^tu: tribute coUccton.
2. Preceding dMM numbcn. "qmrana y ocho aikis" wa^ cmsscd om.

3. The last two pnafraphs of diis section seem to have been added bier,
fOLLOWlNG:
perhaps in a dUferenr hñd. This is oonsincm whh the Conqucsi-pcriod year FOLIOS i5Tand i6r
giypbt added en folio 1 5v.
1, The cvcr-prcscnt "pueblo" wjs probably intended, but the jiinoMtor
ran out of tpacc .u du- ni.irem
2. This was originally written ^'xvi"; the reniairung "li" were added in the
same light pen is the three year glyphs above the gkin.
MOTECUHZOMA XUCOYUTZIN-FOLIO 15! • 35
36 - MOTECUHZOMA XOCOYOTZIN-FOLIO 1 5V
Jktaliiulic|x% )>Mi'lilii Quiinic hiL'pri piiL'hlo Vminiepoc. pucMn
MOTECUHZOMA XOCOYUTZIN-FOLIO l6r * 37
38 • MOTECUHZOMA XOCOVOTZIN-FOLIO l6v
FOLIO I7r: BLANK
OPPOSITE: FOLIO i6v FOLLOWING: FOLIOS iTvand i8r
FOLIO i7r • 39
Copyrighted rnaiciial
IMPERIAL OUTPOSTS-rOLIO I7V
IMPERIAL OUTPOSTS-FOLIO 1 8r • 41
FOLIO l8v'
La segunda pane de la hisnma. / Second part of the history.
£n plana siguyente estan figurados e \iitinilados las cosas y gé-

la On (he following page are drawn and nameil the things given in
neros que trilmnvin h» de dadlulco / que al presente llaman san- tribnte to the staK of Menoo by the people of Tlatekdco, now
tiago -«i (mjI * meáw. /. y Restunydo aqi^ el dicho tributo es lo called Santiago. Briefly, the said tribuR is the following:
sipiivcntc
tenyan por tributo Reparar siempre la mezquita nonbrada huiz- I'hcy had as tribute to keep in constant repair the temple called
nahuac/ Hvitznahuac;
yBen quannti (estos grandes del tanuiño itiedu lunega- de ca- And forty laiî i
r l.fts, the size of a hM fjneîi,' of cacao ground
cao molido ooo harina de mayz que llamavan cacahuapinoli eo
/ with maize fluiu', which ih^ call catalnu^nali; each basket con-
qm cada vn (eato tenya myll y seysgentas almambaa de cacao tained one dMMaand six hundred cacao bnns;
mas otros quarenta festos de chianpinoli' /. Also another (any baskets of «MnytiMfi;*
mas odiagentaa cai<gas de mantas^ grandes. Abo eight hnndied loads of large cloaks;*
rn.is «K'hiTita px%M'- ik' iinnus de plimi:is v i|.nii\ ,'
v otras ochenta Also eight) u.irrior costumes of ordinary fcuhers. .itui .mother
Rodelas an&i my^mo de plumas valadiü de l¿i> diuisas y colores que eight)' shields, likewise of ordinary feathers, of the styles and col-
estan figuradas /. ors drawn;
todo lo qua! Efeto las dichas armas y Rtxlclas / daban de tributo de All of this, except for the said warrior losiuincs and shields, they
ochenta en fKhcnra días /. y las dichas armas y Rodelas daban de gave in tribute every eighty days; the said warrior costumes and
tributo vna vci en todo el año /. shields they gave in tribute once a year;
tuvo principio el dicho trSnito desde en tienpo de quaohdaioa y The said tribute was begun from the time Quauhdatoa and Mo-
moquihiiix señores que íiieron de datilulco /. quihuix were lords of Tlatclolco;
ios señores <lc mcvico <]in- dwron principio a los de Hatilulco The If)rdsof Mcxio) u hn l)eL' <n rci t ivinp tribute fnim t!ie people of
para que les tributasen Reeonoi,iendu viisallajc / fueron yzcoa^ / y I'lateloico, acknouiedgmg \assalage, Mere Itzcoatl and Axayacaü.
aiayacafi /.
1. "IP" was writitn in the uptHT left lumi ixirner <if thi( VOSO pige.
2. A fan<i!J IS i'i|iin .ilt 111 t L.illeiJ mjriiji uirc .\U< iisi-d for such Widely divewc purpcMes
as wall hangings, bed cuverings, and currency.
opposite: folio i9r
I. Tfaei rhncit oridg the Arabic word for "Kmple," for whidi he
42 • TLATELOLCO-FOLIO l8v
á
TLATELOLCO-FOLIO ígt ' 43
Copyrighted rnaierial
FOLIO 19V
los pueblos figurados en hs dos planes siguyentes Resumydos aquy The eighteen' towns drawn and named on the fetlowii^two pages
son die/ y ocho" pueblos sefun que esiaii \ nt-iiil.nlos '.
por los were niled by :i gt>vcrnrir, cilled pftlM-iiluirl.' assigned hv the lords
señores de mexico ten^'an puesto vn governador llamado peclacal- of Mexico; and although in each town ihcy placed a mipixqui,' like
cad ' / raique en cada vn pueblo tenjnn puesR» vn aliMxqiie* ques a majordomo, who was in diarge of collecting the rents and trib-
como mayoniomo que rcnyan a car^ de hazcr Recoger los Rentos utes rh;n the s;!Íd towns g.nc TO the st.ue ot' Mexiio. .dl the said
y tributos que los dichos pueblos tributavan al señorío de inexico / majordonios assisted the said pttLtcalcatl as their governor. 'I'hc
y todos los dídKM niayordainos acudían al dicho pedacaictd cotno diinfs die said towns paid in tribute are the following:
su gnvcrn,idnr '
!.is os.is y geneios que los dichos pu^kw tri-
butavan son tas siguyentes
dos myil y quatroênus cargas de mancas grandes de tela torcida Two diousand four hundred loads of large doaks of twisted doth;
odutîemis ^ mantillas Ropa Rica de las odores que están Eight hundred loads of small doolcs, rich dothing of the colors
fignndas
quatroîcntas cargas <iini.utl.ie.' i|uc senii;in de p;inetes '.
I'lHH hundred loads ut inaxtLii,' uhuh served is luiiuloihs:
quatrofientas cargas de huípiles y naguas /. todo lo qual davan de Four hundred loads ot women's tunics and skirts — ail of which
seys a seys de tributo /. they gave in tribute every six months;
yten mas daban ' >

[
ia,as de armas de phimas Ricas y otras tan- And also they gave five warrior aisiuiues of rich feathers, and as
tas Rcnlelas / de l;is uilorcs e diuisas que están figuradas /. man\ shields, of the colors and styles ilr.iw ii;
yien mas tribuuvan sesenu pie9is de armas de plumas valadis /

y And also they paid in tribute sixty warrior costumes of ordinary
otiw tMUM Rodel» de las colores y dtuisas que esun figuradas /. feathers, and as many shidds, of the colon and sQfles drawn;
yten mas tributavan vn tnme de Aiaoles / y otro traxe de chian / y And also they gave in tribute one bin of beans, another of chia,
otro trove de maw '
\ otro rrnve de giiartil / ques seiin 11:'. de ble- another rif mnire, and another of I'naiitli. which is amaranth seed;
dos /. lo qual de las dichas armas y Rodelas y trenes de trisóles y las the said towns paid in tribute the said warrior costumes, shields,
demás semyllas / pagavan e tributavan los dichos pueUos vna vea and bins of beans and other seeds once a year.
en el año /.
I "JH" n unrri-i :n rh.; upper litt-h.ind ciirncr.
i. This was Ü head tribuie overseer; sec the deseriptivc «.'ttioii in \uluiiie2
for a discussion of this name,
4. Tribute collector; the commentator uac* the plural form, omjierfwr.
5. The oommematof elsewhere oorrecdy writes mmctíttí.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 20r

1. A place-Mine wouM more properly be Peilacalco. and such a place is
described in Sahagiin as a food sionge place and/or a iocsle along the western
cand (1950-82 9M. 51; I2:4«, 71). Pedaalctd would more appropriately
designate a person from Pttlacako or a tribute official (Ibid.: 8:51)
2. MáxiUe is wrincn, ulrhnugh maxiLtit would !>c the mon- cotnentioiul
form.
.V WTiilc i,ii f,is added immediately tolluwing "tour hundred,"
(loads) IS
the Jr (of I is missing, suggesiiug tfait heic, ai ehewherc, the notion of "kwds"
wa» an alurthought.
44 - PETLACALCO-FOLIO i 9V
Four hundml
Ida >il^ cloths
OiwiliKlduf
ihijsiyli- hnc
Inther»
PETLACALCO-FOLIO 20r • 45
r.nr.y irjhtnH nir<tpnMl

i
FOLIO 2 ir
los pueblos figurados y «nbadat ^ |„ Jos planas siguycntes Resu- The lords ofMeriooi,
after having conquered the twenty-six towns
llUiiiiv .u]ii\ Mvn \t\nlc \ M.",^ ]v.itl>|<»s / en los ijuales '
Ins señores drawn and named on the following two p;ii;cs. placed in each tovni
de mexico desde que tueron conquystados por ellos tenyan puestos governor to rule over them,
calpixques and, in the principal one, a
calpi«|ues en cada vno delloB / y en lo mas principal domynava to maintain peace and justice, assure tribute payment, and prevent
sobre tiHl()s cllns \Ti govcrnndor '
parii que los m;inni\ycsc en pr/ y rebellion. The rributcs. shown fiutfaer on, which all the towns paid
en )usticiu les hizicse cunpitr sus tributos y porque no se Rex"c- together arc the iollowing:
/'
y
lasen /. los nibutos que daban iodos los pueblos junios adelante
contenydos son los siguyentes /.
dos m\^l' cargas de mantas grandes de mantas' tor(,idas /. Two thousand' loads of large cloaks of r^visted cloth;-"
tnas mili y doscientas' cargas de canahuac' Ricas que son matillas Also one thousand two hundred' loads of rich, narrow cotton
[sic] de que los señores y caciques vestian de las colores que están cloaks'* of the colors drawn, which are small capes the lords and
figuradas iildr/iia vsorc;
mas quatrogientas caicas de maxtlatl / que son pañetes Also tour hundred loads ot mixihrl. which .ire louicloths;
mas quacrofientas cai]gas de guipilcs y naguas /. todo lo qual dauan .Also four hundred loads of women's tunics and skirts — all of which
e pagavan de críbalo dos vezes en d año /. they gave and paid in tribute twice a year;
)tcn davan mas de tributo tres pictâs de armas g\i;trnci;idas con And also they gave in tribute three warrior fosninies trimmed with
plumas Ricas y otras tantas Rodelas de las colores e diuysas que rich feathers, and as many shields, of the colors and styles drawn,
en vn año corrido /.
están figuradas / lo qual davan which they gave each year;
yten mas ^cnt piezas de armas guame^das con phimas vatadis / y And also one hundred warrior costumes trimmed with ordinary
Otr;is Mnr.is RíkIcIis ile l,is íliii\s,is v colores ijiie siis(,csiuanienie feathers. ;>iiil .is m iiiy shields, of the styles and colocs COnteCUtivdy
est.iii liv;iir.»das lo qiLiI iniu'I.iv .ni v iin v e/ en loili) el .iño /. drawn, which chex paid in tribute once a year.
ytcn mas quatro troxes grandes de iiudcra / llenas el vno de trisó- And also tour large wooden bins, full, the one of beans, another of
les y el otro de chian /
y el otro de mayz y el otro de guauli ques chia, another of maize, and another of hmutli. which is amaranth
scmyila de bledos \ en cinh* vn troxe cahyan qiutroy ^co myll seed. Each bin contained four to five thousand fuuga, which they
hanegas / lo qual tributav an vna vez en el añu /. gave in tribute once a year.
1. Fallowiiig''myU''i(wriiten''qMtracicntu,''whiidhwisaoiseduut.
2. Elscvrfiere the oonuneniaiorhiM more piauiibly written *'teia''(dodi)i^
thb eomexf.
V This has been oNmcicd ñon "ocho^Mai." From this and the pievi-
ous pmigc. it is difiicuh to avoiil the impression that the writer w» tempo-
rarily distracted fmm his wr>rl<.
4. Molina (1970: 12r) dctines this as "inama delgada dv algodón" (thin
cotton cloak).
following:
FOLIOS iivaiid 22r
1 . \ úil/'iii/m is J tribute coik-cKir. the one responsible for triblltC CoUeo-
rtiin In this iinniiKc ijrries ihe lille " Atolniecatl."
2. M.niijil vtiiulil lie iniifc u>inc;iti(iii.il, jlihuugh ihc anDOOfOr tlMS ibiS
OPPOSITE: FULIU ¿UV turm diruughout this ücmon uf the .Mcndou.
ACOLHUACAN-FOLiO 3ir " 47
48 * ACOLHUACAN-FOLIO 2 IV
Copy iiyt, ted material

FOLIO 2 2V
los pueblos figurados y nonbrados en las dos planas siguyentes nu- The towns drjun jiiii tunicd on the following two pages number
merados aquy son diez y seys pueblos / los (|ti.ik-s tributavan a lus sixteen: they paid tribute in the things drawn and named on the
señores de mexico de las cosas figuradas e vndtuladas en las dichas following tuo pages to the lords of Mexico. So that they be well
dos planas / y pan que fiiesen bycn Regidos y governados los se- niled and govemccl. the lords of Mexico placed in each one calpix-
ñores de mexico en cada ^tio de ellos tcnj-an puestos calpixques y (jurs, .Mexicatis, and over the calpixque '
a gtivernor who was a prin-
sobre todos los calpixque' vn govcrnador persona prin<;ipal de cipal Mexican person. This was done by the said lor<ls for the secu-
meneo y ami mysmo los calpixques eran mexicanos lo qual se rity of the land against rebellion, and so that they shouKI administer
haiia e proneya por los dichos señores para seguridad de la t>%rra / justice and |the people] live in peace, llie said tributes that the said
de que no ae les Keoelasen / y para que les admynystrascn justicia y towns gave, according to the said drauings, are briefi) indicated
bynyeaen en poliga /. los dichos tributos que davan los dichos here and are tlie following:
pueblos según que por las dichas figuras están señaladas Resu-
mydos aquy son los que se siguen
primerajnente iributivan myll y dozienns cargas de mantas gran- First, they gave in tribute one thousand two hundred loads of large
des de tela torpda cloaks of twisted cloth;
mas ocho<;¡cnras cirpi"^ manrillas IthincM'- lit- l.i Ropa qiic M-siv.in .Mso eii;hl hiin<lrfd l<);)ds of small «hite cloaks, clothing they wore;
mas myil y dozientas cargas de mantillas de Ricas labores Ropa que Also one thousand two hundred loads of small, richly worked
vestían los sefiores y caciques /. doaks, clothing the lords and aidfm won;
mas quatrofientas caigas de maxdad / que son pañetes que se Also four hundred lottds of tumcttad, which are loindoths they
|K)nyan wore;
mas quatro(ientas cargas de gu)piles y naguas Ropa de niugcres Also four hundred loads of tunics and skirts, women's clothing — all
iodo lo qnal tributavan dos veies en cada vn año / de manera que of which they gave in tribute twice a year, so that they gave each
cada vn tribato daban de seys a se>'s meses tribute every six months;
\ten tributavan mas odio |)iec,.is de irm.is \ <|u;ur(t Rmlclis gii.ir- And ihev gave in tribute eiuht warrior cosninu's .ind fotir shields
nc9Ídas con plumas Ricas de liiuersas colores según que están ti- irimmcd with rich feathers of various colors, as draw n, w hich they
guradas / lo qual pagavan de tributo vna vez en el año /. paid in tribute once a year,
mas quatro troxcs grandes de madera / llenos / de may/ \ Irisóles / .Also four large w(H>den bins, filll of nuii/e, beans, chia and b$umtli,
y chian / \' gii;ivtl¡ scmylia de bledos /cabya en cada vn troxe finco amaranth seed. Each bin contained five thousand' famtfft, which
myll* hanegas lu qual tributavan vna vez en todo el año /. they gave in tribute once a year,
mas ocho myll Resmas' de papel de la tierra /qne tributavan dos Also eight thousauid reams* of native paper, nrfdch they gave k
vcsrcs en el año / que portodosennencada vnafiodíezyseysnull tribute twice :) \ ear, which in total was sixteen thousand sheets of
pliegos tic |):ipci paper each year;
mas dos myll xicaras en cada vn tributo / lo qual Davan dos veces Abo two thousand gourd bowls in each tribute, which they gave
end año A twice a year
1 . Uncharacferi»(icaJly, «Mumcmator did not add the SpMihh pliinl to

this word, whidiheunaRyiciiden in lis already-plural Nahuidfennanjrway.
2. The caainieiilalar seems cither more tuiv of huntelf ormore nished
(he hid earlier indicaied 44X10-5,000).
3. "Baiatts" (leinit) nplaces a croncd^l "pficgos" êis), althou^
die eoanntmaior did not change die wmd far liweti hler on in ilw nunc
passage.
OPPOSITF.: FOLIO 23r
50 • QVAVHNAHVAC-FOLIO 2 2V
IfllAaf liutlvnf
QuMllinahuir ¡y.iMi> too. A numiOiu V*s. ^ •wflriOw
of ihii of !k thn
, color cukjr
Teac«l(iiisoi. piwUa
*/)lU- -ir flor 1 irsIlUIW
m One warrior cnmime oí

III J \ il (i-allicts
«f f
\ ihii «lyle
h fr..rhiT>, M
tlii^ style
HlrifiUptirpuchla
liurhio
One w.irriíir rosnime nfrich

( trie u 4lt 1MI •.KvÛITICOfridl
lllu->Kirl.l..t
\!mI.,iI,'|„«IJ,.
XMlICficr. pncMo
AnMcaniila/. pueM» VaqMc: podbt»

¡lutblu f \lli.h..l..M..l'. \^MH>^
Yula. pueblo
í!5-
QUAUHNAHUAC-FOLIO Ijr • SI
Eight tiMNIMfid llMCMOr
52 • QUAUHNAHUAC-FOLIO 23V
FOLIO 24r
lus pucblus tiguratio!) y nunbradus en las dus plünas siguyentcs nu- The towns drawn and named on the ti>llowmg two pages here
merados aqui KMi veyme y seys puebloi k» quales tribacmii a los number twenty-sir, they gave as tribute to the lords oF Mexico the
scñnrfi df mcxicn ¡\c I;!-; cnsns fi[riirada'i c Mititiiladas en las dichas things drawn and named on the said rvvn paiics; and likewise (as
dos planas / y ansí ntysiiiu cutnu en lus de atrás Residían en ellos mentionedl before, a governor and ialpixûa were placed in them
governador y calpixques medcanos puestos por mano de los se- by order of die lords of Mexico, etc.'
ñores de mcxico FS'
los tributos que pagavan son los que se siguen sacados de las dichas The tributes they paid, taken trom the said ligures and suimned up
figuras y Kesumydos aquy /. here, are úne following:
prímemnente tríbutavan quatrofianas cargas de maxdad / que they gave in tribute four hundred loads of wsortiM^ wMch ar^
son ¡nieties /. loincloths;
mas quatro<;'ienra.<: cargas de iiairuas y piiypiles R()[)j para mugeres /. Also I'nur lumdrcd loads ol' skins and tunics, women's clothing;
mas dos myil y quatro9Ícntas <^'"k/"^ mantas grandes de tela torcida /. Also two thousand tour hundred loads ot large cloaks ot twisted
doth;
mas ocho(,ientas ''"n^^ ''^
mantillas Ricas que vestian los señores y .\lso eight hundred loads of small rich cloaks, vbiA the lords and
pren^paics' de mexico / de las colores que snn fieiimd.is principiiks' ot Mexico wore, ot the colors drawn;
mas dos mili xiciras barnizadas de las collares 1)111,' c sr.in (itíur.idas /. .\lso two thousand uuuni bovils v.iniished in tiit eulurv iliav^n;
mas ocho myil Resmas' de papel de la tierra /. todo lo qual dauan .Uso eight thousand reams ot natn e paper — all oí which they gave
en cada vn tributo /que en de seys a seys meses in each tribuR, which was every six months;
yten mas tributa van quarenta piezas de armas y otra^ (.unas Rode- And also they paid in tribute tortv wart pn ûst-jnies mid as many
las guamc^das de plumas teñidas y valadis de diuersas colores shields trimmed with ordinary dyed leathers at the various colors
según que están figuradas /. drawn;
mas seys piezas dt inn y uiu^ tantas Rodelas guarnecidas con Alsi) SIX warrior costumes and as many shields trimmed with rich
plumas Ricas con las deuys is v o -lores que están figuradas /. feathers, ol ihe designs and colors drawn;
mas quatro troxes de mandcra [sic] grandes como los de atrás / Also tour large wooden bins like those before, full of maize, beans,
llenos de majn y frisoies y chian y guavdi / todo to qual tríbutavan dúa, and amarandi—aU of which they gave in tribute once a year.
vna vez en el año /.
1. T1usbibecommentaior1ifimiiseofthehandy"etc"íntlussectianof
die codea*
2. The«e were imponam provea men, often «f Ugh ofiice.
3. "Pliegos" (sheen) has been crossed out here and replaced by "Seimai"
(reams).
following:
opposite: folio 23V FOLIO 24V and FOLIO 2$T
HUAXTEPEC-FOLIO Z4r « 53
Copyiiylited material
Cónico. poeblD
TecfMfinco, purbto
I pueblo
/Tlajrac.
pueblo — ¡>\iclilu TchuiKo'
pueblo
I. The OHtl pttthb h missing, but thj> ii probably due » lickof spaee ai
tile nw^gin. or periiaps it has disappeaced ini» dw bindings
54 * HUAXTEPEC-FOLIO 24V
One «jrnor ccntume of fidt
fcuthcn. u( iha style
One warrair cuMxinie t>f nc^ fdlhcn
One warn- T l l^^lu1^L• »•( rkl*

One wininr ctwiiiinr of rich
fcadicn,orcliittiyk
•HHP «tiuril ,
•MK) pnirJ 400 CDuH
Two litm
anddiia
n«n«e piper
o
AimltiiNa pwblo
Ntpopulco. ihkMo
Ad hudic - pueblo
HLAXTKPKC-FOLIO lit 55
I. ra(gufd)ceis)httbeenaoMedowandrepbcedbyJtsM(R
FOLIO biv-
ios pueblos tiguradus y nonbraüus en la vna plana siguycnte nu- The towns drawn and named here on the tollowmg page number
mendos aqni son siete pueblos / los quales tributavan a loa señores seven, all of iirfikfa paid trilnte to the knds of Mexioi), as has been
iIl niLvicí) scgiin qiiL c n las partidas de atrás se a hechoDiynsiain/ mentidncd in the previous entries, and (the tributes] are the
s(in lus i)uc -.c siu'Ufn tolloutiii,':
primeramente cuatrocientas cargas de mantillas de Ricas labores /. First, tour hundred loads of small, i iehly worked cloaks, and eight
y ochogcntas cargas de mandilas llanas de las ooloTes que están himdred loads of small plain cloaks of die colors drawn;
tiunir.i(i.is /.
mas quacro myll peutes que son esteras / y otros quatro myll es- Also, four thousand pétales, which are mats, and another four thou-
paldares con sus asyentos / hedif» de Enea' y otras yemas' / lo sand seats with badis, made Irora tna' and other plants,' which
qual tributavan de scys a seys meses /. they gave in tribute every six months;
yten mss dns pu-vis ¡ic irrnis \ otrnv t.intus RikIcKis sriMrncgdas \iul also rv,o warrior cosruines and a<; many shields trimmed with
con plumas Kící^ de la [siej diuysaii y ujlurcs que cscun tigurados rich leathers of the stales and colors drawn;
mas sesenta piezas de armas y Otras tantas Rodelas guarnecidas con Abo sixty warrior costumes and as many shields trimmed with
plumas valadis /. ordinary feathers;
mas (]iiarr() troves trmndes de m;)dcT;i de! tumuño v t^nindez de los Also f<Kir large w ooden liins of the sjme si/e ;!s ihose before [men-
de acras / llenos de nuyi y frísoles y chian y guavtlt / lo qual davan tioned], full of maize, beans, chia, and amaranth, which dicy gave
de tribuu) vna vez en el aiSo /. in tribute once a year.
"
1. "liuliushi n" in' "t.iií.)iK
2. A generic term lor "herbs" mil "grasses."
OPPOSITE: FOUO 26r
56 • QUAUHTITLAN-FOLIO 35V
QUAUHTITLAN-FOLIO SÓr • 57
CopyriglMOü inaícnal
FOLIO 2 6v
los pueblos figurados y nonbrados en la plana s^guycnte / muñe»' The towns drawn and named here on the following page number
dos aquí son diez pudilos / \at qntla tidnitmn a los witoiiei de ten, all of which paid tribute to the lords of Maáco as has been
mexico según que en las partidas de atras se a hecho nqniaíon / y de mentioned n the previous entries; and the things they gave in trib-
i
las a»s3s qiK- trilnif;nan sim l;is que se siguen ute .ire li\c toll<)\uiiu:
pritneraiucnce ochoîenus cargas de mancillas Ricas y labradas First, eight hundred loads ot small rich cloaks, worked as draun
aegun qne atan figuradas e yndoiladas and named;
mas qti.iirrivientas cargas de mantillas blancas con sus gmefi» de Also four hundred loads of small rich doaks with their black and
nepro \ liLirito white horders;
mas (>cho(,)cntas '
"(¡f
>'<
rnantill.is hl.int.ts .VIso eight hundred ''"^'i'
"' small white cloaks;
mas quatrov'icnus cargas de naguas y guypili^s Also four hundred loads ot women's skirts anil ninics;
mas quatrocientos cantaros grandes de m\ el espesa de maguey /. Abo four hundred large jais of thick maguey s)Tup — all of which
todo k) qual tribotauan de aqs en aeys meses /. the> gave in tribute every six months;
jten mas triburav.in dos p¡c<;;is de armas sriiarncíritks cf)n plumas -Vnd also thcv pjid in tribute rvvo warrior costumes trimmed with
Ricas / y otras dos Rodelas de plumas Ricas / de las deuisas que rich feathers, and another two shields ot rich leathers, of the styles
están figuradas e ynñniUdas / diat are drawn and named;
ytcn mas quarenta pie(,'as de armas tâmefidas coo plumas valadis And also fort) w arrior costumes trimmed with ordinary feathers
y otras tantas Ri>dcl,is df l.is diuvâs (¡ue están figuradas /. and .IS mnny >>hicKls of the les that arc drawn;
yten mas quatru truxcs de madera grandes del tamaño de los de And also four large wtHjden bins of the same size as (hose in the
atras en las penídas sígnyficados el vno de niayz / y otro de friso- previous entries, one of maize, and another of beans, and another
Ies '
) otro de chian / y otro de guaxtli semylla de bledos /. todo lo of chia. an<l another of huautU, amaranth seed — all of which they
qual tributavan vna vez en el año /. paid in tribute once a year.
opposite: folio lyr

1. The Aag gl)ph (pjulJi) dcsigiuring Iti is missing Irum the shicltl.
2. TlKicmiiH¡|*7bofCBribderivatkmiiMi<titthcNalMM^
58 ' AXOCOPAN-rOLIO i6v

Copyrightcu iMa.orial
¿OlllMidtof
onitnaiy ÍmiImr'
AXOCOPAN-FOLIO IJT • 59
POLIO 27V
numero de los pueblos de la plana síguyeme contenydos e figura- The number of towns contained, dnwn, and named on llie fellow-
dos y nonbrados ' que trihutavaii a los scñoro ik- nu-vicd pur la ¡nú p.iíjc is sc\cn. They paid tribute to the lords of Mexico accord-
orden que los de atrás en las partidas Rcsumydos aquí
ücclaradu / ing to the sj-stcni explained in the previous entries. Here, briefly,
los diclKM pueblas son syete pueblos y las cosas que tributavan son the things they gave in tribute are die following:
Im águyentes
primeramente quacro<,-icntas cargas de mantillas de Ricas labores Firiit, four hundred loads ol small, richlv worked doaks» which
que era Ropa que bestian lus señores y caviqucs /. were clothing worn by the lords and (tiaqutsi
mas qaatrofienias cargas de mantillas blancas con sus panelas de Also four hundred loads of small white doaks with thdr white and
blanco y negro A black borders;
mas ochogentas caigas de manías grandes lic tela torcida /. AIm) eight hundred loads of large cloaks of twisted cloth;
mas quacro^nns cargas de cal /. iodo lo qual tributavan de seys Also four hundred loads of lime — all of which they paid in tribute
en seys meses /. every six months;
yien mas tributavan dos píceas de armas guame^das con plumas And also they paid in tribute two warrior costumes trimmed with
Ricas y (los Roddas/ según que sus deuisas están figuradas e rich feathers, and two shidda, according to the styles ilrawn and
>'ntíf\ilad.is turned;
mas sesenta piezas de armas y otras tantas Rodeiai gnamefidas con Also sixty warrior oostnraes and as many sfaieMs trimmed with or-
plumas valadis según que sus deuysas están figuradas e yntituladas dinary feathers, according to the styles that are drawn and named;
mas qu.uni troxes grandes de madera del tamañi) ik- los <\v ntras /. \ls() four large wiMulen bitis of ihe s ntu' si/c .1^ before, one full of
el vno llenu de mayz y otro de frísoles / y otro de chian / y otro de maize, and another of beans i>nd another of chia, and another of
guavtli / todo lo qual tributavan vna vez en el año /. amaranth — all of which they gave in tribute once a year.
opposite: folio 38r
60 * ATOTONILCO (dE PEDRAZA)-F0LI0 27V

1
Two bins I wii liinv
Ü—Ü 1 r
rr tzr
ATOTONILCO (Ut l'fcURAZA)-FOLIO jKr 61
FOLIO i8v
nuinenxielospui liins ilt '

i plm i Mgiiventc que son nueve pueblos number ot' towns oo the fbUowüig page ís nine, as they are
según que están li(;urj(l(j> \ iKinliraiios F..S. drawn and n.uncti, etc.
primeramente quatroîentas cargas de mantillas de labores Ricas First, four hundred loads of small, richly worked cloaks, which the
que bestian k» señores de menoo y caiques /. lords of Mexico and taofutt wore;
niiH quairoviciuas cargas de mantillas blancas con sus (anefi» de .\lso Tour hundred loads of small white doaks with their white and
blanco y ntgro /. black Iwrdcrs:
mas ochocientas cargas de mantillas de cncqucn blancas Also eight hundred loads of small cloaks of white henequén;
mas quatracíeaiot cantaros de myell espesa de maguey /. todo lo Abo lour hundred jars of thick mague>' syrup—all of nMch they
qoal tributavan de seys en seys meses gave in tribute every six montbs;
yten mas dos pie(,as de .)rrn;is y otrav t.inr;!s R<Klclas triiarnc(,'d;is An<l .ilso nvo w.irrior cosnimc^ and .is m irn trimmed with
^hii lds
con plumas Ricas de las colores e diuyûs que están figuradas e rich feathers of the colors and styles that arc drawn and named;
yntítuladas /.
mas s<.->cnta piceas de armas y otras tantas Rodelas guarnecidas con .Viso sisn w.irrior cosuimcs and as many shidds trimmed with or-
plumas valadis de las colores c diuysas que están figuradas c dinary feathers of the colors and styles that are drawn and named;
jmtítuladas
mas quatro troxes grandes de madera del tamaño de ios de atrás Also four large wooden bins of the size of those before, full, the
llenos el vno de mayz / y otm de t'risoks / y otro de chian / y otro one of nuii/e, .mil .mother ot lie.üis, .iiu) .mother of ehi.i, .ind .in-
de guavtli todo lo qual tributavan vna vez en el año /. other ot amaranth — all ol winch they paid in tribute (nice a year.
opposite: folio 29r

1. I hc inniitaii If wiweflMfiM here, tltlwugh these aietnonNlvly MM-
ua of maguc)' fiber.
2. Tlwimnaiqga»|rKafOribderivadai^ Meet k the Nabnadi^^
62 • HLtYFtCHTLA-KOLIO 28v
loa lis • It
lit this viv '''•"IÍT1
X«bc. pueblo
® H ^
i'!;; '. v.v v;.' • /g»
Xaawi'ncui. puebla
Acavocan.1i Apuchlu
HUEYPUCHTLA-FOLIO 2fft • 63
FOLIO 39V
numcrodc los pueblos figaniilo8eyiititiiladasenla]daiusigD]wnte The number of towns drawn and named on the feUowii^ page is
que son scys pueblos ES. six, etc.
ocbogientas cargas de mandilas Ricas Rupa (\ue vestían los se- Eight hundred loads of small rich doaks, clothing that the lords of
ñores de mexjco iûn que en k dicha plana están fignndas e Menoo wore, as are drawn and named on the same page;
yntítuladas '.
mas myll y seys(ientas cargas de mantillas de cncqucn blancas todo /\lso one thousand six hundred loads ol stnall cloaks of white hene-
lo qml tribuñwan a lo$ señores de mexko deseysen seys meses /. quén — all of whid) thejr gave in tribute to the kmb of Mezioo
every six months;
yten mas quatro píc^s de armas y otras tantas de Rodelas guar- And also four warrior costumes and ta many shields trimmed with
necidas con plumas Ricas según que las colores e diuysas están fi- rich feathers, according to the colon and designs drawn and named;
gurad» e ymituiadM /.
mas quatni troxcs grandes de madera como lo», de :irr,is llenos de Also four i.irgc wiMxIen l)in>. like those licforc, full of mai/c, beans,
mayz y frisóles y chian y guavtli / todo lo qual tributavan vna vez chía, and amaranth — all of which tliey gave in tribute once a year.
en el año/.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 30r
64 * ATOTONILCO (EL GltANDE)-FOUO 29V

Four huiMlrcd
tkh >j& maaaliu
nf Sv, ihu
Atiüoniliii pueblo
ATOTONILCO (EL GRANDE)-F0LI0 JOf * 65
FOLIO 30V
iMuneiode k» pueblos figonulos e yniiniladm en h plana nguyente The number of towns drawn and named on the following page is
que son syete pueblo? FS. seven, etc.
primeramente quatruîentas cargas de naguas y guipiies muy Ri- First, four hundred loads of \'cry rich skirts and turnes, which ait
008 /. que es Ro^ para mugeres dothing for women;
mas qiunocienns cargas de mantas Ricas / Ropa de «ñores Also four hundred loads of rich doaks, dodiing for lords;
nm quatro^Dtaa <*f^ de lugnas labradas Also four hundred loads of worked (embroidered?] skirts;
mas ocboqentas cargas de mantas Rkas Also eight hundred loadN of rich cloaks;
mas / quarrotj-ienfas carcas de mantillas Ricas Also four hundred ioails of siti.ill rich cloaks;
mas quatroîentas cargas de mantas vetadas por medio üc colo- Also four hundred loads of cloaks striped half red — all of which
rado /. todo b «pal tribntawan de seys en uys meses /. they gave in tribute every six months;
yten mas vn águila bina o dos o ties o mas según que las hallavan And also a live ea^ or two, or three, or more, according to what
they found;
yien dos piezas de armas y otras dos Rodelas guarnecidas con plu- And two warrior costumes and another two shields trimmed with
mas Rkas de la diuysa y color que están figuradas ridi featben of the style and cokir drawn;
mas quatro troxes grandes de madera llenas de ma)'z y frísoles y Also four large wooden bins full of maize, beans, chia, and ama-
diian / Y guavtli /. todo lo qual tiibutavan vna vez en el año /. ranth — all of which they gave in tribute once a year.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 3lr
66 ' XILOTEPEC-FOLIO 3OV
XILOTEPEC-FOLIO 5 ir * 67
FOLIO 3 IV
munero de k» pueblos fignndos e yntítiüados en la plana siguyente The number of towns drawn and named on the following page is
que son treze pueblos ES. thirteen, etc.
prinic-riiioente nchoêittas tugfiót mantillas Ricas de la labor que I'irsr. (.iirhr hundred loads of small rich doalcs, of the design
esian tiguradas pictured;
mas odiOêntas cargas de mantüifls de enequen lo qoal firyiU' Also eight hundred loads of small cloaks of henequén, which they
tavan de aeys en sqFS meses gave in tribute every six months;
>Ten mas vna pleca de anm» y vna Rodela goamecidas con phunas And also one warrior costume and shield trimmed with rich
Ricas /. feathers;
mas quarenta piezas de armas y otras tantas Rodelas guarnecidas con .\lsu forty warrior costumes and as many shields trimmed uith
plumas valadís / las quaks armas tríbntavan vna vez en el aiio /. ordinary feathers; they gave the warrior costumes in tribute once
,1 vcar;
mas quatro troxes grandes de madera del tamaño de los de atns ¡ Also four large wooden bins of the same size as those before, full of
llenas de majn y de frisóles y de chian y de guavdi que ansí mesmo maize, beans, chia, and amaranth, likewise given in tribute once
tributawan vna vez en el año /. .1 \ ear;
yten mas myl! y dozientas caigas de leña que tribuavan de ochent.i And îlsn oTU' rhiiiis.itut rwo hundred loads of firewood, which they
en ochenta días paid in tribute every eight) days;
mas rayll y donentas vigas grandes de madera qne iributavan de Also one thousand two hundred large wooden beams, triiicfa they
odienta en ochenta dias gave in tribute every eight}- days;
mas dos myll y quatro<îent06 tablones gnnde(s) que tributavan de Also rvvo thousand four hundred large planks, whidi they gave in
ochenta en ochenta días' tribute every cightj' days.'
1. One thousand rwo hundred ul (Iksc are annutattd a» "morillos" on the

picnuriil and are pictured as uiler and narrower than the "tablones."
opposite: folio 32r

1. While the annotnar says *'eiieqiKn*'(heneqaeiO, die fiber is mow likely
imgncy.
68 • QUAHUACAN-FOLIO 3 IV
I.tcj«i»> ^nii the rttln-t
<»i" jnuraiuh
'u lJ U u'
Copyriylvied inaiorial
FOLIO 32V
numero de los pueblos tigurados e jutitulados en la plana siguyente The number of towns drawn and named on the following page is
ES. son loe pueblos treze' thifieen,' etc.
primefaineiite quatroîentas cargas de mantillas de algodón Man- First, four hundred loads of small white cotton doaks, with their
cas con su (anefa de verde y amarillo y colorado v azevmnado' border of ftreen, vcllow, red, .ind olive green;'
mas quacrofientas cargas de mantillas de enequen labradas y veta- Also four hundred loads of small henequén cloaks, worked and
das de ooiofido jr blanco y negro /. striped in red, vAmt, and Mack;
mas mytt y doiientas cargis de mantílhs de enequen Mancas / lo ^Mso one thousand two hundred loads of small white henequén
qiial tríbutavan de scys en scys meses cloaks, which they gave in tribute every six months;
ycen mas dos piezas de armas con otras tantas Rodelas guarnecidas And also two warrior cx»nunes and as many shields trimmed with
oon plnraat lÜcas de Jas dcuysas y colores que están figundas rich feathers of the styles and odon drawn;
mas heyttts pkcas de annas / y ocns tmtias Roddas gitame^M Also twenty warrior costumes and as many shieUs trimmed with
'
con plmms niadis de las deu^'sas y colores que están fígur uiis ordinary feathers, of the st\ies and colors drawn;
mas aeys troxes grandes de madera como los de / acras llenas de Also six large wooden bins like those before, full of beans, maiie,
frísoles y mays y chian y guavtK / todo lo qual tríbutavan vna ves chia, and amaimh—all of whi^ they gave in tribune onoe a year.
en el año/.
1. Only twelve towns are drawn.

2. Tkn shades of green ate shown, md ako ene at hhie. Blue and gieen
mcffc in Nahittd color categories, and this may hm
inflnenoed ifae dexrip.
tion in diii entry.
opposite: folio 33r
1. WhOeMCfUOi is writKn, maguey fiber iaprobtbly

2. Miyswis written erranoMtly here, riMncKMiedoui.
70 * TULUCA-FOLIO 32V
TVLUCA-FOLIO 33r • 71
FOLIO 33V
numero de la« pueblos figurados e yntitulados en la plaiu Mguyenie The number of towns drawn and named on the following page is
que son seys pueblos ES. six, etc

primeramente tributavan och(>(,ii'nr.is cargas de mantíllaB Ricas de First. thc\ üa\c in tribiirc eight hundred loads of small rich hene-
cncqucn de la labor que están hgxirjdas quén cloaks, worked as drawn:
mas quatrocicniaü '^'j^'^ de mantillas Ricas de algodón de la labor .\lso tuur hundred loads of small rich cotton cloaks, worked as
que están 6guradas drawn;
mas dos myll panes de sal muy bl.iiu.i Refioadt S OMnera de for- .\]so (W O [hous.itui lii-ives of very white refined Salt, like molds, lur
mas / la qual se gasuua solamente para los señores de mexico / the sole consumption of the lords of Meúoo—all of which they
todo k> qua] tributavan de seys en seys meses gave in tribute every six months;
yien mas vna pie^ de armas con su Rixlci j icuarne<^das COn plumas .\nd also one u.irrior costume with its shield, trimmed with rich
Ricas de las colores y diu)'sa$ que están ligurudas feathers of the colors and styles drawn;
mas beynte piefas de armas y otras tantas Rodelas guarnecidas con Also twenty warrior costumes and as nuny shields trimmed with
plumas valadis de la color y diuysa que están figuradas ordinary fieathets of the odor and style drawn;
mas quatro troxes grandes de madera del tamaio de los de atrás / Also four large wooden bins of the same size as those before, full,
llenos el vTio de ma)Y y y [ric] el «tro de frísoles y dlíao y quavtU /. one of mai/e, another of licans. and chia, and amaranth— all of
tudu lu qual tributavan v-na vez en el año /. which they gave in tribute once a year.
opposite: folio 34r

1. The annotator wrote fiHifimbeie,ahhoHghdiewminMtlilcdy«M^
Mrof maguey fiber.
72 ' OCUILAN-FOLIO 33V

OCUILAN-FOLIO 34r - 73
FOLIO 34V
numero de los pueblos en la plana dguyeitte figurados e yntioi- The number OÍ wwns drawn and named on the foUowiqg page is
lados que son tres pueblos ES. three, etc.
primenmente myll y dozientat caigas de mantas grandes de Ene- First, one duxtsand two hantbed loads of large doab of safe
quen blando /. henequén;
m3<; quatni<,-ii-nr;!s t irpas de manrÜlas de eneqoen labiado /. todo Also four hundred loads of small desired henequén cloaka—all of
lo qual tributavan de !>c>'s en seyü meses which they gave in tribute every six months;
yten mas tributavan vna vez en el año ocho tram grandes de And also diey gave bi tribute once a year eight large woodan fama
madera del tamaño de los de atrás / llenos los dos de nayz / y doc of the same si/e as those before, full, two of niaite, and two of
de frisóles / y dos de chian / y dos de guavdi /. beans, and two of cfaia, and two of amaranth.
opposite: KOI. 10
1. The annutacur wnMe tneûm licrt^ althuugh these arc niosc likely mtin-
tv of yuca fiber.
74 MALINALCO/XOCOTITLAN-FOLIO 34T
MÉHtakpudio
MALINALCO/XOCOniLAN-KULIO ' 75
FOLIO 35V
numero de los pueblos oontenydos e yntitttiados en la plana si- The number of towns of the hot lands contained and named on the
giqwnte / «pie ion diez pueblos de tyem caliente FS following page is ten, etc.
primeramente quatroêntas caigas de mantillas de algodón Ricas First, four hundred loads of small cotton cloaks, woilced as drawn;
de la labor que están figuradas
mas quatrofientas cargas de naguas y guypiks /. Also four hundred loads of women'k skirts and tunics;
mas myll y tlozientas cargas de mantillas de enequen blando /. lo Also one (h(ius.ind two hundred loads of small cloaks of soft hene-
qual tribiiiav ati de 'if\s en scvt! tncses /. quén, uliiih ilt'-x t;.ni' in tribute every six months;
yxcn mas do/icntos cintarillos de myel de avejas .\nd also umi :iur...ltnl litrle pitchers ot'becs' hone:
mas myll y duzicntaü xicaraj» bartiizadas de dmarillo /. ;\lso one thousand tv,o hundred yellow varnished gourd bowls;
mas quatfOfientas canastillas de cópale blanco para sahumerios /. Also four hundred little baskets of white copal for incense;
mas ocho mili de cópale por Refinar enboehas las pellas con
pellas Also eight thousand balls of unrefined copal, wrapped in palm
ho|as de palma /todoloqualtributavandeochcnti en rKhcnra días leaves — all of which they gave in tribute e\-er\ elu'hry days;
yten mas dos piegas de armas y otras tantas RiNlel.i<. guamc(idas And also two warrior ooMunes and as many shidiis trimmed widi
con plumas Ricas de k deuysa y color que están figuradas rich feathers, of the style and color drawn;
mas dos troxes grandes de madera del tamaño de los de atrás signy- Also two large «vooden bins of the same size as those indicated be-
ficadm / llenos el ynn de tn iyz y cl OtTO de cbian / todo lo qual fore, fidl. the one of maize and the Other ofchia — ail of which they
iributavan vna vci en ci añu /. gave in tribute once a }'car.
opposite: folio 36r
1 . While myafli (henequén) is written here, the glyph (clodi square wiifa
puncturing bone) cleariy symbolizes jqwilmMA, or yucca fiber doalis.
2. Eirisurititn here, aldMogfc'yetloir" was (UftlytncanL The aiuKNUor
may be quite rushed.
76 • TLACHCO-FOLIO 35V

FOLIO 36V
numero de los pueblos de ryerra caliente figurados e noobrados en The number of touTis of the hot lands drawn and named on the
la plana sigiiycntc que son catonr.c pueblos F.S. followine page is fourteen, ere.
primeramente quatroîentas cargas de mantas colchadus First, four hundred loads of quilted cloaks;
DUS quatrofientas cai^gas de mamas betadadas l$ic] de negro y Also fiMir limwlreJ loads of black and irfiite striped doalcs;
Uanoo/.
mas quatrofientas cargas de mantas Rifas Also four hundred loads of rich cloaks;
mas quaiTovicntas cargas de naeuas y ein-pilcs AImi four hundred loads of women's skirts and tunics;
mas quatrogent )'. i'.irtr:i>> lif in.uuill.is hlnncas AImi tour h\mdri-d loads of small white cloaks:
mas myil y $eys9ienia.s cargas lie ntanus grandes todo lo qual tribu- Also one thousand six hundred loads of large cloaks — all of which
tavan de seis en se}* meaes they gave in tributt every six months;
yttn mas tributavan (kn haehutlaa de cobre And also they gave in tribute one bundred little copper axes;
nasmyllydozientas xicams Ht- hxrnu anurilto/. Also one thousand two hundred yellow varnished gourd bowk;
mas dozicntos cantarillos de mycl de v. cías /VIso rwo hundred little pitchers of bees' honey:
mas quatroîentas (estillas de cópale blanco para sahumerios Also four hundred little baskets of white copal for incense;
mas ocho myll pellas de cópale por Retinar que ansi mysmo se gas- Also eight thousand balls of unreñncd copal, which likewise was
taua para sahumerios todo lo qoal tributavan de ochenta en used fbr moense — all of which they paid in tribute every eighty
ochenta di as days;
yten mas dos piezas de armas con sus Rodelas guarne^das con plu- And also two warrior costumes with their shields trinuned with
mas Ricas de la dtnyaa que otan filmadas rich featheis, of the style drawn;
mas veynie piezas de anuas con sus Roddas guarnetidas con plu- Also twenty warrior costumes with their shieMs, trimmed with or-
mas valadis /. dinary feathers;
mas (;inco sartas de piedras Ric.is que llaman chalchihuitl / Also five strint^s ot rich stones called chdkhihuiil:
mas quatro troxcs grandes de madera del tamaño de los de atrás Also four large wuudcn bins of the same size as those before, full of
llenos de mayz y de frisóles y de cbian y de guavtli /. todo lo qual maize, beans, diia, and amaranth — all of which they gave in trib-
tributavan vos vez en el año A ute once a year.
opposite: folio 37r
78 • TEPEQUACUILCO-FOUO 36V
kiids í>í MU) loads
Tc|lcquact;ilco puebio
manut 400.
of ibis ^^dCMgll » of
this \
«OAbid» «MAIadi M^kadi

(Ihibpin. pueblo
100 link copper a
fiiirnirn
Ohwpifk pvdblo
'.cofrichliM
•f thit nvie
c *irnof oosnimc
400 gourd t
«rfihñ
TlidHnaboc pueblo
400 U( gowd
One ^leld o( nch futhen;

< )nrjh«ld nf rich frailMn,
âf thii style
_ _ .nfthisSMte
~ir|lr
Y<Mllw.|iiidilo
Two bins, the one 1 V, !- l-r -.
f, ,tijnn called pMn«""" .îffHii

and the ntlvcr
o( jiiuranth
oFdm
oo o o TJ
400 it
O
linlc
reliauni;
of copil tar
<r inctmcl
Qiibaditpm. piteUo :o ;o ji 20 2CI 10 20
Ycbctnafwa. Two hnmlicd link iin of beet* hoMjr

AMiniitfan
CO
TEPEQVACUILCO-FOLIO 37r 79
FOLIO Í7V
numero de ios pueblos de tyems calientes hgurados e yndtulados The munber of towns in the hot country dtavfn and named on the
en h plana »gay«nte' ES. following page [is twelve],' etc
primeramente myll y seysfientas caigas de mantas grandes listadas First, one thouiand sbi hundred loads of laige, oni^ê-striped
de color naranjado / cloaks;
mas dos myll y quatroîcntas cargas de mantas grandes de tela Also two thousand four hundred loads of large cloaks of twisted
tofîda /• doth;
mas ochenta caigas de cacao bermejo Also eifîty loads of ted cacao;
mas ()natra(ienios £udos de algodón Abo four hundred loads of ootKxi;

mas ochoi,ÍL-ntas conchas de la mar coloradas a manen de veneras / Also eight hundred scashclls. colored like scallop shells-all of
todo lo qual tributavan de seys en seys meses /. which they gave in tribute e^'ery six months.
i. The oanmaiiator, perhaps in hit bme, fiñled lo Git tht Nnber of

towns*
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 38r

I. The ghMtatysleoudo," which it tawny In color.
80 • CIHUATLAN-FOLIO 37V
(9»
C!nlimd puL'blu
irmm
400 <fe vididUUke

red ^ u.Ûui|>dMlli ri'd sc^Depibclb
C-nîohui pleca n |niL'blo

.
Xutuciiiuhyin. pacbb
CIHUATLAN-FOLIO jSr > 81
wu^y lighted material

FOLIO 58V
numero de los pueblos de tyerras calientes figurados e yntitulados The number of towns of the hot lands drawn and named on the
en h plana agoycme' ES. fbllowing pi^ [is fboneen],' etc
priaicfamente / quaicocieotM caigas de naguas y guypties Fini; faur fanndred loads of womenk skins and tunics;
mas (jnatrocientas caigas de mantillas vetadas de colando /. Also km hundred loads of small red-striped doals;
mas ochopentas caigas de mantas grandes Also eight hundred loads of large cloaks;
mas ochofkmas acaras que llaman tecomates' de las buenas con Also eight hundred gourd bowls, called temmata^* good ones in
qne benen cacao A todo Ib qoal tribmavan de seys en seys meses which thqr drink cacao all of which they gave m tiftote every su
months;
yien mxs dos piezas de armas con sus Rodelas irua mecidas 00n|du- And also two warrior cosrumes wiih ilu-ir shields trimmed with
mas Ricas de la deuysa e colores que están figuradas rich feathers, of the style and colors drawn;
mas veynte «caras de oro en poliio / ca^ vna xican teoya de gueoo Also twenty gourd bauds of gold dust, eadi bowl having the capac-
como dos abnocadaa' ity of two «Amifada^'
m.Ti ffkv rahictas de oro de <)uatro dedos en ancho / y de largor Also ten gulil tablets, Iniir fintrers wide, three-fourths of a iv/ra'
tres quartas de vara* / y el grosor como de pergam)'no /. codo lo long, and of the thickness of parchment — all of which they gave in
qoal tributavanvnavezenelaño/. tribute oiux a year.
1 . As in die pneMims entij^ tiie commentator failed H> Kit die munbar of
2. Whúc Molina 1 197D!9)) defines Wnrf l»"»Modc

I barro" (clay ves-
sel ). this tertn was also used in die soudnaii of Meneo fi»r a small gourd bowl;
these iMMMMT weic uied especially for the cacao drink (Saanmrti I974t
1019).
J. An alm»(iuia is a measure equivalent to the amount that can be "con-
nined in die hoUowofbodi hands placed n)Bedier"(aark 19)8 1:74).

4. TlKiMMiadiqwlednKaiiiRiiientaflengdi,iiHiastaAcncalculaledat
1.67 or ÍM
meters.
opposite: folio 39r
82 • TLAPAN-FOLIO 38T
Oúpy tiyhloo inaiotial

Un kniih af dtt nid loiil itUm
b AiM-qiiineii of• am.
Malinahepcc- pueUo
TLAPAN-rOLIO 39T • 83
FOLIO 39V
EI pueblo nonbrado e jmdmlado en la plam siguycntc que se din / The hot-country nmrn named on the first part oí die faUowii^
dalcoâuhtitlan pueblo caliente dava de tribuio lo siguyente /. cl page, called Tlalcocaubtitbn, widi seven other towns, gave the fol-
pueblo de dalco^mhtidan con otros siete pueblos en la partida lowing in tribute:
primen
qaatroqentas cargas de nuotas grandes Four hundred loads of large doalts;
cien camarillos de myel de tvejas One hundred little pitcfaeis of bees' honey;
ve\Tite cairelas de tecoâhuitl ques vn barnvz amarillo con que se Twenty pans of tiMîihiml. which is a yellow varnish \rith which
enbixavan todo lo qual davan de tributo de se)'s en seys they painted themselves — all of which they gave in tribute every
six months;
ytcn mas vna picâ de armas con su Rodela guarnecidas COO phimas And also one warrior costume with its shidd trimmed with rich
Ricas / que daban de triboio vna wez eo el año /. feathers, which they gave in tribute once a year
ka pueblos figurados e yntítulados en la plana siguyente en h par- The towns drawn and named in the second part of the following
tida segunda / tributavan lo siguyente /. page travf the following in tribute:
quatrofientas careas de mantas pnnde»; Four hundred loads oí large cloaks;
mas quarcnta cascaucics grandes de cobre Also torty large copper bells;
mas ochenta hadioelas de cobre Also eighty little copper aws;
mas fient cantarillos de mfd de ovejas todo b qual tribu- Also one hundred little pitdiets of bees* honey — all of which they
tavan de «]« en seys meses paid in tribute every sil months;
jten mas vna pie^ de armas con su Rodela de plumas Ricas .Vnd also one warrior costume with its shield of rich leathers;
mas vna cafuclica de piedras turquesas menudas todu lo qual tribu- Also one little pan uf small turquoise stones — all of which they
tavan vna vez en d año / son seys pueblos de tyerras calientes los gave in tribute once a year. There are s» towns of the hot lands
en la segunda partida esctn 6gHrados « aoobndoa drawn and named in tin second part.
los pnebk» figuradas eyntitnlados en h plana siguyente en la par- The towns drawn and named in the third part of the following
ridn rcri;:craque son seys puebks (yerras caUemes / tributavan lo page arc six towns of the hot lands. They gave the foUowtng in
siguyente /. tribute:
quatroêntas cargas de mantas grandes Four hundred loads of large chuica;
mas fient camaricos de myel de aveias que tributavan de seys en Also one hundred little pitchers of bees' honey, which they gave in
sqs meses tribute every six months;
yten mas vna pieâ de armas con su Rodela guarnecidas con phunas And also one wstrior cosoime with its shield, trimmed with rich
Rleaa de las diuyaaa y colores que están figuradas feathers of the styles and colon drawn;
mas qosrenta wueks de CIO del taoiafio de vna ostia' y de grosor Also forty gold tiles the siae of a host,' and one fiiîer ifaidc;
vn dedo
mas diez Rostros medianos de piedras Ricas de azul turquesadas Also ten malium-si/.cd tnasks of rich rurquoise-blue stones:
mas vn enboltorio grande de la (sic] dichas piedras turquesadas / Also one large packet of the said turquoise stones — all of which
todo lo qual tributavan vna ver en el año /. they gave in tribute once a year.
1. PMhiUy about dueeindic* in diameter^ Clark 193S I ;7SX
opposite: folio 4or
84 * TLALCOCAUHTITLAN/qUIAUHTEOPAN/yOALTEPEC-FOLIO 39V

f^0
(1 :o :q 20 20
One Urgt p*dw( of
«tilcM>fiti>':J-
tlvr M,. ..t . H..M
aod > rmgcr tliKi
/ Vllcj>an potUo
YdiiMpecputUo
TLALCOCAUHTITtAN/QUIAUHTEOFAN/YOALTEPBC-FOLIO 40r • 85
CGj.j y ;Qd matsriaf

FOLIO 4OV
numeio de los paebks fignnulos e ynritukdoc en la plana slgu- The number of towiisdnm and natned on the Ibllowifig page [is
jtntc' ES. six],' etc.
primeramente tributavan ochofientas caigas de mantas grandes lo First, thqr gave in tribute eight hundred loads of large cloaks,
qual tribotavan de seys en seys meses which th^ gave in tribute every six months;
ycen mas triboomui dos pje(as de armas y ocne tantas Rodelas And also they paid in tribute two warrior costmnes and as many
gmroecidas con phunas Ricas de las colores que esran figuradas /. shielils rrinimed with rich feathers of the colors drawn;
mas quatni trans gnutdes de madera del tamaño de los de atrás Also four large wooden bins of the same size as those before, full of
llenos de mayz y de fmales 7 de diian y de guaMÜ /. maize, beans, chia, and amaranth;
mas otniS4|ittlio trones grandes de madera del dicho tamaAo / de Abo another four large wooden bins of the said sixe, with the same
hs nysmas cosas things;
mas quatro m^xcs de madera grandes del dicho tamaño llenos de .\]so four large wooden bins of the said size, fiill of maize — all of
mayz / todo lu qual tributavan vna vez en el año A which they gave in tribute once a year.
1. As in the two prior cmrics, die cmaanaimor oaiiiied the mianber of

wwos.
opposite: folio 4ir
86 • CHALCO-FOLIO 40V
»mnr cintume
rich fcaihcn,
Tcpuífl«n. pueblo
OiMrfiwIdofHch
futherv of tk» stvic
X<icnyTiliefMc / pueblo
I tiur iMn-f Ví-.ir bins Two bin* Twolwu

ot maizc
^^^^
Qua\TcuiniiÍL"f putblo
[
ÛJl tíl 1
ü
r*
U ti
CHALCO-FOLIO 4ir * 87
FOLIO 4IV
numero de los pueblos de tierras calidas figurados c yntítulados en The number of towns of the hot lands drawn and named on the
la plana sigujieniie /. las cosas que tríbutavan a los señores de me- following page is t\*ent}--rwo; the things they gave in tribute to the
neo son las que se siguen' / en cada vn pueblo avia calpixques lords of Mexico follow.' In each town they had Mexican calpixquts
mencanos y la mysnu orden y Regimyenco y gov-y erno que en los with the same order, ruling, and government as in the other towns
denqs pueblos y prouynîas de atrás comenydos / y ansí en lo «ie .ini! proWnccs before mentioned, jn<l likewise in those named here-
addame por abicuiar solameate / ynui nmnñados an» los pueblos after, although, for brevity, only the towns and their tributes are
oomo los tributos que tribatavan / en lo tocante al gonemo dellos listed. Concerning their governing by their calpixqua, it wiU be
por IDS caipixqnes se entedera' de los de aiklante contcnydos que understood' as the before-mentioned (entries); tíiey had the same
tenyan la mymia orden y go-yemo /. son veynte y dos pueblos los order and government.
oootenydos en la plana siguyente. /
primerameiite tribatavan quatio mlU caigas de cal First, diey gave in tribute fburihottsand loads of lime;
mas quatro inyU caigas de varas de cañas ma^âs qne nonbran Also four thousand loads of rods, of solid canes, which they call
otfatl /. othtl;
mas ocho myli cargas de cañas con que hazian los mexicanos fle- Also eight thousand loads of canes with which the .Viericans made
chas para las guerras arrows for warfare;
mas octwfientos cueros de venados Abo eight hundred deerskins;

mas ocho m9l cargas de acaiycti que son perfumes que vssn los yn- Aisi I cighr thousand loads uf smoking cancs, which are perfumcs
d!o<i' por la boca which the Indi.ms' use tor the iriovith;
mas do2LÍentus cacaxtles / que son aparejos con que los }'ndios ' lle- Also two hundred carrying frames, «htch are crates on which the
van cargas a cuestas / a manera de albardas /. todo lo qoal tríbuta- Indians' carry loads on the back, like padt saddles — all of which
van de ochenta en ochenta días /. they gave in tribute every eight)- ú»ys\
yten mas quatro troxes grandes de madera de las medidas y tamaño And wooden bins of the measure and size of those
also four large
de loa de atrás contenydos llenos ka dos de mayz y los otros doB de before meotioaed, two foil of maize and die other two of beans,
frísoles /. los quatea tributaran vna vez en el año / which tbejr gave m tribune once a year.
1. The coanBcnORarliHkd 10 difcusi the oibuK in war captives pi^^

on the page.
2. Thb was piobsbiy intended ID read aMMdlim(eiiiHukrf).
J. TliisisaraieTiieofdiettmi"yndio«."Seeabofelio42v.
opposite: folio 42r

1. llic Nihuitl, ..'ji.jK.Vtvj. 14 actually the plural, "[wopliv"
J- GK'phic s)inbols expressing "21X1" arc absent here, as ihey are in the
Mamcuia dr Tributos The A/omrujE* (loiNS thh SI SliffalHpW/B
rclitcd
(200) in Nahuad, and ^
(10) in Spanish.
88 * TEPBACAC-FOLIO 4IV
4^
RwdMiiianl
hMdioflime
Fight thnUMtul Inj-il^ nf

fltiivr/. «HilH fvS'lf^' I*
rrn I :^
which tho liNt Nil |. - ti c ntuuth
c Twobiu Two bins

heuiK
U Q TWo hiHHlfMl c*nyin(
Efukn-pueiilo
/Tenpintlan. pueblo/
lluihinliin. iiufl.l.. / t elcnjnco pucl
TEPEACAC-FOLIO 42r 89
FOLIO 42v'
nnmeio de los puebka de tyems calidas y tenpladas figuiados e The number oí towns of tlie hot and temperate lands dianm and
)7itinilados en laplana siguyoite que son ame pueblos ES. lo que named on the following page is eleven, etc. They paid the follow-
tributavan es lo que se sigue ing in tribure:
primeramente quacruîcntas cargas de mantas colchadas de Rica First, tour hundred loads ot richly worked quilted cloaks;
labor
mas quatrocieiim caigas de mamas vetadas de colorado / y bUnoo Also four hundred loads of doob striped in red and white;
mas quatroîentas cargas de ni un ís vetadas de blanco y negro / ,\lso tour hundred loads of cloaks striped in white and black;
mas quatroîentas cargas de maiitlatl / que seiuyan de pañetes a los Also iour hundred loads of maxtlatl, which served as loincloths fot
yndios' the Indians;'
nías quatraficmas caips de guypUes y naguas /. todo lo qual trita Also four hundred loads of womenni tunics and sidns—all of whidi
tavan a los señores de meneo de seys en teys mam they g n e in tribute to the lords of Meidco every six months;
ycen mas tributavan dos pie9as de armas y oBas tantas Rodelas And also they paid in tribwe two warrior costumes and as many
guaneadas con plumas Rkas de hs onlores e deuisas que están shields, trimnwd with lidi feathen of the oakn and styles drB,wn;
figuradu
mas dos sams de cuentas de chalchiguitl' piedras Ricas Also two strings of greenstones, rich stones;
mas ochoqentos manojos de phunas verdes largas y Ricas que lla- Also eight hundred bundles of long, rich, green feathers called
man quecali* quetzalli;*
maa vna píeî de tlalpiloni de plumas Ricas que seruia de ynsign ya Also one tta^Hbm (headpieoe) of rich feathers, which served as a
Real de b hechura que esta figurado /. royal badge, of the kind drawTi;
mas quarenta talegas de grana que llaman grana de cochinylla Also forty bags of cochineal, called cochinilla:
mas vcynte xicaras de oro en poluo de lo fino /. todo lo qual tribu- Also twenty gourd bowls of the finest gold dust — all of wliidi they
tavan vna vez en el año /. gave in tribute oooe a year.
I "f," 43 " IS written in llit upper leti-liainl torner

2. Ilus is i rare use ot the term "vTtdios" ($cc also folio 41v). Use of this
term is unusual in Náhuatl documents of tbfcpniodi
This b the only |rface where (he comnicnnnr gives mimoaimMiotnl
3.
jfidiing of AMMM.
4^ QaOMffi.
opposite: folio 43r
90 • COAYXTLAHUACAN-FOLIO 42y
loads
IomIs of losdt of
400, fkim
Coayntlahuacan. puebla 400. ^ rich 400, Inin
quitted
iifthii
^ nunuu
design
cloths |f*MUrT¿u-t
and 2>|^wuniefi 1
NochitiUn. pueblo
handfiib of
ci(ihl hundred . ncii
Xalttpec. puelik> Inn^ Itreen fcalhcrs

called ûrtzah
H•^:>'¡•:.^^
Tam»vol&n pueblo
M>ctlan. (Hitblo forty ba|p at gmu, called ntimiila One hcadptccc {tia^timt ) of
twcnry fûrd bm U rKh fcathcrv of thn form,
'ol of fii»c
fine rn gold
1 1
I
du)t
which served as a royal bai^
J0 »|
CcMiomulcn. pueblo
Cuicatlan. pueblo
COAYXTLAHUACAN-KOI.IO • 91
FOLIO 43v'
nmnero de los pueblos de lyems csBdes y icnpljJa:! figurados e The number of towns of the hot and temperate lands drawn and
yntitulados en la phna águyente que son onze pueblm ES. lo qne named on the following page is eleven, etc. They paid the follow-
tribiitavan es lo que se sigue ing tribute:
primeramente tributavan quatruîcntas cargas de mantas colchadas First, they gave in tribute four hundred loads of richly worked
de Rka labor quilted doaks;
mas ochocientas cargas de mantaa grandes / lo qual tributnan a loa Also eight hundred loads of large doaks, which tfaey gave in tribute
señores de mexic« de scvs en scx-s meses ro the lords of .Mexico cverv six months;
yten mas tributavan quatru truxcs grandes de madera del tamaño And also they gave m tribute four large wuuden bina of the same
de los de atns llenos los dos de mayz y vno de fnmics y otro de size as diose before, two foil of maixe, one of beans, and another of
duan chia;
m»s vcyntc tcxiiclc>- tiles of tine gold of the size of a medium plate, and of
de grosor como el dedo pulgar the thickness ot a thumb;
mas veynie talegas de grana de ooehinylla todo b quai tributavan Also twenty bags of codiioeal dye — ail of whidi thqr gave in trib-
vna ves en el año A ute once a year.
I. "£* 44" k wiinen in die npper^left-hand comer of this pafe^
opposite; folio 44r
92 • COYOLAPAN-FOLIO 43V
Coynbpan. pueblo
Two bins
o<
^ ^ beans
widiia
3 S
Twoit)' b)ft
ofjnnu
TWoHjrdhfaofBae
Octbn. pucUo
TtóqMC. pueblo
MacuiUtKluL iiurhli
coYOLAPAN-roLto 44r > 93
Co\-j y ¡od matsriat

FOLIO 44V
numero de la pueblos de tyems calidas figurados en la plana si- The number of towns of the hot lands drawn on the following page
guyente que son tres puebk» ES. las oosis que tiibulavan a los scr is three, etc. The tilings they gave in tribute to the locds of Mexico
ñores de mexioo son ha que se siguen are the following:
primeraiDente quatrofientas caigas de ountas grandes que tnbut8~ Fint, four hundred louds of laige dodcs tbat they gave in tnbme
van de iqis en sqn mem every six months;
ynenmas tributaran vnapieca de annas con su Rodela guamefidas And also they paid in tribute one warrior ooitnme vdth its shield,
con phmat Rica* de hs ooiórcs que «sean ñguradas ttimmed with rich feathers of the oolofs drawn;
mas veyme «kan» Uenas de oro en pohiofino/. Also twenty gourd bowb foil of fine gold dust;
mas vaco talegas de grana de cochinylla Also five bags of cochineal dye;
mas qtniIOfíemos manojos de plumas verdes Ricas que llaman Also four huiuircci bundles of rich green feathers called fiw-
ipieizali' / todo lo qual tributauan vna vez en el año /. tzaili' — ail of which they gave in tribute once a year.
I. ConmndaiiillyaiwIedfiKtaiKI.
opposite: folio 45r
94 » TLACHQUIAVCO-FOLIO 44V
TLACHQUIAVCO-FOLIO 45r * 95
FOLIO 45V
iraraero de los pueblos de tyerras calidas y tenpladas figundos e The number of towns of the hot and temperate lands drawn and
vnrinil.iilo'i cn la plana íiguycntc que son vcmrc \ Jos pueblos ES. named on the following page is nvcnn -nvo. ore. The rhiiigstbey
las cosas que tributavan a los señores de mcxjco son lasque se siguen gave in irilnitt 10 ihc lords ot'Meviro ;ire tlu- tnllow ing:
primerainenie iributavan myil y sc)'sv-icntas cargas Uc mancas Ri- First, they paid m tribute one thousand six hundred loads ol rich
CK /Rops que vestían los sefiores jr caciques doalo, dothii^ the lords and Mrifiier wore;
BUS ocfaogenias cargas de mantas listadas de ooiondo y blanco y Also eight htmdred loads of doalis striped in red, white, and green;
verde
mas quacroîentas cargas de naguas y guypiics /. todo lo qual tri- Also four hundred loads of wumcn's skins and tunica — all of which
butauan de seys en seys meses /. they ^ve in tribute every six mondis;
)tcn mas tríbutavan pie<;a de armas con su Rodela guarnecidas And also they gave in tribute one warrior costume unth its shield
con phunas Ricas con su deuysa de paxaro / y colores según que trimmed with rich feathers, with its (backj device of a bird, and in
están figuradas /. the oolots drawn;
mas ma Rodela de OTO Abo one gold shield;
mas vna deuysa pan annas a manera de ala / de plumas amarillas Also une [bade] device for warrior costumes, lilce a birdli wii^ of
Ricas rich yellow feathers:
mas vna diadema de oro de la hechura que esta liîrado /. Also a gold diadem of the form drawn;
mas vn Apretador de oro para la cabe9a de ancho vna mano y de Also one gold headband, one hand wide and of the thickness of
grosor como de pergamyno /. parchment;
mas dos sartas de cuentas y collar de oro /. Also two strings of beads and a collar, of gcdd;
mas tres piecas grandes de chalchihuitl piedras Ricas /. Also three large pieces of greenstones, rich stones;
mas tres sartas de cuentas todas Redonditas de chalchihuitl piedras Ako three strings of round stones of greenstone beads, rich stones;
Rkas
mas quatro sartas de cuentas de cfaakfailmitl piedras Ricas A Also fear strings of greenstone beads, rich stones;
mas veyme bezotes de amber ckfo goaroecidos con oro A Also twenty lip plugs of dear amber, decorated widt gold;
mas otros veynte bezotes de blríles' con su esmalte de azul y guar- Also another tweiKy lip phigs of orystaP with tbdr blue smalt and
necidos con oro /. gold setting;
mas ochenta manojos de phanaa Ricas verdes que llaman queâli- /. Also eighty bumMes vi ridi green feathers called putzalli;'
mas quatro plecas de plumas Ricas verdes como raanofos guarne- Also four pieces, like bundles, of rich green feathen trimmed with
cidas con plumas amarillas Ricas rich yellow feathers.
mas ocho mili nii!iio|iK-li)s Ji- pl-.irTias turquesadas Ricas A Also eight thtnisanil little hnndles f)t ric h nir<¡uoisc-bluc feathers;
mas ocho myli mano)uclos de plumas coloradas Ricas ,\lso eight thousand little bundles ot rich red feathers;
mas ocho myll manojuelos de plumas verdes Ricas Also eight thousand little bundles of rich green feathers;
mas cien ollas o cantaros de liquidambar lino A Also one hundred pots or fats of fine Uquidamban
mas dodentas cargas de cacao A Also two hundred loads of cacao;

mas diez y scp myli pellas RcJondis mmo pelotas de oli / ques .\lso sixteen thousand round balls <>i' rubber, whisli ¡s ilic uuni of
gonu de arboles / y dando con las pelotas en el suelo / saltan mucho trees, and when the balls arc thrown on the ground they boimce
en alto A todo lo qual tributavan vna vez en d año A very high — all of which diey paid in tribute once a year.
1. Stevens i'17J6) licliiiis "IkiiI" js "a jjrt'i'nisli priaous stonc. call'd a
bcryl," and '•bcrilcs" or "biriles" a "fine glaueü to prewrv-e die $ight or to set
before relíeles, or pictures in oiiniaane." The amoation for lUs iiem de-
acribet it as crynaL
2. MostasoallyifHrtsalK,
oi'l'osn t: FOLIO 46r
1. Ihe pliiss -..i;,^ Jiunj Jr i(rjnj! de plumas Rutis, the pjnai pcrhjps refer-
ring to the rcil i:i'.n\ iii[)u- stjiulanf
2. The cu$tomar> puebiv is absent here, probably due to lack of space.
96 • TOCHTEPEC-FOIIO 45V

400lD»it.
Tuchkptt / pueblo of sk nch

mjmitu si of
< JtUnilan / H pathto
I o(i.(c|xx putb4u Chuianilía purtío

PuciUn. pvcblo
TOCHTF.PFX-FOLIO 46r • 97
FOLIO 46V
de Im pueblos de rierras eaUdes figurados e yminihdos en The mmibcr of towns of the hot hmds drawn and named on the
la plana siguvcnrc FS. son los pueblos siete' '
l;is que tríbu-
cosas follou-ing page is seven,' etc. The things they gave in tribute to the
r.m.in .1 los señores de mcxico son las que se siguen lords of Mexico .ire the following:
primeramente dos sartas grandes de chalchihuitl piedras Ricas First, two large strings ot greenstones, rich stones;
mas myll y quatroêntos' manojos de phunas Ricas «Biles / y co- Also one thoosaod four hundred' bundles of rich featfaeia of Une,
Inr.iílns / y vcnlcs v nirqucs.id.is / y coiondas / y vcfdcs / qne
/ red. green, turquotsc-blue, red, and green, which are drawn six m
esr.in titnir.ulos en sevs manofos /. buniiles;
mas ochenta pieles enteros de pájaros de plunus Riia,s turquesados Also eighty complete bird skins, of rich turquoise-blue feathers
y en ks pedios mondos de las colons que esnn figurados A and puiple breasts, of die colors drawn;
mas otras ochenta pieks eoteros de los dichos pajaras Also anodier eigfaqr complete sidns of the said birds;
mas odiaqeiitOB mano)os de plumas Ricas amarillas iMso eight hundred bundles of rich yellow feathers;
mas ochoqeinos manojos de plumas Ricas verdes y laicas que lla- Also eight hundred bundles of rich, long green feathers, called
man quefale* /.
mas dos bezotes de ámbar claro guarnecidos con oro /• Also two lip plugs of dear amber, decorated widi gold;
mas doiientas caigas de cacao /. Also two hundred loads of cacao;
mas quarenta^ píeles de tigres XL. pieles Also fort)'* jaguar skins, 40 skins;
mas ochocientos tecomates' Ricos con que bcuen cacao /. /VIso eight hundred rich bowls' for drinking cacao;
mas dos piceas grandes de ámbar claro del tamaño de vn ladrillo /. Also two large pieces of clear amber of the size of a brick— all of
todo loqual tribuiavan de seys en seya meses /. which they gave in tzibuie every six months.
1. Gl)!)^* for eight towns arc pictured.

2. The commentator erred here, ceioinly mcanillg lo write "<1m mj/ü y
quatroîcntos."
i. OmventiaRaüly, fwiuffi.
44 It appsaw ÚM
*daaMiBtf' wb i mm J out; then "XL pidM" wis added
lor darificadon.
5. S«« m>»e 2 cnthe ttmilsiioB of folio >8v for a disnwikm of utmtia.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 47r

I he i Í
iifft tú licAciibc these pehs! iifiur siciiis inott
likely.
98 XOCONOCHCO-FOUO 46V
In chbute
Xuconochco pucWo
Iticauprhuiiliitli
Twi) «nnp* uf frrrcn Mone / nch «oík^

A ^
Twrnt>- jaguar'
One hundred | \otá& of
(inc h\iniJrc>-i [ U»jtU of
lluiitUn- pucMo
Acaprlbtt.in / pttchlo
400 guurd bowls of this 400 gourd bou'l» of

shafK.
for drinking
thn sb hhjpc. Fur
.
c*cw> drinkinii ^ cacao
XOCONOCHCO-FOLIO ^-J T
FOLIO 47V
immcro de h» paebk» de tyems calidas y tenpladas que son siete The number of towns of the hot and temperate laixls dnwn and
pueblos l(>s figurados e ytititul.ulii> h \i\m-i siguyente ES. las named on the following page is seven, ere The things they gave in
cosas i]iic tributavjn ;i los scñiircs iIl- [iu vu d son las sigiu-entCS tribute to the lords of Mexico are the iullDwmg:
primeramente / quacroêncas cargas de mamas grandes que cribu- f irst, four hundred loads of large cloaks that they gave in trtbttie
tamn de seys eo seys meses every six months;
nna veynte caigas de cacao /. Also twenty loads of cacao}
mas myll y seysîentos fardos de algodón todo lo qnal tríbutavan Ako one rhniis^mci six hundred bales of cotton —all of which they
vna vez en el año /. gave in tribute once a year.
opposite: folio 48r
100 • QUAUHTOCHCO-FOLIO 47V
Copyriglitoa inaicnal
40» ¿ bales b>lM
uí cocnai 'mm
TiNodMi/padUa
^^^^
llllli
Tuchti>tiMi (virhlo
AhuilÍMpan. pueblo
Qinuhteicico. pueblo
Ymcyooin / pueblo
QUAUHTOCHCO-FOLIO 48r 101
FOLIO 48V
nnmeio de los pueblos de tyerras calidas y tenpladas qne aon ae^ The number of towns of the hot and temperate lands oomained,
pucblm contcnydos y figurados e ^Titiculados en la plana siguyente drawn and named on the following page is six, etc The things dwy
ES. las cosas que tributa%'an a los señores de mexico son las que se gave in tribute to the lords of Mexico arc the following:
signen/.
primeramenic quatroftenus cargM de goypOes y nagnes /. qne es First, four hundred loads of tunics and sUrts, which is womenli
Ropa de mugeres clothing;
mas quacro(icntas cargas de mantas medio colchadas /. Ako four hundred loads of half-quiltcd cloaks^
mis qnaitroqeiifB csiyas de msnlíltas con sns ^mefts de Manco y Also four hundred bads (if araaU cloaks with their wfaheatid Made
otpo /. bofden;
mas quarrO(;icntss cargas de mantas de a quatro brabas cada vna .Msg four hundred loads of cloaks, each cloak four hniz-as [long],
manta la mytad listadas de negro y blanco y la mytad a manera de one-half striped in black and white and one-half like a grating of
R^t de prieto y Vkaeo /. bbck aid white;
mas quatrocieiitts cargas de mamas grandes blancas de a qnstro Ako four hundred loads of bige white doaks, each dank four bra-
brabas cada vna manra zas [lonn],
mas (icntü y sesenta cargas de mantas Ricas muy labradas Kopa de Also one hundred sixty loads of very richly worked cloaks, clothing
señores y caciques /. of lords and
mas myll y dozientas cargas de manías / listadas mas de Uanoo que Also one thousand t\^'o hundred loads of cloaks, striped more white
de prieto /. todo lo qual tributavan de sev's en se>'s meses than black- all ot which they gave in tribute every six months;
yten mas dos pie^s Ricas de armas con sus Rodelas guarnecidas And also two rich warrior costumes with their shields trimmed
con plomas Rkas según que están figuradas with rich feathen as drawn;
mas vna sarta de dialchilinid piedras Ricas Abo one string of greenstones, rich stones;
mas quatrogentosmanojoa de plumas Ricas verdes largas que lla- Also four hundred bundles of ridu long green feathers called
man queâli ' /. rfuerzitlJi:'
mas veyntc bezotes de bardes- esmaltados^de azul y engastados en Also twenty lip plugs of cr)'stal,- with blue smalt and set in gold;
010 /.
mas veynte bezotes de ámbar claro guamepdos con ocx> /. Also twenty Up phigs of dear amber, decorated with goM;
mas doiientas cargas de cacao /. .Also two hnndnd loads of cacao;

mas vn qnecaltlalpiloni'/ de plumas Ricas verdes de queâli / que Also one fwtuJSUjlMlIm/' of rich green quetzal feathers, which
senda a k» señores de ynsignp Real de la hechura que esta figu- served the lords as a royal badge, of the form drawn—all of which
rado todo lo qnal tributavan vna vez en el año /. they gave in tribute once a year.
1. Coavemianillii fMMadV^
2. See nole 1, lUio 4Sv. Hoe the picturiil annoiaitian does noc NNÜott
crymL
3* Tile ^wfMttitîlMif wat wom en the htad*
opposite: folio 49r

1. HcR and ebewhcfe die mnotaior wrote kwm, ondtting the reqniiiie
cedilla to yidd the more unial hofiis or Misiu.
2. The annotttor, perhaps rushed, wrote pm*s for pitdnu («oncs).
102 • CUETLAXTLAN-FOLIO 48V
Chi
CUETLAXTLAN-FOLtO 49r 103
-cd material
FOLIO 49V
numero de los pueUof oontenydos e figurados e jnthuhdos en k The number of towns contained, drawn, and named on the ibUow-
pbn.i sigii\ t-nit- que- son siete pueblos F.S. las caM8<|Ue tributtvan ing page is seven, ere. The dtings they gave in ttibuie to the lords
los señores de mexico son las que se siguen of Mexico are the tollowing:
primeramente quatruîenus cargas de mantas listadas de prieto y First, four hundred loads of black and white striped cloaks;
blanco/.
mas ochocientas carg;)s de mantas grandes y blancas lo iinal tribu- Alao, eight hundred ionds of laige white doab, which they gave in
tavan <lc scys en 5C)-s meses tribute every six months;
yten mas tributavan vna vez en el año dos piezas de armas con And also onoe a year they gave in tribute two warrior costumes
sus Rodelas guarnecidas con plomas Rkas de la suene ipie están with their shields, trimmed widi rich feathers of the kind dnwn.
figuradas A
opposite: folio 5or
104 • TLAPACOYAN-FOLIO 49y

Cüj i y ed material
FOLIO 50v'
numero de los pueblos ligundose yntitubdos en la plaiu ñguyente ' The number uf towns drawn and named on the following page [is
ES. las oow que tríbuimn a ioi leñores de menoo son Im que se eleven],-' etc. The things they gave in tribute n> the loids of Mexico
siguen are the following:
prinenmente myll y seysgentas' cargas de mantas listadas de Rrst, one tiionsand six hundred loads of black and white striped
prieto y blanco /. cloaks;
mas ocho mili panes o pellas de liquidambar para sahumerios / que Also, eight thousand loaves, or lumps, of liquidambar for incense,
llaman xochiocofocl /. todo lo qual tributavan de sc>'s en scy-s meses which they call xwhtocoôti — all of which they gave in tribute every
six months;
JFien mas tribu ta van Aos piezas de armas con sus Rodelas giiarncíji- And also they gave in tribute two warrior costumes with their
das con plumas Ricas de la suerte que están figuradas / las quales shields trimmed with rich feathers of the kind that are drawn,
tributavan vna vez en el aiío /. which they gave in tribute once a year.
NOTES
1. "SI" is written in the upper-left-hatHÍ comer.
2. The c(n]iiieiiiaiar,pecha{» in his hastt, omitted the number of nnm
3. This was a cnrectiaiL It seems that "dozientts^wttwriiiinpre^
then craned out.
opposite: folio 5ir
106 * TLATLAUHQUITEPEC-FOLIO 50V
TI-ATLAUHQtn tPEC-FOLIO 5 I r " '07
FOLIO 5lv'
numero de los pueblos de tyerras calidas figurados e yndoilados en The number of towns of the hot lands dnwn and named on the
la plana siguycncc que son syotc pueblos ES. las cosas que tribu- following page is seven, etc. The things they paid in tribute to the
tavan a los señores de mcxico wn las que se sigilen lonis of Mcxico
. .ire the following:
pritiicraincntc quatrogientas cargas de mantas a manera de Rejas First, four hundred luad.s of cloaks in the style of a black and white
de negro y blanco A grating;
mas quacru(,ientas cargas fie mantas Ricas labradas de odorado y Mso four hundred loads of rich doaks worked in red and white,
blanco /'
Ropa de señores /. clothing of lords;
mas quatro(ientas cargas de inaxtiad / que scruyan de pañetes / Also four hundred loads of maxtlail, which served as loincloths,
que por otro nonbre llaman paños menores /. otherwise caUed underdolfaing',
ñus odiofiemas cargas de mantas grandes blancas de a quatio bra- Also eight hundred loads of large white doaks, each doak fiwr hnt-
bas cada vna manta iiii [long];
mas ochoîenus cargas de mantas de a ocho- brabas / listadas de Also eight hundred loads of doaks eight- brazas (long), striped in
oaruijado y blanco /. eran de a ocho bra9as cada vna manta orange and white; eadi doak was e^t hnoáu [long];
mas quatropentas caigas de mantas blancas grandes de a ocho Ako four hundred loads of large white doaks, each ck>ak eight bm-
brabas c-^da vna manta ZaS [lulli;];
mas quatrofientas cargas de mantas listadas de verde y amarillo y Mso tour hundred loads of cloaks striped in green, yellow, and redj
oolondo/.
mas quatrofíeiMas caigas de nûas y guypUes /. Abo four hundred loads of women^ skirts and tunics;
mas duzientas y quarenta carps de mantas Ricas labradas de colo- .\lso nvo hundred forT\ lo.ids of cloaks, richly worked in red, « hite,
rado y blanco y negro muy labradas que bcstian los señores y cai- and black, which the lords and coiiques wore — all of this clothing
ques toda la qua! Ropa tránitavan de seys en seys meses they paid in tribute every six months;
yien mas tríbotavan dos piezas de armas con sus Rodelas guar- And also they gave in tribute run warrior costumes with didr
necidas con {turnas Ricas de bnieite que están Bguradas shields, trimmed with rich feathers of the kind drawn;
mas ochocientas caríjas de a\i seco .\lso eight hundred loads of dry chiles;
mas veyntc talegas de plumas blancas menudas con que guarnegian Also twenty bags of small while feathers, with which they trim
mantas/. doaks;
mas dos sartas de chalchihuid piedras Ricas Also two strings of greenstones, rich stones;
mas \7ia sarta de cuentas de piedras Ricas turquesadas /. .\lso one string of rich turquoise-stone beads;
mas dos piezas a manera de platos guarnecidas o engastadas con pie- .Mso two pieces, like plates, decorated or set with turquoise stones
dras turquesadas Ricas todo lo qual tributavan vna vez en el año /. all of which they paid in tribute once a year.
1. "52" is vrrinen in the upper-l«í(-lund córner.

2. The conunenaior had previmisty wríiien "quatro," dicn croKcd ii oot.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO $2r

Here and cbewhere the annontor wrote brum, omttiing die reqoiiiM
1.
cedilla to yield the more usual hnftt or tnaai.

2. [füitcad of the Náhuatl word cMKf (Hispanidicd to ihiU^ the mnatatur
used a Caiifabean-dcrived word, axi
108 TUCHPA-FOLIO 5IV
4(H) luids
400
^
of 3 *hi<;h arc
of du( design
^
p nh
••! Í Í -hi, i;
>in 1,13* nt nth
801o«Í9orñch«MaH
41X1 liwli
0 [Dip IP JPICG^
One wimor «Kwmr of rich
^ ,
lObapdfmul
white rn fctthei»
One shit'! .! ru h icjthcrs,

Hi ihi- >rJc
1^ OM«VÍBgafHn|IMÍK«..«.
' '
I
M I 1 I / M iir^
TVra pItK* «f mil MmqMMC iMMia
TUCHPA-FOLIO ' 109
FOLIO 52v'
numero de los pueblos figimdcw en la plana siguyente que son dm The number ofttiwiisdiiwn on dw following page is two^ etc. The
pueblos L'S las ooMs que trybntauan a loa señoics de mexioo / son things they gave in tn1>ute to tbe lords of Mexico are the fiidlowmg:
las qiif siguen
pnmeramence ochuîencaü cargas de mantas Ricas labradas de co- First, eight hundred loads of cloaks, richly worked in red and
lorado y blanoo con sus qme£u de vetde y aauuiUo y colando white, with their gieen, yelhwr, red, and bhie bordei^
yazul /
mas quatroîcntas cargas de m.ixtl.itl /. Also four hundred loads of loincloths;
mas otras quatn>gcntas cargas de truixtlatl / Also another four hundred loads of loincloths;
mas quatroîcntas cargas de mantas grandes y blancas / de a quatro Also four htmdred loads of large white cloaks, each doak four ¿nt-
fatifu cads vna manta /. todo lo qiial tribuiavan de sejis en aeyi (in length]—ell of which tbey give in tribute every SÚ months;
meses
yten mas tributavan vna vez en el año myll y dozientos tardos de And also they paid in tribute one diousand two hundred bales of
algodón cotton, once a year.
1. "Si" is wrincR ín ifae uppcHefr-hand eomer.
opposite: folio 53r
110 ' ATLAN-FOLIO 52V
C opyr ighted mate r a i l

ATLAN-KOLIÜ ¡ }! • 111
I- OLIO 5 3v'
numero de los pueblos figurados e yntitulados en la plana sigujxntc The number of towns drawn and named on the following page is
que son finco pueblos ES. las cons que tributavan a lot señores de five» etc The things they gave in tritwte to the lords of IMeidoo are
madoo soa las que se siguen the following:
primeramente <]u:itro(;ientas i-iirtras <1e mantas blaiKSS OOO SOS {a- First, four hundred loads of white cloaks with tfadr bordéis of red,
ncfas dc coluradu y azul y verde y amarillo / blue, green, and yellow;
otts quatrovicntas cargas de nuxdad que son peños menoies /. Also fear himdred loads of maoM, which is undeidothing;
mes ochocientas cargas de mamas grandes Mancas de a qneuo Also eight hundred loads of large white doab, each cloak four hv-
bracas cada vna ñama /. zas [in length];
mas quatrocientas cargas de naguas y guypiles ques Ropa de mnge- Also four hundred toads of skirts and tunics, wliich is women's
res / toda la qual Ropa tríbutavan de scys en scys meses clothing — all of this clothing they paid in triiiute every six months;
yten mas tributavan dos piezas de armas con sus Rodelas guarne- And also úiey gave m tribute two warrior costumes with dtdr
cidas con plumas Rica» dc la suerte que están figuradas shields trimmed with rich feathers of the Idnd drawn;
mas ochocientos' brdos de algodón / todo lo qual tríbutavan vna Also eight hundred- bales of cotton — all of which they gave in
vez enel año /. tribute once a year;
cccc cargas de axi seco* /. 400 loads of dry chiles'
1
54" IS written in the uppcr-lctt-hjnd ciirr.LT r,\ rh;s
p igc.
2, Originally "'mvll y ilozicntos" wjs written, then it was replaced by
"tKhoi,i«nti»," ptrhj(w in a different hanJ.
}. The final entry, adding the -400 loads of chiles, is executed in a different
aUHHier frotn the uther e-(jmincntar>' entries. To add to the small degree of
oonfinioo here, ibe prior entry, indicsang a tribute ptyment interval, should
have been the ñm! entry on the page.
opposite: folio 541

I Thu .innotator is usini; the icrm axi for chiles, a word the Spaniards
picked up in the Caribbean islands rather than on the mainland <soe Stevens
1726; Memindet 1959 1: 139).
112 • TZICOAC-FOLIO 53V
FOLIO 54v'
el pueblo de ontípan figurado e yndtulado en la plana úgaytam The town of Ontipan [is] drawn and named on the following page,
F.S. las coMS qne tributiva a los «fiotes de nexico son la$ que ae etc. The things it paid in tribute to the kwds of Akxioo ate the
siguen foilo^%ing:
primenmente dos mili cugas de mamss grandes de a dos bfaâs First, two tfaoosand loads of laige doalts, each doak two bnmu
cada vna manta [long];
mas ochocientas carpas de mantas grandes listadas de amarillo y Also eight hundred loads of large cloaks striped in yellow, blue,
azul y colorado y verde de a quatro braâü cada vna manta red. and green, each cloak tour brazas [long]; [Oxitipan] paid all of
toda b qual Ropa trflnitana de seys en aeya meses this dodüng in tfflwte every six months;
yien mas tribuuoa quatrogentas caigss de aá seco /. And also h gave in tribute fear huiuked loads of dry diiles;
mas \ n agiivla biua / y otras vezxs dos o tres sepun las que hallauan Also one live eagle, at other times two, or three, according to what
y podian tomar / todo lo qual tributaua \Tia vez en el año /. they found and could capture — all of which they gave in tribute
onoe ayear.
fin de Ja pane segunda. / End of the second fart.
I. "55" is written in the upper-leit-hand corner of thit pag:e.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO jijr
I. The annot3(or is uvinu the term nxi ior chiles, a uorU (he itpamurds
picki;<J up in th« CanhSi .11) islands iidier dun on die miinlsnJ Cice Savea*
1726: Hemánd«2lV5V 1:139).
114 OXITtPAN-FOLIO 54V

oxniPAN-FüLio 55r • 115
FOLIO 55v: BLANK
lió ' roLio 55V
FOLIO 56r: blank
FOLIO $6t * 117
Co\- j y od matsriaf
FOLIO 56v'
Lt ptrtíáa tttxert. Je ata bistaria / The third part of this hiaay
Relation delmodo y cosnunbre que los naturales mexicanos tenían (This is an] account of the manner and customs the Mexicans had
en naciéndoles algún nnicliacho o mudiacba / el vso y ^rimonias in giving birth to a boy or girl, their custom and rites in giving
lie ;>i)n'. rk-s nonhrrs '
a 1.15 criaturas / y dcspucs dedicallas e ofre- names to the infants, uul Liter dedicating and offering them to
cerlas a sus tenplos o al ane militar según que por las figuras ade- their temples or to the military, as shown in the drawings with
lante en la om hoja contenidas se significao / y ban sumariamente their brief eipbnations, contained farther on, 00 another page, be-
aclaradas / demás de que eti est;i plana dc tO<ks b didlM fignin Be yond die figurea slunm on this pafe.
haze mynsion según que se sigue /.
F.n p.inendo la mugcr cch.man l;i cri.inirn en su cun.i sepiin que After the mother pave birth, they placed the infant in its cradle, as
esia figurada y al cabo dc quatro días que era nacida la criatura la drawn. And at the end of four days after the infant's birth, the mid-
parten / tomana la criatura en hn^
desnuda / y sacanala en el wife carried the infant, naked, and took it to the courtyard of die
parin dc la casa dc la parida / y en el parió Teman iniesio iunv:.i o house of the one who has given birth \nd in the courtyard they
enea que llaman tule y encima vn librillo pequeño con agua en had placed a small earthen tub of water on rushes or rccds (as a
donde la dicha parten / bañana b dkha criatnn y después de ba- mat] calledtale, where the said midwife bathed die said infant And
ñad.i rrcs muclinrliii'; i:;ic cvTin sentados junto a la dicha iuni;ia co- after rhe harh three bo\ s, who are seated next to the said rushes
I
miendo ma^'z tostado cnbuclto con frísoles cozidos / que Uamavan eating toasted maize rolled up with cooked beans, the food they
el manjar yxicne / ' d qual manjar aposta ponían a los dichos mn- called yxicue, purposefully put the food in the little earthen jug so
chachos en \ti libriliejo para que lo comyesen / y dcspucs dc! dicho they tnight eat it. .\nd ;ifrer the said bath, the said midwife ordered
baño o labatorío la dicha partera avisaua / a los dichos mucha- the said boys to call out loudly the new name of the infant who had
chos / a boBies noobnsen poniéndole nonbre nuevo a b criatura been bathed. And the name they gave it was tint which the mid-
que ansi abian bañado / y el nonbre que le ponían era qual la par- wife wished. And at the besrinninp. w hen the infant was taken to be
tera le queria poner A y ai principio dc quando la criatura sacavan a bathed, if it was a boy, they carried him with his symbol in his
bañar si en varón le sacauan oon sn ynsinia puesta en la mano de b hand; and the symbol was the tool used by the iníánt^ father,
criatura / y la \Tisinja era el ystnimcnto con que su padre de la whether of the military or professions like metalworker, wcmxI-
criatura se exerîtaua / ansí como del arte militar o oficios asi dc carver, or whatever other profession. And after having done this,
platero como de entallador o otro qualquier 0690 /. y después de the midwife hmded the infiuK to its mother. And if tlie infant was
aver hecho lo dicho la partera riieti;! !;i criatura a su madre /. y si la 3 girl, the symbol they gave her for bathing was a distaft' with its
criatura era fcmiml / la ynsignia con que la sacaban a bañar la spindle and its basket, and a broom, which were the things she
Rueca oon sn vso y su cestilb / y vn manojo dc escobas que eran las would use when she grew up. And they oflfered the male infant^
0)s;>s con que se ni l ríe cxervitir tcnyendo edad para ello /. y el umbilical cord, along with the little shield and arrows s\Tnbol used
onbiigo dc la criatura barón con vna Rudclcia y flcxhas ynsinia con in bathing, in the place where they warred with their enemies,
que le avian sacado a bañar / lo ofrcîan a la parte y lugar donde se where they buried it under the ground. And likewise for the girl,
ofrecía guerra con sus enemigos / en donde lo cnterravan debaxo they buried her umbilical cord under the metate, a stone for grind*
de tierra / y lo mpino de la muchacha su obligo le entcrravan dc- ing tortillas.
baio dd oietaK piedn de raobr tortillas /.
y después de lo dicho al cabo de veynte días / los padres dc la And after that, at the end of twenty days, the infiint^ parents took
criatura yban con k criamra al tenplo o mezquita que llamavan the infant to the temple or mezîia, called cafmetae. And, with offer-
calmecac / y en preaenfia de sus alfaquis presentavan la criatura / ings of doaks, kjindotfaa, and some food, they presented the infant
con su ofrenda de mantas / y masteles y alguna ix)m>'da /. y des- to the priests. And after die infant had been reared by its parents
pués de criada la criatura por sus padres tenyendo edad enirq;avan and had reached [a proper] age, they delivered him to the head
la críanm al alfiiqui mayor de la dicha mezquita / para que allí priest of the said temple to be trained there for the priesthood.
fuese ensenada para que después fuese alfaqui /.
y si la criatura sus padres determinavan de que tenyendo edad fuese And if the infant's parents decided that, upon coming of age, he
y siniv-ese en el arte militar desde luego ofrecían la criaran / al would serve in the military, then they offered die infant to the mas-
niaeso haziendo promesa en ello / el qual iiiaeso de tiuu h.n lios y ter, promising him [to service]. Tlic master of boys aiul \ 1 mrhs was
moôs Uamavan / teachcauh o telpuchtlato el qual ofrefimyemo called ttaditaub or ttlpuebtlato. They made the offering with pres-
haaan con so picsente de oomyda y otras cosas por Qebbñfion /. y ents of food and otiier things for the dedicadon. And when die in-
en syendo b critnm de edad b entregavan al dicho maeso /. fant was of age, diqr delivered him 10 the said master.
1. "57" is writKn in tlie upper-left-hand comer.

2. A £ew chmners were written and then crossed out here.
opposite: folio 57r
118 • FOLIO 56V

FOLIO S7r • 119
FOLIO 57v'
dedaracion de la plana siguycnte después detta de las figuras en The explanation of the drawings contained on the following page:
ella contenydas en que sc pluit i cl ticmpoynK"!" los n.itu- it deals with the time and means the iiiiiinaUs- used in instructing
rdes'davan consejo a sus hijos de como abpn de biuir / $egun que their children in how they should live, as it is drawn in four suc-
susîaamente están figurados / que son quairo paradas í. y ansí cessive parts. And so on this page, in order, are eapbined the four
en L'srj plana por su orden / ban decUndas las quatro partidas / pans, whkh are the following:
que son las que se siguen
primc ri p;irti(l;i '

rn ijuf vf tlt^nir i c|iic Ins padres correci.in en dar The first part shows that the parents correcicil their children when
buen consejo a sus hijos quando eran de edad de eres anos /. y la they were three years old, by giving good advice. And the ration
Raîoa qoe les dañan en cada vna comida era media tortilla' they gave them at each meal was a half a tortilla.'
segunda partida / en que están figurados / los padres que an&i mys- The second part shows the parents who hkewise instructed their
mo / dmrínalMn a sus hijos quando eran de edad de quatro años / children when they were four years old. And they began R> teadi
y los cnpc(;av.in ,i cxcrîtar en mandallts scniir cii cosas pocas c diem to ser\'c in minor and light tasks. The nMion they gave them
libyanas la Ration que en cada vna comida les davan era vna at each meal was one tortilla.
tortilla
tercera partida en la qual están figurados los padres que a sus hijos The third part shows the parents of tivc-ycar-uld children. They
de edad de ^neo años loe ocupavan y exergítavan a aeniypos per- engaged them in personal services, like toting light loads of fire-
sonalcs romn carcalles Icñ.i cargas de poco peso / y llevar en-
'
wood and carryinsi litrht hundios to the rijnznex, or markerplacc
boltorios de poco peso al tiangues / lugar de mercados / y a las And they taught the girls of this age how they had to hold the
mucbacitas delta edad / las enpodaa en ensanaUas [sic] como avían sphidle and distalF in order to spin. Ration: one tortilh.
de tomar el «so y Rueca pan hilar /.Ration vna loftilla /.
quarta partida en la qual están figurados los padres que a sus hijos The fourth part shows the parents of six-year-old children. They
'
de cdaii (le scvs años / l(w exeriptavan v ocupauan en seruyijios per- '
instructed and enpacei! them in personal sen ices, In iiii w hich the
sonaies de que en algo aprouechasen a sus padres / ansí como en parents l)enehted, like, for the boys, |collccnng] maize that has
los tiánguez Jugares de mercado para que cogiesen del suelo / los been spilled in the marketplace, and beans and other misenble
t'ranos de m:\n que por el esruvyesen dcRamados / y trixolcs y things that the traders left scattered. \nd they taught the girls to
oirai iiiysenass cosas que los tratantes dcxav.m dcRamados / esto spin and (to doj other advantageous ser\'ices. This was so that, by
a los muchachos /. ya las muchachas bsinponian en hilaryaotras way of the said services and activities, they diti not spend their time
cosas de scruygos de prouccbo / para que en lo de adelante me- in idleness, and to avoid the bad vices that idleness tends to bring.
dyantc los dichos scruyfios y ocupaciones ocupasen el tyenpo en The ration they gave the children at each meal was one and a half
no estar ociosos / por les evitar / vicios malos que la ociosidad tortillas.
suele acanear A Racioa que a los nmchacbos davan en cada vna

cmnyda
I. "iH" is written in the npper-left-hand corner.

2 "Naturales" was • term commonly used b>' the Spaniards to refer, in an
uinliMinguillnbic nmamr, to the native [>c<>plc».
}. The smememeoocemiiv die children^ ratkm appeals to be added CO,
pcriiaps in a difieient hand, in die diiciMÍon of all ibur parts.
opposite: folio 58r
120 • FOLIO 57V

ooooo
Tus Ave rnr-uldboyi
FOLIO 58r • 121
Cü( j y ;ed material

FÜLIÜ 58v'
decUnpon (te la las figuns en ella ocmtienydas

plana siguyente de The explanatiom of the drawingis contained on the foUowing page:
en que se tyempo y modo En que loa natnraleB* de me'
platica el it deek «ídi the time and means the Mexican nsamler' used in
xioo dotrinavan e conegían a sus hijos pan eviiallei toda aqosidad instioeting and oorrscting their children, to avoid
all idlenessi snd
y <(ue oenpie anduvyesen a plicado» y ae caergiowen en coaas de ensme that tiieypoiaDe and engage in advantageous activitiflSi sa is
pnmedio según
/ que susêainamente catan figondea i|Be aon SBCCie a»i»«iy diaim in four parts, which also are eiplained on this
quano partidas, y ansí en esta plaiia por sn orden ban dedandas laa page in their order. Tbe finr parts are the fiallcnring:
quano partidas que son las que se signen
pi iiiu ;.i partida en que se dedara que los padres a sus hijos de 1 he lirst part shows the parents of seven-year-old children: They
Edad de siete años / a los varanes los aplicavan en dalles sus Redes gave the boys nets for fishing, and the mothers taught their daugh-
con que peacavan /. y las madres excr(;îtavan a sus hijas en hilar y ters to spin; and they gave them good advice so ihey would ah^fs
en darles buenos conseios para que sicnprc se aplicasen y ocupasen apply themselves and spend their time in something ro a\oid all
el tyempo en algo / para escusar coda ociosidad /. la Ration que les idleness. The ration they gave their children at each meal was one
davan a sos hijos en ca(b vna comyda era vn tortilla y medía and a half cortinas.
segunda panida en que se declara que los padres a sus hijos de edad The second part shou-s the parents of eight-year-old children:
de ocho aik» los casrigavan poniéndoles por delante temores y They punished them by putting before them the (ear and terror of
aterreres di; púas lic mairuey'' ''
para ijue siendo negligentes v lics- maguey thorns, so that heing ncglitrcnr and disobedient to their
obedientes a sus padres serian castigados con las dichas púas y ansí parents they would be punished with the said thorns. And also the
ka muchachos de temor lloravan según que en las figuni desta driltlren wept from fear, as shown and explained in the drawings in
partida están figuradas c sií^niñcadas la Rafion de coiuyJa this pan. I'hc ration per meal that they gave them was set at one
que les davan por tasa era vna tortilla y media and a half tortillas.
tcr(,cm partida en que se declara que l«is padres a sus Irjos de edad The third part shows the parents of niiu-yc.ir-old children: For
de nueve años syendo yncorregibles y Rebeldes a sus padres / cas- being incorrigible and rebellious toward them, the parents pun-
rigavan a sus hijos con ^
dkhn púas de maguey / atando al ished their children vnút the said maguey thorns, rying the stark-
muchacho de pies y manos dcsiujiio en carnes y le hincavan las naked boy hand and foot and slicking the sai<i ilioriis in his shoul-
dichas púas por las espaldas y cnierpn y a las muchachas les pun-
7 ders and body. And they pricked the girls' hands with the thorns,
túan las manos con las púas / según que en la tercera partida están asshown in the third part The ration per meal that they gave
figuradas /. la Raipon de comyda que les dañan era vna tortilla y them was one and a half tmtinas.
media
quarta partida en que se declara que los p.idres a sus hijos de edad ITic fourth part shows the parents of ten-\ear-old children: Like
de diez años / ansi mysmo los casdgauan sycndoles Rebeldes / wise they punished them for being rebellious, beating them with
dándoles de palos y batiéndoles otras amenaxas aegon que en la scicb and ofibrii^ other dueacs, as shown in die fourdi part. Tlie
quarta partida csran fiknirados la tasa y RliCÍOO de la COmyda set rate and ration per meal that they gave ihem was one and a half
que les dauan era vna lurcilia y media /. tortillas.
1. "SV a written in the upper-lcft-hMid comer.

2. "Naninilei"waiai(nnGoomoiü]riMedbytheSpaimni(toiefer,ín«a
DndifOngiiHliibie maniier, to die iMive ncM|itw
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 59r
1. The annocator £uJed tu glu» "unc and a half tmtUm," as has been his
122 • FOLIO 58V
These stnn blue .li-iv
S3
oooooo JModwr of Ae diiUrai
•ham in dril row
(
Fttlier of the cMUmi ttagin bjf fell UMrlmr
*hi lu n In thin rw
One nd a half itrxtUi: \ ''>'urold|iif isteh
uughdKiwiDfpa
lat piTi
Tht-w: eight iJutt

vi^'nih ci[,4it wars.
OOOO
FatKrt nrihc children
oooo sKown in thn i
(3
shown in thn r^m » wirncd
Ail 8-)%jr t]JiI Ixiy tnring
by hift father nut i\.> b<: JcccicfuJ, An ft^yurotdgirl l^ thiLAU nd

hef modwrwilh inifue>- ipilus.
One and a half

One ami i
^ the UxJ) «it)'
L maf[ucy %ptkc».
Indpan
Maguey spikct
TtMM nine do» Hgw^r Bine yen.

OOOO
OOOOO Oni- ai-.J J hiir rottiUtt
OiM and a lutf
Mw of ihe chiMrcn
M«hnar*cckildKn^^
shown in ihi% row
Aawninikbraw V£/
\ 'i veir ..I.J ispunlOied
AV^tMroldlMiyiipienid /i^ra
«lla««
ir¿ pan
inhtete^rwidiaHflMr
Vlh«lyMiM«r,
km bfhy iMOfrifMia
M ^-3
u ^ t^jfl
t.,r ..gi.í.ncí »nd
htrn»dier.b,pa«Ktogll«f
win
Thc« tfn dot* siftni^' ten vrar».
OOOOO
OOOOO
FulMrafilMdindKn
• tolMarav Mmher of the c'
punished by father
shi.wfi in íhís
u'ich a suck.
FOLIO 59r * 123

FOLIO 59V
dedaraqon de h paitida primera de la plana siguyente de lo figu- Explanation of the drawings on the first port of the following page:
rado /. Fl muchacho o muchîch.i ík' nn/i- iñus que nn Rci,'ehia co- They punished the eleven-]iear-old bov or pir! who disregarded
rretón de palabra sus padres los castigauan Uundulcs humo a las verbal correction by making them inhale chile smoke, which was a
narizes de an que era vn tonnenio grane y avn erad / pan que serious and even ciud tormenti and they would chastise them so
boatígasen v no andav^-scn \iqiosos e bag.imun<!as sino que se apii- they not 1:0 aliout in vice and idleness hut that they employ their
caaen en ocupar ei nempo en cosas pnmechosas /. a los inucha- time in gainhii activities. They gave the children of that age the
cbos de tal edad davanles el pan que son toitillas por tasa / soia- bread tint Is mtíllas tt ibe rate of only one and a half tortillas at
riH-rui' vn:) torrilln v media a cada comyda porque 00 se enseñasen a each meal, to teach them not to be gluttons.
st i U-it-oiies o violones /.
dccl;)r,i(,i(in de lo figurado en la partida segunda el muchacho o Explanation of the drawings in the second part: It a rvvelve-ycar-
muchacha de edad de dozc años que no Rcêbia de sus padres cor- old boy or girl ignored their parents' correction and atb iie, his fa-
Kckmny consejo / al muchacho omiaua su padre y le arava de pies ther took the him hand and foot, and laid him stark
boy and tied
y manos / y desnutio en carnes lo tendia en el suelo en parte hú- naked on damp ground, where he stayed an entire day, so that with
meda e mojada donde iodo vn día lo teaya ansí / para que con la tal this punishment he would be chastised and fearful. And for the girl
pena castigase y temyese y a la muchacha de la dicha edad su madre of the same age, her nuniier iii.ule her [rise] before dawn to sweep
la hazia sentir en que de noche antes que fuese de dia la ocupaua en the house and street, and alwa^'s be occupied in personal services.
barrer la cua y la calle /y que sienpre se ocupase en seruygios per- Likewise the parents gave them to eat a set amount of one and a
sonales / ansí mysmo sus padres les davan a comer por tasa / vna half tortillas at every meal.
tortilla y media en cada vna oomyda
declaration de lo figurado en la tercera partida de la plana si- Explanation of the drawings on the third part of die following
guyente / el muchacho o muchacha de edad de treze años / sus page: For the thirteen-year-old boy or girl, the parents engaged (the
padres los aplicavan en traer lefia del monte y con canoa traer caRi- boys] in carrying firewood finom the hills and in tnnsportmg sedges
zos y otras yeruas para seruyîo de casa / y a las muchachas que and other grasses for household services. .\nd the girls would grind
moliesen e hizíescn tortillas y otros guysados pan sus padres /. [maizel and make tntiMcr and other cooked foods for their parents.
davanles de comer por tasa a los muduchos dos tortiliat a cada vno They gave the children a set rate of two tortillas to eat at each
en cada vna comyda. ES. meal, etc.
dedaraqon de lo figurado en la quarta partida de la plana si- Explanation of the drawings on the fourth part of the following
puycnrt el miiLhachu o muchacha de edad de catorze años '
sus p.iLiL lor thu fouiteen-ycar-old boy or girl, the parents (>i( u¡):ed
padres les muchacho / hicsc con

ocupavan e apUcavan de que el and engaged the boy in fishing with a canoe in the lakes, and ihey
canoa a pescar en las lagunas /yak muchacha les cnponyan a que instructed the girl in weaving doth. They gave them a set rate of
texese ijualquyer tela de Ropa /. daoanlcs a comer por tasa dos tor- two toitilUs to eat, etc.*
tillas ES.'
I. The appean niihed at this polnL
opposite: folio 6or
1. The annatatar is osiiig the tmn «n

for chiles, a word tiie SfMiiiinb
pidml up in die Caribticaii blamk rather dun on the naiiiland (see Stevciu
inti Hcraindes 1919 1 : 1)9).
2. In Spanish, die word "muchacha" b miiMig here, and die <
"Mather of the children in this row" has also been onitiBd. The i
may have been nished, or simply cardcss.
124 * FOLIO 59V

o
i:..r..rv
o
o oooo
ooooo Thn picture repre&enis the ntfhi
l-'athcr lit th« chililrun

in ihti nm
12 y-ar-iAd £irl goc4

«ucepofift at night
A 1 }> >TJT old [pH who n gniidmg [mfttzc

rvrriiias and |)rcpanng futid
CiniiiUc
FOLIO rtor ' 125

FOLIO 6ov
declararon de lo figurado en la plana síguyentc. Fn I . '.itnn. rî par- Explanation of the drawings on rhe follounng page: In the first part
tkb k) figurado signylica qw el padre tenyendo hijos de edad que the drawing means that the father, having boys of a youthful age,
mo^ / lof Uevam a I» dos casas, figuradas / o a casa del took them to the two houses drawn, ehher to the house of the mat-
maeso que cnscñava y dotriliava a los mo(,()s /. u a la mczquyta ter who taught and instructed youths or to the temple, according
según que el atogo se yndinava / y cntrcgaualo al aliaqui mayor o to how the youth was inclined. And he delivered him to the chief
il Qiaeso de muchachos / para que fiMse enseñado los quales man- priest or the master of boys so the youths mi^t be taught from the
cebos abyan de ser de edad de quynze años /. age of fifteen years.
declararon de lo figurado en la plana siguiente en h partida se- Explanation of the drawings on die second part of the foltowing
gunda /. lo figurado signyfica t i nunio \ lt \ que iein ;in
y giiania- page: The drawings depict rhe means and custom they had in mak-
van en sus casamyentos que ligitimamcnte hazian / la (elebragon ing legitimate imrriages. The ceremmy b^n when the bride,
era / que la desposada la licuaba a cuestas a prima noche vna amán- just after dailc, was carried on the back of an tmanttaL, who is a
tela [su] / que es medica / e yban con ellas quatm inugeres con sus physician. I hty uere accompanied h\ iViiu oiher uomen onyiDg
hachas de pino Resinado encendidas con que la yban alumbrando y ignited pine torches, who went lighting their way. And when they
llegada a casa del desposado los padres del desposado la salian al arrived at the groom^ house, the gioom^ parents led her to the
patio de la casa a Rctehir y la tnctian en Mía s;il;i n í -:isa donde el patioof the house to receive her, and the\- put her in a r(K)m or
despo&ado la estaua aguardando / y en vna estera con sus asyentos house where the groom was waiting. And the bride and bride-
jumo a vn fisgón de luego sentavan a los desposados y les pren- groom sat on a mat with its seats, next to a bummg hearth, and
daban c atavan el vno al otro con sus Rofins v ha/ian sahumerio de they tied their clothes together, and offered copal incense to rheir
copal a sus dioses / y luego dos viejos y ú<m viejas que se hallavan gods. .\nd then two old men and two old women, who were prcb-
presentes como testigos daban de comer a los desposados y des- ent as witnesses, gave food to the bride and bridegroom, and then
pués compn los vieids \- acallada la cnm\'d,i los \-icios \' licjas the elders ate. .And when the old men and old women finished eat-
hazian vn parlamento cada vnu por si a ios desposados dándoles ing, each one individually addressed the bride and bridegroom,
buenos consejos de como se y abpn de
y 1» cai:g> y tratar bjniyr cSkñoK them good advice on how they ou|^t to behave and live,
estado q|ue tomavan como la avyan de conseraar / pan que byvye- and on how they ought to perform the responsibility and position
senavn descanso A they had acquired, in order to live in peace.
opposite: folio 6 ir
I . I lie annoucor wrote thb at cbMonfiM.
J As thri lughnuc. the mnotator oscd the .'Vrabic term mezquita far temple.
He \mt j)Kil()i;i7cs tur Ins Arabic usages.
These were schools tor noUle boys, r\in by priests.
4. Literallj, "house of song."
5. Literally, "penon of Amandan." Amandan «a* a mîiA' ("birrio") of
Tbtekilco, noted fbr its feathenxoridng spcdtlixatian. The ooniinemator on
folio 60v tranbtei this ai "medica," or healer, and this terai docs carry Mch a
meaning, as «di at that of "imcrlocotor or spealter" fiee Karttonen 198} : 10).
126 * FOLIO 6ov
Tttnpll' ailed ¡ahustl
Fintptn
ooooo
ooooo
ooooo
SeixioJ
part
FOLIO 6tr 127
Cüj j y ;ed material

FOLIO 6lV
declarafion de lo figurado en la plaiLi stguyence de la primera par- Explanation of the figures on the first parr of the following page:
rida / y porque en las figuras en cada \Tia dellas están aclaradas de Since each of the drawings of the novice priests, in their duties to
cd lo que los ocupavan sus mayores / no sera
los alíaquys novicios / head priests, is accompanied by explanations, it will not be neces-
necesario Referillo «|uy mas de que como enawnm a ser alfaquys sary to refer to them here, other than to add about how, on beoom-
les ocupavan luego en seruyîos peisnn.iles para sus mezquitas por- ing priests, rhey then engaged them in personal services for the
que en lo de adelante estuvyesen amaestrados diiundo fuesen alta- temples so that, in the hiture, as head priests they might instma
qnys mayores / para que a loi mievoi por la mysma orden que dios die neophytes who would beoooie occupied In the same duties they
a\yan seniido los ocupasen / themselves had had to perform.
declaración de lo figurado en la partida segunda de la phma si- Explanation of the drawings on the second part of the fellowmg
guycntc / en la qual partida ansi m\"sm<i en c.ul.i \n,i de las figu- page: In this part, likew ise, on each of the figures is e.xplained the
ras / esta declarado en lo que seruian y ocupavan a los mancebos / services performed by the youths so that in the future, on reaching
para que en lo de adelante estu vyesen amaestrados tenyendo edad y an age and level of responsibility to command other youths like
cirgo (¡c mandar o'rn-, línienes amm clliis porque no .indii\ycscn themselves, they might be instructors, so rhe\- not become idle
hechos vagamundos en usiosidades / smo que siempre se aplicasen vagabonds, but always apply themselves to virtuous tasks.
en caMS [sie] devertud /.
declaration de los tigurado en la partida tercera de la plana si- Explanation of the drawmgs on the third pan of the following
guyente / en la qnal partida anñ myimo en cada vna de las fignns page: In this part likewise, on each of the figures is explained the
esta aclarado la corre(;ion y castigo que lo^ alfaquys mayores a sus correcrinn .ind punishment that the head priests administered to
subditos hazian porque en el oficio eran descuydados y negligentes their subordinates, tor being careless and negligent in a duty, and
y por algunos accesos' que Junan / haaaides el castigo según que for some excesses' they ooounined. They inflicted (he punishment
las figuns hizen demostración. ss shown In the diawingh
dedara^k» de lo figurado en la partida quaita de k plana si- Explanation of the drawings on die ibuitfa part of the fiillowing
guyente / en la qual patida |sic] en cada vna de las figuras ests de- page: in this part, it is explained on each of the figures how the
clarado / de como los valientes honbres de guerra exerfitavan en el brave warriors trained the youths, if old enough, m martial arts,
aite meditar a k» mancebos que tenyan edad pan ello según que upon their fathen' recommendation and accordii^ to the inclina-
sus padres les avian enoooiendado / y según las \-nclinagnnes de tions of the yrniths; or their fathers placed them with persons who
los manfcbos ansí SUS padres los ponian con las personas que cs- might teach ihein the sblls and arts (hey preferred.
tavan amaestndasen las cosas 7 artes que sus yncBnacíones deman-

daivan /.
I. The writer surety nteant to write "excesos" (excesses) here.
opposite: folio 62r
128 * roLio 6 IV

NmiCC pnClt who gt>f.% lill r. ifll Nwicc ptKW whpgoet lnaiic<l
mague)' i.pike» ftir ilit itriplc, with gn«a CMCi iiir the temple,
Midi
Nwke iiricst who hn dccatMt At I Ü1CW they uUtr sJLl li: I- M a nfce fc»ee» ind to droorilf k
dw duty of nvrping the devil by drjîrii; b-lixni
Youth u'Ko govs luMlnl with a large trunk of
Hc-jd pricil Nnvicc priest

\kvkc priest
Head pnests who art
Ntivicr |>TÍeM puntsiiinj; ihc fK>*-ice
prirsi, picrcinjc hiro
nil ttU|OJ<'V H>ikc«
all mcr hn budy, for

Ixrinjü; reiKrlÍKHii
in whac they
onierlrim[«»da|
Itiu little luHiK mean) t)iJt. it the nuvtcc pfic^l
I
weni to his house to $k«p three days, the/
puriKKed him at dn»^ and staled almve.
Ynuth, pupti
the u amur. warriiit v^hu sênt ta
Yiwth's father, vhii Rnc* with war, with his. arma

iiun >»jr
Yeodi who ijffers his
II I
st»\ If iKr
earning h)i
wamur w that
he nij> hf- and hit

r.: J in jrms on
nurual art» and hH back
taken «vw
FOLIO 6tr ' 129
FOLIO 62V
dedanpon de lo figurado en la partida primera de la plana si- I Explanarion of the drawings on the first pa rt of the following page:
I
guv'cnte en qual partida en cada \Tia de las fipuras esta declarado

la I In thi'; part, the nighttime aaivities f)t the head priests are ex-
I
el exer^ígio y ocupación que los altaqu)^ mayores tenían la» no- plained on each of the figures; some were occupied in going to tl>e
ches /. vnm se ocnpavan en yr t U úem

t hazer sacrífifio a sus mountains to offer sacrifices to the gods, others were occupied
dioses / otros se ocupavan en músicas otros eran Reloxcros por las \nth music, others were timekeepers using the stars in the sky, and
estrellas del fíelo / y otros en otras cosas de sus inezquytas / tilhcrs [were ctiguged] in other duties in their temples.
declaration de lo figuradn li\ la partida segunda de la plana si- F.xplanation of the drawings on the second part of the following
guyente / en la qual pannia en cada viu de las figuras esta deda- page: In this part, the explanation of each of the figures deals with
ndo / lo que ñgnyfican / a^rca del castigo que hazian a los nun- the punishment chey gave the youths, which they administered ac-
fehos setnin que lo Representan las figuras / lo qual eiecutovan cording to the laws and customs of the lords of Mexico, as shown
según las leyes y fueros de los señores de mexico /. in the drawings.
declara(;ion de lo figurado en la partida tercera de la plana si- Explanation of the drawings on the third part of the following
guyentc / en la qual partida en cada vna de las figuras esta decla- page: In this part, it is explained on each of the figures what is
lado lo que significan / y ansí no sen necesario ReferiUo aquy A' meant, and so it will noc be necessary ID discuss it here.'
dedanôn de lo figurado en la partida quarta de la plana si- Explanation of the drawings on the fourth part of the following
guyentc / en la qual partida en cada v-na de las figuras esta aclarado page: In this pan, the explanation of each of the figures deals with
lo que ñgnyfican / el castigo que hauan los mandones / telpuch- the punishment the masters, ttlputbtktos, gave the youths who
tbtos a los manfcbos que andavan hechos vagamundos y viciosos / went about as vagabonds and in vice, according to the laws and
según sus Iqics y b
donas en la paitida figurado y dedando /. other things drawn and explained in this part.
I . This itatemeni, and othen throughout, indicate that this commemuy

Mction was wrinen after the «inocations were applied to the drawings.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 63r

1. Oppt refeis to an office, inde or cmpkqnnnit, but also caiikil iIk
meaning of a dtwch office (see Stevens 1726).
2. TdpfKbtli it » youth or }'oung nun; 'dau- refers to "speaking," and is a
term aMoriated with ruling or leading (»« in 7T»foam: Speaker or Ruler).
5. As ;i plui.il, this should read ^.!;<uJ'!Úii..'/:¡r
4. Piciotlaily, these spikes arc uiiniu .il to ilu nuacki spikes shown on fo-
lios i^r and (i2r.
5. This term refers to older brother or older male cousm.
130 • FOLIO 61V
This drawing wiih
Ilcwl priest. wKo (d» at tug^ with
to a nMxuntain to
lug nf Lojut
his
do penance; and he caniei in his

kindM
inccTisc to uRitr as a Mcrtfice to

rl r lii-vil,
tijKi. hrnbin«-
and he curves on ha
in i vend Ibr
fire
/
UfiJ [:-u"-t 'Anil l^ (iljvirlg ihc
drum trp'.njizii; , which a
musical insxruiiicnti and he

OD it M JH|^
Head pncuvhow
Icxilcing at the stars
tn the ntght ^k) to
MccTOin die time far

aenfaa^taddadct
FOLIO ójr • 131
FOLIO 63V
iledancion de b partida primen de la plana siguytnte en la qual Explanation of the first part of the following page: In this part,
panilla en cada vn;i ilf las fiijiiras esta declaradn en Id que se onipa- there is .1 statement for each one of the fipures, explaining what the
van ios alfaquys /. y ansí aquy no se hazc mas Replica de lo en ella priests arc doing. Therefore, there is no need here to repeat what
IS slated there.
declararon de la partida segunda / en la qual partida en cada vna Explanation of the second part: in this part, in each one of the fig-
de hs 6giiras esta dedarado lo figurado según sus diuisas e ynsi- ures, there is a statement [embodied in the figures) of the warrior
nías' / las quales )Tisinyas scgiin se señ.iiavnn ios honbrcs en las cosnime*;' represented. These wiirrioraisrume*: identified the war-
guerras de grado en grado yban subyendo en mas avtondad y por riors according to rank, [the warriors] rising in higher authorit)'
el numero de cavtiuos que en las guerras cavtivaban / según que with eadi rank, by the number of capdves diey captured in war-
siis(;csi\ amonte lo fipiirado con sus \ nsianvas de armas v rraxes se fare. Acoordin;.; to the previous discussitni, u ith their warrior cos-
demuestra y grados en que subyan
las ventajas los valientes en las tumes and clothing, the warriors demonstrate the perquisites and
guerras /. primer grado /. ranks that warrion achieved. Fust rank.
declaraîun de la panida tercera / del segundo grado en que subían Explanation ol the third part, of the second rank ilui brav e Mexi-
loa valienties meiicanoa / según que por bs deuysas de armas e yn- cans would achieve: The lords of Medoo made them leaders,' ac-
signyas esta figurado de que por los señores de mcxico les hazian cording to the warrior ctrsnimes represented in the figures, and the
de mandar- y la color de la Ropa de su vestir que les davan / por color of the clothing that was given to them for having captured
aver cavtiuado / el numero de cavtíuos según que en lo figurado ae the number of captives, as diown in the drawings with their titiea
signyfica con sus títulos y adaragones /. and eaplanarions.
dedanfion de la partida quarts del tercero grado en que subían los Explanation of the fixirth part; of die diird rank of the valiant
valientes mexicanos semm ()uc por las deuysas de armas esta figu- Mexicans, according to the warrior costumes represented: The
rado / de que los señores de mexico les hazian de mandar' por los Mcxico made them
lords ol leaders' because ot their merits and
méritos y numero de cavtiuos que en las guerras avian cautivado / number of capi ives captured in warfiice. And thus they went rising
y ansí de grado en grado yban subyendo sycnpre con ventaja de lo into higher ranks, always with more perquisites and greater titles
de atrás en mayor titulo y estado de honrrar /. . and honor.
1. The oomiiKinitor md aniuMn' vat "Ansa" Ú>e áotm Ewopcan m

analogy, scwnetiines wyii^ or emhHlHlwng it with "indgnb" (eoatof anns,
mule of iwiiar), *diwn «le armu," or "insignia de annas." Stevens (1726) de-
fines "divisa" as device, a badge of biightlMod, as the geof^ge or the garter.
Also a marie of distinction worn in irmics to be known from the enemy.
"
Sometimes taken fi>r .1 ii r.it lif jrnis
2. This übbrL'M.iiicin is rjiht r ilithi-iik (o Mtuc the initial char-
inti-rf>r<.l.
acter MronfrK rcseintiles this wrilcr\ cedilla, llthuu^h the jCKunpjnymt; is .
ahstiit. 1 hi cDniurit dearly calls fur a term referring lo leadership, and "man-
dar" and Its variants appear lltl>Î IiLllv. The annoratr>r USCSÜKI
don" and "mandones" on pictorial folios 65 r and 66r.
opposite: folio 641

1. The exact nature, location, and timing of átete is not
specified.
: Beginning with lUs entry, the anwMsmr dungcs the of-di-
visa" to "devisa."
132 FOLIO 63V
Cop.y righted matarial

YcMifnanoepriai S«iior pncii guci tcj
mhiicinoe, u-»r to encourage and

0ccup<ril in tiB«ir,aifyinc
Templteilkd inspire the
tnmporang Migar
sytuMi \hmae laarnorv. and
MflMfarikc lit mist] to pertorm
qiiiraf
ceremonies
iheicinplc
pg 00 DQ JT ihc
r battlcBcM'
,..«-
I'cmplc called A )'ouih wKociimred one luamorl

JfcufÍKvr Liin>lil>lu"
Intcniiittt whoS jtnit iiJil^f of the in battle, wai i nuoM of floiMT
the /ciUfjV í^^^í^ iird» <>l McxlttJ

ofwomtnl M>k, aa iit thit
ofbnvay
lili'. <« ariKir, lbrlH«iqgci|mi«d iwo enana, wm

^vm the ityk' of winior fVooMume he i> w«irbi(,
knfinthihciqintc |\ orjníi-
MMM widit nd
ofW(bn«cry.
FOLIO 6^r ' 133
Copyii.jl iGd material

FOLIO 64V
declaration <fe la partida primen de It plana sieguyoite [sic] /en I* Expbnation of the first pan of the following page: In diis pan, on
|
qua! partida en cada \ na de tas fip.iras esta declarado / lo que sij,my- '
eadi of ihe drawings is explained its meaning, for also the head
íican / porque tanbycn los altaquys mayores se exerîtavan en el arte i priests practiced the military arts, and accordingly they fought in
mîtar/yMgiinqiieprobaiianenfasgtiernsyhazaílasqiiebaziany I the wars, and did heroic deeds and captured capdves. So the lords
'
cautivos que cavtiuaban / ansi los scñort-s de mexic" les dauan di- of Mfxirn g^.ivc them honorable titles and heraldic arms and de-
tados honrrosos y blasones y deu)'sas de sus valentias / como en las vices for iheir bravery, as seen on the arms in (he drawings.
j
armas que tyenen puestas en lo figurado hacen demostración /. I
declaration de la partida segunda /. en la qual partida en cada vna Explanation ot the second part: In this part, on each of the draw-
de las figurasen sus espatos esta declarado lo que sipi]?fican / que ii^ in its spsoe, its meaning is enphined. These are the ssme
son los m\'smos alfaqui's de suso contcnydos en la partida primera priests contained above in the first part, who, for their courageous
antes dcsta los qualcs por los hechos hazañosos que en las guerras deeds in the wars against their enemies and lor the prisoners they
de sus cnemjfgos exerptanm y los prisioneros que cavtivaron / por captured, merited higher titles of honor, and were made leaden'
donde mcrc<,¡erOO tltttlodc onor mis •cnlíx do v mandones' a ellos by the lords of Mcxicn. And thcv wore the arms and insienia'ast
hechos por los señores de mexicu / y de las arnias y blosoncs' / que sign of the title and grade they had achieved by their merits.
vestían para aeflal /del titulo jr grado en que abyansubydo por SOS
méritos/.
declaration de la partida tersen de lo en ella figurado / en la qual Explanation of the third pan of the drawings: In this part, on each
partída en cada \'na de las figuras están \Titirulados los Rcnonbrcs of the drawings arc given the honored titles they had attained and
que avian conseguydo c akanâdu en el cxcr(i;io del arte mylitar achieved in the practice of martial ans in the wars, for which they
en las guerras / por In qual abyan subydo cn nuts alto grado hizien- had climbed to the highest grade, the lords of Mexico maldflig them
doles los señores de mexico capitanes y generales de la gente guer- captains and generals of warriors. And those of the one group served
rera /. y los de la vna vanda / seruyan / de execuiores en lo que los as officers for whatever the lords of Mexico ordered and deter-
señores de mexico / mandavan y detcrm>Tiavan ansi en las ooaas mined, in matters concerning their own republic as well as in the
tocantes a su República / como en los de mas pueblos de sus va- towns of their subjects; they then, without any remtssioo, carried
sallos / los qualea luô sin Remysion alguna executavan lo que se out their orders.
les en mandado /.
1. Seenoie2,falio63v.
2. Surely "blaioneS" (insignia) was SMsm here.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 65r
1 , The ñiul clause of this ^loss was added on with a diiferent pea.
134 * FOLIO 64V

The umc pricu a« heforc. for having captured three
enemies in battle, was pven for hn bra^rry
who nptvrcd the siylc of wftirior comume that he wean.

Priesi
an enemy m bartle
The mnc pricM is drawn prcîausly.

for having raptuned sin metnie> in
baiilL*. » J Hi^n of his «niragc and

vakw i^vcn b\ the lord of Mcuco
the \T\\c of uarrior cmnimc that he wean.
Thoc four in this rriw scP'cd

M% cummindcn and ulTicerit
for whjtc%cr ihf loriK nf

Meuco ordered and decided
These four in thift row are

valiant warrton and captains
in the Mcucan ann>. and

pcnans w ho serve n generaht
in tKc .Vtcucan «nnv.
KOLIO fi^T • 135

FOLIO 65V
dedanîon de to figorado en la partida primera de la plana si- Explanation of the drawings on the first part of the following page:
guyente / <;ignyfica el C3(;ii)uc' i]ucs señor íIc vn pucMu i|ur por It represciKs .1 du-vinc' "lio is Kird nt a town, Rccmsc he rebelled
avene Rebelado contra d señorío de mcxico ios cxccutorcs üc atrás against the lordship of Mexico, the officers shown previoiHdy
comenydos / le tyenen echado al caîqtie vna soga en la garganta throw a rope around the amû^ throat; for his rebellion he would
con la qual por su Rebelión fue condenado [sic] por el señor de he cnndcrnni.'d ro ile.uh In- the lord of Mexico, and his w ife and
mexico que muera por ello / y su mugcr c hijos sean cavtiuados y children would be captured and taken prisoner to the court of
tnydos presos a la corte de menoo / y en cunpliniyento de la con* Mexico. And of the sentence, the executionen' are
in fulfilhnent
dctiuvion los vicnton s '
están exeaitando las penas en que fueron administering the punishments to wfakb they an condemned, as
condenados según que por las figuras se signyíican /. shown in the drawings.
dech!r:!<,ion ik- lo fiiriirníió L-ti la ¡lartiii.i segunda /. t! ca(,l(|iic (|ue Explanation of the drawings in the second part: The (drawing of
esta sentado e yntitulado &ign)'tica que por se aver Rebelado contra the) cacique who is seated and labeled [as caaqut\ means that, for
d selSorio de menoo / fue condenado / por el aeftor de meidoo qne having rebelled against the lordship of Mexico, he was condemned
sea destruydo y asolado juntamente con los vasallos de su pueblo / by the lord of Mexico; he would be destroyed, together w ith the
y ansí los xecntORS por mandato del señor de mcxico le están noti- subjects of his towiL And so the executioners, on orders from the
ficando la dicha condenaron en señal de lo qual le seiiafam oon las tord of Mexieov are infonnlog him of die said condemnation; as a
ynsipiiyjs que los xecutores le [)oiien sobre su cabeija v la Rodela symbol, they indicate thil with ^ insignias that the exectitioners
que le presentan para que no pretenda y guaranga de su desiruy- place on and the shidd they present hnn, so that he
Ins head,
gon y aaolamyento /. las figuras que están alanceando y con heri- would not and as guarantee of his destraction and devasta-
resist,
das mortales sipni.'fican que eran mercaderes tratantes mexicanos tion. The figures speared and with mortal wounds represent trav-
que aportaron a las t)-crras y pueblo del dicho ca(,'iquc / y sus va- eling Mc.xican merchants who arrived at the lands and town of the
sallos del cacique sin liênîa de su señor / los an salteado en el said cacique; and the cacique's subjects, without permission from
cam\Tio matándolos y Robando lo que llcbaua de mcrcan(;-ia por '
their lord, h.n e .ut.tclvcd them on the road, killing them and steal-
donde sea mouido ocasión / del dicho asolamyento y dcstruyîon ing their merchandise, which would be the motivation for the said
de iodo el pueblo A leveling and destruction of die entire town.
dcclaraíîon de lo figurado en la partida tt;i (,Li a /'

los quatro xecuto Explanation of the drawings in the third part: The four officers and
res y cnbaxadores del señor de mexico significan / que avyendo ani'h.issaiiiir s of the lord of .Mexico, having summoned the cacique
enplaudo al cacique contcnydo en la partida segunda antes dcsta shown in the second part above, returned to Mexico; certain sub-
según es dicho al n empo que los dichos xccnitorcs se boluyan a mc- jects ot the said cacique assaulted them on the road, shooting ar-
xico / les salieron al camyno (iertos vasallos del dicho cacique a mal- rows as a sign of war and enmity of what had previously happened
tratar tirándoles flechas en señal de guerra y Ronpimyenio de lo que and as further oocasioo for hostilities.
adelante avia de suageder y para mas ocasión de enemystad /.
1. This term, lor an inipxri iiu i>hIiulih>u, shicf or leader, wis brought to
áíe mainland by the Spaniards from the Caribbean islands, where it was the
Arawak wiird for "chief."
2. Tlus (cnn, "eacfUBir" or "«ecuiar," seems 10 be used in a gencnl sense
10 a gownnicnid oiioer «kh various dntks cir to
IDIiC of tMCUtlDllW*
OPPOSITE: t oLio ó6r
136 * roLio 65V
FOLIO 66v
Relation y declararon de lo figurado en la partida primen de la Account and aplanation of the drawings on die first part of the
plana siguyente /. los tequihua significan adalides' cnbv'ados por el followng page: The seasoned warriors represent scouts' sent by
señor de mexico al pueblo del cacique para que de noche / lo anden y the lord of Mexico to the caa<¡u(\ town at night, so they might go
paseen ucultamcntc sin que porns «temygos sean sentidos / para about secretly wiihoui being perceived by their enemies, tu obtain
tener a%'iso c advertcnâ ios guerreros por donde an de entrar con information and .advise the warriors where to engage in battle suc-
la baulla y hazer su hecho bueno sin mucha Resistencia de sus ene- cessfully without much enemy resistance. And so the seasoned
mygos /. Y anñ los teqnihin / andan y Rodean todo el pueblo y warriors proceed and circle the entire town, settlement, temple,
cueiias y moquita y tiánguez a t^'cnpo que los del pueblo están and marketplace while the inhabitants of the town are asleep and
donnydos y sosegados / para ver la parte por donde avn menos tra- quiet, in order to find the place of least difhculty and resistance to
buo y Resistencia se ks pedia d«r ooobate A engage them in oooibat»
declaration de lo figurado en la partida segunda /. el mexicano fi- Explanation of the drawings in the second part: The Mexican
gurado que esta M-niado y a sos espaldas vna Rodela y flechas sig- drawn, seated and with a shield and arraws on his shoulders, repre-
nyfica / que estando los mexicanos mobydos a destruyr por vía de sents the Mexicans mobilized to destroy through war a certain
guerra a (icrto pucMo (juc se avia Reuclado contra el señorío de town that had rebelled against the lordship of Mexico. The three
mañOO / los tres que ami tn\-snio es-
hkmr.Kios v.nsallos del caipque Sttbjectsof the who likew ise are seated, in front of the Mexi-
tán asentados en frente del mexicano / signyfíain que estando todo can* repreMOt the entire town of the auiqtu, who, fearing war and
el pueblo del caique atemorizados de la guerra y destruyqon que destnicticm diat die Mexicans threaten, come to Mexico to sue for
los mexicanos les querían hazer vyencn a mcxicu a tratar pazcs peace, offering themselves as subjects of Mexico and dccLinui;
aametyaukMe por vasaUos de mexico / y protestando de les tribu- [that they would] pay them tribute and recognize the lordship. Ac-
tar y Reconocer el señorio / medyante lo qual k» Reciben en amys- cordingly, they receive them In friendship, and, reinstating them as
tad y por vasallas Reponyendolo dettnnynado en sa perjuyzío /. subjects, liieir grievance is settled.
los quatro valientes figurados e yntitviados con sus langas en las The (bor brave warriors pictured and labeled, with their lances
manos \ piKstos \ :i(liirnados a punto de triierr.i / las dcuj'sas y in their luiiiis and dressed and adorned for battle with the iasignia
armas que tycncn puestas signyfican capiunes de los exerîtos and arms (hey bear, represent captains of the Mexican armies.
nsBcaoot /.
I. This is an Arabic uonl, rdcrring to guides, soouis, or cdwis who go

ahead of the amy ilsdf (Clark 1958 I :V5).
opposite: folio 6-¡r
138 • FOLIO 66t
FOLIO 6jT • 139
FOLIO 67V
dedanôn de lo figurado en la partida primera de la plana si- Explanation of the drawings on die first part of the following page:
guycntc '.
siirn\1ica que fl que e<.tj seiuaílo y .1 sus esp.il<la.s vna The man seated arni rhc \'.iini,in behind him who is spinning are
mugcr hilando / es su muger nuevamente casado / y por aver newly married. And basing married and having been a leader widi
tomado estado de casado avyendo sido mandón / con los demás the five others drawn in front of him^ called ttlp utb tii, who are like-
que están figuradn-; Linte r! que sou iiunhraclos telpui htli que uHsc leaders, the married man gives rhini his n, isons for relin-
!(on ansí mysmo mandones / hazclcs el casado vn Razonaxnyento quishing his duties and office of leader due to his marriage, and
sobre que se desiste del cargo y ofifio de sernumdon por Razón de that he wishes to retire from past duties. And in order to please
su casamycnto y que quyere descins:ir lUA st-nuí^to ¡liivido / y para them imi so they will accept his recjuest, he provides them widi a
mas los conplazer y que le adn))'un su Rogatiua hazclcs banquete banquet ottering them good tood and drink, and gives them gifts: a
en daDes byen de comer / y bener / demás det presente que les handful of perfames, a copper as, and two doaícs, as diawn and
haze de \ n m.inojo de perfumes '
\ vn;i haihucla lic eotirc / v dos labeled. And so with this formality the married man remains free
mantas según que por lo figurado destas cosas / están yntituladas /. and vacates the said office.
y ansí oon esta aoletq^d el casado queda libre y baco dd dicho

i^fio A
declaration de lo figurado en la partida segunda /. d que esta sen- Explanation of the drawings in the second part: The man seated
tado c \Tirinilado sienyfica el señor de inexiid '
en que .líneiuio and identified represents the lord of .Mexico. Some of the young
dado buena cuenta algunos de los mandones tcipuchili en la par- men (leaders] drawn earlier, having rendered good service and
tida «IKS dcsta figurados y avyendo tomado estado de casados / de having assumed a marmd stMe, were promoted by the sdd brd to
mandones que a\'!jii sido el dicho señor lo-. iTU'ior;ui;> en mas ti-
'
a higher title and grade, making them seasoned warriors, repre-

tulo y ^rado en que lus ha¿ia tequihua que signyfiean las tres tigu- sented by the three figures labeled as tequihua with their spears and
ras \Tititviladas de tequihua con sus lanônes y ventallas dandoks them authority to be his ambassadors and guides in the
fans, giving
faeuli.id de ser sus enliaxadores y adalides en las guerras /. que te- wars. They had a post of honor.
nyan por ofii,-]!! onrnist) /.
dcclara(,non de lo liirurado en la partida ter^'era signvfit .in los Explanation of the lirawings in the third part: The tiktiUts. judges
caldcs / justicias puestas por mano del señor de mexieo para que ap[winted ii) Imd of Mexico to hear civil and criminal cases,
uyan de negOfíos asi (iuiles como aimynales / y ansi las figuras de are shown. And lUo, the men and women drawn in front of them
honbres y mugeres que los t\'cncn de cara piden ¡usti<;ia que son los arc litic:ant^ wlio seek ivistiic. And the four figures behind the a/-
pleyreanies /. y las quatro figuras )Titituladas de tcctli que están a iuUfi. labeled as itaihtii. are important young men who attend
las espaldas de los alcaldes / son prcnîpales man^bos que asysten court with the akaldts for instRiction in matters of justice SO that
con los alcaldes en sus avdycniîas / para vndustriarsc en las cosas later they might advance to the position of tUailik,
de la judicatura y para después sus^-cdcr en los ufigius de alcaldes /.
dcstos alcaldes abia apelafion para ante la tala del 00096)0 de These akaUet made an appeal before the council chamber of
moiec(uina según que addatue esta ignrado /. Mocecohzoma, as is shown later on.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO 68r

1. The gloss savs "¡¡allinas." Init tin; indigenous turkey must be meant.
2. itiUi IS untiirn licitci js ttiuhiii. I hese were high nuddngiwIiJa) and
the term was abo used to refer to (uiiges.
140 • FOiio 67V
FOLIO 68v
declaration de lo figurado en la plana siguyentc la tra<;a de las salas Elxplanaiion of (he drawings on che following page: [It shows] the
del concejo del señor de mexico / y sus casas Reales y patios
y plan of the council chambers of the lord of Mexico, and his ro^'al
gradas por donde entravan / y el trono e asyenro de motecûma en palace, courtyards, and entryu'ay steps, and MotecuhzonuiV throne
los espacios de cada cosa están yntitulados y ji' i¡.uln> lo que sig- and seat Explanations are provided in the spaces < i: . h ot these,
nyfican / y ansi en esta declaration no se Refiere lo aclarado /. mas so that in this cxplaiution, reference is not made to that already
de que en la vna sala del concejo los que en grado de apelaron de clarified, except [to mention] that in the one council chamber,
m alcaldes ante eUaa parepan por \ya de iigrainn los desagra- those appealing (the judgment of) the alcaldes ajipcircd before
viaban avyendo causas ¡ustas y no las abyendo contirmavan io de- them [the judges). There being just causes, they redressed the
lennynado y sentenciado por los alcaldes /. y si era nególo de cali- wrong; but if not, they upheld the judgment and sentence of the
dad de la sala del concejo avia apelación |K)r vía de agrauyo ante alcaldes. And if it was an Important case for die council chamber,
aateageaui / en donde avia conclusion de la causa /. la sala que appeal the injury vaa made before Motecuhzoma« where the
cata yntrmtada dd ooiise|o de guerra en â se tntavan y probeyan case ended. In the room tided 'Srar council," they dealt with and
loa capitanes y enr(itioa de guerra según que por el motcc^ma prov isioned the captains and armies, as overseen by Motccuhzoma.
csravan probeydaa /ym todas cosas tvy-n ordea y cuenta y Rarxm And they had order, acGOuni, and reason in all things, so that the
|).ir.i que él aeSorio fieae byen governado /. y antes del motecvuiiia lordship was well guvemed. And prior to die reign of Motccuh-
por sus antecesores / no a\ya tanta orden en las cosas de Repú- zoma, there wzs no such order in the government When Motc-
blica / como el motccvuma después que sus^cdio en el señorío por cuhzoma later succeeded to the lordship, being wise and of good
ser de buen natural y sabyo de su alvedrio conpuso orden y manera of his free will he impoaed order and a form of good
disposition,
de buen Regimyento y las mando guardar y cumplir so graues government and ordered them to maintain and carry it out, on
penas /. y ansi el que exêdia sin Remyaioo alguna se executaua la pain of severe punishments. And so for him who committed 8
pena que por el estaua puesta en d caso que delinquyan / las quaics wr«jng, the punishment was carried out without any pardon, ac-
penas fueron Rigurosas / y como en la cxcaiîon no avian Rcmy- cording to his crime. These punishments were rigorous, and since
sion alguna / andauan sus vasallos sycmpre alerta la barna sobre el in their execution they gave no pardon, his subjects went about al-
onbro / por donde con temor se apU cavan todos ana vasalk» en ways alert, looking over their shoulders, for it was with fear that all
cosas prouechosaa y de nyngun peijuyzio / por b poca libertad que his suhjectN went alnnit their business and without harming [oth-
tcnyan /. ers], for the small amount of fteedom they had.
OPPOSITE: FOLIO óyr
1. This is wtitttB mmnUM throughout this p^.

2. Written I* <M«mM(.
}. Written as MscMk.
4. TUciswrinen Utiia, a wry SpanMt spelling for thh town.
5. The annoiaiion lays turn tythnt, "like iudgn." Perfia|M die amioiaior
was UBCOsafbraUc with a picciM companion.
142 • FOLIO 68v
Thrcjjic iivd din ni .Vtui*-- h i '
i he «t m audíenre jru-. 'î' i i
>i I euDCO* and

thr -luiít o( 1 cluyuu, Muiecukioaia. lodged.
and allies nt
Moieculuuma.
lodged.
FOLIO 69r • 143
Hnpyi iQhtpd |-i-iHtfnr-il

FOLIO 69V
dedancioo de lo iigundo en h plana siguycntc / d padre c hijo I of the drawipL's on tht- tollowíng page: The tither and
que están sentados de cara el vno al otro signv-fica dar el padre al son are seated fodng each other; they represent the father giving
hijo buenos consejos para que no ande hecho vicioso poniéndole his songood advice so he not go about being unruly, holding up as
por cnxcnplo que los qne ae llegan a toda vimid vyenen después a an example that those who live in virtue later come to be valued by
valer con los señores 7 apqnes en qne les dan caigos borrosos the lords and auiquts, being given honorable positions and cm»
(sic] / y los ocupan por sus mensajeros /. y que ios nrasioos y canto- pbycd as messengers; and dw muaiduis and singers perform for
res los adniyten en sus liectaa y bodas por la priuanâ que t)ienen /. them at ieasD and weddings, for the finor they have [acquiced].
lo figurado en la casa donde se junta a tratar y proveer' para las The drawing of the house (shows) where (they] assembled to deal
obras publicas el tnayoniomo que en ella esta sentado signyfica que with and provide for public works, The majordomo is seated in-
ante el están dos mancebos llorando por se les avcr ofrecido de que side; before him two >'Outh$ arc crying because he has ordered
k» ocupe en seruyîos personales (]uc Re presentan las coas / y them to perform personal services, represented by the digging
guacales /. y el mayordomo les csia dando buenos coni^cjos dizicn- sticks .mtl b.iskt-rs {huucakA- And the m.ijordomo is giving them
doles que se aparten de la ociosidad y andar hechos vagamundos g(Kxi advice, telling them to give up idleness and going about as
que ocasionan y es causa de venir a ser ladrones o jugadores de pe- vagabonds, which lead to becoming thieves and ball players, or a
lota o jugador de parol a manerj de d.idos / de los quales juegos su player of piitnlli. which Is like dice. As a result ol lliese games, they
RecRfen hurtar para satisfazer y cunplir con ios tales vicios que no increase their stealing to satisi}' and provide for such vices, so that
acaRean otra cosa áno malos 6nes / y ansí en lo figurado con sos it will only bring them to a bad end, as the drawings show.
titnios signyficao lo declarado /.
los oficios de carpintero y lapidario / y pititor y platero y gnar- The drawings and glosses of the occupati<nis of carpenter, stone-
nefcdor de plumas / scjnin qiic están figurado»; v \Tinil.idos [sic] / wr>rkcr, painter, met.iKvnrkcr, and ff;uhiT\vorkcT indir-Ue that die
signyfícan / que los tales niaesos / enseñavan los otí^tos a sus lujos tnasters of the trades taught the professions to their sons, from
luego desde muchachos pera que syendo onbres se aplicasen por childhood, so diar when grown to manhood they might pursue
sus ofigos y ocupasen el tiempo en n>s,is de virtud
/ dándoles these trades and spend their rime usefullv. They were advised that
conse|os que de la osiosidad / nacían y se engendrauan nulos vicios idleness led to bad behavior, such as with slanderers, gossipers,
ansi de loa de malas lenguas chizmosos / y seguyan las borracheras drunkards, thieves, and other depravities, and were given many
y ladroni(;ios v otro? malos \-iq\os '
v ponvendoles otros muchos otber warnings so that they would comply in being industnous.
aterrores que mcdpntc ellos se sometían en todo aplicarse /.
The phtise tratar y pravcei* wia added above die Unc.
opposite: folio yor

I . Texancalli is found along with a referring to the house where
the tribute ooDeciafB ind nd administtfed dK trib-
iiKs(Sahagiia 1950- 19S2 8:44),
144 FOLIO 69V
t>runlcen man Dranlm wmnm TVwegal Jiiiiihlllllill
FOLIO JOT • 145

FOLIO 70V
declaración de lo figurado en la partida priown de 1« plana si- Explanation of that figured in the first pan of the following page,
gústente / en la qual lo en ella figurado e ynritnlados con ns adán- on which are drawings and titles with their explanations: They
piones / signyfícan los castigos que a los tales delinquentes cometian represent the punishments for certain offenses committed, accord-
según y fucntü de los señorea- de mexico lo qual se exe-
las leyes ing to the laws and customs of the lords of Mexico, which duy ew-
eutavacin nyngun Rem>'sion seguid que por lo figurado parece /. cuted without paidtm, as the figure shows.
decUnpon de lo figurado en la partida segunda /. en la qual se Explanation of that figured in the second part: It is shown how,
muestra / de como se vedaua según bs leyes y fueros de los señores acoofding to the laws loid customs of the loids of Mexico, they for-
de de [sic] mexico que rrn se enhorrachascn / sino tucscn ilc edad bade drunkenness except to those of a«;c, man or
scvenr>' years of
de sctcnu años ansí el varón como la muger / ios quales tenyan woman, if such old persons had children and graiulchildren. These
li^ngta e Kberrad de lo vsar / y que los tales viejos tuvyesen hijos y had UoeDfle and freedom to use it, as the figures show. And he who
nyetos según que las fipuras lo demuestran / \ el que ei;cJia de lo drank eioesshdy died for It, as is shown In die first part above.
tal / moría por dio / según que en la patida IsicJ primera antes
desn figurado/.
A. Theoet A. Thevet
opposite: folio yir
146 • FOLIO 70V

I hr<f r.*. tiiTJffs ir.ciii ilui yjuihs whu If I )'<Hing wuman Utclme intnxtcJTei-t uich wine,
ÍKCiinc innnKUal with wine died
Tbo* «« 6s»ici lyinf dourn lad eoHcrad
U>t a ihcy killed her awarding to die laws and cuMums
mxntitmg to didr lam Hid oFtkelordtvfMcacou
thtm bgr MBHtai, aceoHliic 10 dM bms

of îf loffidft of Mtnook
FOLIO 7 It ' 147
Copyiiylited material
FOLIO 7 IV
El estilo grosero e ynteipretaôn de lo figuiado en esta ystoria The reader must «cuse the rough style in the interpretation of die
suplD el letor / porque no se dio luâr al xntcrprctador de nvngxin drawings in this history. l>ecau"-c the interpreter did not lake time
vagar y como cosa no acordaita ny pensada se interpreto a vsu de
/ or work at all slowly; and liccause it was a matter tiddler agreed
pfoceso /. ansi mystno en donde bmi nonbndos afftqui mayor / y upon nor thoi^t about, it was interpreted according to legal oon-
alláqui nouii,!" fuf \ iijdhfneni;i,i del vntorpretador poner tales vcntions. Likcwi'ê, it was a mistake for the interpreter to use the
noobrcs que son moriscos '.
a se de entender por el alíaqui rna)x>r / Moorish words jlpiifui muyor and aifaijui noiiiiw; sjierdorc mayor
saêidotc mayor / y por el nohi(,io sacêrdote no%'i(io /. y donde should be written for atftûi mayor, and sa^trdott novicio for the
ban nonbrados mc/quitas a se de entender por renplos /. diez dias novice. Ami «iicre rn-::.'iui'.ih i^ written, icmplns is to be iinder-
antes de la partida de la flota se dio al ynterpreiador esta ystoria st(X)d. The nuerpreter svas gu en this history ten davs prior ti> ilic
pan que la ynttrprctase el qual áeaoayio fbe de los yndios que departure of the fleet, and he interpreted it carelessly because the
acordaron tarde \ amn cim de corrida no se ruvo punto en el es Indians came to agreement late; and so it was done m haste and
tdo que convenía nterpictarê ny se dio lugar para que se sacara
v
/'
he did not improve the style suitable tor an interjueiation, nur did
en linpio limando los bocables y orden que cxMivcn\ y arique i he take time to polish the words and grammar or make a clean
las \Titerpreta(;iones ban roscas no se a de tener nota sino a la sus- copy. .\nd although the interpretations arc crude, one should only
tancia de las aclaraciones lo que sigiutican las figuras / las quales take into account the substance of the explanations chat explain the
ban' byen dedacadas por ser como es d yntetprendor deilas buena drawings, these arc correal)- presented, becaose the inteipreter of
lengua mexicaBa them is well versed in the Mexican language G'
A.Theuetiis A. Thevet
1553» 1553»
1. il appears that the interpreter <<nginj I ly wruic "bven" here, then hastily
altered It.
2. There is some discussion over the identity of the author of this letter.
MnUfe Goaper Clark interprets it as a /• Ciomez de C)rozto( WI) identifies it
IS a G, suggesting Jum González at the writer. Borah and Cook {196J:3I)
ieel it icKmbles a nxKcndi-ccnnMy 0- See dupicr I in volume 1 Ibr a fuller
dittUKion of diis enigma.
}. There ue five lines of sciaidicd^mt mirror-wiitinf ac the boima of
this fiolio. The top line appears mread "Anfflo donúni 1571," but the remain-
Ing Knes arc undecipherable.
148 * FOLIO 71V
IMS n)RV/ w I II H<ii'«)i.(KiV/i. \ I IN \.\ii;ri(: \N s ri'mi:s
T1 his rcniarkal)lc
most extensively
book
ilhistraietl
is ihc most comprehensive,
document of A/.tcc civiliza-

"Endlessly fascinating. ... A fine
design, printing, and pnMluotion, a noble tribute to the

example of iMwk
tion now available to a hroatl aiuiience. A paiK-rliack .\ztec artist whi) ])ainted the great codex. . . . More than
adaptation of The Codex Mendozti, it includes infonnation any other surviving Aztec artifact, this Inwk makes you
alH>ut Aztec historj-, geography, ei-onomy, social anil feel you know these peciple, have seen them smile."
political organization, glyphic writing, costumes, textiles, — D.J. R. Bruckner. Sar York Tintes fímk Rrciiii
militar) attire, and indigenous art sty les.
The Essential Codex Mciuloztt combines volumes 2 "Both the production standards and the intellectual qual-
and 4 of the four-volume Cotlex Mendoza published by ity of the commentary are so high that the lK>ok gives
Qilifomia in \992 and contains the basic picnorial and delight at all levels. . . . The professionals will be quarr) -
descriptive infonnation fr*)m the original. I'-eaiiiring a ing this edition for gencratiiins to come, and for non-
new Introduction, this book also reproduces sixteen color specialists it is iMrth beautiful and a lot of fun. .\nyone
folios from the facsimile, volume 3. (lip[)ing into these volumes will learn to know the .\ztecs
Compiled in Mexico City around 1541 under the as living people, not just as historical abstractions."
supervision of SjKinish clerics, the codex was intended — Warwick Uray, Uistoiy Today
to inform King Charles V about his newly conquered
subjects. For readers tculay, the ctxlex is an unsurpassed, \Vin»ei\ James R. Wiseman Book Award, An baeologieat
ethnographic record of .Aztec daily life from cradle to Inslinire nf A>neriea
grave.
'
VRANCKS F. B E R I) A N {left) is Professor of
Anthropology at California State University, San
Bernardino. Photo by Dan Moseley.
PATRICIA RIEFF AN.AVVALT (/vÂ/) is Director
} of the C'enter for the -Study of Regional Dress, Fowler
Museum ol Cultural I listory. University ol California,
1 .OS .\ngeles. Photo by Anne Krcsl.
UNIVERSITY OF C.\LIFORNI.A PRKSS

Ra-kcley 94720

Study of Navajos

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THE ESSENTIAL

FRANCES F. BERDAN PATRICIA RIEFF ANAVVALT

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Univcniqr of Caliioniia Pros Ud.

Tli« RcgcM* ofihc Uaivendiy orcdHenii*

Ulinty of ConpcssCnulof^g-in-PuUlieaiion Dan

Codcv \|.Ti.|i.,' 1 !)"'irifitirin 111 it'r r -ivi M..nii./.i

Primed in the Uirited Sota of Anietici

Part 1: The Histm Year to Year

Folios 12v-13v:The Conquests of Ahuitzotl's Reign: 1487-1502

Part 2t The Trihtitf Year to Year

Folios 17v-18r: Imperial Outposts

Fnlin«: ^^v- ^4r- Thp PiYtvinrf Driiilan

Fd liil S Hv-^Sr: The Pn ivi n rr i)f M nlin^ili d

Folios 39v-40r: The Province of Yoaltepec

Part 3: The Daily Life Year to Year

Folios 56v-57r: The Naming and Dedication of a Child

Folios 62v-63r: Formal F.ducation of Nohic and ( ipniiiKiner Souths

PA R A I Í F1 T M ACF R FP1 t rAS Culr^ \UnAn^„'< Pirtnri^l F»li,v. wirli

Transcriptions and English Translations of the Spanish Commentaries and

Assistant Librarian, Department of Western Manuscripts, also has Fi«noesF.Beidan

OF CODEX MENDOZA complete accounts of military conquest and economic control.

costumes, textiles, military attire, and indigenous art styles. This

rii • INTROUUC lON l

INTRODUCTION ' XÜÍ

wo|^y lighted material

Description of Codex Mendoza

THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO IT • 3

4 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 2r

THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO 2r • 5

been dhñded by canals for greater mobility is logical, as is the de-

datable reaUqr.*' 18. Duran 1964:32,40.

2. See Anawalt essay (chapter 8 in volume 1) for a discussion of the nunudic

6 • Tilt I1I.SIÜRV Yt.\R TO YEAR / FOLIO 2r

tioo. When Coitéa arrned m

THt IlISTURY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIO IT 7

Eight Reed ( 1383). The Spanish commentary indicates that the

milbd) style, symbolizing courageous batdefield achievements.

associated with the symbols of high office: he is seated on a reed

partly due to his fortuitous genealogical connections: he was the

8 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 2V-3r

THE CONQUESTS 105), Hassig (1988:128-132), Sahagún (195Ü-1V82 8:1), Clailt

turned for Acamapkhdi, albeit in the service of the Tepaneca. NOTES

THE HISTORY VEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS iV-3r • 9

graphically illustrates the central activity of the ceremony (see fo-

10 ' THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 3V-4r

THE HISTORY YEAR TO TEAR / FOLIOS 3V-4r * 11

rulership, seated on a woven mat and wearing the noble headband.

glyphically portrayed by a .Vlcxica shield (with blue lim and seven

was also a bvored grandson of TezotDomoc^ who continued to rule

rulers, had tn.iny wives and children, although licdeislcnownabottt

signiticant void in the central Mexican political picture and left

12 THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 4V-5r

aúmlpopoca when the Tepinec- ru: including dcttib on the incaroenuiooofaiiiiulpopociiniagFpriw

Till HIS OK V Vt.VR TO

woj^y lighted material

Conquests of IczcoacI (1428—1440)

14 • THE HISTORY YEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS $V-6v

with Ir/.coatI on were vanquished by force of arms during

THE HISTORY YEA* TO year/ FOLIOS 5V-6V ' 15

* AmtiMiilra lile Pnlrsnl

(!<>iu[iiL^ts (»t'.MotL-cuh/^>ina Ihuicamina (14*41 — I46V)

16 • THE HISTORY VEAR TO YEAR / FOLIOS 7V-8v

l>.iiiL-. 1 19741 anii ííj^n; il'^HSi ..h.uciul iIi'jsl caiit|ijt^ns diHcrcnrly'-