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modulation in optical Transmission - modulation is used in wireless communication and with optical Transmission - modulation help increasing the system capacity , distance and spectrul efficiency - modulation depends on carrier signal , we can control carrier paramters based on the baseband signal - traffic coming from client devices to be modulated called baseband signal - paramters can be controlled in the carrier can be : amplitude ( intensity of light wave ) frequency phase polarization - in optical illusion , we are focusing on ASK , PSK , QAM - ASK : amplitude shift key , in this type of modulation we are encoding the traffic by turning the laser on and off - laser on , means bit 1 , laser off means bit 0 , it's very simple - OOK ( on - off keying ) can be considered as the simple type of ASK - OOK can be return to zero or non return to zero encoding - PSK : phase shift key , in this type of modulation we change the carrier phase accordingly to represent the informations variation - PSK has many types : B-PSK D-PSK DQ-PSK DP-QPSK - third type is QAM ( quadrature amplitude modulation ) - most common type , support high spectrul efficiency , use amplitude and phase paramters to represent the informations - we have many types of QAM: 4 QAM 16 QAM 64 QAM - the differences is in baud rate , number of symbols and bits / symbol - demodulation in optical called detection , we have 2 main types of detection : direct detection coherent detection - direct detection is used in case we using direct intensity modulation ( OOK ) , it's simple and widely used with 2.5 , 10 Gbps systems 0 direct detection use PIN & APD to detect and demodulate the signal - coherent detection much complex & used with 40 , 100 , 200 Gbps systems - coherent detection used to mix the received modulated signal with local oscillator optical carrier to recover the phase and amplitude of the signal - types of modulators : direct electro absorber mach zehnder - differences between them are in dispersion tolerance , cost & wavelength stability #WDM #OTN #Optical #Modulation

There are 3 types of #beamforming used in #5G : ✅#Analog #beamforming uses the same signal is fed to each antenna and then analog phase-shifters are used to steer the signal emitted by the array so #beams are controlled by a series of phase-shifters to send the same signal from multiple antennas but with different phases ✅#Digital #beamforming designs different signals for each antennas in the digital baseband.  There is #RF #CHAIN for each antenna This makes digital beamforming particularly desirable for spatial multiplexing, where we want to transmit a superposition of signals, each with a separate directivity. ✅#Hybrid #beamforming combines the digital beamforming and analog beamforming, it means part of the beamforming is done by digital processing in the baseband, and part of the #beamforming by analog RF beamformers. The number of #TRXs and RF Chains in the beamforming antenna are in general lower than the number of antennas. Don't miss our #5G #NR #Advanced #Training course to learn more about beamforming types and more, below more details : https://lnkd.in/eucf7thg #5G #5GNR #technology #innovation #mobilenetworks #training #course